Professional Documents
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10-11 Changes - FINAL
10-11 Changes - FINAL
Section B
4 Issues
R o u g h O u t l i n e… S e c t i o n B
3 listed studies
From Your Chosen Study:
(a) Outline the aims / hypotheses / background [2]
(b) Describe the [Method / Data / Sample or sampling technique]
AND give one advantage / disadvantage [6]
(c) Describe… (in relation to your chosen study)
Issues: Ethics, Data, E.V., Longitudinal /snapshot. OR
Methods: Experiments, Questionnaires, Correlations, Case studies etc [6]
(d) One advantage AND one disadvantage of [issue or method] [6]
(e) Outline the results OR conclusions [8]
(f) Suggest 1/2 changes & outline the implications…
[ Methodological/ethical/results/Data/’blank’ ] [8]
B
Section B (e/f)
/ I m p l i c a t i o n s
Changes:
A detailed suggestion with a developed example.
‘Sufficient detail to allow replication’
Implications:
Read the question! What type of implication are you
being asked about?
Results, Methodological, Ethical, Data, Realism?
Effect needs to be discussed in detail.
Q (e / f) Changes & Implications
Changes
Change Lab to Field
Independent groups to repeated measures
Longitudinal to Snapshot
Observations (Covert to Overt)
Use Questionnaires instead of unethical tasks
Make tasks more realistic
Use of specialised equipment
Different sample / cross cultural
Implications
Ethical
Results (Better, worse,
stay the same?)
Methodological
Who? What? When?
Where? How?
Who: Sample details/participants
What: Behaviour categories on a
coding scheme / experiment task
How: Where the observer will be,
timings, sampling technique
When: Time of day carried out
2 (at least) Evaluation points
in context to the source.
Writing Procedures
Sampling technique (Self‐selected, Opportunity,
HOW Random, Snowball)
Recruitment details e.g adverts etc
Participant details
WHO
e.g Numbers, type of person sought.
Surveys = Identify type of scales (Open, Closed,
Likert, Semantic Differential)
+ Give examples in context!
Observations = Outline coding scheme, Overt / Covert
WHAT Experiments = Identify design, the task, allocation
to conditions, IVs & DVs, blind researchers, counter
balancing.
Correlations = The task (If used), the co‐variables
– how will they be measured?
WHERE Locations
WHEN Time of day
Section B (e)
Milgram: Change 1 Milgram: Implications 1
Use a questionnaire and outline Anonymity should help avoid D.C,
hypothetical situations. increasing validity. (Results)
reliability increased by ease of
Ps = 25M/25F, range of ages,
replicability (Results)
ethnicities, & occupations.
Cost of advert & hiring researchers to
Self-selected sampling using analyse data (Methodological)
advert. Time taken to recruit Ps, formulate
Stories of situations involving stories, & analyse data
Milgram
Suggested plan:
Paragraph one:
Outline suggested change - Sufficient detail to allow replication!
Must be very closely linked to study …reference parts of the original e.g
Unlike in the original procedure where participants did…
In questions like this you must consider the implications of your changes
here. Don’t suggest impractical changes!
Paragraph two
Implications MUST be related to results in this case.
How can the results possibly be affected?
(i) They can improve
(ii) they can stay the same
(iii) They may get ‘worse’. JUSTIFY this.
(f) Outline one change to the procedure of your chosen study
(Bandura) & explain how this might affect the results [8]
Paragraph one
(P) One potential change to the Bandura study could involve changing the setting of
the experiment. The original study placed children in a laboratory setting and
moved them one at a time through 3 different rooms; some of which were
unfamiliar to the children. I propose to change the location that the children were
observed in.
(E) For example, after first showing the children an aggressive / non aggressive
video in class you could observe them playing in the playground at lunchtime. This
would make the study higher in Ecological validity as it would then be a naturalistic
observation. You could preserve the inter-rater reliability of the original study by
placing covert observers either end of the playground so they could witness the
same events. Demand Characteristics may occur but as children are used to being
supervised at break times, this shouldn’t significantly influence them.
(C) It’s important to ensure that studies place people in realistic situations as often
as is possible as its difficult to generalise results that are based on unrealistic
tasks or environments.
(f) Outline one change to the procedure of your chosen study
(Bandura) & explain how this might affect the results [8]
Paragraph two
(P) The proposed change is likely to increase the Ecological validity of the study and
this will affect the results in a number of different ways.
(E) For example, in this revised procedure children would be interacting with each
other rather than playing alone in an unfamiliar room. This could lead to an increase
in imitative aggression as children may be influenced not only by the condition they
were in but also by how their friends were acting in the playground.
Elsewhere, the results may remain roughly the same. For example, it’s likely that
the same gender differences will be observed, with females being more verbally
aggressive and males being more physically aggressive.
(C) Overall, these changes will make the study higher in Ecological validity, children
playing in their natural environment and interacting with each other. However, the
overall validity may be lowered by the fact that they may be copying the play of an
influential friend rather than the video they had seen earlier.
Freud: Change 1 Freud: Implication 1
Compare Little Hans with other Increase generalisability from the
Boys of a similar age. limitations of a single case study.
Recruit boys via GPs ‘Anxiety UK’ (Results)
(Was National Phobic Society) Will take time to recruit boys with
www.anxietyuk.org.uk Phobias – quite a specific sample
Aim for a range of ages before, (Methodological)
during, and after the Oedipus
stage.
Historical context may be needed
here…
Freud: Change 2 Freud: Implication 2
Remove the potential bias of Hans’s Very time consuming for Freud to
father by having Freud conduct one have to conduct so many interviews
to one semi-structured interviews (Methodological).
himself. (Self Report data) Having an expert conduct the
After all, Freud is the ‘expert’ & interview may increase the reliability &
would have greater insight. The validity of the data (Results)…but might
father may have missed something reduce E.V as Hans wouldn’t be in his
that Freud would have spotted. natural environment all the time
Other therapist would add inter-rater
Have another therapist weigh in
reliability. (Results)
with observations
Maguire: Change 1 Maguire: Implication 1
Pre-test the Taxi drivers before Opportunity to examine cause and
they embark on their Knowledge effect & increase validity (Results)
training. Expanded longitudinal study will be
This change would employ a time consuming, some Ps may not
repeated measures design - each finish training (Attrition rate) -
P could act as their own control expense of collecting data over time
before & after training. & hiring additional researchers
(Methodological)
LEFT RIGHT
Changes / Implications
Change 1
Use fMRI techniques to measure changes in brain
activity in split brain patients whilst they perform
various tasks.
Implications: Cost & Expertise required
(Methodological); Increased accuracy and access to
sub‐cortical regions (Validity)
Change 2
Perform a longitudinal study & assess patients
before split brain operation. Provides a point of
comparison not available in original study
Implications: Difficult to get hold of participants +
Possible attrition rate (Methodological); Would
increase validity.
Griffiths: Change 1 Griffiths: Implication 1
Griffiths suggested that different Self-selected sample of regular
forms of gambling would have their gamblers (Not students this time!)
own distinct Psychology. from different parts of the country.
Look at other ‘skill’ based Cost & time of recruitment. +_ ad in
gambling such as Horse Racing & The Sporting Life!(Methodological)
examine heuristics. Ethics – could be said to be
encouraging gamblers in their habit.
Can adopt the same TA method
Generalisation – opportunity to
when ‘punters’ are choosing which
compare different forms of gambling
horses to bet on.
to identify common patterns.
Griffiths: Change 2
Griffiths: Implication 2
Longitudinal study over a number
Potential issues with recruitment as
of years with habitual gamblers to
people might be wary of an in depth
chart the formation of their thinking study of their gambling habits…
patterns over time. Identity common (Methodological + Ethics)
‘thinking errors’. Attrition is likely to be a factor
Semi –structured interviews. (Methodological)
Example Qs: Increased accuracy & insight into
How soon in the day do you start to thinking patterns & habits as they
think about gambling?, What are the develop over time (validity – Results)
important factors when deciding Ethics committee needed to offer
if/when to bet? support to gamblers.
Rosenhan(1973)