Chapter 3

Electrical Installations in Consumer Premises

1
 Outline

 Terminology and definitions

 Wiring Design Criteria

 Design Procedures

 Cable Size Design Procedures

2
Terminology and definitions
Ampacity: current carrying capacity of electric
conductors expressed in amperes.
Appliance: utilization equipment.
Branch circuit: the circuit conductor between the
final over current device protecting the circuit
and the outlet(s).
Demand factor: the ratio of the maximum demand
of a system, or part of a system, to the total
connected load of a system or the part of the system
under consideration.

3
Feeder: all circuit conductors between the service
equipment, or the generator switchboard of an
isolated plant, and the final branch circuit over
current device.
Ground: a conductor connection, whether intentional
or accidental, between an electric circuit or
equipment and the earth, or to some conducting body
that serves in place of the earth.
Lighting outlet: an outlet intended for direct
connection of a lamp holder, a light fixture, or a
pendant cord terminating in a lamp holder.

4
Outlet: a point on the wiring system at which
current is taken to the utilization equipment
Receptacle: a contact device installed at the outlet
for the connection of a single attachment plug.
Service: the conductor and equipment for
delivering energy from electric supply system to the
wiring system of the premises served.
Switch board: a large panel, frame or assembly of
panels on which are mounted, on the face or
back or both, switches, over current and other
protective devices, buses, any usual instruments.

5
Wiring Design Criteria
 Flexibility:- Able to change to suit new conditions or situations
for the provision for expansion.

 wiring system design should incorporate sufficient flexibility in

 branch circuitry,

 Feeders

 Panels/distribution boards

 Reliability:- that can be trusted to do something well or with

out interrupting the system

 Safety:- be constantly attentive to an initial safe electrical

installation and such factors as electrical hazards caused by
misuse of equipment or by equipment failure after installation.
6
 Cont…
 Energy saving and control consideration:-

 limiting voltage drops

 power factor correction

 use of switches for control, etc

 Economic cost:- initial cost and operating cost.

 Space allocation:- concerned with

 maintenance comfort and ventilation (airing)

 expandability and centrality/importance

 limitation of access, noise and space adequacy.

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Design procedures
 steps involved in the electrical wiring design of
any facility.
A. Determine the type and rating of all client furnished
equipments.

B. If the designer could not get the exact electrical ratings,

determine their ratings from other consultant.

C. Make an electrical load estimation based on the collected

data.

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 The electrical loads which can be estimated are:
i. Lighting.

ii. Miscellaneous power, which includes

convenience outlets and small motors.

iii. Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning.

iv. house water pump, air compressors,

v. elevators, moving stairs, dumbwaiters

vi. Kitchen equipments

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Household loads/appliances

10
 Cont…
D. Decide the point of service entrance:- type of service run
(1 phase or 3 phase), service voltage, metering location, and
building utilization voltage.

E. Determine the location and estimate the size of all

required electric equipment spaces including switchboard
rooms, emergency equipment spaces, and so forth.

F. Design the lighting for the facility

11
 Cont…
G. In your plan Locate all electrical apparatus including
receptacles, switches, motors, and other power consuming
apparatus and signal apparatus such as phone outlets,
speakers, microphones, TV outlets, fire and smoke detectors,
and so on.

H. Make drawing showing all lightings, devices, and power

equipment circuit connections to the appropriate panel board.

12
 Cont…
I. Prepare the panel schedule (table). This table shows the load
distribution over the three phases and the type of load which is
connected on each circuit.

J. From the panel schedule (table) compute panel loads, and

make connection rearrangement so that you will be able to an
optimum power balance over the three phases R, S and T.

13
 Cont…

K. Prepare the riser diagram. This includes design of

distribution panels (divides electrical power feed in to
subsidiary ckts), switchboards (directs electricity from
supply to smaller regions), and a service equipment.

L. Compute feeder sizes and all protective equipment

ratings.

M. Cheek the preceding work.

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Branch Circuit Design
 Branch circuits are circuits that supplies power from the
distribution board(DB) to the outlets.
 It is the circuit conductor between the final overcurrent
device and the outlet(s).
 Protective devices:- Fuses, MCBs, Main switch,

 Main cables:- carry total current of the installation

 Sub main cables carry current to sections of large

installation to SMDB

 Final circuit feeds one type of circuit/Loads/.

15
 Cont…
The final circuits can be:

 Lighting circuits 10A,

 General purpose socket outlets 16A,

 Socket outlets for water heater 3kw 16A,

 Socket outlets for cooker 20/25A,

 Power outlets for feeding motor 16A,

 Bell circuits 6A etc.

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 Residential wiring system
Guidelines
a. The NEC requires to supply a load of 3w/sq ft in the
building, excluding unfinished spaces such as porches,
garages, and basements.

b. The NEC requires a minimum of two 20-amp appliance

branch circuits to feed all the small appliance outlets in the
kitchen, pantry, dining room, family room etc.

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 Cont…
c. The NEC requires that at least one 20-amp circuit supply
to be set for laundry outlets.
d. Do not combine receptacles and switches into a single
outlet except where convenience of use dictates high
mounting of receptacles.
e. Circuit the lighting and receptacles so that each room has
parts of at least two circuits.
f. Supply at least one receptacle in the bathroom and one
outside the house.
g. Provide switch control for closet lights (private or
individual).
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 Cont…
h. In bedrooms supply two duplex outlets at each side of the
bed location to accommodate electric blanket, clocks,
radios, lamps, and other such appliances.

i. Kitchens should have a duplex appliance outlet in every

36 in. of counter space.

j. A disconnecting means, readily accessible, must be

provided for electric ranges, cook tops, and ovens.

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Non-residential wiring
Guidelines
(a) Schools:-
 Lecture Hall
 Laboratory
 Shop
 Assembly
 Office
 Gymnasium
 Swimming Pools
 Photographic Labs

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 Cont…
 so it is not possible to generalize on branch circuit design
considerations except for the following

i. To accommodate the opaque and film projectors frequently used

in the classroom, 20-amp outlets wired two receptacles on a
circuit are placed at the front and back of each such room.

ii. Light switching should provide:

 High-low levels for energy conservation and to permit low-

level lighting for film viewing.

 And also Separate switching of the lights on the window

side of the room, which is often lighted sufficiently by
daylight
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 Cont…
iii) Provide appropriate outlets for all special equipment in
labs, shops, cooking rooms, and the like.

iv) Use heavy-duty devices and key operated switches for

public area lighting (corridors, etc.),

v) The NEC requires sufficient branch circuitry to provide a

minimum of 3 w/sq ft for general lighting in schools.
vi) Keep lighting and receptacles completely separate when
circuiting.

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(b) Office Space

i. In small office spaces (less than 400 sq ft) provide either

one outlet for every 40 sq ft, or one outlet for every 10 linear
ft of wall space, In larger office spaces, provide one outlet
every 100 to 125 sq ft.

ii. Corridors should have a 20-amp, 220-v outlet every 50 ft,

to supply cleaning and waxing machines.

iii. As with all non-residential buildings, convenience

receptacles are figured at 180 w each.

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(c) Stores.
In stores, good practice requires at least one convenience
outlet receptacle for every 300 sq ft in addition to outlets
required for loads such as lamps, show windows, and
demonstration appliances

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Load Tabulation
 Arranging facts or figures of loads.
 While circuiting the loads, a panel schedule is drawn up
which lists:
 The circuit numbers

 Load description (the type of the load)

 Wattage (actually in volt-amperes)

 The current ratings

 Number of poles of the circuit-protective device

 Spare circuits are included normally not less than 20% of

the number of active circuits.

25
 Cont…
 In calculating panel loads,
(a) Each specific appliance, device, lighting fixture , or other
load is taken at its nameplate rating

(b) Each convenience outlet is counted as16 amp

(c) Spare circuits are figured at approximately the same load

as the average active circuits

(d) Free spaces are not added into the load.

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Schedule for lighting panel

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Building regulations for switches and sockets
 Socket outlets must be mounted at a height above the floor
or work surface so as to minimize the risk of mechanical
damage.

 The Building Regulations requires switches and socket

outlets in dwellings to be installed so that all persons,
including those whose reach is limited, can easily reach
them.

 The recommendation is that they should be installed in

habitable rooms at a height of between 450 and 1200 mm
from the finished floor level
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29
30
Feeder Capacity
 The electric line (cable) that is running from the main
distribution line to each sub distribution board is known as
Feeder.
 Procedures to provide spare capacity in feeders:
a) Provide feeder for initial plus spare, with properly sized
conduit.
b) Provide feeder for initial plus spare, with conduit oversized
by one size. Some additional cost is used incase large load
expansion is anticipated.
c) Provide for initial load plus spare, with an empty conduit
for future. This method is expensive because of high
conduit cost, and it is infrequently advisable.
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Power Riser Diagrams
 A power riser diagram is a type of diagram that illustrates
the proper installation of service level electrical components.

 represents a block version of a single-line diagram, as the

name implies, vertical relationships are shown.

 All panels, feeders, switches, switchboards, and major

components are shown up to, but not including, branch
circuiting.

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 The main switchboard shown in the figure below
constitutes a combination of service equipment and feeder
switchboard.

 The service equipment portion of the board comprises the

metering and the 4 main switches feeding risers, motor
control center (MCC), roof, machine room, and elevators.

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34
A residential system power riser diagram
 The service entrance cable runs from the local utility
company to the meter socket

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Riser diagram of a commercial system
• LP-lighting subpanels,
• RP-receptacle panel board
• EP-Emergency panel board

36
 Example
Assume a single floor of an office building 10 m X 20 m. Calculate the
required number of panels, circuits for lighting.
Solution
Office space- illumination=300lux from table (EBCS-10)

Where cu=coefficient of utilization=0.55,

MF=maintenance factor=0.9
 shows luminous flux produced per lamp.

 Let’s select single fluorescent lamp(n=1), wattage =40w which has

efficiency of 60.
 Flux lumen=lumenus efficiency *watt
 So, 60*40 =2400 lumens flux per lamp
37
 Cont…
=51 single fluorescent lamps

Total wattage=51*40=2040W

Assuming that each lighting branch circuit is 1300 W rated.

:. Number of branch circuit for lightening = 2040
=1.5~2ckt 1300

38
 Cont…
Receptacles:
 we simply take into account the furniture, electronic
equipments that located in that room and the functions of
rooms.
 Let’s take total number of receptacles =6(mostly 6
receptacles supplying from one branch ckt ) So, one branch
ckt for socket is required.

Total wattage of receptacles=6*200=1200W

(Assume each socket outlet point has wattage of
200 W.)

39
 Cont…
The total no of circuits for lighting plus receptacles
is 2 + 1 = 3 ckts

Spares is = 20% of total circuits

3*20% = 3*0.2 = 0.6 ~ 1ckt ~1200W

Total of 4 ckts.

The feeder current is

40
Next class

41
Cable Size Design procedure
 The correct choice of cable size for any installation
is dependent upon

 Environmental conditions and characteristics of

protection, PVC, weather proof, VIR

 Current-carrying capacity of the cable and

 Voltage drops of the cable.

42
Steps for selection of cable size
1. Determine the design current Ib.

2. Select the rating of the protection In

3. Select the relevant correction factors (CFs).

4. Divide In by the relevant CFs to give cable current-

carrying capacity (Iz)

5. Choose a cable size to suit Iz

6. Check the voltage drop

7. Cheek for shock risk constraints

8. Cheek for thermal constraints.

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(1) Design current (Ib )
 In many instances , the design current Ib is quoted
by the manufacturer, but there are times when it
has to be calculated.

 In this case the two formulae involved, for single

phase and for three phases:
𝐏
 Single phase : Ib =
𝐕𝐩𝐡

𝐏
 Three phases: Ib =
𝟑∗𝐕𝐋

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 If an item of equipment has a pF and ɳ , it will have been
taken into account. Hence:

𝐏
 Single phase: Ib =
𝐕𝐩𝐡 ∗𝐏𝐅∗ 𝛈

𝐏
 Three phase: Ib =
𝟑∗𝐕𝐋 ∗𝐏𝐅∗ 𝛈

45
(2) Nominal setting of protection:
 having determined Ib , we must now select the nominal
setting of protection In, such that In>Ib. This value may be
taken from IEE regulations.

(3) Correction factors

 The cable insulation could be damaged by over heating if
its temperature rises further due to influences such as:

 high ambient temperature:-

 cable grouped together closely

 un cleared over currents and

 contact with thermal insulation.

46
i. Ambient temperature (Ca)
The cable rating in the IEEE regulations are on an ambient
temperature of 300C, and hence it is only above this
temperature that an adverse correction improvement is needed.

 (Available on EBCS-10 page 112).

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48
ii. Grouping (Cg)
 When cables are grouped together they impart heat to each
other.
 Therefore the more cables there are, the more heat they will
generate, thus increasing the temperature of each cable.
 IEEE regulation also gives factors for such groupings of the
same cable sizes.

 For the standard values of Cg, see A.1, A.2 and A.3 from
page 85-87 of EBCS-10

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iii. Protection by BS 3036 fuse and circuit conditions
(Cc )
 BS 3036 fuses have a high fusing current In and, as a result,

a factor of 0.725 must always be applied when BS 3036 fuses

are used. i.e.
In≤0.725Iz or Iz≥In/0.725
(where Iz-the current carrying capacity/rating of the
conductor)

50
iv. Thermal Insulation (Ci)
 Since the purpose of such materials is to limit the transfer of
heat, they will clearly affect the ability of a cable to
dissipate the heat build up within it when in contact with
them.

 However, if a cable is totally surrounded by thermal

insulation for more than 0.5 m, a factor of 0.5 must be
applied to the tabulated clipped direct ratings.

 For less than 0.5 m, de-rating factors should be applied

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Length of Cable (mm)
in Thermal Insulation Derating Factor(up to
10mm2)

50 0.89
100 0.81
200 0.68
400 0.55
>=500 0.50

For cables shorter than 0.5 m, derating factors shown in

Table above should be applied.

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(4) Current carrying capacity
 For each of the above factors , there is a correction factor
(CF) which derates cable current capacity or conversely
increases cable size.

Current carrying capacity of conductor =

Iz= In/(relevant CFs)

In
Iz 
cg  c a ci

53
(5) Choice of cable size
 Having established Iz of the cable to be used, it now remains
to choose a cable to suit that value.

 The IEE regulation also lists all

 Cable Sizes,

 Current Carrying Capacity

 Voltage Drops Of Varies Types Of Cables.

(These data is read from table).

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(6) Voltage drop
 It is the voltage difference between the voltage measured at
DB and the voltage reaching the load.

 The voltage drop should not exceed 4% of the nominal

voltage.

 i.e. a drop of no more than 3% of the nominal voltage for a

lighting circuit and 5% for a power circuit will satisfy the load
requirements

 For single-phase 230 V, the voltage drop for lighting should

not exceed 3% of 230 V = 6.9 V and for power circuit should
not exceed 5% of 230 V = 11.5 V

 for three-phase 400V, the voltage drop should not exceed 20 55V.
According to IEE regulations,

 The voltage drop(in volts) of a cable with length L meters

carrying rated current Ib, is:

𝒎𝑽
𝑽𝒅 = ∗ 𝑰𝒃 ∗ 𝑳
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
OR Vd = (mV/Am)* I b* L

Vd = voltage drop

Am = amper meter

mV = voltage drop per ampere per unit length in mV from EBCS-10

I b = design current

L = total length of the cable

56
Example
From EBCS-10. Table B.1, select cables of suitable
current-carrying capacity for the following loads and
conditions (PVC cables to BS 6004 into conduit).

(a) 230 V single-phase sub-mains of lighting load

totaling 10.5 kW. Length of run 10 m. Average
ambient temperature 25oC, diversity 66%

(b) 400 V balanced 3-phase power circuit. Load 18.65

kW, efficiency, 80%, power factor 0.69. Average
temperature 30oC. Length of runs 100 m.
57
 Solutions
a)
Given
Power =10.5kw
single phase Voltage =230V
Length of cable run= 10 m=L
Average ambient temperature of 25oC
diversity factor =0.66
Required

 selecting suitable cable size 58

i. Design current or Current drawn by load = Power/Voltage
= 10.5 * 1000/230= 45.65 A
 Allowing for diversity, maximum current through cables =
45.65 * .66 = 30.13 A
ii. Rating of protection In (page 243 on EBCS-10 )
 32 A rated circuit breaker can be selected from the table
Therefore In=32A
iii. Relevant correction factor for ambient temperature from
EBCS-10 Table A.4 for 250C is 1.03.
 Therefore the required cable rating:
Iz = 32/1.03 = 31.1 A
 From Table B.1, choose a 4 mm2 conductor which carries 32A
59
iv. Allowable Voltage drop = (mV/Am) * Ib * l

 From table B.2 voltage drop for 4mm2 conductor size = 11mv/A

 actual Voltage drop on cable = 11 mv/Am * 30.13 A * 10 m

3.3143 V

 Maximum allowable voltage drop = 3% of 230 V = 6.9V.

 As the actual voltage drop is less than the allowable maxim

voltage drop, selected size will be 4 mm2

60
 If BS 3036 fuse is chosen for protection, this fuse type requires
correction factor of 0.725.
 In = 32 Amp
i. Therefore the required cable rating will be :
 Iz = In/CF CF- Correction Factors.
Ca = 1.03, Cf = 0.725
 Required cable rating Iz = 32 Amp/1.03 * 0.725= 42.85 Amp.
 From Table B.1, 10mm2 conductor carries 57 A. Take 10mm
diameter conductor.
ii. Testing for Voltage drop = (mV/A.m) * Ib * l
 actual Voltage drop on cable = 4.4 mv/Am * 30.13A * 10 m
1.326 V
 Maximum allowable voltage drop = 3% of 230 V = 6.9V.

61
 Since the actual voltage drop is less than the allowable
maximum voltage drop, selected size is 10 mm2.
 Observe the conductor size difference in using Circuit
breaker and fuses

62
 output kw
eff .  
input 3  VI cos 
b) I 
18.65kw
 48.77 A
3  400  0.8  0.69
50 A circuit-breaker of type BS 3871 can use for protection.
then, In = 50 Amp
Load current will be :
→ Iz = In/CF : =Ca = 1( from Table A.4)
Then,
→ Iz = 50 A
Choose 16 mm2cable which is capable of carrying 52 A

63
Testing for Voltage drop:
 Maximum voltage drop=2.5% of 400V= 2.5*400/100=10V.
 Voltage drop on the cable = (mV/Am) * Ib * L
= 2.3* 48.77 * 100
= 11.22 V which is beyond the allowable
voltage drop.
So,
 choose the next cable size, which is 25mm2.
Voltage drop for 25 mm2 = 1.7 * 48.77 * 100 = 8.29 V
Therefore selected size is 25 mm2.

i.e. Voltage drop becomes the main determining Factor

64
when, 50 A BS 3036 fuse can used for protection from table

→ In = 50 A

→ Correction factor for the fuse is Cf= 0.725

→ Load current Iz = In / CF = In / Cf

→ Iz = 50 A / 0.725 = 68.966 A

From table B.3 select 25mm2 cable which carries 97 A

Testing for Voltage drop:

Voltage drop on the cable = (mV/Am) * Ib * L

Voltage drop for 25 mm2 = 1.7 x 48.77 x 100 = 8.29 V

Therefore selected size is 25 mm2 conductor sizes.

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The End
Q?

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