HBEF 5063 :

Counselling Theories I
Topic 2
DR HJH MERIAM B INTI ISMAIL
E-TUTOR
Learning Outcomes From Modul
1. Identify classification of counselling theories
2. Compare and contrast how psychoanalytic theory;
Adlerian theory and client-centered theory view in
human behavior
3. Identify the differences technique by the three
counselling theories
Online Learning through the e-Lessons
Weekly e-Lessons that will span 12 weeks have been
prepared for this subject. For each of these e-Lessons, you
are encouraged to follow the steps given below:
1. Attempt the pre-test
2. Read the specified topic(s)
3. Then, watch the video
4. Take part in the discussion.
Discussion question(s) have been prepared for you.
5. Finally, attempt the post-test
Learning Outcomes
CLO(s) addressed by this e-Lesson
1 To compare the differences in the goals by
Psychoanalytic theory, Adlerian theory and
Client-centered theory
2 To identify the different techniques proposed
by three counselling theories
Topic 2 : Learning Outcomes of the topic
1. Identify classification of counselling theories
2. Compare and contrast how psychoanalytic theory;
Adlerian theory and client-centred theory view in
human behaviour
3. Identify the differences technique by the three
counselling theories
Forum Questions :
1.What are the necessary required to change?
Based on person centered. (video 1)
2.What do you understand with person centered
approaches counselling? (video 2)
CONTINUUM OF THEORIES
The Rogerian approach prompted counsellors to view counselling as more than
giving advice on career matters.

Patterson and Watkins (1996) suggested that modern approaches can be

arranged on a continuum ranging from non-directive approaches to directive
approaches (see Figure 2.1).

Counsellors who are nondirective focus on affections and view clients as able to
direct themselves with the help of counsellors.

Counsellors who adopt the directive approaches tend to be more prescriptive

and view themselves as the experts giving directions to their clients.
CONTINUUM OF THEORIES

Figure 2.1: Continuum of counselling theories

Source: Patterson & Watkins. 1996, p. 261
There are many theories or approaches
practiced by counsellors. Corey (2005)
identified 11 therapeutics approach and
group them into four groups
Learning Outcomes

Compare the differences

between Psychoanalytic
therapy and Person-
centered therapy
Psychoanalytic Person-centered
therapy therapy
Psychoanalytic
therapy
 Consciousness and Unconsciousness

Figure 2.2:
Structures of personality Figure 2.3:
The Iceberg Theory of Unconsciousness
Person-centered
therapy

A person has a
self that
encompasses
Healthy and well-balanced person will try to
integrate all the three component s of self
Real self (what the person is).
Ideal self (what the person hopes to become).
Self-image is the total subjective perception of
one’s body and personality.

Incongruences between the real self and the

ideal self makes a person become maladjusted,
thus developing unhealthy self.
Theories: Person-centered
Theories: Person-centered
Summary
✓Theories and approaches in counselling can be arranged on a
continuum ranging from non-directive approaches to directive
approaches.

✓Gerald Corey, a prominent practising counsellor and author,

identified four classes of therapeutic approaches: The Analytic
Approach, The Experiential and Relationship-Oriented Approach,
The Action Therapies and The System Perspectives.

✓The psychoanalytic approach emphasises the three components of

personality, the influence of unconsciousness and the psychosexual
stages on human development.
Summary

✓ Freud’s theory is deterministic since he believed personality is

determined by some forces that mainly happen during childhood.

✓ His view of human nature is pessimistic, believing that humans are

largely influenced by sexual energies and uncontrollable forces.

✓ Adler disagreed with Freud’s emphasis on selfish id and

unconsciousness. Adler prefers to view humans in a more positive
light, always striving to overcome weaknesses by achieving
superiority.
 Summary
✓ He believed the family constellation and birth order have
strong influence on One’s personality and life style.
✓ Rogers disagreed with Freud on psychoanalytic pessimistic
views on humans. Rogers believed it is more beneficial to
explore conscious thoughts and feelings.
✓ He emphasised non-directive approach and unconditional
positive regard within a trusting relationship so that clients
will become confident to explore and gain insights to their
own experiences, thus becoming more fully functioning.