Lake Lanao 100MLD Conventional GAC Filter

Prepared by:
Bandino, Darrell John
Bato, Antonio III
Mauna, Mohammad Ali
Nagales, Joy Mae
Paygane, Philip Ross Jr.
Project Description

A proposed design for 100MLD to supply water to Marawi City and its surroundings. The
project aims to improve the water system in the area currently being served by the Marawi City Water
District which is composed of 19 Barangays, capable of providing 24 hour water supply with a
minimum pressure of 7psi through total pipe replacement. Raw water is abstracted from three deep
wells with a total volume of 137 MLD (average for 2019). It is expected that there will be an increase
in abstraction rate to cater the demand for water supply.

Technical Data

Lake Lanao, with an area of 36,274 ha, is the second largest lake in the Philippines. Its water
comes from five (5) watersheds around it. These are Taraka-Gata with an area of about 548 km 2 or
39% of the basin area, Malaig with 354 km 2 (25%), Bubong with 195 km2 (14%), West with 175
km2 (12%) and Saguiaran-Marawi with 141 km2 (10%) for a total river basin area of 1,413.39 km 2. Its
outlet, Agus River, with a total length of 36.5 km, cuts across the municipalities of Saguiran, Pantar
and Baloi and drains into Iligan Bay. The river basin covers 27 municipalities and city and 731
barangays.

Table 1. Morphometric and other relevant data on Lake Lanao

Parameters Data
Location Lanao Del Sur
Coordinates 07⁰52’48”N 124⁰15’09”E
Lake Type Ancient Lake, Rift Lake
Primary Inflows 4 tributaries
Primary Outflows Agus River
Basin Countries Philippines
Max. Length 33 km (21 mi)
Max. Width 20 km (12 mi)
Surface Area 340 km2 (130 sq mi)
Average Depth 60.3 m (198 ft)
Max. Depth 112 m (367 ft)
Shore Length 115 km (71 mi)
Surface Elevation 700 m (2,300 ft)

Location

Marawi City is located on the northeastern part of the Lanao Del Sur Province in the BARMM.
Its center is situated at geographical coordinate 7°58' to 8°04' north latitude and 124°14' to 124°21' east
longitude. It is bounded on the west and northwest by the Municipality of Saguiaran, on the north and
northeast by the Municipality of Kapai, on the southeast by the Municipality of Ditsaan-Ramain, and
on the south by the Lanao Lake.

Marawi City is accessible from Manila through the Laguindingan International Airport in
Misamis Oriental, then through the Pan-Philippine Highway also known as Maharlika Highway (Asian
Highway or AH26) and the Iligan City-Marawi City Road. The City is about 85 aerial km north of
Cotabato City, the seat of government of BARMM and an hour’s drive from Iligan City, one of the
growth centers in Northern Mindanao.

Figure 1. Location Map of Project Area

Marawi City has a total land area of approximately 11,176 hectares, and is politically
subdivided into 96 barangays. Of the total 96 barangays, 47 are classified as urban while the remaining
is rural.

Table 2. Barangays covered by the Project

Total Land Percent of Total City

Barangay
Area (ha.) Land Area
Bacolod Chico 32.91 0.37
Bangon 18.99 0.21
Green 14.30 0.16
Bubonga Marawi 13.60 0.15
Dayawan 22.0 0.25
Datu Saber 33.49 0.38
Fort 10.95 0.12
Lilod Saduc 40.84 0.46
Lumbaca Toros 10.53 0.12
Marawi Poblacion 82.56 0.94
Matampay 61.04 0.69
Moriatao Loksadato 32.62 0.37
Panggao Saduc 15.84 0.18
Pindolonan 18.65 0.21
Raya Saduc 6.59 0.07
Saduc Proper 8.34 0.09
Tampilong 46.64 0.53
 Tuca 18.73 0.21
Toros 12.17 0.07

Figure 2. Administrative Map of Lake Lanao River

Water Quality

Water that accumulates during heavy rains goes to Agus river, which is the river outlet of Lake
Lanao. Lake Lanao water is considered as one of the good water qualities in the world. Agus river is
assumed to be a Class A waters since most of the upstream stations are under this classification. A
“Class A” waters intended beneficial use is public water supply class which is usually sources of water
supply that will require complete treatment (coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection) in
order to meet the National Standards for Drinking Water.

Table 3. Water Quality Assessment of the South-Eastern Part of Lake Lanao

Station 1 Station 2 Station 3 Standard Set by

Mean Interpretation
Parameters (Bgy. (Bgy. (Bgy. DENR-EMB
Value of Data
Kadayonan) Rogan) Punud) (for Class A)
Water
Within the
Temperature 23.00 23.00 24.00 23.33 3*
standard
(⁰C)
Depth
14.4 10.8 11.6 12.3 ---------- ----------
(m)
 Transparency
7.9 7.5 6.7 7.4 ---------- ----------
(m)
Total
Suspended Within the
0.002 0.001 0.002 0.002 50 mg/L
Solid (TSS) standard
(mg/L)
Within the
pH 7.60 7.60 7.50 7.57 6.5 – 8.5
standard
Dissolved
Within the
Oxygen (DO) 6.846 7.118 6.846 6.937 ≥ 5 mg/L
standard
(mg/L)
Phosphate Within the
0.028 0.030 0.035 0.031 0.05 or 0.01 mg/L
(mg/L) standard
Nitrate Within the
0.011 0.011 0.012 0.011 10 mg/L
(mg/L) standard
*allowable temperature increase over the ambient temperature is 3 ⁰C

PROCESS DESIGN AND COMPUTATIONS

LAKE LANAO
INTAKE PUMPING
WATER

SEDIMENTATION FLOCCULATION COAGULATION

STORAGE AND
GAC FILTER DISINFECTION
PUMPING

INTAKE (INFLUENT)
The basic function of the intake structure is to help safely withdraw water from the water source and to
discharge this water into the withdrawal conduit (normally called intake conduit) through which it

flows up to a Water Treatment Plant. The water is diverted through a raw water gravity pipe into the
wet well (intake).
The average discharge (Q avg.) used in the design of the intake is described as follows:
L6
Q AVG . =100 MLD∨100× 10
day
3
6 L 1 day 1 hr 1m
Q AVG. =100 ×10 × × ×
day 24 hrs 60 mins 1000 L

m3 1 min m3
Q AVG. =69.444 × =1.157
min 60 sec sec

When four pipes were used to convey raw water.

m3 m3
Q per one gravity pipe=1.157 ÷ 4( pipe)=0.289
s s
Velocity inside the gravity pipe = 1 m/s.
Area (A) = Discharge (Q) / velocity (v)

Area=Discharge(Q)÷ Velocity( v )

0.289 m3 /s
Area= =0.289 m2
1 m/s
2
πd
0.289 m2= → d=0.607 m≈ 0.7 m
4
Diameter (D) of each raw water gravity pipe = 0.607 ≈ 0.7 m
No. of wells = 4, circular wells (Sump tank) were preferred
Detention time (t) = 20 min,
Volume(V )
Discharge(Q)=
Detention Time(t )
3
m
Q=69.444
min

3
m
Q( 4 wells)=17.361
min
3
m 3
V =Q× t ¿ 17.361 × 20 min ¿ 347.22m
min
The bottom of the well is located at 1.5 m below of lower water level (LWL).
Assume effective depth of the intake well = 10 m
3 2
Areaof well=347.22m ÷10 m=34.722 m

Find the diameter of the circular well section:

2
2 πd
34.722 m = → d=6.649 m≈ 6.7 m
4

The plan of the intakes is shown in Figure:

Plan of intake well

The design of the suction pipe is as follows:
m3
Q( per pipe )=0.289
2 s
m
Velocity=1.5
s
Q
The cross sectional area of the suction pipe is A= =0.289/1.5=
v

2 π d2
0.193 m = → d=0.495 m ≈ 0.5 m
4

3
1 m
Q back washing= Q=0.289/3=0.093
3 s
m
Velocity of water ∈backwashing pipe =3
s
 Q 2
The cross sectional area of the pipeis A= =0.289 /3=0.096 m
v
π d2
0.096 m2= → d=0.35 m
4

The detail of the intake in the figure.

Detail of one of the wet wells

On the basis of the provided data from the DENR -EMB of Marawi City of the Lake Lanao, as
assumption we find that the high-water level (HWL) is 6.3 m, the LWL is 3.4 m, and the groundwater
level is 290 m. The following criteria are considered:
Total Discharge ¿

To design one strainer:

Total Discharge ¿

Velocity through strainer ( v )=0.15 m/s

Q 0.289
Area= = =1.927 m2
v 0.15
If the area of strainers is 50% of the total area.
 Detail of the strainer

Gross Area=2 × Area of the strainers(holes)

2 2
Gross Area=2 ×1.927 m =3.854 m
Diameter of the hole=12 mm ,
π 12 2 2
Areaof one hole= ( ) =0.000113 m
4 1000
1.927 2
Number of the hole=( ) ≈ 30,000 holes
0.000113
Gross Area
Strainer diameter=
2 πrh

Height of the rectangular shape strainer with closed end h = 1.2 m

3.854
Strainer diameter= =1.0 m
3.14 × 1.2

COAGULATION
Coagulation is the process of adding a coagulant to water to destabilize colloidal suspensions, and the
steps of the design criteria of the coagulation tank.
Total Discharge ¿

Using two flash mixers, we determined the discharge for one static mixer as
3 3
m m
69.444 ÷ 2=34.722
min min

Use t = 1 min (60 sec),

3
m 3
Volume of static mixer (V )=34.722 ×1 min=34.722 m
min
Depth of the tank (d) = 5 m
2
Area=V ÷ d =34.722÷ 5=6.944 m
The circular section of the tank was used, and the diameter was obtained using the following equation:

2
πd
6.944 m2= →d =2.95≈ 3.0 m
4
At T = 20 °C, dynamic viscosity (µ = 1.0087 ×10-3 Pa. s)
For static mixing, G is >300/s or more
G = 1,000/s is proposed to be used in power calculation
V = 34.722 m³

Power = P = G²µV
where G is the mean velocity gradient (/s), P is the power dissipated (watt), µ is the dynamic
viscosity (Pa/s), and V is the volume of the tank (m³).

P= ( 1000
s )
×(1.0087 × 10−3
Pa /s)×(34.722 m3)

P=35.024 Watt ≈ 35 kW

To determine the amount of the coagulant (e.g., alum) required per day (kg/day), we used the optimum
dosage of alum at 25 mg/L (normally optimum dosage determined by Jar test), and we supposed that
the density of alum was 600 kg/m³.
3 3
m m
Q=1.157 ×3600 ×24=99,964.8
sec day

25 mg 1000 L 1 kg 99,964.8 m3
Amount of alum= × × ×
1 1 m3 1000 mg day

3
25 mg 1000 L 1 kg 99,964.8 m
Amount of alum= × 3
× ×
1 1m 1000 mg day

Amount of alum=100,000 kg/month

Density = mass/volume = 3400kg/day/600kg/m³ = 5.67 m³/day = 170m³/month
Details of coagulation tanks

FLOCCULATION
Flocculation is the process of slow mixing that can be achieved in a basin, which is known as a
flocculator. It is an essential operation designed to agitate force in fluid and coagulation. The design
criteria of the flocculation tank are based on previous studies

Q = 69.44 m3 /min
t = 30 min
V = 69.44 m3 /min × 30 min = 2083.2 m3

Using six flocculation tanks (with two parallel tanks) = 2083.2 / 6 = 347.2 m3
Assuming d = 4 m
A = V / d = 347.2 / 4 = 86.8 m2
Then, to find the dimension of one square tank, we use the following:
Area = width × length
Using L = 3 W
A= W × 3 W
86.8 m2 = 3 W2
W = 5.38 m
P = G2µV
To find out the power of each of the paddle, we apply the following:
For (G = 60/s) rapid mixing P = (60)2× (1.0087 × 10−3) × (347.2) = 1260.8 Watt

For (G=40/s) medium mixing P = (40)2× (1.0087 × 10−3) × (347.2) = 560.36 Watt

For (G=20/s) slow mixing P = (20)2×(1.0087 × 10−3) × (347.2) = 140.1 Watt

Clarification
Sedimentation, also known as settling or clarification, is the process of removing solid particles by
gravity.
Calculate tank capacity, assuming 2 hours detention time
1 m3
Daily flow rate=100,000,000 l/day × =100,000 m3 /day
1000 l

Tank Capacity=flowrate × detention time

3 1 day 3
Tank Capacity=100,000 m /day ×2 hrs × =8,333.33 m
24 hrs
Using 2 tanks,
8,333.33 m3 3
Tank Capacity= =4166.67 m
2 tanks

Calculate the surface area of the tank

flow rate
Surface area=
Surface overflow rate

50,000 m3 /day 2
Surface area= 3
=1,250 m
40 m per day per sq . m

3
tank capacity 4166.67 m
depth= = 2
=3.33 m+ 1m ( sludge depth ) +0.5 m ( freeboard ) =¿4.83 m say 5 m
Surface area 1250 m

Using this Lamella plate product:

Material:  PEE
Plate size:  1000x1000mm
1000x1000x866mm
Block size: 
(DxRxH)
Color White
Tilt: 60 degree
Thickness 0.5mm
Quantitative 1m3=20 panels
Working temperature:  5-60oC
Origin:  Viet Nam
Each block of lamella plates has an effective area of20 m 2

2
Surface area 1250 m
No . of lamella blocks required= = =15.6 say 16 blocks of lamella plates
effective area of 4∥lamella plates 4 x 20 m2

Sizing of tank

Length=0.2 m ( offset distance ¿inlet∧outlet ) +16 pcs(1meters)=16.2 meters

width=4 rows of lamellablocks ( 1 m )+ 3(0.1 m)( framing for lamella plates)=4 .3 meters

Summary
Dimensions of each Rectangular Primary Sedimentation Tank:
Length=1 6.2 m
Width=4 .3 m
Depth=5 m

GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON (GAC) FILTER

The use of granular activated carbon (GAC) for water purification became common around the start of
the 20th century (1906) when the “activation” process was applied to charcoal (which had been used
for centuries). Thermal activation of charcoal greatly improves its pore volume, surface area and
structure making it a superb workhorse for water treatment.
A one cubic ft GAC filter is 7.5 gallons of GAC.
Calculating the Tank Bed Area
 3
Qavg =1.157 m /s = 18,338.8239gpm

EBCT in Minutes, assume 2 minutes

2 mins= (Bed Volume x 7.5 gallons/ft^3/Desired Service Rate
2 mins= (Bed Volume x 7.5 gallons/ft^3/18,338
Bed Volume=4,890.13 ft^3
Bed Volume = Tank Bed Area x Depth of Bed (usually 30-36in)
Assumed Depth of Bed = 6ft
4,890.13 ft^3=Tank Bed Area x 6 ft
Tank Bed Area = 815 ft^2

DISINFECTION
When the filtered water comes out from the filter unit, bacteria and other microorganisms, which may
be pathogenic, may exist. Thus, disinfection is necessary to eliminate bacteria and other
microorganisms and consequently prevent waterborne diseases.
The use of chlorine has become particularly common in disinfecting water. It is inexpensive, reliable,
and relatively safe to handle.

Water demand = 100,000,000 LD = 100,000 cu.m/day

Required chlorine and residual chlorine are 0.36 and 0.2 mg/L, respectively. ASSUMPTIONS ONLY:
Chlorine demand = 0.36 mg/L – 0.2 mg/L = 0.16 mg/L
Consumed chlorine = 0.36 mg/L × (1/ 10^6) × 100,000 × 1000 = 36 kg/day
The time required to complete the disinfection performed in a storage tank is 0.5 h.
Q = Volume / time
Volume = Q × time
Volume = 100,000 m3 /day × (1/24) × 0.5 h = 2,083 m^3

Using effective depth of 4 m and length (L) = 2× width (W)

A = 2,083m^3 / 4 m = 520.75 m^2
L × W =520.75 m^2
2 W × W = 520.75 m^2
W2 = 260.375 m^2
W = 16.14 m and L = 2 × 16.14 = 32.28 m
Velocity = distance / time
Velocity = 32.28 m/0.5 h = 16.14m/h = 0.00448m/s
STORAGE AND PUMPING
When the final stages of the treatment process are completed, water can be distributed by high lift
pumps to consumers or stored in storage tanks. Thereafter, it can be used as drinking water based on
the required household demand. The details of the storage tank and the pumping are shown in Figure.

Q avg. = 100,000 m3 /day = 4,166.66 m3 /h = 1.157 m3 /s

Using v = 1.5 m/s, (Metcalf and eddy, 2014)
1.157
A= =1.96<2 , OK !
π
( 0.75 m)
4