Kalvi Kadal:, Ay GH, Aw WG Ghfyhk

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in
Mk; tFg;g[
.in
,yf;fzk;
,ay; 5 gh ,aw;wg; gHfyhk;
L al
gyt[s; bjupf
A d
1. nebuhd;whrpupaj;jis vdg;gLtJ
m) fha; Kd; neu; M) fha; Kd; epiu
D ika
,) fdp Kd; epiu <) kh Kd; neu; tpil: <) kh Kd; neu;
FWtpdh
1. <uirr; rPu;fSf;F tH=;fg;gLk; ntW bgau;fs; ahit>
<uirr; rPu;fSf;F tH=;fg;gLk; ntWbgau;fs; khr;rPu;/ tpsr;rPu;/ ,aw;rPu;/ Mrpupa cupr;rPu;
Alv
MfpadthFk;.
rpWtpdh
a
1. Mrpupag;ghtpd; bghJ ,yf;fzj;Js; vitnaDk; ehd;fpidf; TWf.
mftnyhir cilaJ.
.Kk
vy;yh mofSk; ehd;F rPu;fisf; bfhz;l mstofisg; bgw;W tUk;.
,aw;rPu; kpFe;Jk; gpwrPu; fye;Jk; tUk;.
Mrpupaj; jis kpFe;Jk;/ gpwjis fye;Jk; tUk;.
epiu eLthfpa t+;rpa[upr;rPu; (Ttps=;fdp/ fUtps=;fdp) tuhky; mika[k;.
wI
<w;woapd; <w;bwGj;J ``V~~ vd;Dk; vGj;jhy; KotJ rpwg;g[.

LV
@d;wofSf;Ff; Fiwahky;/ ghLnthd; vz;zj;jpw;nfw;g/ vj;jid mofs;

ntz;LkhdhYk; bgw;W tUk;.
w
fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 137
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
A
//w
gr;irkh kiynghy; nkdp rPupa bew;wp v=;nf>

gtstha;f; fkyr; br=;fz; rpte;jey; ,jH;fs; v=;nf>
mr;Rjh mkuu; Vnw- Tupa tpHpfs; v=;nf>
s:K
Mau;jk; bfhGe;nj vd;Dk; FWeif nghd bj=;nf>

,r;Rit jtpu ahd;ngha; neupa ghu;it v=;nf>
,e;jpu nyhfk; MSk; epkpu;e;jed; diljhd; v=;nf>
mr;Rit bgwpDk; ntz;nld;- epybkyhk; tz=;Fk; njhw;wk;
mu=;fkh efU shnd- beUg;gpdpy; tPH;e;j jp=;nf-
tp
? bjhz;luog;bgho MH;thu; ? fz;zjhrd;

nkw;fz;l Mrpupa tpUj;j=;fis mirahft[k; mirf;Fupa tha;ghlhft[k;
tha;ghl;ow;Fupa jisahft[k; vGJf.
ht
225
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Nh;ah  ,sikj;jkpnH
.in
m. mir tha;ghL:
i. gr;irkh kiynghy; nkdp gtstha;f; fkyr; br=;fz;
ne+ne+ne ep+ne ne+ne ep+ep ep+ne ne+ne
njkh=;fha; g[spkh njkh fUtpsk; g[spkh njkh
L al
ii. mr;Rjh mkuu; Vnw Mau;jk; bfhGe;nj vd;Dk;
ne+ep ep+ne ne+ne ne+ne+ne ep+ne ne+ne
Ttpsk; g[spkh njkh njkh=;fha; g[spkh njkh
A d
iii. ,r;Rit jtpu ahd;ngha; ,e;jpu nyhfk; MSk;
ne+ep ep+ne ne+ne ne+ep ne+ne ne+ne
Ttpsk; g[spkh njkh Ttpsk; njkh njkh
D ika
5 iv. mr;Rit
ne+ep
bgwpDk;
ep+ne
ntz;nld; mu=;fkh
ne+ne ep+ep
efU
ep+ne
shnd
ne+ne
,ay;
Ttpsk; g[spkh njkh fUtpsk; g[spkh njkh

M. jis tha;ghL:
i. gr;irkh kiynghy; nkdp gtstha;f; fkyr; br=;fz;
Alv
fha;Kd;epiu khKd;neu; khKd;epiu tpsKd;epiu khKd;neu;
ii. mr;Rjh mkuu; Vnw Mau;jk; bfhGe;nj vd;Dk;
tpsKd;epiu khKd;neu; khKd;neu; fha;Kd;epiu khKd;neu;
iii. ,r;Rit jtpu
tpsKd;epiu
aahd;ngha;
khKd;neu;
,e;jpu
khKd;neu;
nyhfk;
tpsKd;neu;
MSk;
khKd;neu;
.Kk
iv. mr;Rit bgwpDk; ntz;nld; mu=;fkh efU shnd
tpsKd;epiu khKd;neu; khKd;epiu tpsKd;epiu khKd;neu;
bjhz;luobghoahH;thu; ghlypy; mike;Js;s mir tha;ghLk;/ jis tha;ghL
xU=;nf jug;gl;Ls;sd.
wI
m. mir tha;ghL :
LV
i. rPupa bew;wp v=;nf rpte;jey; ,jH;fs; v=;nf

w
ne+ep ne+ne ne+ne ep+ep ep+ne ne+ne

Ttpsk; njkh njkh fUtpsk; g[spkh njkh
ii. Tupa tpHpfs; v=;nf FWeif nghd bj=;nf
A
//w
ne+ep ep+ne ne+ne ep+ep ne+ne ne+ne

Ttpsk; g[spkh njkh fUtpsk; njkh njkh
iii. neupa ghu;it v=;nf epkpu;e;jed; eiljhd; v=;nf
s:K

iv. epybkyhk; tz=;Fk; njhw;wk; beUg;gpdpy; tPH;e;j jp=;nf
ep+ep ep+ne ne+ne ep+ep ne+ne ne+ne
fUtpsk; g[spkh njkh fUtpsk; njkh njkh
tp
M. jis tha;ghL :
i. rPupa bew;wp v=;nf rpte;jey; ,jH;fs; v=;nf
ht
tpsKd; neu; khKd; neu; khKd; epiu tpsKd; epiu khKd; neu;
226
Mk; tFg;g[
.in
ii. Tupa tpHpfs; v=;nf FWeif nghd bj=;nf
ne+ep ep+ne ne+ne ep+ep ne+ne ne+ne
Ttpsk; g[spkh njkh fUtpsk; njkh njkh
tpsKd; epiu khKd; neu; khKd; epiu tpsKd; neu; khKd; neu;
L al
iii. neupa ghu;it v=;nf epkpu;e;jed; eiljhd; v=;nf
ne+ep nj+ne ne+ne ep+ep ep+ne ne+ne
tpsKd; neu; khKd; neu; khKd; epiu tpsKd; epiu khKd; neu;
A d
iv. epybkyhk; tz=;Fk; njhw;wk; beUg;gpdpy; tPH;e;j jp=;nf
ep+ep ep+ne ne+ne ep+ep ne+ne ne+ne
D ika
fUtpsk; g[spkh njkh fUtpsk; njkh njkh
tpsKd; epiu khKd; neu; khKd; epiu tpsKd; neu; khKd; neu;
fz;zjhrd; ghlypy; mike;Js;s mir tha;ghLk;/ jis tha;ghLk; xU=;nf
jug;gl;Ls;sd.
,yf;fzj; nju;r;rp bfhs; gf;fk;: 137
Alv
1. Mrpupag;gh vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit>
Mrpupag;gh ehd;F tifg;gLk;. mit:
neupir Mrpupag;gh
,izf;Fws; Mrpupag;gh
a
.Kk
epiykz;oy Mrpupag;gh
mokwp kz;oy Mrpupag;gh
2. Mrpupag;ghtpw;Fupa rPUk; jisa[k; ahit>
Mrpupag;ghtpw;Fupa rPu;fs;:
wI
njkh/ g[spkh/ fUtpsk;/ Ttpsk; Mfpa ehd;FkhFk;.

LV
Mrpupag;ghtpw;Fupa jisfs;:
w
nebuhd;whrpupaj; jis/ epiubahd;whrpupaj; jis Mfpa ,uz;LkhFk;.

3. mWrPu;f; fHpbeoyo Mrpupa tpUj;j=;fspd; tiffisa[k; mtw;iw ,aw;Wtjw;fhd
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
tpjpfisa[k; TWf.
A
//w
mWrPh;f;fHpbeoyo Mrphpa tpUj;j=;fspd; tif:

rPh; mikg;ig itj;J mWrPh;f;fHpbeoayo Mrphpa tpUj;j=;fs; gy;ntW tifahf
s:K
vGjg;gLfpd;wd.
Xuoa[s; miu mof;F xU tpsr;rPUk; ,Ukhr;rPh; tUtdt[k;
Xuoa[s; miu mof;F ,U khr;rPUk; xU fha;r;rPh; tUtdt[k;
Xuoa[s; ehd;F fha;r;rPUk; ,U khr;rPh; tUtdt[k; cz;L.
xd;gJ rPu;fshy; mike;j ghly; xz;rPu;f; fHpbeoyo Mrpupa tpUj;jk;.
tp
mWrPh;f;fHpbeoyo Mrphpa tpUj;jj;ij ,aw;Wk; Kiw:

mWrPh;f;fHpbeoyofs; ehd;F bfhz;ljhf mike;J/ ehd;foa[k; msbthj;J
tuntz;Lk;.
Kjw;rPhpYk; ehd;fhk; rPhpYk; nkhid mikj;Jk;/ Kjw;rPhpYk; Ie;jhk; rPhpYk; nkhid
ht
mikj;Jk; mWrPh;f;fHpbeoyo Mrphpa tpUj;jj;ij ,aw;wyhk;.

227
.in
4. bghUj;Jf.
m) neupir Mrpupag;gh – i) Kjyoa[k; ,Wjpaoa[k; mstofsha; tUk;
M) ,izf;Fws; Mrpupag;gh – ii) mofis khw;wpdhYk; Xira[k; bghUSk; khwhJ
tUk;
L al
,) epiykz;oy Mrpupag;gh – iii) ,Wjp moapd; Ke;ija mo rpe;joaha; tUk;
<) mokwpkz;oy Mrpupag;gh – iv) vy;yh mofSk; msto bgw;W tUk;.
tpil: m) iii M) i ,) iv <) ii
A d
5. gpd;tUk; mWrPu; tpUj;jg; ghly;fspy; cs;s tpLgl;l rPu;fis Vw;wtifapy; mikj;Jg;
gapw;rp bgWf.
D ika
5 gapw;rp 1
xnu moapy; 6 rPu;" 1/ 4 rPu;fspy; nkhid tuntz;Lk;. 1/ 2/ 4/ 5 Mfpad njkh my;yJ
g[spkhthf tuntz;Lk;. 3/ 6 rPu;fs; VnjDk; xU fha;r;rPuhf tuntz;Lk;. ntW jisfs;
,ay;
ghu;f;fj; njitapy;iy. ,t;tifapy; gpd;tUk; gapw;rpia mikf;f.
khr;rPu; + khr;rPu; + fha;r;rPu; ? tha;ghL
Alv
kz;Qf; fHF kukhFk;
kuj;jpw; fHF fpisahFk;
fz;Qf; fHF fUtpHpahk;
ftpijf; fHF fUg;bghUshk;
tpz;Qf; fHF tpz;kPd;fshk;
a
.Kk
tPjpf; fHF tprhykhFk;
vz;Qf; fHF fzpjkhFk;
vGj;Jf; fHF totkhFk;.
gapw;rp 2
wI
kz;Qf;F mHF vd;Dk; ,U rPu;fspd; gpd; MFk; ' bjspt[ilik' bjspthFk;' fpHpahik'
LV
gad;gLjy;'ew;fUj;J... vdg; gy tiffspy; rPu;fis mikj;Jf;bfhs;syhk;.

w
ehl;Lf; fHF ey;yhl;rpahk;

ehtpw; fHF tha;ikahk;
tPl;Lf; fHF btspr;rkhFk;
tpUe;jpw; fHF cgrupg;ghk;
A
//w
fhl;Lf; fHF ku=;fshFk;

fHdpf; fHF gapu;fshk;
Vl;Lf; fHF vGj;jhFk;
s:K
khl;Lf; fHF ciHg;ghFk;.

gapw;rp 3
xt;nthuoa[k;/ KjypU rPu;fs; <uirahft[k; ,Wjpr;rPu; neuPw;W @tirr; rPuhft[k; mikj;Jg;
gHFf.
fhw;iwj; je;j thd;thH;f-
tp
fy;tpiaj; je;j FUthH;f

Cw;iwj; je;j epyk;thH;f
nrhw;iwj; je;j tay;thH;f
Mw;iwj; je;j kiythH;f
ht
rhw;iwj; je;j fHpthH;f

228
Mk; tFg;g[
.in
xw;Wik je;j csk;thH;f
ntw;Wik fhzh kdk;thH;f
TLjy; tpdhf;fs;
L al
1. mofs; ve;j mog;gilapy; tiuaiw bra;ag;gLfpd;wd> mt;thW tiuaiw
bra;ag;gl;l mofisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
mofs; rPu; mog;gilapy; tiuaiw bra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
A d
mt;thW tiuaiw bra;ag;gl;l mofs;:
,uz;L rPu;fisf; bfhz;lJ Fwso.
D ika
@d;W rPu;fisf; bfhz;lJ rpe;jo.
ehd;F rPu;fisf; bfhz;lJ msto my;yJ neuo.
Ie;J rPu;fisf; bfhz;lJ beoyo.
MW my;yJ mjw;F nkw;gl;l rPu;fisf; bfhz;lJ fHpbeoyo.
2. Mrpupa cupr;rPu; ? tpsf;Ff.
Alv
Mrpupag;ghtpw;nf cupa rPu;fs; Mrpupa cupr;rPu; vdg;gLk;.
mit njkh/ g[spkh Mfpa <uirr; rPu;fSk;/ fUtpsk;/ Ttpsk; Mfpa ,U epiuaPw;W
<uirr; rPu;fSk; MFk;.
a
Mrpupa cupr;rPu;/ ,aw;rPu; vdt[k; tH=;fg; bgWk;.
.Kk
gyt[s; bjupf
1. gh/ bra;a[s;/ J}f;F/ ftp/ ftpij/ ghl;L Mfpa brhw;fs; _________ bghUspy; tUtd.
m) xnu M) btt;ntW
,) ctik <) ,iwr;rp tpil: m) xnu
wI
LV
2. bra;a[s; cWg;g[fs; _________.

m) 3 M) 6
w
,) 9 <) 12 tpil: M) 6
3. ghf;fspd; tiffs;/ mg;ghf;fspd; Xirfs;/ ghf;fs; ,aw;Wtjw;Fupa tpjpKiwfs;
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
Kjypatw;iw tpsf;Fk; E}y; _________.
A
//w
m) g[wg;bghUs; btz;ghkhiy M) ahg;gU=;fyf;fhupif

,) ,yf;fz tpsf;fk; <) khwdy=;fhuk; tpil: M) ahg;gU=;fyf;fhupif
s:K
4. ahg;g[ vd;Dk; fliyf; flf;f cjt[k; E}y; _________.

m) g[wg;bghUs; btz;ghkhiy M) ahg;gU=;fyf;fhupif
,) jz;oay=;fhuk; <) khwdy=;fhuk; tpil: M) ahg;gU=;fyf;fhupif
5. jkpH;r;bra;a[s;fs; bgUk;ghYk; _________ mog;gilahff; bfhz;lit.
m) ,d;gj;ij M) ,iria
,) eldj;ij <) ehlfj;ij tpil: M) ,iria
tp
6. jkpH;r;bra;a[is bkUnfw;WtJ _________.

m) ,d;gk; M) Xir
,) eldk; <) ehlfk; tpil: M) Xir
ht
229
.in
7. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
i) btz;gh ? 1. J}=;fnyhir
ii) Mrpupag;gh ? 2. Js;snyhir
iii) fypg;gh ? 3. mftnyhir
L al
iv) t+;rpg;gh ? 4. brg;gnyhir
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 2/ 1
,) 4/ 2/ 3/ 1 <) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
8. bra;a[spy; ,iriag; gpizg;git _________.
A d
i) nkhid ii) vJif iii) ,iag[
m) @d;Wk; rup M) Kjy; ,uz;Lk; rup
D ika
,) filrp ,uz;Lk; rup <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy tpil: m) @d;Wk; rup
5 9. bghUj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
i) Fwso ? 1. MW my;yJ mjw;F nkw;gl;l rPu;fs;
,ay;
ii) rpe;jo ? 2. ehd;F rPu;fs;

iii) msto ? 3. @d;W rPu;fs;
iv) beoyo ? 4. ,uz;L rPu;fs;
Alv
v) fHpbeoyo ? 5. Ie;J rPu;fs;
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 5/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 2/ 5/ 1
,) 2/ 5/ 1/ 3/ 4 <) 1/ 3/ 4/ 2/ 5 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 5/ 1
m) rPuo M) neuo
a
10. msto vd;gjid _________ vd;Wk; TWtu;.
.Kk
,) tiuao <) epiuao tpil: M) neuo
11. _________ ,aw;Wtjw;Fupa vspa totk; Mrpupag;gh.
m) gh M) g[jpdk;
tpil: m) gh
wI
,) Jspg;gh <) rpWfij

LV
12. _________ mftw;gh vd;Wk; TWtu;.

m) btz;ghit M) Mrpupag;ghit
w
,) fypg;ghit <) t+;rpg;ghit tpil: M) Mrpupag;ghit

13. _________ Md ghly;fns r=;ffhyj; jkpHpy; kpFjpahf cs;sd.
A
//w
m) btz;ghf;fshy; M) Mrpupag;ghf;fshy;
,) fypg;ghf;fshy; <) t+;rpg;ghf;fshy; tpil: M) Mrpupag;ghf;fshy;
14. bgUk;ghYk; Mrpupag;gh/ _________ mirfshy; mika[k;.
s:K
m) ,uz;L M) @d;W
,) ehd;F <) Ie;J tpil: m) ,uz;L
15. ahg;gpy; miria mikf;f cjt[tJ _________.
m) vGj;J M) brhy;
,) rPu; <) mo tpil: m) vGj;J
tp
16. mir vd;gJ _________ (khj;jpiu) nru;e;J tUtjhFk;.

m) ,ir M) eldk;
,) ehlfk; <) rPu; tpil: m) ,ir
ht
230
Mk; tFg;g[
.in
17. mirapd; tif _________.
m) 2 M) 3
,) 4 <) 5 tpil: m) 2
18. rupahd Tw;wpidf; fz;lwp.
L al
i) mir neu;/ epiu vd ,Utifg;gLk;.
ii) rPu; xd;wpd; mirg; gpupg;gpy; jdp bka;baGj;J te;jhnyh mirahff; fzf;fpy;
vLj;Jf;bfhs;sf; TlhJ.
A d
iii) mirfs; nru;e;J mike;jhy; `rPu;~ gpwf;Fk;.
m) i, ii ? rup M) ii, iii ? rup
,) @d;W kl;Lk; rup <) @d;Wk; rup tpil: <) @d;Wk; rup
D ika
19. Mrpupag;ghtpw;F cupa rPu; _________ MFk;.
m) ,aw;rPu; M) btz;rPu;
,) fdpr;rPu; <) t+;rp cupr;rPu; tpil: m) ,aw;rPu;
20. ,aw;rPiu _________ vd;Wk; TWtu;.
m) Mrpupa cupr;rPu; M) btz;rPu;
Alv
,) fdpr;rPu; <) t+;rp cupr;rPu; tpil: m) Mrpupa cupr;rPu;
i) njkh
ii) g[spkh
iii) fUtpsk;
?
?
?
1.
2.
3.
aneu; neu;
epiu epiu
epiu neu;
.Kk
iv) Ttpsk; ? 4. neu; epiu
m) 1/ 3/ 2/ 4 M) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
,) 1/ 2/ 4/ 3 <) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4 tpil: m) 1/ 3/ 2/ 4
wI
i) njkh=;fha; ? 1. neu; epiu neu;

LV
ii) g[spkh=;fha; ? 2. epiu epiu neu;

w
iii) fUtps=;fha; ? 3. epiu neu; neu;

iv) Ttps=;fha; ? 4. neu; neu; neu;
m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1 M) 3/ 4/ 1/ 2
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
,) 4/ 1/ 3/ 2 <) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4 tpil: m) 4/ 3/ 2/ 1
A
//w
23. kh Kd; neu; xd;wp te;jhy; _________ jisahFk;.

m) nebuhd;whrpupaj; M) epiubahd;whrpupaj;
s:K
,) fypj; <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy tpil: m) nebuhd;whrpupaj;

24. tpsk; Kd; epiu xd;wp te;jhy; _________ jisahFk;.
m) nebuhd;whrpupaj; M) epiubahd;whrpupaj;
,) xd;wpa t+;rpj; <) fypj; tpil: M) epiubahd;whrpupaj;
25. `ey;yhu;~ ? rPu; gpupj;J tha;;ghL fz;lwp.
tp
m) njkh M) g[spkh
,) fUtpsk; <) Ttpsk; tpil: m) njkh
26. Mrpupag;ghtpy; _________ rpw;bwy;iyahf mika[k;.
m) @d;wor; M) ehd;for;
ht
,) Ie;jor; <) <uor; tpil: m) @d;wor;

231
.in
27. rupahd Tw;wpidf; fz;lwp.
i) `fil mau;ghjk;~ vd;W tUtJ neupir Mrpupag;gh.
ii) ,Wjp mof;F Ke;ija mo @d;W rPu;fisg; bgw;W tUtJ neupir Mrpupag;gh.
iii) kw;w mofs; ehd;F rPu;fisg; bgw;W tUk;.
L al
m) i ? rup M) ii ? rup
,) iii ? rup <) @d;Wk; rup tpil: <) @d;Wk; rup
28. Kjyoa[k; ,Wjpaoa[k; ehd;F rPu;fisg; bgw;W ,ilaofs; ,iz ,izaha;
A d
,UrPu;fshft[k; @d;W rPu;fshft[k; tUtJ _________.
m) neupir Mrpupag;gh M) ,izf;Fws; Mrpupag;gh
,) epiykz;oy Mrpupag;gh <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy
D ika
5 29. vy;yh mofSk; ehd;F rPu;fisg; bgw;W tUtJ _________.
tpil: M) ,izf;Fws; Mrpupag;gh
,ay;
m) ,izf;Fws; Mrpupag;gh M) epiykz;oy Mrpupag;gh

,) neupir Mrpupag;gh <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy
Alv
tpil: M) epiykz;oy Mrpupag;gh
30. ghlypy; cs;s mofis khw;wp khw;wp mikj;jhYk; Xira[k; bghUSk; khwhJ miktJ
_________.
,) neupir Mrpupag;gh
a
m) ,izf;Fws; Mrpupag;gh M) epiykz;oy Mrpupag;gh
<) mokwpkz;oy Mrpupag;gh
.Kk
tpil: <) mokwpkz;oy Mrpupag;gh
31. ,aw;rPu; _________/ fha;r;rPu; _________.
m) <uirr;rPu;/ @tirr;rPu; M) @tirr;rPu;/ <uirr;rPu;
,) ehd;firr;rPu;/ Xuirr;rPu; <) Xuirr;rPu;/ ehd;firr;rPu;
wI
tpil: m) <uirr;rPu;/ @tirr;rPu;

LV
32. _________ tpUj;jj;jhy; mike;j ghly;fns ,d;W bgUtHf;fpy; cs;sd.

w
m) fyp M) Mrpupa
,) btsp <) t+;rp tpil: M) Mrpupa
33. MW my;yJ mjw;Fk; nkw;gl;l vj;jid rPu;fs; te;jhYk; me;j mo ` _________~ MFk;.
A
//w
m) msto M) rpe;jo
,) beoyo <) fHpbeoyo tpil: <) fHpbeoyo
s:K
34. `thHpa bre;jkpH;~ vd;Dk; Mrpupag;ghthy; mike;j ghliyg; ghoatu; _________.

m) ghujpahu; M) thzpjhrd;
,) fz;zjhrd; <) ghujpjhrd; tpil: m) ghujpahu;
35. `gr;irkh kiynghy; nkdp~ ? vd;w Mrpupag;ghthy; vGjg;gl;l ghlypd; Mrpupau;
_________.
m) ek;khH;thu; M) bgha;if MH;thu;
tp
,) g{jj;jhH;thu; <) bjhz;luog;bgho MH;thu;

tpil: <) bjhz;luog;bgho MH;thu;
ht
232
Mk; tFg;g[
.in
FWtpdh
1. ahg;gpyf;fzk; vijf; fw;gpf;fpwJ>
ahg;gpyf;fzk; bra;a[s; vGJk; ,yf;fzj;ijf; fw;gpf;fpwJ.
L al
2. ghtpw;Fupa ntWbgau;fs; ahit>
bra;a[s;/ ghl;L/ J}f;F/ gh/ ftp/ ftpij vd;gdthFk;.
3. bra;a[spd; cWg;g[fs; ahit>
A d
vGj;J/ mir/ rPu;/ jis/ mo/ bjhil/ gh/ ghtpdk; Mfpad bra;a[spd; cWg;g[fshFk;.
4. gh vj;jid tfg;gLk; ahit>.
D ika
jkpHpy; cs;s ghtiffs; ehd;F tifg;gLk;. mit: btz;gh/ Mrpupag;gh/ fypg;gh/
t+;rpg;gh vd;gdthFk;.
5. Mrpupag;ghtpd; ,d=;fs; ahit>
Mrpupaj; Jiw/ Mrpupaj; jhHpir/ Mrpupa tpUj;jk; vd;gd Mrpupag;ghtpd; ,d=;fshFk;.
6. Mrpupag;ghit `mftw;gh~ vd;gnjd;>
Alv
mftnyhir bgw;wjhy;/ Mrpupag;ghit `mftw;gh~ vd;gu;.
7. ehd;F gh tiffs; bfhz;Ls;s Xir tot=;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
btz;gh brg;gnyhir bfhz;lJ:
Mrpupag;gh mftnyhir cilaJ.
fypg;gh Js;snyhir bfhz;lJ.
a
.Kk
t+;rpg;gh J}=;fnyhir bfhz;lJ.
vGj;J
8. ahg;g[f;Fupa vGj;Jfs; vitbadf; fzf;fplg;gLfpd;wd>
wI
bra;a[spy; Fwpy;/ beoy;/ bka;/ Ma;jk; vd;Dk; vGj;Jfs; Kjd;ikahff; fUjg;gLk;.

LV
Fwpypy; capu;f;FwpYk;/ capu;bka;f;FwpYk; ml=;Fk;.

w
beoypy; capu; beoYk;/ capu;bka; beoYk; ml=;Fk;.

`bka;~ xw;W vdt[k; brhy;yg;gLk;.
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
bra;a[spy; Ma;jk; bka;ahff; fUjg;gLk;.
A
//w
mir
9. mirahtJ ahJ> mBJ vj;jid tifg;gLk;>
s:K
vGj;J xd;nwh gynth nru;e;J mirj;J/ ,irj;Jr; rPu;f;F cWg;gha; tUtJ mir
vdg;gLk;.
mJ neuir/ epiuair vd ,Utifg;gLk;.
10. neuirahtJ ahJ> tpsf;Ff.
Fwpy; jdpj;Jk;/ Fwpy; xw;WlDk;/ beoy; jdpj;Jk;/ beoy; xw;WlDk; tUtJ
tp
neuirahFk;.
m/ f – Fwpy; jdpj;J te;j neuirfs;.
my;/ fy; – Fwpy; xw;Wld; te;j neuirfs;.
M/ fh – beoy; jdpj;J te;j neuirfs;.
ht
My;/ fhy; – beoy; xw;Wld; te;j neuirfs;. 233
.in
11. epiuairia tpsf;Ff.
,U Fwpy; ,ize;Jk;/ ,UFwpYld; xw;W ,ize;Jk; Fwpy; beoy; ,ize;Jk;/ Fwpy;
beoYld; xw;W ,ize;Jk; tUtd epiuairfshFk;.
mzp/ gzp – ,UFwpy; ,ize;J te;j epiuairfs;.
L al
myu;/ tsk; – ,UFwpy; ,ize;J xw;Wld; te;j epiuairfs;.
epyh/ fdh – Fwpy; beoy; ,ize;J te;j epiuairfs;.
glhk;/ fyhk; – Fwpy; beoy; ,ize;J xw;Wld; te;j epiuairfs;.
A d
rPu;
D ika
12. rPu; vd;gJ ahJ> mjd; tiffisf; TWf.
5 neuir/ epiuairfs; jdpj;Jk; ,ize;Jk; miktJ rPu; vdg;gLk;.
mBJ Xuirr;rPu;/ <uirr;rPu;/ @tirr;rPu;/ ehyirr;rPu; vd ehd;F tifg;gLk;.
,ay;
13. <uirr; rPu;fs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;> tptup.

<uirr; rPu;fs; ehd;F tifg;gLk;. mit: njkh/ g[spkh/ Ttpsk;/ fUtpsk; MFk;.
mir tha;ghL
Alv
neu; + neu; – njkh
– khr;rPu; ? 2
epiu + neu; – g[spkh
epiu + epiu – fUtpsk;
tpsr;rPu; ? 2
neu; + epiu – Ttpsk;
14. <uirr; rPu;fs; vg;ghtpw;F cupait>
a
–
.Kk
khr;rPu; ,uz;Lk;/ tpsr;rPu; ,uz;Lk; Mf <uirr;rPu; ehd;Fk; Mrpupag;ght[f;F cupait.
15. fha;r;rPu; mika[k; Kiwia tpsf;Ff.
<uirr; rPu;fs; ehd;fndhL jdpj;jdpahf neuiriar; nru;j;jhy;/ fha;r;rPu; MFk;.
mir tha;ghL
wI
neu; + neu; + neu; – njkh=;fha;

LV
epiu + neu; + neu; – g[spkh=;fha;

epiu + epiu + neu; – fUtps=;fha;
w
neu; + epiu + neu; – Ttps=;fha;

16. fha;r;rPu;fs; ntW vt;thW tH=;fg;gLk;> mit vg;ghtpw;F cupait>
fha;r;rPu; ehd;fpYk; <w;wir neuirahf cs;sjhy;/ mit neuPw;W @tirr;rPu;
A
//w
vdg;gLk;. mr;rPu;fs; btz;ghtpw;F cupait.

mit btz;gh cupr;rPu; vdt[k; tH=;fg;gLk;.
s:K
jis
17. jis vd;gjid tpsf;Ff.
epd;w rPupd; <w;wira[k;/ tUk; rPupd; Kjyira[k; xd;wpa[k; xd;whkYk; miktJ jis
vdg;gLk;.
18. jisfs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;> mit ahit>
tp
jisfs; VG tifg;gLk;. mit:

nebuhd;whrpupaj;jis fypj;jis
epiubahd;whrpupaj;jis xd;wpa t+;rpj;jis
,aw;rPu; btz;lis xd;whj t+;rpj;jis vd;gdthFk;.
ht
234 btz;rPu; btz;lis
Mk; tFg;g[
.in
19. Mrpupag;ght[f;Fupa jisfs; ahit>
Mrpupag;ght[f;Fupa jisfs; nehbuhd;whrpupaj;jisa[k;/ epiubahd;whrpupaj;jisa[k;
MFk;.
20. nebuhd;whrpupaj;jisiar; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
L al
epd;w rPu; khr;rPuha; (njkh/ g[spkh) ,Uf;f/ tUk; rPupd; Kjyir neuha; tUtJ
nebuhd;whrpupaj; jisahFk;. (kh Kd; neu;)
v.fh: j=; + fk; – tpw; + whu;
neu; + neu; – neu; + neu;
A d
njkh – neu;
kh Kd; neu; te;j nebuhd;whrpupaj;jis.
D ika
21. epiubahd;whrpupaj;jisiar; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
epd;w rPu; tpsr;rPuha; (fUtpsk;/ Ttpsk;) ,Uf;f tUk; rPupd; Kjyir epiuaha; tUtJ
epiubahd;whrpupaj; jisahFk;. (tps Kd; epiu)
v.fh: mUk; + gzp – g[upe; + jhu;
epiu + epiu – epiu + neu;
fUtpsk; – epiu
Alv
tpsk; Kd; epiu te;j epiubahd;whrpupaj;jis.
22. btz;ght[f;F cupa jisfs; ahit>
btz;ght[f;F cupa jisfs;: ,aw;rPu; btz;lisa[k;/ btz;rPu; btz;lisa[khFk;.
23. ,aw;rPu; btz;lis vt;thW mika[k;>a
<uirr; rPu;fSs;/ khr;rPu;fSf;F Kd; epiuaira[k;/ tpsr;rPu;fSf;F Kd; neuira[k; khwp
te;J xd;whky; ,iztJ ,aw;rPu; btz;lisahFk;.
.Kk
v.fh: < + jy; – ,ir + gl
njkh – epiu
kh Kd; epiu te;j ,aw;rPu; btz;lis
gad; + kuk; – cs; + Au;
wI
fUtpsk; – neu;
LV
tps Kd; neu; te;j ,aw;rPu; btz;lis

w
kh Kd; epiua[k;/ tps Kd; neUk; ,aw;rPu; btz;lisfshFk;.

24. btz;rPu; btz;lis vt;thW mika[k;>
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
epd;w rPu; khr;rPuha; (njkh/ g[spkh) ,Uf;f/ tUk; rPupd; Kjyir neuha; tUtJ
A
//w
nebuhd;whrpupaj; jisahFk;. (kh Kd; neu;)

v.fh: ifk; + kh + W – ntz; + lh
neu; + neu; + neu; – neu; + neu;
s:K
njkh=;fha; – neu;
fha; Kd; neu; te;j btz;rPu; btz;lis
rpWtpdh
1. Mrpupag;ghtpd; tiffs; ahit>
tp
neupir Mrpupag;gh
mokwp kz;oy Mrpupag;gh
,izf;Fws; Mrpupag;gh
epiykz;oy Mrpupag;gh vd ehd;F tifg;gLk;.
ht
235
.in
2. neupirahrpupag;ghtpd; ,yf;fzk; Twp rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
neupirahrpupag;gh @d;wofSf;Ff; Fiwahky;/ gy mofis cilajha; ,Uf;Fk;.
vy;yh mofSk; ehw;rPuofsha; (msto) tUk;.
<w;wayo kl;Lk; @d;W rPuha; mika[k;.
L al
bgUk;ghd;ik <uirr; rPu;fSk;/ rpWghd;ik gpw rPu;fSk; gapd;W tUk;.
mftnyhir bgw;W tUk;.
bgUk;ghYk; Mrpupaj;jisfSk;/ rpWghd;ik gpw jisfSk; fye;J tUk;.
A d
``V~~ vd;Dk; vGj;jhy; Koa[k;.
v.fh: ghup ghup vd;Wgy Vj;jp
D ika
xUtw; g[fH;tu; bre;ehg; g[ytu;
5 ghup
khupa[k;
xUtD
cz;Od;
ky;yd;
LyFg[ug; gJnt
,ay;
3. ,izf;Fws; Mrpupag;ghtpd; ,yf;fzk; Twp/ rhd;W jUf.

Mrpupag;ghtpd; bghJ ,yf;fz=;fs; vy;yhk; mika/ <w;woa[k; Kjyoa[k; ehw;rPu;fsha;/
,ilapy; cs;s mofs; ,U rPuofsha[k;/ Kr;rPuofsha[k; tUtJ ,izf;Fws; Mrpupag;gh
Alv
vdg;gLk;.
v.fh: ePupd; jd;ika[k; jPapd; btk;ika[k;
rhur; rhu;e;J a
rhuy; ehld; nfz;ik
rhur; rhur; rhu;e;J
.Kk
jPuj; jPuj; jPu;bghy; yhnj.
4. epiy kz;oy Mrpupag;ghtpd; ,yf;fzk; Twp/ rhd;W jUf.
Mrpupag;ghtpd; bghJtpyf;fzj;ijg; bgw;W tUk;.
wI
vy;yh mofSk; mstofsha; mika[k;.

LV
``V~~ my;yJ `vd;~ vd;Dk; vGj;jpy; Koa[k;.

,t;thW tUtJ epiykz;oy Mrpupag;ghthFk;.
w
v.fh: ntuy; ntyp ntu;f;nfhl; gytpd;

rhuy; ehl brt;tpia ahFkjp
ahuB jwpe;jprp ndhnu rhuy;
A
//w
rpWnfhl;Lg; bgUk;gHk; J}=;fp ah=;fpts;

capu;jtr; rpwpJ fhknkh bgupnj.
s:K
5. mokwp kz;oy Mrpupag;ghtpid vGj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.

v.fh: ``Nuy; gk;gpa rpWfhd; ahnw
Nuu kfsp uhuz=; fpdnu
thu bydpnd ahd+; Rtny
rhu dhl ePtu yhnw.~~
,e;jg; ghly; Mrpupag;ghtpd; bghJ ,yf;fzj;ijg; bgw;W te;Js;sJ.
tp
ehw;rPuofspy; mike;Js;sJ.
ve;j moia v=;F mikj;Jr; brhd;dhYk;/ Xira[k; bghUSk; khwh.
vdnt ,g;ghly; mokwp kz;oy Mrpupag;ghthFk;.
ht
236
Mk; tFg;g[
.in
6. Mrpupag;ghtpd; ,d=;fs; ahit>
Mrpupaj; jis/ Mrpupaj; Jiw/ Mrpupa tpUj;jk; vd;gd Mrpupag;ghtpd; ,d=;fshFk;.
7. Mrpupa tpUj;jg;ghtpd; ,yf;fzk; ahJ> rhd;W jUf.
Mrpupag;ghtpd; bghJtpyf;fzk; mikag;bgw;W/ xj;j mst[ila fHpbeoyo (Ie;J
L al
rPu;fSf;F nky;) bfhz;L elg;gJ Mrpupa tpUj;jkhFk;.
v.fh:
jz;liy kapy;fs; Mlj;
jhkiu tpsf;fk; jh=;ff;
A d
bfhz;ly;fs; KHtpd; X=;ff;
Ftisfz; tpHpj;J nehf;fj;
D ika
bjz;oiu vHpdp fhl;lj;
njk;gpHp kfu ahHpd;
tz;Lfs; ,dpJ ghl
kUjk;tPw; wpUf;Fk; khnjh-
bkhHpia Ms;nthk; gf;fk;: 140
Alv
rhd;nwhu; rpj;jpuk;:
,urpfkzp o.nf. rpjk;guehju; (1882 ? 1954)
a
``jkpHpy; vy;yhk; cz;L" jkpHpd; ftpr; Ritf;F <Lkpy;iy
,iza[kpy;iy" jkpHhy; mwptpay; kl;Lkd;W" midj;J ,ay;fisa[k;
fw;fKoa[k;~~ vdr; rhd;WfSld; vLj;Jr; brhd;d bgUe;jif
.Kk
,urpfkzp o.nf. rpjk;guehju;. ,tu;/ jkJ ,yf;fpa ,urpfj; jd;ikahy;
jkpGf;Fk; jkpHUf;Fk; g[j;Jzu;t[ Cl;oatu;. o. nf. rp apd; tPl;Lf;
Tlj;jpy; tl;ltotkhd bjhl;of; fl;oy;/ +hapWnjhWk; khiy Ie;J
kzpf;Ff; Toa Tl;lk;/ ,yf;fpaj;ijg; gw;wpg;ngrpaJ. mt;tikg;g[
wI
`tl;lj; bjhl;o~ vd;nw bgau;bgw;wJ. o.nf. rp. ,yf;fpa=;fspd; ea=;fisr; brhy;yr;

LV
brhy;yf; Tl;lj;jpYs;s midtUk; j=;fis kwe;J ,yf;fpaj;jpy; jpisg;gu;. jkpHpd;

,dpik vd;gJ kl;Lk; mtu;fs; cs;s=;fspy; epiwe;jpUf;Fk;. tHf;fwp+uhfj; bjhHpy;
w
g[uptijtplj; jkpHpd;gj;jpy; jpisg;gijna o.nf. rp. tpUk;gpdhu;. jkpH;f;fiyfs;/ jkpH;,ir/

jkpH; ,yf;fpak; Mfpatw;wpd; Ritiaa[k; nkd;ikiaa[k; jdpj;jd;ikiaa[k; vLj;Jr;
ehbsy;yhk; tpidbra;
brhd;dhu;. foj=;fspYk; mtw;iwna tpae;J vGjpdhu;. mtu;jk; foj=;fs; ,yf;fpaj;
A
//w
juk; bfhz;L g[jpa ,yf;fpa tifahfnt fUjg;gl;ld. ,ja xyp/ fk;gu; ahu;> Kjyhd
E}y;fSk; Kj;bjhs;shapuk;/ fk;guhkhazk; Mfpatw;Wf;F vGjpa ciua[k; mtu;jk; ,yf;fpa
Efu;t[f;flypd; rpy miyfs; vdyhk;. brd;id khepy nkyitapd; cWg;gpduhft[k;
s:K
mwepiyaj; Jiwapd; Mizauhft[k; jpfH;e;j o.nf.rp. Vw;wpa ,yf;fpaxsp jkpH; mHfpaiy

btspr;rg;gLj;jpaJ.
tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;f.
1. md;W/ my;y vd;gtw;Wf;fhd bghUs; ntWghL mwpe;J bjhlu; mikf;f.
md;W : (vGtha; xUikf;F tpidKw;whf tUk;)
mJ g{id md;W.
tp
my;y : (vGtha; gd;ikf;F tpidKw;whf tUk;)

mit khLfs; my;y.
2. brhy;yr; brhy;y/ jpisg;gu; ? ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g[j; jUf.
brhy;yr; brhy;y : mLf;Fj; bjhlu;
ht
jpisg;gu; : gyu;ghy; vjpu;fhy tpidKw;W 237

Kalvi Kadal:, Ay GH, Aw WG Ghfyhk

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<w;woapd; <w;bwGj;J ``V~~ vd;Dk; vGj;jhy; KotJ rpwg;g[.

@d;wofSf;Ff; Fiwahky;/ ghLnthd; vz;zj;jpw;nfw;g/ vj;jid mofs;

fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 137

gr;irkh kiynghy; nkdp rPupa bew;wp v=;nf>

Mau;jk; bfhGe;nj vd;Dk; FWeif nghd bj=;nf>

? bjhz;luog;bgho MH;thu; ? fz;zjhrd;

Ttpsk; g[spkh njkh fUtpsk; g[spkh njkh

i. rPupa bew;wp v=;nf rpte;jey; ,jH;fs; v=;nf

ne+ep ne+ne ne+ne ep+ep ep+ne ne+ne

ne+ep ep+ne ne+ne ep+ep ne+ne ne+ne

ne+ep ne+ne ne+ne ep+ep ep+ne ne+ne

,yf;fzj; nju;r;rp bfhs; gf;fk;: 137

njkh/ g[spkh/ fUtpsk;/ Ttpsk; Mfpa ehd;FkhFk;.

nebuhd;whrpupaj; jis/ epiubahd;whrpupaj; jis Mfpa ,uz;LkhFk;.

mWrPh;f;fHpbeoyo Mrphpa tpUj;j=;fspd; tif:

mWrPh;f;fHpbeoyo Mrphpa tpUj;jj;ij ,aw;Wk; Kiw:

mikj;Jk; mWrPh;f;fHpbeoyo Mrphpa tpUj;jj;ij ,aw;wyhk;.

ghu;f;fj; njitapy;iy. ,t;tifapy; gpd;tUk; gapw;rpia mikf;f.

khr;rPu; + khr;rPu; + fha;r;rPu; ? tha;ghL

gad;gLjy;'ew;fUj;J... vdg; gy tiffspy; rPu;fis mikj;Jf;bfhs;syhk;.

ehl;Lf; fHF ey;yhl;rpahk;

fhl;Lf; fHF ku=;fshFk;

khl;Lf; fHF ciHg;ghFk;.

fy;tpiaj; je;j FUthH;f

rhw;iwj; je;j fHpthH;f

2. bra;a[s; cWg;g[fs; _________.

m) g[wg;bghUs; btz;ghkhiy M) ahg;gU=;fyf;fhupif

4. ahg;g[ vd;Dk; fliyf; flf;f cjt[k; E}y; _________.

6. jkpH;r;bra;a[is bkUnfw;WtJ _________.

ii) rpe;jo ? 2. ehd;F rPu;fs;

,) Jspg;gh <) rpWfij

12. _________ mftw;gh vd;Wk; TWtu;.

,) fypg;ghit <) t+;rpg;ghit tpil: M) Mrpupag;ghit

16. mir vd;gJ _________ (khj;jpiu) nru;e;J tUtjhFk;.

i) njkh=;fha; ? 1. neu; epiu neu;

ii) g[spkh=;fha; ? 2. epiu epiu neu;

iii) fUtps=;fha; ? 3. epiu neu; neu;

23. kh Kd; neu; xd;wp te;jhy; _________ jisahFk;.

,) fypj; <) ,tw;wpy; vJt[kpy;iy tpil: m) nebuhd;whrpupaj;

,) Ie;jor; <) <uor; tpil: m) @d;wor;

m) ,izf;Fws; Mrpupag;gh M) epiykz;oy Mrpupag;gh

tpil: m) <uirr;rPu;/ @tirr;rPu;

32. _________ tpUj;jj;jhy; mike;j ghly;fns ,d;W bgUtHf;fpy; cs;sd.

34. `thHpa bre;jkpH;~ vd;Dk; Mrpupag;ghthy; mike;j ghliyg; ghoatu; _________.

,) g{jj;jhH;thu; <) bjhz;luog;bgho MH;thu;

bra;a[spy; Fwpy;/ beoy;/ bka;/ Ma;jk; vd;Dk; vGj;Jfs; Kjd;ikahff; fUjg;gLk;.

Fwpypy; capu;f;FwpYk;/ capu;bka;f;FwpYk; ml=;Fk;.

beoypy; capu; beoYk;/ capu;bka; beoYk; ml=;Fk;.

My;/ fhy; – beoy; xw;Wld; te;j neuirfs;. 233

13. <uirr; rPu;fs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;> tptup.

neu; + neu; + neu; – njkh=;fha;

epiu + neu; + neu; – g[spkh=;fha;

neu; + epiu + neu; – Ttps=;fha;

vdg;gLk;. mr;rPu;fs; btz;ghtpw;F cupait.

jisfs; VG tifg;gLk;. mit:

234 btz;rPu; btz;lis

tps Kd; neu; te;j ,aw;rPu; btz;lis

kh Kd; epiua[k;/ tps Kd; neUk; ,aw;rPu; btz;lisfshFk;.

nebuhd;whrpupaj; jisahFk;. (kh Kd; neu;)

3. ,izf;Fws; Mrpupag;ghtpd; ,yf;fzk; Twp/ rhd;W jUf.

vy;yh mofSk; mstofsha; mika[k;.

<w;woapd; <w;bwGj;J ``V~~ vd;Dk; vGj;jhy; KotJ rpwg;g[.

@d;wofSf;Ff; Fiwahky;/ ghLnthd; vz;zj;jpw;nfw;g/ vj;jid mofs;

bra;a[spy; Fwpy;/ beoy;/ bka;/ Ma;jk; vd;Dk; vGj;Jfs; Kjd;ikahff; fUjg;gLk;.

Fwpypy; capu;f;FwpYk;/ capu;bka;f;FwpYk; ml=;Fk;.

beoypy; capu; beoYk;/ capu;bka; beoYk; ml=;Fk;.

My;/ fhy; – beoy; xw;Wld; te;j neuirfs;. 233

jisfs; VG tifg;gLk;. mit:

234 btz;rPu; btz;lis

vy;yh mofSk; mstofsha; mika[k;.

``V~~ my;yJ `vd;~ vd;Dk; vGj;jpy; Koa[k;.