DRRR Q1 Week-8

Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction – Grade 11/12
Learner Activity Sheets

Quarter 1 – Week 8: Signs of Impending Volcanic Eruptions and Interpreting Volcano
Hazard Maps
First Edition, 2021
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Development Team of the Learners’ Activity Sheets
Writer: Ma. Isabel Katrina N. Borja

Regional Level Validators: Kevin Hope Z. Salvaña
Rex M. Andante, Jr.
Rey Julius Ranoco
Pejie Ann S. Cornites
Cesar F. Navales, Jr.
Yvonne S. Salubre
Jeremaeh Delosa
Division Level Validators: Yvonne S. Salubre
Jennyvi H. Papellero
Ace Michael Magalso
Management Team: Minerva T. Albis, PhD Schools Division Superintendent

Lorna P. Gayol, Chief-Curriculum Implementation Division
Abraham L. Masendo, Education Program Supervisor
Blessy S. Toquib, LRMDS
Printed in the Philippines by:

Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)
Office Address: Montilla Blvd., Butuan City, Agusan del Norte
Telephone Number: (085) 342 1804
E-mail Address: https://caraga.deped.gov.ph/
Author: Ma. Isabel Katrina N. Borja 1

School/Station: Butuan City School of Arts and Trades
Division: Butuan City
email address: maisabelkatrina.borja@deped.gov.ph
WEEKLY LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS
Disaster Readiness & Risk Reduction 11/12, Quarter 1, Week 8
SIGNS OF IMPENDING VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS AND INTERPRETING

VOLCANO HAZARD MAPS
Name: _______________________________________ Section: _________________
Most Essential Learning Competencies:

Recognize signs of an impending volcanic eruption (DRR11/12-Ih-i-24)
Interpret different volcano hazard maps (DRR11/12-Ih-i-25)
Learning Objectives:
The learners shall be able to:
1. Identify the common signs of an impending volcanic eruption;
2. Demonstrate how to use the different volcano hazard maps for evacuation
planning; and
3. Recognize the significance of identifying the commons signs of an impending
volcanic eruption and interpreting different volcano hazard maps.
Time Allotment: 4 hours
Key Concepts:
Volcanic eruption
• A volcano is a vent, or mountain from which magma (molten or hot rocks with
gaseous materials) are ejected onto the earth’s surface.
• Unlike other mountains, which are pushed up from below, volcanoes are built by
surface accumulation of their eruptive products - layers of lava, fragmented rock
materials, and ashes.
• When temperature and pressure from gases within the molten rock become too
great, an eruption occurs. Volcanic eruption is the process wherein these volcanic
materials are ejected from a volcano.
Warning signs of impending volcanic

eruption
• Most volcanoes provide various types of

warnings before eruptions begin. Some
volcanoes, especially those that have
not erupted for a long time (hundreds of
years) might display obvious precursors
of reactivation months to weeks before a
major eruption (ex. Pinatubo in 1991).
Figure 1. Mount Pinatubo
Source:
https://earthjournalism.net/stories/eruption-
lahar-and-resilience-the-aftermath-of-mt-
pinatubo-eruption-in-the-philippines

Email address: maisabelkatrina.borja@deped.gov.ph
• Some volcanoes might explode
without warning if the type of
eruption is what is known as
phreatic. Also known as steam-blast
eruptions, these events could occur
with little or no warning as
superheated water flashes to steam
similar to what happened at Mayon
volcano in 2013.
Figure 2. Mount Mayon

Source:
https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/154546/view/mou
nt-mayon-volcano
• It is important to be able to observe

warning signs of volcanic unrest so
that people can evacuate in time, to
minimize injuries and casualties. It is
therefore important to be able to
monitor a volcano’s activity, and this
is normally done with the aid of
different tools or instruments to
monitor the different parameters.
Figure 3. Remote Sensing
Source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Volcanic-
monitoring-techniques-which-are-employed-by-the-USGS-
Volcano-Hazards-Program_fig3_316168114
• The assessment of a volcano’s status (if it is quiet or in normal state, in state of unrest,
expected to erupt, erupting) is based on the different parameters that can be
observed. Volcanologists often use a combination of as many data available from the
different parameters used for evaluation. For example, the number of earthquakes as
recorded by the seismograph may increase from background levels of 0-5 per week
and may escalate into 100s in a day.
• This is further confirmed and supported by increasing number of earthquakes felt by

the local people. In addition, other parameters such as gas measurements and water
acidity may also show signs of increasing trend.
• Gases - rise through vents called fumaroles (from the Latin for “smoke”) and other
cracks. Sometimes the concentrations are high enough to create acid rain that kills
vegetation. That’s one very visible sign of activity, but scientists have several ways to
measure the rate of emissions more precisely. Scientists mount/ install infrared and
correlation spectrometers from airplanes, for example, and fly through a plume of
gas. These instruments read energy signatures—thermal output or electromagnetic
frequencies—to identify and quantify the gases.

Table 1. Parameters used in monitoring volcanic eruption.
PARAMETERS DESCRIPTION EQUIPMENT/INSTR WHAT TO OBSERVE

UMENT/TOOLS
Ground Refers to surface Precise engineering Some subtle (in
deformation changes on a volcano, methods of surveying millimeters) ground
such as subsidence using the instrument movements may be
(sinking), tilting, or Electronic Distance detected only by
bulge formation, due Meter (EDM) to sensitive instruments/
to the movement of measure accurately equipment
magma below the to millimeter changes
surface. Deformation on ground (if the
changes at a volcano, slope for the volcano
such as those related swells
to magnitude or
location, may indicate Swelling of the
that an eruption is ground surface can
about to occur. be detected by using
precision
Use of remote instruments and
sensing technology techniques that
or techniques as measure minute
applied to volcano changes in slope,
monitoring. distance, or elevation
Monitoring surface at the ground
changes on a volcano surface.
from afar- using
available tools such as Deformation on
satellite images. ground is also
Advantages: less measured using data
exposure on the of repeated
ground for measurements from
volcanologists, safer; permanent Global
but sometimes Positioning System
interpretation needs (GPS) installed
field verification. around the volcano.
Use of Remote
sensing images also
help compare before
and after features.
Geochemistry Rise through vents Gas being emitted by Changes in
(Gas, Water, called fumaroles (from volcanic can be temperature
temperature) the Latin for “smoke”) measured directly by
and other cracks. gas monitoring Water becomes more
Sometimes the equipment acidic
concentrations are
high enough to create Collect gas and Some gas, for example
acid rain that kills water samples from SO2 from base levels
vegetation. That’s one vents and fumaroles of 100 tons/day jump
very visible sign of and analyze in the to 4,000 tons/day
activity, but scientists laboratory (X-Ray can be an indication
have several ways to Flourescence of unrest
measure the rate of XRF)(COSPEC)-

emissions more correlation
precisely. Scientists spectrometer for
mount/ install FlySPEC/
infrared and ScanDOAS for SO2;
correlation and CO2 flux meter
spectrometers from for CO2)
airplanes, for example,
and fly through a
plume of gas. These
instruments read
energy signatures—
thermal output or
electromagnetic
frequencies—to
identify and quantify
the gases.
Seismic From earthquakes to Seismometer is the Increase in number of

activity/ swarms of equipment used to volcanic earthquakes
Seismicity/ earthquakes. Most detect occurrence of recorded
volcanic unrest in volcanoes volcanic earthquakes
earthquakes start with volcanic
earthquakes.
Volcanoes and
earthquakes go hand
in hand. The challenge
is to determine which
patterns of seismic
waves precede an
eruption. When
magma makes its way
up to the surface it
breaks the rocks along
the way, and in so
doing, earthquakes
are generated.
Table 2. People living near volcanoes may observe premonitory events before an
eruption.
PARAMETERS WHAT TO OBSERVE
Visual, observations Intensified steaming activity
What used to be white steam slowly or

drastically change to gray to dark (suggests
increasing presence of ash)
Drying up of vegetation, drying up of

streams, water wells
Crater glow at the summit area

Increasing frequency of rolling rocks from
the summit; localized landslides not related
to heavy rains
Summit area appears to glow or becomes

incandescent at night
Auditory observations Hear rumbling sound
Olfactory Smell of sulfur (rotten eggs)
Feel (Tactile) Ground movement/ volcanic earthquake
increasingly become felt
Precursors of an Impending Volcanic Eruption
The following are commonly observed signs that a volcano is about to erupt. These
precursors may vary from volcano to volcano:
• Increase in the frequency of volcanic quakes with rumbling sounds; occurrence of

volcanic tremors;
• Increased steaming activity; change in color of steam emission from white to gray
due to entrained ash;
• Crater glow due to presence of magma at or near the crater;
• Ground swells (or inflation), ground tilt and ground fissuring due to magma
intrusion;
• Localized landslides, rock falls and landslides from the summit area not
attributable to heavy rains;
• Noticeable increase in the extent of drying up of vegetation around the volcano's
upper slopes. Increase in the temperature of hot springs, wells (e.g. Bulusan and
Canlaon) and craterlake (e.g. Taal) near the volcano;
• Noticeable variation in the chemical content of springs, crater lakes within the
vicinity of the volcano; and
• Drying up of springs/wells around the volcano
• Development of new thermal areas and/or reactivation of old ones; appearance of
solfataras.
• In the Philippines, we use a system of Volcano Alert Signals to define the current
status of each volcano. The alert levels range from 0 to 5. The alert levels are used
to guide any appropriate response from the Local Government Units (LGUs).

Table 3. Sample Volcano Alert Levels
HIBOK-HIBOK VOLCANO ALERT LEVELS
Alert Level Criteria Interpretation
Background, quiet No eruption in foreseeable future
Magmatic, tectonic or
Low level seismic, fumarolic, other
1 hydrothermal disturbance; no
unrest.
eruption imminent.
Low to moderate level of seismic,
Probable magmatic intrusion;
other unrest with positive
2 could eventually lead to an
evidence for involvement of
eruption
magma
Relatively high and increasing
unrest, including numerous b-
Increasing likelihood of an
type earthquakes, accelerating
3 eruption, possibly within days to
ground deformation and rock falls,
week
increased vigor of fumaroles, gas
emission
Intense unrest, including
harmonic tremor and/or may Magma close to or at earth’s
“long period” (low frequency) surface. Hazardous explosive
4
earthquakes or quiet lava eruption likely, possible within
emissions and/or dome growth hours to days
and/or small explosions
Hazardous explosive eruption in
progress, with pyroclastic flows, Explosive eruption in progress.
5 surges and/ or eruption column Hazards in valleys and
rising at least 6 km or 20,000 feet downwind
above sea level
What are volcano hazard maps?
• Hazard maps illustrate potential for ground-based volcanic impacts—lava flows,

pyroclastic flows, ash fall, volcanic gases, and more far-reaching hazards (such as
lahars) in valleys that drain the volcano. To help understand the areas that may
be affected by specific volcanic eruption phenomena, hazard maps are used. These
maps show areas that can be affected and areas that are safe. Hazard maps are
generated for various uses and are most useful in determining risks of living in
identified potentially hazardous areas. Hazard maps can also help people to
become aware of specific dangers (lava flow, pyroclastic flows, ash fall, lahars, etc.)
they might face in the event that a volcano reactivates.

Figure 4. 2018 Mayon Volcano Lahar Hazard Map
Source: https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/vault/volcano-hazard/mayon/mayon_volcano_lahar_hazard_map.jpg

Sample Interpretation of Figure 4 – Lahar Hazard Map (See page 7):
• Hazard zonation is subject to change in
the event of change(s) in the
configuration of the crater rim. Hazard
zone limits are approximated based on
data from historical medium-scale
eruptions and may be exceeded during
larger-scale Plinian eruption.
• Note: Areas around Mayon Volcano
that could include those extending
beyond the coverage of this map may
experience tephra fall (ashfall) sourced
either from an eruption column or from
ash clouds associated with pyroclastic
flows. Tephra fall deposition depends
on prevailing wind direction and Figure 5. Legend from the 2018 Mayon Volcano Lahar
Hazard Map
source characteristics (e.g. eruption Source: https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/vault/volcano-
column height, pyroclastic flow paths) hazard/mayon/mayon_volcano_lahar_hazard_map.jpg
but is generally heavier near the crater

and downwind of pyroclastic flow
channels and diminished indefinitely
way from these areas.
• Areas colored as “Pink”  denotes as
areas that are highly prone to Lahar,
areas colored as “Purple”  denotes
areas that are moderately Prone to
Lahar, while “Light Yellow”  indicates
areas that are least prone to Lahar.
• Observe the location of the Figure 6. Close up of Santo Domingo from the 2018 Mayon
Volcano Lahar Hazard Map
Municipality of Santo Domingo in the Source: https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/vault/volcano-
map. Take notice that most of the hazard/mayon/mayon_volcano_lahar_hazard_map.jpg
areas of that particular municipality are colored with Pink and Purple, suggesting
that this area are highly and moderately prone to Lahars.
• Compared to the majority of the
municipality of Malilipot, Albay does
not denotes any of the aforementioned
colors suggesting that the place is less
likely to be affected with lahars. Take
notice of the mountainous topography
within Malilipot, makes it as an
advantage for such hazard.
Figure 7. Close up of Malilipot and the mountainous terrain

from the 2018 Mayon Volcano Lahar Hazard Map
Source: https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/vault/volcano-
hazard/mayon/mayon_volcano_lahar_hazard_map.jpg

Figure 8. Bulusan Pyroclastic Density Current Hazard Map
Source: https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/vault/volcano-hazard/bulusan/bulusan_density_current_hazards_map.png

Sample Interpretation of Figure 8 – Pyroclastic Density Current Hazard Map (See
page 9):
• Hazard zonation is modelled after
worldwide inventories of potential
runouts of dense and more mobile
pyroclastic density currents and the
geologic record of Bulusan.
• Hazard zonation is subject to change
in the event of explosive eruption of
VEI (Volcanic Explosivity Index) ≥ 4
from the summit vents or eruption
from lateral vents outside of the active
Bulusan cone.
• Municipal and barangay boundaries
used are approximate and based on
Philippine GIS data (PhilGIS, 2011).
Figure 9. Areas that are shaded as “Purple” and the
• Basemap is National Mapping and Four (4) Kilometer Permanent Danger Zone from
Resource Information Authority Bulusan Pyroclastic Density Current Hazard Map
(NAMRIA) – Interferometric Synthetic Source:
https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/vault/volcano-
Aperture Radar (IfSAR, 2013). hazard/bulusan/bulusan_density_current_hazards_
• To cite this map, please use: Bornas, map.png
M.A.V., Rivera, D.J.V., Pidlaoan, A.C.,
Cahulogan, M.T., and Nadua, J.H.
(2016, November). Bulusan Volcano
Pyroclastic Density Current Hazards
Map in Volcanic Hazards Assessment
for Bulusan Volcano. Internal report,
PHIVOLCS.
• Areas that are colored as “Purple” 
denotes HIGH HAZARD: Zone of
danger to all types of pyroclastic
currents, especially those generated by
gravitational collapse of an erupting
dome or lava flow from the summit
vents. Areas that are Hachured Figure 10. Four (4) Km Permanent Danger Zone, Six
(shaded) denotes LOW- (6) Km Permanent Danger Zone, Hachured areas and
MODERATE HAZARD: Zone of danger the Buffer Zones from Bulusan Pyroclastic Density
Current Hazard Map
to pyroclastic density currents Source:
generated by explosive eruptions from https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/vault/volcano-
hazard/bulusan/bulusan_density_current_hazards_m
the summit vents
ap.png
• Areas that are surrounded with yellow
dashed lines denotes as Buffer Zone: Zone where additional evacuation
may be required during explosive eruption.
• Red lines denotes the 4 km-radius Permanent Danger zone (PDZ), while the
red dotted lines denotes the 6 km-radius Extended Danger Zone
(EDZ)

Figure 11. Bulusan Lava Flow Hazard Map
Source: https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/vault/volcano-hazard/bulusan/bulusan_density_current_hazards_map.png

Sample Interpretation of Figure 11 – Lava Flow Hazard Map (See page 11):
• Hazard zonation is based on the known
extents of lava flow in the geologic record
Bulusan.
• Zonation is subject to change if eruption
occurs at lateral vents outside of the
active Bulusan cone.
• Municipal and barangay boundaries used
are approximate and based on Philippine
GIS data (PhilGIS, 2011)
• Basemap is National Mapping and
Resources Information Authority
(NAMRIA) – Interferometric Synthetic
Aperture Radar (IfSAR, 2013).
• To cite this map, use: Bormas, M.A.V.,
Rivera, D.J.V., Pidlaoan, A.C., Figure 12. “LAVA HAZARD” areas from Bulusan Lava
Flow Hazard Map
Cahulogan, M.T., and Nadua, J.H. (2016, Source:
November). Bulusan Volcano Laca Flow https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/vault/volcano-
hazard/bulusan/bulusan_density_current_hazards_
Hazard Map in Volcanic Hazards map.png
Assessment for Bulusan Volcano. International report, PHIVOLCS.
• Areas colored as “Red”  denotes as LAVA HAZARD: Zone of danger to lava flow and
dome extrusion from the summit vents and upper slope fissures.
• Red lines denotes the 4 km-radius Permanent Danger zone (PDZ), while the
red dotted lines denotes the 6 km-radius Extended Danger Zone (EDZ)
Figure 13. Six (6) Km Permanent Danger Zone from Figure 14. Four (4) Km Permanent Danger Zone from
Bulusan Lava Flow Hazard Map Bulusan Lava Flow Hazard Map
Source: Source:
https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/vault/volcano- https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/vault/volcano-
hazard/bulusan/bulusan_density_current_hazards_ hazard/bulusan/bulusan_density_current_hazards_
map.png map.png

ACTIVITY 1. Pick me before you go go!
Objective: Identify the common signs of an impending volcanic eruption.

What you need: Paper and pen.
What to do: Study first the illustrations below. Match the signs of an impending volcanic
eruption provided in the box which corresponds to the scenarios depicted from the illustrations.
Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.
• Shaking of surrounding
• Swelling/deformation of the volcano
• Steam emission/smoke (white to gray ash)
• Crater glow
• Smell of sulfur (rotten egg)
Scenario Signs
Figure. 15. http://www.mshslc.org/activity/volcano-deformation/
Figure 16. https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/early-morning-glow-

overlook-vent-halema-uma-u-k-lauea

Figure 17. https://www.alamy.com/active-volcano-eruption-with-leaky-
magma-background-natural-disaster-or-cataclysm-earthquake-with-ground-
crevice-ruined-house-with-crack-fuming-lava-mountain-landscapes-for-
poster-web-and-card-image207636015.html
Figure 18. https://pixels.com/featured/3-steam-erupting-from-a-volcano-

kilauea-panoramic-images.html
Guide Questions:
1. How can we tell when a volcano will erupt?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. What are the two kinds of eruption?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. What is the significance of identifying signs of an impending volcanic eruption?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

ACTIVITY 2. Be aware!
Objective: Demonstrate how to use the different volcano hazard maps for evacuation planning.
What you need: Paper and pen
What to do:
1. Study the close-up image of Mt. Mayon emphasizing the 6 km Permanent
Danger Zone (PDZ) and 7 km Extended Danger Zone (EDZ).
2. Fill out the table provided below, identifying barangays that are enclosed within 6 Km
Permanent Danger Zone and 7 Km Extended Danger Zone respectively.
Tabaco
City
Guinobatan
PUT SPECIFIC NAME BARANGAYS WITHIN 6 KM BARANGAYS

(Municipality) PERMANENT DANGER WITHIN 7 KM EXTENDED
ZONE PERMANENT DANGER ZONE
Tabaco City Magapo, 1.) ___________
Malilipot Canaway, San Roque 2.) ______________
Santo Domingo San Fernando, Santa 3.) ____________
Misericordia, Fidel Surtida
Legazpi City 4.) _________________ Brgy. 52 – Matanag, Brgy. 53 -
Bonga
Daraga 5.) ______________
Camalig 6.) ________, 7. ____________ 8. ____________, Salugan
Guinobatan 9. ________________ 10. ___________, Doia Tomasa

Guide Questions:
1. What are the things that you can do to your family and community to prepare for
disaster like volcano eruption?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. Do you think your family is relatively prepared for a disaster? Explain your answer.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. What are the advantages of knowing on how to interpret hazard maps?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Reflection:
Most of Luzon were caught off guard when Taal Volcano suddenly erupted and spewed
thick ash plumes on January 12 of 2020 – despite the fact that the volcano had been on
alert since early 2018. As a disaster preparedness advocate, what do you thinks are the
importance of preparing yourself from said disaster?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
SCORING RUBRIC:
Points Description
3 Practical application is scientifically explained consistent to the
concepts, and has no misconception.
concepts, but with minimal misconception.
concepts, but with misconception.
0 No discussion
References:
Aurelio, Mario A., Dianala, John Dale B., Bagtasa, Gerry, Morante, Karizz Anne L.,
Villegas, Ma. Mylene M., Zarco, Mark Albert H., Fernandez, Marianne V., Bacolcol,
Teresito C. 2017. “Disaster Readiness & Risk Reduction Teacher’s Guide.” 69 – 83.
Pasig City: Department of Education.

18 Author: Ma. Isabel Katrina N. Borja
Activity 2. Be aware!
PUT SPECIFIC BARANGAYS WITHIN 6 KM BARANGAYS
NAME PERMANENT DANGER ZONE WITHIN 7 KM EXTENDED
(Municipality) PERMANENT DANGER ZONE
Tabaco City Magapo, 1.) San Isidro
Malilipot Canaway, San Roque 2.) Santa Teresa
Santo Domingo San Fernando, Santa Misericordia, 3.) Lidong
Fidel Surtida
Legazpi City 4.) Brgy. 50 Padang Brgy. 52 – Matanag, Brgy. 53 - Bonga
Daraga 5.) Mi-Isi
Camalig 6.) Sua, 7. Tumpa 8. Cabagian, Salugan
Guinobatan 9. Pequeño 10. Muladbucad, Doia Tomasa
Activity 1. Pick me before you go go!
1. Swelling/deformation of the volcano
2. Crater glow
3. Shaking of surrounding
4. Steam emission/smoke (white to gray ash)
Answer Key:

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Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction – Grade 11/12

Learner Activity Sheets

First Edition, 2021

Development Team of the Learners’ Activity Sheets

Writer: Ma. Isabel Katrina N. Borja

Management Team: Minerva T. Albis, PhD Schools Division Superintendent

Printed in the Philippines by:

Author: Ma. Isabel Katrina N. Borja 1

SIGNS OF IMPENDING VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS AND INTERPRETING

Name: _______________________________________ Section: _________________

Most Essential Learning Competencies:

Time Allotment: 4 hours

Warning signs of impending volcanic

• Most volcanoes provide various types of

Author: Ma. Isabel Katrina N. Borja 2

Figure 2. Mount Mayon

• It is important to be able to observe

• This is further confirmed and supported by increasing number of earthquakes felt by

Author: Ma. Isabel Katrina N. Borja 3

PARAMETERS DESCRIPTION EQUIPMENT/INSTR WHAT TO OBSERVE

Author: Ma. Isabel Katrina N. Borja 4

Seismic From earthquakes to Seismometer is the Increase in number of

PARAMETERS WHAT TO OBSERVE

Visual, observations Intensified steaming activity

What used to be white steam slowly or

Drying up of vegetation, drying up of

Crater glow at the summit area

Author: Ma. Isabel Katrina N. Borja 5

Summit area appears to glow or becomes

Precursors of an Impending Volcanic Eruption

• Increase in the frequency of volcanic quakes with rumbling sounds; occurrence of

Author: Ma. Isabel Katrina N. Borja 6

What are volcano hazard maps?

• Hazard maps illustrate potential for ground-based volcanic impacts—lava flows,

Author: Ma. Isabel Katrina N. Borja 7

Author: Ma. Isabel Katrina N. Borja 8

but is generally heavier near the crater

Figure 7. Close up of Malilipot and the mountainous terrain

Author: Ma. Isabel Katrina N. Borja 9

Author: Ma. Isabel Katrina N. Borja 10

Author: Ma. Isabel Katrina N. Borja 11

Author: Ma. Isabel Katrina N. Borja 12

Author: Ma. Isabel Katrina N. Borja 13

Objective: Identify the common signs of an impending volcanic eruption.

Figure. 15. http://www.mshslc.org/activity/volcano-deformation/

Figure 16. https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/early-morning-glow-

Author: Ma. Isabel Katrina N. Borja 14

Figure 18. https://pixels.com/featured/3-steam-erupting-from-a-volcano-

Author: Ma. Isabel Katrina N. Borja 15

PUT SPECIFIC NAME BARANGAYS WITHIN 6 KM BARANGAYS

Author: Ma. Isabel Katrina N. Borja 16

Author: Ma. Isabel Katrina N. Borja 17

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Name: _______________________ Section: _