LEVEL 8

UNIT 6

LIFE PLANS

GRAMMAR: Expressing intentions and plans that changed:

WAS/WERE GOING TO AND WOULD

WAS/WERE GOING TO

POSITIVE SENTENCES

PRONOUN + WAS/WERE GOING TO + VERB IN BASE FORM + ROTS

Yo iba a estudiar medicina

I was going to study medicine

I was going to work in Walmart
They were going to adopt a child
She was going to live in Canada

NEGATIVE SENTENCES
PRONOUN + WASN’T/WEREN’T GOING TO + VERB IN BASE FORM + ROTS
He wasn’t going to study architecture
She wasn’t going to live in Canada
They weren’t going to adopt a child
I wasn’t goign to study medicine
I wasn’t going to work in Walmart

QUESTIONS
WAS/WERE + PRONOUN ´+ GOING TO + VERB IN BASE FORM + ROTS +?
Was he going to study architecture?
Were they going to adopt a child?
Was she going to live in Canada?
Were you going to work in Walmart?

WOULD
PRONOUN + WOULD + VERB IN BASE FORM + ROTS (I thought, I said, I believed)
I though I would be a teacher
My mom believed I would get married
I said I would go to travel to Cancun
I said (that) I would get married before I was 25
I believed I would live in Germany

NEGATIVE SENTENCES
PRONOUN + WOULDN’T + VERB IN BASE FORM + ROTS
I thought I wouldn’t be a teacher
I said that I wouldn’t get married before I was 26
I said I wouldn´t to travel to Cancun
I believed I wouldn’t live in Germany

VOCABULARY
REASONS FOR CHANGING PLANS
My tastes changed – mis gustos cambiaron
It’s hard to make a living as – difícil vivir de
I didn’t pass the exam – no pasamos el examen
Talked me out ofi t – nos convencio de no serlo
I changed my mind – cambiar de parecer/ opinión

GRAMMAR
PERFECT MODALS

REGRETS AND JUDGEMENTS

SHOULD
PRONOUN + SHOULD HAVE + VERB IN PAST PARTICIPLE + ROTS
I should have studied medicine
I shouldn’t have studied medicine
They should have bought the house
They shouldn’t have bought the house

POSSIBILITY
MAY/MIGHT
PRONOUN + MAY/MIGHT HAVE + VERB IN PAST PARTICIPLE + ROTS
I might have bought a cat
She might have failed the exam
We might not have been able to buy a house
You might not have failed the exam

ABILITY
COULD
PRONOUN + COULD HAVE + VERB IN PAST PARTICIPLE + ROTS
I could have bought a car by myself
She could have studied medicine
I couldn’t have bought a car by myself
She couldn’t have studied medicine

CERTAINTY
WOULD
PRONOUN + WOULD HAVE + VERB IN PAST PARTICIPLE + ROTS
I would have been very happy with David
They would have loved Canada
I wouldn’t have been very happy with David
They wouldn’t have loved Canada

CONCLUSIONS
MUST
PRONOUN + MUST HAVE + VERB IN PAST PARTICIPLE + ROTS
My sister isn’t home, she must have gone out
He must have been in an accident
My sister is home, she must not have gone out
He must not have been in an accident

VOCABULARY
QUALIFICATIONS FOR WORK OR STUDY
Talents – talentos
Skills – habilidades
Experience – experiencia
Knowledge – concimiento
Qualifications – cualidades

UNIT 7
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
WITH SUBJECT RELATIVE PRONOUNS WHO AND THAT
PAGE 77

We use adjective clauses to identify or describe people or things

PEOPLE

When describing people, we are going to use who or that.

SUBJECT + WHO/THAT + ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

A teacher is someone who/that gives class to students =

un maestro es alguien que le da clase a los alumnos

People who/that like parades are fun=

La gente a la que le gustan los desfiles es divertida

Un chef es alguien que cocina muchos platillos

A chef is someone who/that cooks a lot of dishes

THINGS

When describing things, we are going to use that.

OBJECT + THAT + ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

Thanksgiving is a celebration that takes place in November=

El dia de accion de gracias es una celebración que ocurre en noviembre

The parade that commemorates Independence Day is awesome=

El desfile que conmemora el día de la independencia es genial

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
WITH OBJECT RELATIVE PRONOUNS WHO, WHOM AND THAT
PAGE 78

In some clauses, the relative pronoun is the subject of the clause.

In that case, you can use who or that.

The student who/that didn’t make any homework is going to fail=

El alumno que no hizo tarea va a reprobar

The person who/that comes for dinner should bring a gift=

La persona que venga a cenar debería traer un regalo

In some cases, the relative pronoun is the object of the clause.

In that case, you can use who, whom or that.

The student who the teacher failed is going to be sad

The student the teacher failed is going to be sad

El alumno que el maestro reprobó va a estar triste

The person who you invite for dinner should bring a gift

The person you invite for dinner should bring a gift

La persona que tu invites a cenar debería traer un regalo

The student who/that studied is going to pass the exam just one person (mandatory)

The student (who/that/whom) Jessica kissed is new two people (optional)

The student Jessica kissed is new

VOCABULARY UNIT 7
PAGE 76 “Ways to commemorate a holiday”

Set off fireworks Lanzar fuegos artificiales

March in parades Marchar en desfiles
Have picnics Tener picnics
Pray Rezar
Send cards Mandar cartas
Give each other gifts Dar regalos
Wish each other well Desearle el bien a alguien
Remember the dead Recorder a los Muertos
Wear costumes Usar disfraces

PAGE 82 “Getting married”

An engagement Un compromise
Get engaged Estar comprometidos
A marriage ceremony Una boda
 ´+++++++er{´ñt5rGet married Casarse /contraer nupcias
A wedding Una boda religiosa
A reception Una recepción
A honeymoon Una luna de miel
A fiancé Prometido (hombre)
A fiancée Prometida (mujer)
A bride Novia (al momento de la boda)
A groom Novio (al momento de la boda)
Newlyweds Recién casados
*PLEASE STUDY THE DEFINITIONS AS WELL

UNIT 8
INVENTIONS AND DISCOVERIES
The Wheel – la rueda
Penicillin – penicilina
The 3-D printer – impresora 3D
The mosquito net –
The X-ray – rayos X
The televisión – la televisión

VOCABULARY

USES NEW TECHNOLOGY

High-tech – de alta tecnologia
State-of-the-art – estado del arte
Cutting-edge – de vanguardia

OFFERS HIGH QUALITY

High-end – de grado alto/calidad alta
Top-of-the-line – lo mejor de la linea
First-rate – de primera

USES NEW IDEAS

Innovative – innovador
Revolutionary – revolucionaria
Novel – novedad
GRAMMAR
THE UNREAL CONDITIONAL
To express something that it’s not real

IF CLAUSE
IF + PRONOUN + VERB IN SIMPLE PAST + ROTS

RESULT CLAUSE
PRONOUN + WOULD/COULD + VERB IN BASE FORM + ROTS

If I had money, I would buy a car

If you studied, you would pass the exam
If I were sick, I couldn’t go to school
If they didn’t buy the car, they would have money
If he saved money, he could buy a house

I would buy a car if I had money

You would pass the exam if you studied
I couldn’t go to school if were I sick
They would have money if they didn’t buy the car
He could buy a house if he saved money

GRAMMAR
THE PAST UNREAL CONDITIONAL

IF CLAUSE
IF + PRONOUN + HAD + VERB IN PAST PARTICIPLE + ROTS

RESULT CLAUSE
PRONOUN + WOULD/COULD HAVE + VERB IN PAST PARTICIPLE + ROTS

If I had studied, I would have passed the exam

If she had had money, she would have bought a house
If you had known you were sick, you wouldn’t have gone to school
If we had known we woudln’t have kids, we would have bought a smaller
house
If they hadn’t answered the phone, we would have been worried
If he had had time, he could have studied medicine

I would have passed the exam if I had studied

She could have bought a house if she had had money

VOCABULARY
MORE DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVES
Low-tech (doesn’t use modern technology) – poca/baja tecnología
High-tech (uses modern technology) – alta tecnología
Wacky (pretty silly) – estupido/descabellado
Unique (the only one of its kind) – único
Efficient (doesn’t waste time, money, or energy) – eficiente
Inefficient (wastes time, money, or energy) – ineficiente
 UNIT 9
CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES

VOCABULARY
A government
Campaign
Politics
A democracy
A constitution
A monarchy
An election
A dictatorship
Vote
A constitutional monarchy

GRAMMAR
NON-COUNT NOUNS THAT REPRESENT ABSTRACT IDEAS

No tangibles
Siempre están en singular
Nunca utilizan “the”

Advice
Crime
Education
Health
Help
Information
Investment
Justice
Life
News
Patience
Peace
Politics
Poverty
Progress
Proof
Success
Time
work

La educación es muy importante en el país

Education is very important in the country
Crime was worse last year
I don’t have time to make progress
Poverty affects 50% of the country
La pobreza afecta al 50% del país
Politics is hard to understand
News is coming every minute
VOCABULARY
A CONTINUUM OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL BELIEFS

Radical adj. (supporting complete political or social change) – radical

Liberal adj. (supporting changes in political, social or religious systems that
respect the different beliefs, ideas, etc., of other people) – liberal
Moderate adj. (having opinions or beliefs, especially about politics, that are
not extreme and that most people consider reasonable or sensible) –
moderado/ser neutro
Conservative adj. (preferring to continue to do things as they have been done
in the past rather tan risking changes) – conservador
Reactionary adj. (strongly opposed to political or sociasl change) – radical de
derecha

VOCABULARY
SOME CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES

Censorship of books and movies – censura de libros y peliculas

Compulsory military service – servicio militar forzado
Lowering the driving age – bajar la edad de manejo
Raising the voting age – subir la edad para votar
Prohibiting smoking indoors – prohibido fumar en lugares cerrados y públicos
GRAMMAR
VERBS FOLLOWED BY OBJECTS AND INFINITIVES

VERBS FOLLOWED BY AN INFINITIVE

Agree
Appear
Can’t afford
Can’t wait
Decide
Deserve
Hope
Learn + INFINITIVE
Manage
Need
Offer
Plan
Pretend
Refuse
Seem

I agree to vote
They appear to have a new dog
They hope to pass the class
We need to talk with you
She needs to buy a new car
I offer to adopt my dog
He deserves to win that award
VERBS FOLLOWED BY AN OBJECT AND THEN AN INFINITIVE

Advice
Allow
Cause
Convince
Encourange
Invite
Permit
+ OBJECT + INFINITIVE
Persuade
Remind
Request
Require
Tell
Urge
Warn

I advice my mother to buy a new car

That invited me to go on vacations with them
She told Carlos to closet he store
He allowed me to stay at this house
My mom persuaded me to apologize
 UNIT 9
BEAUTIFUL WORLD

VOCABULARY – geographical features

A gulft – un golfo
A bay – una bahía
A lake – un lago
An ocean – un océano
A sea – un mar
A volcano – un volcán
A mountain range – una cadena de montañas/sierra
A national park – parque nacional North – norte

South – sur
GRAMMAR
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES OF GEOGRAPHICAL PLACE West – oeste

East – este
TO or OF = hacia
Mexico is to the North
Oaxaca is to the South
USA is to the north of Mexico
Europe is to the East of Mexico

IN = en = dentro del país

Oaxaca is in the South of Mexico
Chihuahua is in the North of Mexico
Nevada is in the West of USA
Spain is in the West of Europe
Bolivia is in the central part of South America

ON = en (encima de) Mountains

The house is on the lake Shores
The house is on the mountain Bays
The boat i son the shore Lakes
I am on the bay Rivers
The car is on the river coasts
VOCABULARY – DESCRIBE RISKS
It can be quite dangerous – bastante peligroso
It can be very rocky – muy rocoso/irregular
It can be extremely steep – extremadamente inclinado
It can be so slippery – muy resbaloso
It can be pretty dark – bastante oscuro
It can be terribly exhausting – terriblemente cansado
It can be really foggy – puede haber mucha niebla
A path – camino
A Cliff – acantilado
A cave – una cueva

GRAMMAR
TOO + ADJECTIVE AND INFINITIVE

TOO + ADJETIVE = muy

TOO + ADJETIVE + VERB IN INFINITIVE
I am too tired to go dancing
It’s too dark to go swimming right now
The mountain is too steep to climb
She is too full toe at
Today is too hot to go outside
Tomorrow is going to be too cold to drive

TOO + ADJECTIVE + FOR + GROUP + VERB IN INFINITIVE

It’s too dark for children to go swimming right now
The mountain is too steep for eldery people to climb
Today is too hot for babies to go outside
Tomorrow is going to be too cold for young people to right

VOCABULARY – DESCRIBING NATUARAL FEATURES

GEOGRAPHIC NOUNS
A forest – un bosque
A jungle – una jungla
A valley – un balle
A canyon – un cañon
An island – una isla
A glacier – un glaciar
GEOGRAPHIC ADJECTIVES
Mountainous – montañoso
Hilly- tiene/con colinas
Flat – llano/plano
Dry – seco
Arid – arido
Lush –frondoso
Green – verde

VOCABULARY – ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT

The environment (the air, wáter, and land in which people, animals, and plants live) – el
medio ambiente
Pollution (the act of causing air, wáter, or land to become dirty and unhealthy for people,
animals, and plants) – contaminación
Climate change (a long-term change in the Earth’s temperaturas and weather patterns) –
cambio climatico
Power (electricity or other forcé that can be used to make machines, cars, etc., work) –
energía
Renewable energy (power from natural resources, such as wind power or solar power
(from the sun), that is continually available for human use) – energía renovable
Energy-efficient (using as Little power as posible) – poca energía
Increase (to become larger in amount) – incrementar
An increase in (temperature) – incremento
Decrease (to become smaller in amount) – disminuir
A decrease in (pollution) – disminución