DH18.10.

ĐH V
I. Listening (50 points)
Part 1: For question 1-10, listen to a piece of news from BBC about “What to wear?” and supply the
blanks with the missing information. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS and/or A NUMBER
taken from the recording for each answer inQ the spaces provided.

One of the biggest shocks when you arrive in a new country can be the clothes people are wearing. You may
look fashionable at home, but you suddenly find you are 1_____behind the times_______________or simply
someone to laugh at when you arrive abroad. With this in mind, let's take a look at teenage fashion in the UK
for girls.

One of the things that may shock an outsider most is piercings. These days it is not enough to simply wear rings
in your ears. You will see many teenagers with rings in their navel, or belly button, nose, lip, or even their
eyebrow.

Some girls go for a 'glam' look. They wear T-shirts; trousers are usually preferred, blue or black, and the look
is 2_______finished off______________ with metallic bags and shoes and arms full of bracelets. Another
alternative is the 3________rocker look ________________ You start with a T-shirt of your favourite band and
tight jeans or a long skirt. On top of this you can wear a denim jacket. Jewellery tends to be large and metallic,
and to add colour, wear a scarf.

If neither of these is for you, why not 4________go sporty_________________? T-shirts are usually tie-dyed in
hot colours. Wear long shorts, short jeans or a denim skirt. And on your feet? 5___________beach
sandals________________, of course! If you prefer something more feminine, there's the 6____girly
look_______________________ Skirts are long, to the floor. Wear a top with butterflies or flowers printed on
it!

Finally, how about the 'Tom Boy' look? Wear 7_________jeans_______________ and a T-shirt with a logo.
Don't forget your 8______waistcoat_________________ of course!

Follow the fashion tips above, and you shouldn't 9______feel out of place________________However, it's
important to remember to wear clothes and choose a look that you feel comfortable with. Don't just be
10_______one of the crowd________- be yourself!
Part 2. You will hear a radio music presenter talking about his job. For questions 11- 19, complete the
sentences.
Music presenter
He got a degree in 11___________engineering_________________________from university.
On leaving university, he began a career in 12 ________industry_____________________
His first experience of broadcasting was at a 13_____hospital radio________________________ station.
When he first tried to work in radio professionally, he got a lot of 14______rejection
letters___________________________
One station invited him to attend some 15_____________training sections______________________
The programme he presents usually lasts for 16________3 hours_______________________
When he arrives, he starts by 17________________opening mails___________________________
Then he works out what the 18______________contents _______________and running order of his programme
will be.
After lunch he looks through the 19________________________________________

Part 3
You will hear an interview with an engineer called Roger Moffar, whose working life has changed
dramatically over the last ten years. For questions 20- 25, choose the correct answer A, B, C or D.
You will hear the recording twice.
20. The interviewer says that Roger is the kind of person who
A. is reluctant to try something different. B. does not want to spend his money.
C. enjoys entertaining others. D. is happy to reveal the tricks of his trade.
21. How did Roger feel initially about what happened ten years ago?
A. angry B. resigned C. depressed D. disinterested
22. Roger regards his early days in business as
A. frustrating B. demanding C. irrelevant D. boring
23. What does Roger feel is the greatest benefit of running his own business?
A. He arranges his free time as he pleases B. He gets on better with other people
C. He has more leisure time than before. D. He is free of an environment he disliked.
24. What is Roger’s attitude toward his future?
A. he considers his position to be no less secure than before
B. He thinks he will be more vulnerable than he used to be.
C. He’d feel financially more secure working for someone else.
D. he considers himself too old to change direction again.
25. Which description best sums up Roger’s appraisal of engineers?
A. dedicated workers B. creative artists
C. well- balanced realists D. powerful leaders
26. What does Roger find most satisfying about the “tools of his trade”?
A. They are intricate beyond belief. B. They are the creations of colleagues.
C. They are theoretical in design. D. They are exciting to contemplate.
 SECTION - LEXICO-GRAMMAR (…/20 points)

Part 1: Choose the best answer (A, B, C, or D) to each of the following questions and write your
answers in the corresponding numbered boxes.

1. When the storm prevented the climbers from reaching the top of the mountain, they were ____ disappointed.
A. bitterly B. savagely C. stormily D. angrily
2. When she puts her mind to it, she is always capable of _____ sarcasm.
A. biting B. sharpening C. slicing D. striking
3. The footballer never really recovered from the injury he __________at the beginning of the season.
A. got B. struck C. endured D. sustained
4. He was absolutely __________ with anger when he found that I had scratched his car.
A. burned B. carmine C. fickle D. livid
5. He had an honest and __________ expression, which hid the fact he had a very devious mind.
A. competent B. trusting C. integrated D. integrity
6. I must admit, Fred is the __________ person I would have thought of to marry Jane.
A. last B. ultimate C. final D. end
7. The praise of his boss and his colleagues was __________to his ears.
A. song B. music C. harmony D. melody
8. Fred has a__________ of staying out of trouble at the office - he never gets involved.
A. trait B. ability C. skill D. knack
9. Though I’m unsure of myself but in her __________ I have to say she knew nothing about it beforehand.
A. place B. position C. defence D. advocate
10. You’ve obviously lost weight, and this dress will need to be __________ to fit you properly.
A. dressed up B. taken in C. put out D. taken off
Your answers:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Part 2: Write the correct FORM of each bracketed word in the corresponding numbered boxes. (0) has been
done as an example.
The Moon
Anyone taking the trouble to look (0) _________ (WARD) on a clear moonlit night cannot fail to be moved by
the sight of our sister planet hanging up there in the sky like a silver ball casting (11) ____ghostly_____
(GHOST) shadows on the Earth below. Few (12) __inanimate_______ (ANIMATE) objects can have had such
an influence over religion and the arts. And never is the Moon's visual impact more impressive than when it is
full and just above the distant horizon. Under these conditions, the apparent (13) ___proximity______
(PROXIMATE) of the lunar disc to familiar terrestrial objects makes the Moon appear to be very much larger
and closer than normal. But the fact that our (14) ___unaided______ (AID) eyes still cannot discern more than
just a few dark blotches on its surface demonstrates that this effect must indeed be just an optical illusion. The
light from the Moon cannot really become magnified as it passes at a (15) ____grazing_____ (GRAZE) angle
through our atmosphere. But why should the Moon be an object worthy of scientific study at all? Why cannot
we be content just to gaze up at it in awe rather than attempt to probe its (16) _________ (INNER) secrets?
Some would say that the study of the Moon, particularly during the last ten years or so, has destroyed any
precious illusions about the Moon that we might have held and given us very little in return. But this would be a
very shortsighted view.
Your answers:
0. upwards 11. 12.
13. 14. 15.
16.

Part 3: The passage below contains 10 mistakes. UNDERLINE the mistakes and WRITTE THEIR
CORRECT FORMS in the corresponding numbered boxes. (0) has been done as an example.

THE HILLS ARE ALIVE WITH THE SOUND OF MUSIC

For the past eight years, many of the world’s leading classical musician have gathered together in
Switzerland’s most glitzy ski resort to play, to teach and socialise. If this were all, it would be the ultimate
classical music insiders’ club. But the attraction of Verbier, its charm and relevance, is that it is also home for
three weeks to more than 100 young musicians from 31 countries, starried-eye(starry-eyed) about meeting the
masters and getting a crashing course at the highest possible level. Conductors of the world’s top orchestras are
on hand to get the young musicians into shape, coaxing fine performances of so daunting challenges as
Mahler’s Third Symphony and Brahms’ First Symphony.
Verbier is the creation of the Swede, Martin Engstroem, who for many years was a leading agent. He wanted
to run his own festival and, having some of the best contacts of the business, it was not hard to find a Swiss ski
report to look for a summer boost, rich villa owners keen to open their houses to musical celebrities and stars
used to being indulged. Engstroem is the most relaxed and charming of men, but in his way he is adictator. The
music heard at Verbier tends to be of his classical taste with barely a note of the contemporary.

Your answers:
0. musician -> musicians 17. to socialise 18. glitziest
19. highest level possible 20. crash 21. relaxing
22. be 23. such

Part 4: Fill in the gaps in the following sentences with suitable particles. Write your answers in the
corresponding numbered boxes. (0) has been done as an example.
(0) He finds it hard to put____ _________ the noise of the nearby factory

24. The Prime Minister thinks that it’s time we did ___away with_________ red tape and beauraucracy.
25. Jane is going to put ___in for__________ the job of a sales assistant in Newcastle.: apply for
26. Those naughty boys went on making terrible noise in the park even though they had been ticked
___off__________ by the annoyed constable.: criticize sb
27. The company has decided not to go ___through__________ with the takeover of its smaller rival. : do sth
unpleasant
28. It’s impossible to live on the low unemployment benefit I come ___by________ from the government.: get
29. He is very well-known and he will go _down__________ in history as a great statesman.
30. I've got a lot of work to do, but I can't seem to get ___down _________ it.

Your answers:
0. up with 24. 25.
26. 27. 28.
29. 30.
 SECTION - READING (…/20 points)

Part 1: Read the following passage and decide which answer (A, B, C, or D) best fits each gap. Write
your answer in corresponding numbered boxes. (0) has been done as an example
Charity Fund-raising
Every year in the spring our school has a special (0) ________ event on a Friday evening to raise money
for poor people in a (1) ________ part of the world.
It all started a few years ago when two teachers, who wanted to make Earth a better place, decided to
hold an all-night karaoke party in aid of the victims of the recent Tsunami disaster in South-East Asia. Although
there was little time to organize it, they managed to throw the party (2) ________ well enough that a grand total
of one thousand pounds was collected, a clear sign that all the hard work had (3) ________.
Afterwards, everybody put the party's success down to the enthusiasm of the two organizers, which had
soon (4) ________ on everybody else. There was a prize for the best singer, so many people happily paid
twenty pounds for the chance to sing with all their (5) ________ while other people agreed to accept the
challenge of singing an unfamiliar song for as much as fifty pounds.
Because that first charity event (6) ________ so well, it was decided to hold another similar event every
year and each subsequent party proved more successful than its predecessor. The school staff soon realized that
an essential factor in making something like this work is how many people are willing to (7) ________ time and
effort in the preparation. Fortunately, at our school there is no shortage of such people.
0. A society B. sociable C. social D. so-called
1. A. poverty B. poorly C. depraved D. deprived
2. A. on B. up C. about D. together
3. A. paid off B. made off C. paid up D. made out
4. A. made up B. rubbed off C. come out D. taken up
5. A. breath B. strength C. power D. might
6. A. turned out B. came up C. carried off D. went on
7. A. give B. make C. invest D. dedicate

Your answers:
0. social 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Part 2: Read the text below and think of the ward which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each
gap. Write your answer in corresponding numbered boxes. (0) has been done as an example.
 The Badger
The Badger's legs are so short, that its belly seems to touch the ground ; this, (0)__however_____, is but a
deceitful appearance, as it is (8) _caused______ by the length of the hair, which is very long all over the body,
and makes it seem much more bulky than it really is. It is a solitary, stupid animal that finds refuge remote (9)
___from____ man, and digs itself a deep hole with great assiduity. It seems to avoid the light, and seldom quits
its retreat by day, only stealing (10) _out______ at night to find subsistence. It burrows in the ground very
easily, its legs being short and strong, and its claws stiff and horny. As it continues to bury (11) _itself______, it
throws the earth behind it, to a great distance, and thus forms to itself a winding hole, at the bottom (12)
___of____ which it remains in safety. As the fox is not so expert at digging into the earth, it often (13)
__takes_____ possession of that which has been quitted by the badger, and some say, forces it from its retreat,
by laying its excrements (14) __at_____ the mouth of the badger's hole. This animal, however, is not long in
making itself a new habitation, from which it seldom ventures far, as it flicks but slowly, and can find safety
only in the strength of its retreat. When it is surprised by the dogs at some distance from its hole, it then
combats (15) _______ desperate resolution; it falls upon its back, defends itself on every side, and seldom dies
unrevenged in the midst of its enemies.
Your answers:
0. however 8. 9. 10. 11.
12. 13. 14. 15.
Part 3: Read the following text carefully and then choose the best answer (A, B, C or D) for Questions 16-20
according to the text. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes.

Like many meticulous people, Cameron thought of himself as merely organized. He certainly did not consider
that he took great pains over anything; he did just enough to get it right. Exactly right, of course, for as he was
fond of telling his staff, "if it's not exactly right, it's wrong". Occasionally a worker might whimper faintly on
hearing these words, because it meant another hour or so of going over the same bit of work, correcting the
mistakes which Cameron had patiently pointed out. And doing the corrections exactly right of course.
Oddly enough, his passion for precision did not make Cameron unpopular. His department had the reputation
for performing the highest quality work in the company, and it was seen, and not only by those who worked in
the department, as a sort of elite unit. Those programmes that had to work first time, straight out of the box,
Cameron's men got those. "It's mission critical - give it to Cameron" was almost a catch-phrase with his team.
It helped that Cameron was not merely fussy. He wanted things done just so, not because of a personal
idiosyncrasy, but because he had discovered through patient experimentation that this was the best way for it to
be done. What drove his team to distraction, and occasionally to contemplating murder, or suicide, or both, is
that he insisted it be done that way under all circumstances. Daughter's wedding? Oh, dear, well you can go as
soon as you have finished the project. Take as long as you want.
That was another term that filled the programmers with horror. In Cameron's lexicon, "Take as long as you
want" meant that you could work on your task not just in office hours, but that evening, and late into the wee
hours of following morning if you so desired. But the project had to be in by its completion date, and yes, done
exactly right. Or you did it again. There were those that refused to work under this regime. They told Cameron
so, at length, and often with a selection of colorful adjectives. And Cameron would give them his saintly smile,
call one of his colleagues, and the worker would find himself at another desk the next day, doing the same sort
of work, for exactly the same pay. Then he could cut corners where he knew it didn't matter, use the occasional
bodge if it worked, and be reasonably sure of getting home for matters like anniversary dinners.
But he would always be regarded, and not least by himself, as someone who had failed to measure up, one of
those who just couldn't cut it. You had to face it, if you were not working for Cameron, you were second best.
So when word got out that Cameron had fouled up, big time, the news was greeted with a mixture of sympathy,
and outright relief that this paragon too was human.
16. What was Cameron's job?
A. Software programmer B. Quality controller C. Head of department D. A chief scientist
17. Why was "mission-critical" work given to Cameron?
A. Because Cameron was critical B. Because Cameron's work was error-free
C. Because he didn't mind working late D. Because he had a good team
18. Which word best describes Cameron?
A. Uncompromising B. Patient C. Tyrannical D. Unsympathetic
19. How did people feel about working for Cameron?
A. That they were part of an elite B. That their mission was critical
C. That Cameron was very fussy D. That Cameron was patient and saintly
20. What is meant by someone who "can't cut it"?
A. He doesn't cut corners. B. He isn't good enough.
C. He has the wrong measurements. D. He is a paragon.
Your answers:
16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
Part 4: Read the following passage and answer Questions 21 to 33.

Gondwanaland

21. C
Meet Mesosaurus, a small reptile which lived in fresh-water lakes and streams millions of years ago during the
lower Permain age. Mesosaurus has had a big impact on how we view our planet, because he helped to prove
the existence of the super-continent called Gondwanaland.

22. G
Every schoolchild has probably looked at a map of the earth and noticed how Africa and South America fit
together like pieces of a giant jigsaw, yet until just over a hundred and fifty years ago, no-one believed that this
was more than an odd coincidence. It seemed impossible that the massive continents of the earth could ever be
moved, let alone so far apart that they ended up half a planet from each other.

23. H
Nevertheless, in 1912 Alfred Wegener, a German meteorologist came up with the theory that the continents of
the earth had all existed in a single mass, which he called Pangaea (which is Greek for 'all the world'') Later
researchers decided that Pangaea had been two continents, one to the north of the other, which had existed about
250 million years ago. From the geological evidence found in the Gondwana area of India, an Austrian
geologist, Eduard Suess coined the name 'Gondwanaland' for the southern super continent, of which India was
once a part. (The northern continent was called Lurasia.)

24. A
For many years super-continents were regarded as an interesting theory, but no-one knew how it might work in
reality. Then the discovery of the mechanisms of plate tectonics showed how continents might drift across the
face of the globe. Once it was accepted that the continents were floating on currents of lava, more evidence
became apparent. A particular type of an early plant, the seed fern, was found on continents now scattered about
the southern hemisphere of the world, as were tillates, a deposit left by glaciers in the Permo-Carboniferous era
of 520 million years ago. And Mesosaurus, the little fresh-water reptile, left his remains in West Africa and
Brazil. Since Mesosaurus had no way of crossing the Atlantic, researchers realized that it could not be
coincidence that this reptile had left remains in exactly the place where Africa and South America fit together so
neatly.

25. E
By investigating similarities in animal fossils, different types of plants found in the southern hemisphere but not
in the northern hemisphere, and patterns of rock formations, researchers have managed to put the continents of
modern-day earth together like a huge jigsaw to make up the vanished super-continent. Sometimes rock
formations can be seen to break off at the ocean's edge, to carry on once more thousands of miles away on
another continent. The evidence shows that not only were Africa and South America once joined to Antarctica,
but so were India and Australia, parts of south Western Europe, and Florida.

26. B
Although Gondwanaland was located in the far southern hemisphere of the planet, where Antarctica remains
today, the climate was much warmer, and we know that huge forests grew there. These forests, fossilized into
coal, supply many Indians with energy today. The land animals were adapted to life on their cool continent,
with its long dark winter days. Some of the best known dinosaurs, such as Stegosaurus, Triceratops, and
Tyrannosaurus lived on the northern continents, but Gondwanaland also had some fearsome predators such as
Abelisaurus, a large meat-eater that lived during the cretaceous period. The seas were populated with fish called
placoderms, a name which they get from their skin, which was so thick that they were practically armored.

27. F
The break-up of Gondwanaland had huge consequences for planet earth as we know it now. In geological terms,
India has been a sprinter. Breaking from Gondwanaland the sub-continent drifted rapidly northward from the
South Pole, finally smashing into Asia about 45 million years ago in a collision that raised the Himalayas.

28. D
When South America split off about 30 million years ago the effect was even more dramatic. Cold Antarctic
water no longer mixed with warmer seas when pushed northward by the south American landmass. Instead it
circled the pole getting colder and colder, until Antartica lost its vegetation and animal life, and became the
barren icy wilderness it is today.
Question 21-28: Match the paragraph headings A - H with the paragraphs 21-28 above. Write your answers
in the numbered boxes.
A. Finding the evidence
B. The living continent
C. Small but significant
D. Making modern Antarctica
E. Putting it all together
F. Joining another continent
G. An impossible idea
H. What's in a name?
Your answers:
21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28.

Question 29 - 33: Choose from the phrases (I –R) to complete sentences 29 to 33 which best summarize the
points made by the writer. Write the letter (I - R) at the end of the sentences 29 to 33.

29. For many years the existence of Gondwanaland __P__________.

30. The discovery of plate tectonics____K_____________________.
31. Evidence for Gondwanaland____N________________________.
32. In the past Gondwanaland___J___________________________.
33. The break-up of Gondwanaland_____Q_____________________.
 I. was dominated by the theories of European scientists
J. had a large population of plants and animals
K. demonstrated that continents can indeed drift apart
L. partly explains why earthquakes and volcanoes happen
M. was because Mesosaurus existed on two modern continents
N. has been found in geological formations and fossils
O. smashed into the Asian landmass 45 million years ago
P. was nothing but speculation
Q. had huge effects on the climate of the Earth
R. was believed to be a legendary lost continent

Part 5: Read the following passage and answer Questions 34- 45.

Robotic approach to crop breeding

Jennifer Manyweathers takes a look at a robot that is being used to identify drought-tolerant crop varieties
A. The Australian sunflower industry is the major source of polyunsaturated fatty acids found in margarines
and spreads. Recognized as the type of fatty acid most able to protect against heart disease, it is in everybody's
best interest that Australia has a competitive and healthy sunflower industry, but in Australia there is a constant
struggle with the harsh climate. However, thanks to one special robot, farmers may be able to win the battle
against drought.
B. Dr Chris Lambrides, a research fellow at the University of Queensland, is nearing the end of a project
that aims to develop more drought tolerant sunflowers by selecting flowers that use water more efficiently. He's
done this with the help of a robot developed by the Australian National University's Research School of
Biological Sciences.

C. Plants undergo photosynthesis to produce energy in the form of sugar. This involves allowing carbon
dioxide to enter the leaves through pores called stomata. Transpiration is the mechanism by which plants lose
water through their leaves. This system is thought to facilitate the passage of minerals through the plant and is
vital for healthy plants.
D. However, in conditions of drought, the plants that can use the available water efficiently and lose less to
the environment will be more likely to thrive and, in a commercial sense become more profitable. These plants
are classified as having a high transpiration efficiency. When plants transpire, the leaves become cooler due to
evaporation. Therefore, by measuring the temperature of the leaves, scientists can determine how much water is
being lost through transpiration.
E. When the project first began, the researchers used hand-held infrared thermometers to measure the
temperature difference between leaves of different varieties of sunflowers in an experimental plot. Wind can
affect leaf temperature, and the research team discovered that its initial approach did not cater for changes in
wind speed, which could not be controlled as an experimental variable. The team therefore needed a technique
to measure temperature continuously that would allow it to examine the effects of other variables such as
humidity. They needed a robot.
F. They designed a robot with two infrared thermometers set at 1800 to each other. The robot runs on an
oblong track around the experimental plot and the thermometers operate on each side of the track. In order to
minimize any variables from the two thermometers, they are rotated 1800 at the beginning of each run and the
results are averaged. The infrared thermometers can be rotated on an angle to examine different parts of the
foliage.
G. The robot is also able to detect light intensity. It has a garage on the track, where it waits until the light
intensity is high enough to give useful results. If the skies darken due to rain, heavy cloud cover or sunset, the
robot makes its way back to the garage to wait.
H. The main difficulty faced by the research group was to find an agronomist who could grow the perfect
crop of sunflowers. The sunflower canopy had to be complete, with no visible soil, 50 that the thermometers
would only measure the temperature of the plants and not the surrounding environment.(44) Eight varieties of
sunflower were examined. The data collected by the robot has been used by the research team to determine
which variety has the highest transpiration efficiency. (38)
I. This is not the first time such methods have been used to determine drought-resistance in plants. The
team and their robot have already made a major breakthrough in the Australian wheat industry with Drysdale
Wheat, which signaled the arrival of a new technique for selecting drought-resistant species.

Questions 34 - 37: Complete the sentences with words taken from the passage. Use NO MORE THAN TWO
WORDS for each answer. Write your answers next to Questions 34 – 37.

34. In terms of our health, sunflowers are important in defending humans against _____________heart
disease______.  
35. The research team wanted to find a sunflower that could cope well in conditions.
_________drought______________________.  

36. The name of the process which is believed to help keep plants in good condition is
_________transpiration______________________.  

37. The research team had to rethink their initial approach when they realized they needed to measure the
impact of external conditions such as ______wind___________________ and
______humidity_________________.  

 Questions 38 - 45: The reading passage has nine paragraphs labeled A-I.
Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter A-I next to Questions 38 - 45.
38.  the precise growing conditions required to allow the experiment to work _____H____
39.  a description of the how the robot operates _____F___
40.  an explanation of two important processes used by plants _____C____
41.  a reference to a previous study using a different crop _____I___
42.  details of what the robot does when conditions are poor _____G____
43. the name of the group responsible for making the robot ______B____
44. the number of different types of sunflower tested ______H____
45. the purpose of taking the temperature of the plants  ______W ___

IV- Writing
Part l: Use the word given in brackefs and make any necessary additions to write a neyy sentence in such a way
that it is as similar as possible in meaning to the original sentence . Do NOT change the form-of the words
given. You must use between three and eight words including the words given.

1. We will have to do with one tent and a few biscuits instead of a luxury hotel and lavish meals.
(In place)
__We’ll have to do with one tent and a few biscuits in place of a luxury hotel and lavish
meals.____________
2. The results aren’t satisfactory considering her long and rigorous training. (Account)
3.
___The results aren’t satisfatory taking into account her long and rigorous
training____________________________
4. You will certainly encounter a lot of difficulties if you opt for a lone expedition. (Bound)

_____You’ll certainly encounter a lot of difficulties if you opt for a lone

expedition.___________________________________________________________________
5. David really confides in Mr. Palmer’s greater experience. (Confident)
6.
___David is really confident of Mr Palmer’s greater experience
_____________________________________________________________________
7. Shannon doesn’t think much of the book. (Low)

____Shannon has a low opinion of the book_______________________________