DOWNY MILDEW

-Eumycota
-Mastigomycotina
-Oomycetes
-Pernosporales
-Peranosporaceae
-Peranospora
-parasitica

Identification Characters:
 Name of the disease – Downy Mildew of crucifere.
 Name of the host – Brassica leaf
 Name of the pathogene – peronospora parasities.

Sympthoms:
 The disease is characterised by appearance of purplish brown spots
on the inner side of leafs.
 The upper surface of the leat on the coshions is yellow.
 Sometimes the Albugo conidia is also found side by side on the same
leaf & Symtoms of the 2 look very similar from a distance.

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  Stem also infected & swell up.

Casual Oranignism:
 The fungus causing the disease is personspora parasitica.
 The mycelium stricktly intracellular with larga finger
shaped/clavate, branched haustoria which nearly fill the cell cavities.
 Numerous branched conidiophores emerged to the stomatal on the
lower surface of the leaf.
 Conidiophores are 100-300 microns long & uhbranched.
 Dichotomously branching occurs at the tip region.
 Sterigmata are longs slender and pointed. They are on aeute angle
with.
 A single conidlum is born at the tip of branches.

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 TIKKA DISEASE OF GROUNDNUT

-Eumycota
-Deuteromycotina
-Hypomycetes
-Monilales
-Demataceae
-Cercospora

 All parts of host plant above soil level are attack by the disease.
 The first visible symptom appears on the leaflet of lower leaves as
dark spot which at a later stages are surrounded by yellow rings.
 The spots are circular, they appear in large number on the leaves.
 Mature spots are dark brown to almost black particularly on the
upper surface of leaflet.
 The spotting is due to attack of cercospora personata and cercospora
arachidicola.
 Cercospora personata passes mycelium which is entirely internal and
intracellular developing haustoria in the pellicidae and spongy
mesophyll cells.
 The mycelium produce conidiophores, they are cylindrical, sepetate,
conidia are pale brown in colour.
 Cercospora arachidicola it has both internal and external intra and
inter cellular mycelium without haustoria.

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 The condiophore are usually anphigenous, non-sepetate to sepetate
they are in light brown in colour.

Control:-
 Burning of previous year of disease plant debris will to be great
extent reduces to sources of 1 Infection.
 Crop rotation down the rate of infection.
 Treatment of disease with 0.5% cuso4 solution to seed disinfection &
spraying of Bordeaux mixture with linseed oil as sticker at an interval
of 15 days. Effective in checking the disease.

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 MELAMPSORA

-Eumycoa
-Basidiomycoina
-Telomycetes
-Uredinales
-Melamsoraceae
-Melampsora

 Uredinospores are intermiaed, capitates paraphyses and are

producing uredinospores.
 Reddish yellow uredinos occurs in both sides of the leaf.
 Leaf, Stem, Petioles and capsules.
 These are formed in circles on the leaves & as elongated patches on
the stem.
 Uredinia consists of ovate, with spiny, exaspores which are
intermixed with the capitate paraphyses.
 Germinating the uredinospores take places by germ tube that grows
towards stomata & produce mycelium.
 Uredinospores germinate over range from above 0”C to 25”C with an
optimum temperature of 16-20”c

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 Control:-
 The disease may be controlled by the sanitation through destruction
of diseased plant debris & weed host.
 Use of resistance varicties.
 Seed treatment with chemical to inactivate the Telia (or) Oredina.

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 WHEAT RUST

-Eumycota
-Basidiomycoina
-Teliomycetes
-Uredinales
-Pucciniaceae
-Puccinia

 Wheat just crop is mainly affected by 3 types of Rust diseases. They

are 1) Black Stem rust.
2) Yellow / Stripe rust.
3) Brown / Orange rust.
 Black rust is caused by puccinia graminitritici.
 It is large elongated brown, Uredopustules filled with uredinospores
appears on the stem, Leaf sheath, Lamina of the infected plant.
 The Uredinopustules later on change into black coloured
Teliotopustules bearing Telitospores / Teliospores.
 Black coloured Telia mainly appears on the stem. So it is the disease
is called as the Black Stem rust.

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 Symptoms:-
 On wheat plant, large elongated, Brown coloured Uredopustules with
uredinospores appear on the stem, leaf steath & lamina of the
infected plant.
 The brown colour uredinia changes into black coloored
telitopustules.
 The infected plant part gives rusty appearance.

Life Cycle:
 The somatic phase of fungus on wheat plant consists of dikaryotic
mycelium below the epidermis of the host leaf.
 The mycelium produces sporophores towards the epidermis.
 The Sporophores produces the uredinospores.
 Uredinospores are unicellular, dikaryotic, oval & brown coloured
structure.
 It has a thick accumulates wall & dense cytoplasm is brown oil
globules & Brown pigment.
 The spores get detached from their sporephore & disseminated by
winds.
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 At the time of growing season another type of spores develops from
the some dikaryotic mycelium. They are known as Telitospores.
 They are black & brown in colour & 2 celled, spindle shaped structure
each cell consisting diploid nucleus.

Control Measure:
 Eradication of alternate host.
 Developing rust resistance varities.
 Mixed cropping.
 Nitrogenous filters.
 Increas the susceptability of wheat crop to rust.
 Spraying of fungicides.

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 WHITE RUST

-Eumycota
-Phycomycotina
-Oomycetes
-Peronosporales
-Albuginaceae
-Albugo

Identification character:
 White rust commonly found in the families cruciferae (Brassicaceae),
Convolvulaceae, Compositae, Amaranthaceae etc.,
 The white rust caused by albugo species.
 Albugo conidida is the most comman species of the genus which
attacks on cruciferae members and causes the white rust disease.
 The symptom occurs mainly onthe aerial parts of the plant such as
leaves, petioles, stem, flowers etc.,
 Early stage of this disease is the formation of rust like white shiny
irregular pustules on the lower surface of leaves & they spread on the
upper surface of leaves and stem.
 The pustules contain powder like sporangia.
 The mycelium of albugo is branched intercellular, aseptate &
coenocytic.
 The fungal mycelium grows in intercellular spores of the host tissues
and absorb food material with the help of haustoria.
 At the time of development, they develop sporangiophore, The
sporangiophore produces numbrous sporangia.
 The sporangia are exposed as white powdery mass, characteristically
called as the “White Rust”

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Control Measure:.
 Damage due to white rust is not significant.
 Whenever the disease occur in several forms, the effected plants &
Other suspectable weeds may be removed & brunt.
 Crop rotation prevent the disease.

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 GRAM STAINING

 Bacteria can be divided into two major group called grame-ve &
grame +ve.
 This division based on the response of the bacteria towards the stain
called “Gram Stain”.
 “Chirstain Gram” in 1884 formulated. This Staining procedure to
differentiated bacteria.

Aim:
To identify the bacteria by Gram Staining method.

Apparatus:
Clean dry glass slide, Innoculation loop, Microscope, Spirit lamp.

Chemicals:
Bacterial Suspension, crystal violet, Iodin, Acetone or Alcohol.

Bacterial Suspension:
A small amount of bacterial culture taken from the pure cultures
slant and mixed with sufficient Quantity of sterile distilled water to prepare
the bacterial suspension.
 Bacillus cultures are used for Gram +ve
 E.coil cultures are used for Gram -ve

Procedure:
 Take a clean & dry glass slide.
 Place a loop of bacterial suspension at the centre of the glass slide by
using the loop.
 Dry the suspension by taking the slide gently to the spirit lamp flame
for 3-4hrs till a dry smear is prepared.
 Stain the smear by added crystal violet dye for 30 sec.
 Wash the slide under running water.
 Flood the smear with the excess of iodine for 30 sec.
 Destain the slide by adding alcohol or Acetone.
 Wash the slide under tap water.
 Counter stain the smear with saffarnin.
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 Wash the slide under tap water to remove excess of stain.
 Gently blocked the slide with blotting paper to make it dry.
 Observe the slide under highpower lens after adding a drop of
emersion oil on the smear.

Result:
 The smear which contain purple coloor cells, hence Gram +ve
bacteria.

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 STEMONITIS

-Myxomycota
-Myxomycotina
-Myxomyces
-Stemonitales
-Stemonitaceae
-Stemonitis

 It is known as “slime mould”.

 It fruits in clusters on dead wood and has distinctive tall reddish
brown sporangia.
 The sporangia are supported on slender stalk.
 The sporangia are supported by a thin stiny black stalk that is 3-7mm
long.
 The bright rusty brown colour of mature sporangia lightness to a pale
brown after spores has been dispersed.
 The spores measure 5-7mm and have a smooth surface.

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 ALTERNARIA ALTRNATA

-Eumicota
-Deuteromycotina
-Hyphomycetes
-Moniliales
-Dematiaceae
-Alternaria

 The mycelium is short septate and branched.

 The alternaria causes early blight disease in potato.
 Asexual reproduction take place by means of conidia.
 Conidia are produced in single or short chains at the tip of
conidiophores.
 The conidia are multicellular, Obetavite, Obovoid or Uniform in
shape.
 The conidia are both transversely and longitudinally septate.

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 SYNCHYTRIUM

-Eumycota
-Mastigomycotina
-Chytridiomycetes
-Chytridiales
-Chytridiaceae
-Synchytrium

 It is a obligative parasite.
 The thallus is Unicellular and holocarpic.
 The cells are localizied within the infected host tissues.
 Sporangium is elliptical and composed of several spores formed by
cleavage of protoplast.
 Asexual reproduction by spores.
 Zoosporangia is thick-walled zoospores are produced by cleavage,
Resting zygotic sporangium thick-walled.

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 ALLOMYCES

-Eumycota
-Mastigomycotina
-Chytridiomycetes
-Blastocladiales
-Blastocladiaceae
-Allowmyces

 Allomyces occur in soil and it is a saprophytic organism.

 Somatic body consist of a stout-Trunk like structure with the basal
portion attached to the substratum by the rhizoids.
 Numerous slender hyphal branches arises dichotomously with the
distal end of the hyphal trunk.
 The cytoplasma is colourless and it change its colour according to the
Environmental Conditon.
 Allomyces is homothallic. The gametangia appears in pairs at the tip
of the hyphae.
 Allomyces exhibits alternation of generation.

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 USTILAGO

-Eumycota
-Basidiomycotina
-Ustilaginales
-Estilaginaceae
-Ustilago

 Ustilago causes loose smut of wheat and Barley.

 The characteristic is dusty black appearance on heads.
 Due to production of teliospores. Teliospores are produced in sorus
it is enclosed by delicated slivery membrane.
 The spores are germinated into promycelium during karyogamy and
meiosis take place.

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 NEUROSPORA

-Eumycota
-Ascomycotina
-Ascomycetes
-Sphaeriales
-Sordariaceae
-Neurospora

 The Neurospora is red bread Mould.

 It is commonly known as “Bakery Mould”
 It infects and causes several baking industry.
 The somatic mycelium composed of rapidly growing pigmented
hyphae.
 The hyphal cells are multinucleated.
 The nevrospore reproduce asexually by conidia.
 Two types of conidia produced they are
1. Multinucleate Macroconidia.
2. Uninucleate Microconidia.

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 GLOMUS

-Glomeromycota
-Glomeromycetes
-Glomerales
-Glomeraceae
-Glomus

 The chlamydospores borne terminally on the hyphae.

 The tip of the hyphae present with sporocarp.
 The spores contains sepetate from the attached hyphae.
 The septum accumulated by sporewall thickening.

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 PUCCINIA UREDINIOSPORA

-Eumycota
-Basidiomycoina
-Teliomycetes
-Uredinales
-Pucciniaceae
-Puccinia

 The Urediniospore produced in uredinosori.

 The terminal cell of the sporophore divided transversely into a basal
foot cell, upper spore initial.
 The spore initial again divided transversely into stalkcell and
uredospore.
 Each uredospore is uninucleated, Dikaryotic oval and brown colour.
 The Urediniospore consist of outer thick spiny exospores and inner
delicate hyaline endospore.
 The exospores having four germpores in the equatorial plane.

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 MELAMPSOSRA

-Eumycoa
-Basidiomycoina
-Telomycetes
-Uredinales
-Melamsoraceae
-Melampsora

 Uredinospores are intermixed, capitate, paraphyses and are

producing uredinospores.
 Reddish yellow uredinos occur in the both sides of the leaf.
 These are formed in circles on the leaves and as elongated pateches
on the stem.
 Uredinia consists of ovate, with spiny. Exospores which are
intermixed with the capitates paraphyses.
 Germinating the Uredinospores take place by germ tube that grows
towards stomata & Produces mycelium.
 Uredinospores germinate over range from above 0’C to 25’C with an
optimum temp of 16-20’C.

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 PUCCINIA TELIOSPORES

-Eumycota
-Basidiomycoina
-Teliomycetes
-Uredinales
-Pucciniaceae
-Puccinia

 In late growing season on wheat teliospores develops from the

dikaryotic mycelium.
 They are produced in telia or teliaspores.
 Teliospores are dark brown or black in colour.
 The Teliospores present with two cells. Each cells are initial
binucleate and spindle shaped.
 Two cells are one above the other, the upper cell being rounded or
blented and thickened at the apex.
 Each cell consisting with a single germ pore.
 The germ pore are upper cell at apex, lower cell is at lateral position
below the septum.

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 DOWNY MILDEW

-Eumycota
-Mastigomycotina
-Oomycetes
-Pernosporales
-Peranosporaceae
-Peranospora
-parasitica

 Downy Mildew of vitis vinifera caused by “Plasmoparaviticola”.

 The growth of downy mildew on the super surface of the attached
leaves.
 All the succulent tendence parts are attached which leads to
destruction of foliose, dwarfing of shoots.
 The fungus spread rapidly with profuse downy growth on leaf
surface.
 And corresponding greenish patches on the upper surface which
turn.

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 TIKKA DISEASE OF GROUNDNUT

-Eumycota
-Deuteromycotina
-Hypomycetes
-Monilales
-Demataceae
-Cercospora

 In groundnut due to cercospora caused the Tikka disease.

 This species is caused by tow types of species cercospora arachidicda
and personata.
 All the aerial parts of the host plant get the infection.
 Symptoms of disease appear on the leaves.
 The Epidermis of the leaves losse contact with mesophyll leaves.
 The patches on the leaves irregularly or circular structure with a
diameter of 1-10nm

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 WHEAT RUST

-Eumycota
-Basidiomycoina
-Teliomycetes
-Uredinales
-Pucciniaceae
-Puccinia

 The genus puccinia graminitritici causes the rust disease in wheat

crop.
 The wheat crop is attack mainly by three types of rust diseases.
1. Black stem Rust.
2. Yellow or strape Rust.
3. Brown or orange Rust.
 In wheat black stem rust causes by the occurances of uredinospore
and Teliospores.
 On the leaf and stem Uredinaspore produce in uredino pustules
brown colour.
 The Telitopustule are produces in Telitopustute they appear in dark
brown in colour.

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 WHITE RUST

-Eumycota
-Phycomycotina
-Oomycetes
-Peronosporales
-Albuginaceae
-Albugo

 Albugo attacks on the members of cruciferea like cabbage, Raddish,

Turnip, mustard.
 It causes white rust disease.
 Fungus infects mainly aerial parts of the plant.
 The early symptoms of the diseases is formation of rust like white
shiny, irregularly pustules on the lower surface of leaves.
 These pustoles gradually appears on the upper surface of leaves &
stem.
 The pustules contain powder like sporangia which propagate the
disease.

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 LICHENS

 Lichens are broadly grouped into three type based on morphology

1. Crustose Lichens
2. Foliose Lichens
3. Fruticose Lichens

1. Crustose Lichens:
 The thallus is thin and flat, crust like. The thalli are appressed to the
substratum forming thin flat crust.
 The thallus is pariatelly or fully emmebbed in the substratum.
 Sometimes only fruit bodies are visible on the surface of substratum.
Eg: Lecanora Graphis.

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2. Foliose Lichens:
 These lichens are flat with leaf like lobed thallus.
 They are attached to the substratum with the help of Rhizoids like
rhizine.
Eg: Parmelia, Peltigera.

3. Fruticose Lichens:
 These are bush like cylindrical or strap shaped branched thallus.
 The branches may grow erect or hang from the substratum.
 The plant attached to substratum with the help of basal mucilage
dise.
Eg: Usnes, Ramilina.

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 CIRTUS CANKER

 Causual organism is “Xanthomonas axonopodia citri”.

 Citrus canker is a disease affecting citrus species caused by the
bacterium.
 The infection causes lesions on the leaf, stem and fruit.
 The lesions on the leaf are blackish in colour on the fruit. They were
glandlur brighten yellow covering.
 Due to citrus canker leaves and fruit are fall off.

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 LITTLE LEAF OF BRINJAL

 The little leaf of brinjal disease caused by a plant pathogenic

phytoplasma earlier known as mycoplasma like organism.
 And it is transmitted by the insect vector “hishimonous phycitis”.
 The symptom of the disease include shortening of the petioles and
production of leaf which are much smaller in size.
 They become soft and globrous and yellow in colour.
 The disease affect the plant in earlier stages of growth the plant did
not bear leaf and fruit.
 In the late season infection fruit may remain small, become hard and
unfit for consumption or marketing.

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 MUSHROOM

-Eumycota
- -Basidomycotina
-Hymenomycetes
-Agaricales
-Agaricaceae
-Agaricus

 The mature basidiocarp of Agaricus is a small umberalla structure.

 It is a range of 5-10cm height.
 The macroscopic fruit body or basidiocarp generally has a stalk, pilus
bearing hymenium covering lamellae inside.
 The developing hymenium bears a covering called annulus around
the stipe.
 Later numerous lamellae typically inferior are form all around.
 The mycelium like parenehyma called “pseudoparenchymo”.

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