T.

S of Notothylas Thalus
Bryophyta
Anthocerotopsin
Anthocerotales
Notothylaceae
Nothylas

 The internal structure of notothylas show 3 regions namely

o Upper epidermis
o Middle parenchymatous tissuse
o Lower epidermis
 Upper ands lower epidermis are single layered many smooth walled
rhizoids arise from the lower epidermis.
 The parenchymatous tissuse is 6-8 cells in thickness in the middle.
 The lateral marginsd of the parenchymatous tissuse in the middle.
 The lateral margins of the parenchymatous tissuse are 2-3 cless in
thickness.
 In the parenchymatous tissuse, mucilaginous cavities are present. These
cavities contain a blue-green algae nostoc.
 The cavities open to the ventral surgace by naroow slits.
 The cells contains a single large chloroplast with one pyrenoids.

59
 T.S of Anthocerous thallus

Bryophyta
Anthocertopsida
Anthocerotales
Anthocerotaceae
Anthoceros

 The thallus is several cells thick and the thickness of the thallus in the
middle region varies in different species.
 The thallus has no internal differentiation of the tissuses. All the cells are
similar except the upper expidermis which is made up of small cells.
 These cells contains chloroplasts. These are no air pores and air chamber.
 The thallus made with uniform parenchymatous cells.
 There is no differentiation of assimilatory zone & storage zone.
 Each cell contains a big chloroplast and pyrenoids.
 This type of chloropast with pyrenoids is not seen in other bryophyta.
 The thallus show large intracellular vavities. These cavities contain
nostoc colonies.
 There is a symbiosis association inbetween nostoc & Anthoceros on the
ventral side cavities are opened with slimepore.
 Numerous rhizoids are present in lower epidermis.

60
 T.S of Polytrichum rhizome

Bryophyta
Bryopsida
Bryidae
Polytrichales
Polytrichaceae

 The cross section of rhizome is triangular in outline. It shows the

following structure.
 Epidermis is the outermost layer enclosing the cortex.
 Epidermal cells are thick walled due to the deposition of suberin rhizoids
arise directly from the epidermal cells.
 Inner to the epidermis is the cortex. It consist of 3-4 layers of thin walled
parenchymatous cells.
 The cortex is divided into three parts by the three radial strnds. This
strand is also called as hypodermal strand.
 Pericycle consists of 3-4 layers of cells. The cells are thin walled and
parenchymatous.
 It is one cell in thickness. It is transversed by a broad multicellular midrib
the margin of the limb may be entire or lobed.
 The most significant and the unique features of polytrichum leaf is
occurence of photosynethic tissuse in the leaf.
 Inside each furrow of central cylinder, there is a mass of cells called
leptoids.
 The cells are elongated and sieve-like. Leptoids are thin-walled cells with
oblique end walls.
 The leptoid is surrouned by a single layer of cells rich in starch. This
layer is known as amylom.

61
 Amylom seperates the leptoids from the central cylinder.
 Central cylinder is a compact mass of cells. It is found in the centre of the
rhizome.
 It has three radiating lobes. It consist of thick-walled strerids and thin-
walled hydroids.
 The stereoids cells are known as stereom and hydroids are known as
hydrome.

62
 T.S. Of Psilotum Stem

 In T.S the aerial system is covered by an epidermis, followed by

extensive cortical areas, single layer endodermis and stele.
 Epidermis is single layered in which the outer tangential cell walls are
heavily cutinised and covered by a layer of cuticle.
 The cortex is extensive and is divisible into three regions.
 The outer portion beneath the epidermis consists of elongated, lobed
chlorophyll cells with interecellular space.
 Internal to this zone, there is a middle cortex of 4 to 5 layered of
vertically elongated thick-walled sclerenchymatous cells without
intercellular space.
 Further inwards, there is a broader zone of parenchymatous cells, the cell
wall of which becomes thinner and thinner towards the centre.
 These cells are without interacellular space but contain more starch grain.
 A single layered parenchymatous pericycle is present just below the
endodermal layer.
 The centre of the stem is occupied by a ridged or flattened cylinder of
primary xylem with protoxylem elements at the tip of each ridge.
 The phoem is internal to the pericycle and located between the ridges of
the xylem.
 At the extreme base, the stem is protostellic.
 In the middle portion the stele is siphonostele as the centre of the xylem is
ocupied by a patch elongated selerenchymatous cells.

63
T.S. Of Psilotum Stem

Psilotopsida
Psilotales
Psilotaceae
Psilotum

64
T.S of Adiantum rhizome
 The rhizome in the genus adiantum is covered by paleae and may be
erect.
 The rhizome is hard and brown in the erect and semi-erect species and
light brown and soft in the creeping forms the paleae covering the
rhizome vary in their shpae or outline.
 Epidermis is the outermost layer of thin, thick walled cells with thick
cuticle.
 Next to the epidermis lies the extensive ground tissuse that may be
parenchymatous or sclerenchymatous or partly sclerenchymatous /
parenchymatous.
 In a pedatum and a caudatum there is a distinct slerenchymatous
hypodermis below the epidermis.
 Next to the parenchymatous ground tissuse whose cells may be small or
large ground tissuse.
 The stelar organisation in adiantum varies in the species of adiantum.
 In a pedatum and a cafillus – veneris amphipholic siphnostelic and
uniterrupted stelar cylinder with outer endodermis enclosing outer
pericycle.
 Outer phloem, xylum, inner phloem, inner pericycle and inner
endodermis, in the centre there is a pith.
 At places where the leaf traces departs a leaf gaps is left behind & the
intact siphnostelic cylinder is broken behind & the intact siphnostelic
cylinder is broken at one point, thus changing to a solenostele.

65
Adiantum rhizome
Pteridophyta
Pteridopsida
Filicales
Adiantaceae
Adiatum

66
 T.S of sphagnum stem
 The transverse section of stem is circular. The stem shows four regions
namely.
o Epidermis
o Cortex
o Prosenchymatous region
o Medulla.
 Epidermis is the outer wall of the stem. It is single layered.
 Cortexc lies below the epidermis.
 The cortex consists of 3-6 layers of cells.
 It absorb water by capillary action.
 The cortical cells store water.
 The prosenchymatous regionsis otherwise called hydrome.
 It surrounds the medulla. It functions as a supporting tissuse.
 The medulla forms the core of the stem, forming an axial cylinder.
 It is composed of colourlsess, thin-walled collenchymatous cells. The
cells are elongated.
 The medulla corresponds to the pith of higher plant. It funcitons as a
storage tissuse.

67
T.S of sphagnum stem

Bryophyta
Bryopsida
Sphognales
Sphagnaceae
Sphagnum

68
 T.S. of Equisteum stem

 The internal feature of stem stow slight variation in different

parts of the shoot.
 A transverse section of the aerial stem through the internode is
wavy in outline due to furrow and ridges.
 The outermost layer is eqpidermis which cosist of thick walled
elongated cells.
 It is covered by cuticle. The wall of epidermis are deposited
with slica due to the deposited of silica the surface of stem is
rough.
 The cortex lies between the epidermis and the stele.
 It is highly differentialted beneath each ridge in the outer cortex
sclerenchyma is present. It gives mechanical strength to the
stem.
 The inner cortex shows prominent large air cavities called
vallecular canals.
 The corgex and stele are demarcated by a single layered
endodermis within the endodermis there is a single layered
pericycle.
 The stele cosist of a well defined righ of small vascular bundle
arranged in a ring outside the pith.
 The stele is deseribed as ectopholic siphnostele.
 The vascular bundles are opposite to the ridges and their no.is
equal to the no.of leaves present at the node.
 The bundles are collateral, conjoint and endarch, cambium is
preset.
 While the phloem is well developed, the xylem is poorly
developed as is the characteristic of hyrophytic plant.

69
 At maturity, protoxylem tracheids become disorganized to form
a cavity called carinal canal.

T.S. of Equisteum stem

Pteridophyta
Spheropsida
Equisetales
Equistaceae
Equisteum

70
 T.S of Ophioglosum rhizome

 The rhizome is usually short, cylindrical, radially symmetrical

and upright organ.
 It is covered with darkish brown persistant sheath which are
remain of the base.
 The T.s of rhizome reveals outer cortex.
 This is due to the presence of numerous leaf base & root bases.
 There is a distinct layer called epidermis.
 The cortex is composed of many layers of thin-walled cells that
stored starch.
 The cells are usually oval, ellopsidial in outline and enclosed
small intercellular space.
 The older part of the rhizome presence of pericycle.
 There is a central xylem patch surrounded by 2-4 layers of
xylem parenchyma.
 A single layer of phloem elements and definite endoderm is
present.
 The endodermis passes through distinct and definite endoderm
is present.
 The mature rhizome is present with ectopholic siphnostele.

71
T.S of Ophioglosum rhizome

72
 Marchantia gemma cup

 Each gemma has one celled hyaline stalk and a multicellular,

vertically orented, bilaterally symmetrical discoid body.
 It is several cells thick in the middle region and gradually thins
towards the margins.
 It shows shallow notches on the lateral margins where the
growing point are situated.
 Most of the cells of gemma are green due to chloroplasts, except
a few oil cells and rhizoidal cells.
 Reproduction take places by specialised multicellular
reproductive bodies are called gemmae.
 They are borne in small cupule, known as gemma cups, present
on the dorsal surface of thallus in the midrib region.
 The mucilage hairs associated with gemmae help in dispersal.
 The free gemmae float over the surface of water and washed
away by vain drop. They germinate into suitable substratum.

73
Marchantia gemma cup

74
 L.s of Marchantia Archegoniaphore

 It is alos known as carpocephallum. It has a stalk (2-5 cm) and

an eight lobed disc.
 The lobed disc represents three successive dichtomies of the
growing point.
 The archegonia occur in 8 radial rows corresponding to the 8
lobes of thedisc, in each row there may be 12-14 archegonia.
 After fertilisation, the stalk of the archegoniphore elongatges
and there is up swelling in central part of the disc.
 The arrangement of archegonia is reversed. The youngest
archegonia come to occupy near the stalk and oldest towards
periphery of the disc.
 After inversion is completed, each of the archegonia will be
surrounded on either side by a curtain like involuere.
 The involuere hangs down vertically. As the changes are taking
places green stout cylindrical processes called rays.
 The mature archegonum is a flask shaped structure attached by a
short stalk to the lobe of the disc.
 The archegonum has a broad venter and a long neck.

75
L.s of Marchantia Archegoniaphore

Bryophyta
Hepaticopsida
Marchantiales
Marchantiaceae
Marchantia

76
 T.S of Marchantia Antheridiophore

 The male sex organ is called antheridium. The sex organs are
borne on special erect and stalked branched called
gametophores.
 The antheriophore has a long stalk (1-3 cm long) that bears a
slightly convex usually 8 lobed pellate disc at its apex.
 Each lobe of the peltate disc has a growing pont at its tips and
this represents the apex of a branch.
 The upper zone consist of airchamber alternating with
antheridial chamber.
 The air chamber have many assimilatory filaments and the
barrel shaped pores.
 The antheridial chambers are hallow cavities in the disc. Each
chamber contains a single antheridium.
 The antheridial arise in each lobe in aeropetal succession.
 The stalk of the antheridiophore has two longitudinal grooves
which contain rhizoids and scaled.
 The mature antheridium cosists of a short, few celled stalk and a
large oval body.
 The antherozoids are small, red shaped or coiled, univucleate
and biflagellate.

77
T.S of Marchantia Antheridiophore

Bryophyta
Hepaticopsida
Marchantiaceae
Marchantia

78
 Marachantia sporophyte

 The mature sporophyte of marchantia hangsdown from the

underside of the disc.
 The sporophyte is differentiated into foot, seta and capsule.
 The foot is a multicellular bulbous structure.
 It anchors of sporophyte. It absorb water and nutrients from the
gametophyte for the developing sporophyte.
 Seta is a short thick stalk connecting the foot to the capsule. It
help in conduction.
 Capsule is the spherical or oval spore producing part of the
sporophyte. The capsule contains spore mother cells and elaters.
 The elaters are long narrow spindle shaped cells with spiral
thickenings.
 Spore is the first cells of gametophytic generation.
 The sporophyte is enclosed by individuals protective sheath
called the calyptras and the perigynium.

79
Marachantia sporophyte

Bryophyta
Hepaticopsida
Marchantiales
Marchantiaceae
Marchantia

80
 Anthocerous sporophyte

 The sporophyte arise n elusters on the dorsal surface of the

thallus.
 They are cylindrical measuring about a few centimetres. They
appears like bristle or horns.
 The sporophyte can be distinguished into foot and capsule.
Inbetween the foot and capsule there is an intercalary
meristematie zone.
 The foot is bulbous and is embedded in the tissues of the
gametophyte.
 It is made up of parenchymatous cells. The foot serve as an
organ of anchorage.
 Between foot and capsule there is no seta but there is a
meristem,
 The intercalary meristem continuously adds new cells to the
tissues of the capsule. So the capsule continous to grow for a
long period.
 The capsule is cylindrical and it is distinguished as capsule wall,
sporogenous tissues and columella.
 The capsule wall consist of 4-6 layers. It is derived form
amphithecium.

81
 They contains one ortwo chloroplast. The photosynethic tissues
and the stomata indicates that the sporophyte is partly
independent.
 The archesporium is derived form the amphithecium.
 The archesporium gradually differentiates into oval or spherical
sporocytes and slender stevile pseudo elaters.
 The pseudo elaters are 3-4 celled. They are useful in dispersal of
spores.

Anthocerous sporophyte

Bryophyta
Anthocerotopsida
Anthocerotales
Anthocerotaceae
Anthocerous

82
 Polyrtichum Antheridial head

 The male sex organs are called anthridia.

 The sex organs are produced in clusters at tips of leafy shoots.
 The clusters ofd antheridia is called antheridia cluter or
antheridial head.
 Antheridial head is produced at the tip of leafy shoot of male
gametophyte.
 It consist of axillary clusters of antheridia intermingled with
paraphyses and perigonial leaves.
 The perigonial leaves are bright red or ogange in colour.
 The aped of the stem occur as a small bud in the middle of
antheridial head.
 The mature antheridum is club-shaped. It has a short stalk and a
body.
 Each androcyte mother cell divides into two biflagellated sperm
or antherozoids.

83
Polyrtichum Antheridial head

Bryophyta
Bryopsida
Polytrichaceae
Polytrichum

84
 Polytrichum Archegonial head

 The female sex organs are called archegonia. The gametophyte

tyhat produces archegonia is called gemale gametophyte.
 The archegonia are produced in elusters. The elusters of
archegonia is called archegonial head.
 Archegonial head is produced at the tip of the stem of female
gametophyte.
 Each archegonial head consist of a single row of perichaetial
leaves enclosing a slusters of 3-6 archegonia intermingled with
paraphyses.
 Usually 3archegonia are found in an archegonial head.
 The mature archegonium is a flask shaped structure. It consist of
a neck, a venter and a stalk.
 Tjhe venter consist of a large egg and a ventral canal cell. The
neck is long and made up of six ventical rows of cells.
 At maturity, the ventral canal cell, neck canal cells and the cover
cells disorganize and leaves a narrow canal neck canal cells.

85
Polytrichum Archegonial head

Bryophyta
Bryopsida
Bryidae
Polytrichales
Polytrichaceae
Polytrichum

86
 Porella sporophyte

 The mature sporophyte of porella consists of a broad foot, a

narrow seta and a fertile capsule.
 Foot is somewhat enlarged basal part of the sporophyte. It is not
easily distinguishable.
 It is made of thin-walled parenchymatous cells.
 The middle portion of the sporophyte that connects the capsule
with the foot is called seta.
 It consists of thin-walled parenchymatous cells. It functions as
the conductive tisses of food from the foot to the capsule.
 The capsule consist of a capsule wall and an inner mass of
sporogenous cells.
 The sporogenous cells form spore mother cells. The spore
mother cells undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores.
 The mature capsule wall is four cell in thickness and it encloses
a mass of spores and elaters.
 The elaters are short, unicellular structure with tapering end.
They help in the dispersal of spores. The spores are occur in
tetrads.

87
 The young sporophyte remains enclosed by a calyptras, a
perianth and an involocre.

Porella sporophyte
Bryophyta
Hepaticopsida
Jungermanniales
Porellaceae
Porella

88
 Sphagnum sporophyta

 Sporophyte is the spore producing plants. It is diploid. It is

attached to the gameophyte.
 The mature sporophyte consists of a pseudopodium, a vaginula,
a foot and a capsule.
 Pseudopodium is elongated and leafless axis of the archegonial
branch. It is present at the base of sporophyte.
 The distal end of the pseudopodium enlarges to forms a sae-like
structure called vaginula. The foot of the sporophte is embedded
in the vaginula.
 Foot is bulbous or cylindrical capsule is the fertile part of the
sporophte.
 It is spherical and dark brown in colour.
 It is consist of capsule wall, operculum, annulus, columella,
sporesac and spores. There and no elater.
 The capsule wall is the outer most layer of the capsule. It is
surrounded by epidermis.

89
 The wall is compsed of 3-7 layers of cells.
 A circular biconvex disc shaped lid is present at the tip of the
capsule. It is called operuculum.
 Columella is the central, solid column of sterile cells
 Above the columella, There is a semicircular dome .shaped
spore sac.
 The spore sac contain spores. the spores are arranged in tetrads.

Sphagnum sporophyta

Bryophyta
Bryopsida
Sphagnales
Sphagnaceae
Sphagnum

90
 Lycopodium cone

 Lycopodium is homosporous i.e spores of one kinds are

produced in the sporangia.
 The sporophyll are fertile leaves that bears sporangia.
 In majority of species the sporophyll are organised as strobili or
cones at the tip of branches or the main stme.
 Each cone has a central axis around which numerous
sporophylls are spirally arranged.
 Sporangia are borne singly on the upper side of the leaves near
the base.
 Each sporangia is located on the upper side of the leaves near
the base.
 Each sporangia is locatged on the adaxial stem of the porophyll
near it base.
 A mature sporangium is kidney shaped, yellow or arrange
coloured with a short stalk.

91
 The wall of the sporangium breaks transversely along the
stomum liberating the spores.
 The spores germinates within a few days or after a long delay to
many years.
 It gives rise to the gametophyte or prothallus.

Lycopodium cone

Pteridophyta
Lycopsida
Lycopodiales
Lycopodiaceae
Lycopodium

92
 Equisteum cone

 The mature plant of equisetum is a sporophyte. The spore

producing organs of equisetum are compact structure and called
as strobilus or cones.
 Generally the strobili or cne of equisetum are develop terminally
on the ordinary green stout.

93
 Each strobilus is composed of an axis from which arises a whorl
of stalked, peltate sporangiophores.
 The no.of sporangiophores in each whorl varies fro few to
many.
 Immediately below the whorl of sporangiophores, the axis bears
a small or large ring like outgrowth called the annules.
 Each sporangiophore is an umbella – like structure. It has a
slender stalk bearing a peltate and hexagonal disc.
 The sporangia are borne on the underside of the hexagonal disc,
facing the central axis of the strobilus.
 The no.of sporangia on each sporangiophores varies from five
to ten.

Equisteum cone

Pteridophyta
Sphenopsida
Equisetales
Equisetaceae
Equisetum
94
 Equisteum spores with elaters

 Eqyusteum spores are alike i.e homosporous.

 The spores are globular or spherical and have a thick wall which
shows 4 concetric layer.

95
 Inner most is the delicate cellulose intine. Which is followed by
the former exine.
 Outer to the exine lies a cuticular layer the middle layer and the
outermost is the expispores.
 The epispore split spirally into two bands.
 The two bands remains connected to the wall of the spores at
their middle points, so they appear as 4 ribbon like strip with
flattend tips.
 These trips are called elaters.
 Elaters are extremely hydrocropic. Which coil and uncoil
rapidly with changes in the humidity of the air.
 The elaters of equisetum spores are quite different from those of
elaters found in bryophytes.
 In bryophytes, the elaters are sterile sporogenous cells, in
equisetum they are produced from the outermost layer of the
spore wall.

Equisteum spores with elaters

Pteridophyta
Sphenopsida
Equisetales
96
 Equisetaceae
Equisetum

Polytrichum sporophyte

 The sporophyte is the spore producing asexual plant. It is

diploid.

97
 It attached on the female gametophyte. The sporophyte is also
called sporogonium.
 The mature sporophyte has three parts namely a basal foot, a
middle eta and a terminal capsule.
 The foot is a dagger, shaped structure. It is buried deep in the
tissues of female gametophyte.
 It consist of parenchymatous cells. It serve as the organs for
absorption and attachment.
 The seta is long, slender, stalk stalk like region. It carries the
capsule at its distal end.
 The seta is more than 5cm lng, support and conduction are
itstwo functions.
 It consist of an outer epidermis. This is followed by
sclerenchymatous hypodermis.
 Inner to the hypodermis is a broad cortex consisting of green,
thin walled parenchymatous cells with intracellular spaces.
 Upper portion of the seta, just below the capsule, is swollen ring
like. This is known as apophysis.
 The upper part of the sporophyte is the capsule. It is surrounded
by a stelire envelope is called capsule.
 It is surrounded by a sterile envelope called calyptras.
 It is differentiated into lower spore forming region called theca
and the upper sterile portion called operculum or lid.

Polytrichum sporophyte

Bryophyta
Bryopsida

98
 Bryidae
Polytrichales
Polytrichaceae
Polytrichum

Marchantia thallus

 The plant body is dorsiventrally flattened, prostate and

dischotomously branched thallus.
99
 The thalli is conspicouous and may reach a length of 10 cm. The
apex of each thallus lobe is noteched.
 A distinct midrib is present in each branch on the thallus, which
is marked on the dorsal surface by a shallow groove and ridges
on the ventral surface.
 Along the midrib are present characteristic prominent cup-shape
structure on the dorsal side of the thallus.
 These cups are called “Gemma cups” and encloses asexual
reproductive bodies called “gemmae”.
 The mature thalli produce sexorgan on special stalked erect
structure called gametophores.
 The central surface of the thallus is brown in colour, it bears
rhizoids and seales on the both sides.
 The rhizoids are usually colourless and unicellular they are of
two type
o Smooth walled – help to fix the thallus to the substratum.
o Tuberculated – help to absorb water from the soil.
 The scales are multicellular and one cell in thickness.
 The scales are arranged in two rows on either side of the midrib
except in m . polymorpha wehre three rows are found in each
side.

Marchantia thallus

Hepaticopsida

100
 Marchantiales
Marchntiaceae
Marchantia

Anthocerous Thallus

101
 The gametophyte of anthocerous is small, prostrate,dorsiventral,
thallus of dark green in colour.
 The thallus is dichotomously lobe and the lobes are orbicular.
 The thallus is spongy due to underlying mucilage cavities. There
is no midrib in the lobes of the thallus.
 The shape of the thallus may be long and pinnately branched or
the thallus is raised on a thick vertical stalk.
 A dorsal surface of the thallus may be smooth or rough with
ridges.
 The ventral side of the thallus bears numerous smooth walled
rhizoids. They are useful in fixation and absorption.
 On the ventral side of the thallus there are small bluish green
dark spots.
 These spots corresponds to cavities filled with mucilage and
nostoc colonies.
 The thallus is greasy due to the nostoc filaments.

Anthocerous Thallus

102
Bryophyta
Anthocerotopsida
Anthocerotales
Anthocerotaceae
Anthocerous

103
 Notothylas Thallus

 The thallus is a gametophyte. It is haploid.

 The gametophyte is prostrate, thin and delicate. It grows flat on
the substratum.
 The thallus is light green or yellowish in colour.
 The thallus is attached to the substratum by rhizoids.
 The rhizoids are smooth walled. They are present on the ventral
surface of the thallus.
 The mature thallsu contains cylindrical sporophytes attached
between the lobes.s
 The sporophyte and gametophytes are morphologically
dissimilar. So the lifecycle is heteromorphic type.

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Notothylas Thallus

Bryophyta
Anthocertopsida
Anthocerotales
Notothylaceae
Notothylas

Porella Plant

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 It grows in moist and shady places. It is a haploid gametophyte.
 Porella is a leafy liverwort. It resembles a prostrate mass plant.
Midrib is absent.
 It grows upto 15 cm long.
 The plant body consist of an aaxis, leaves and rhizoids. The
axis is dorsoventrally flattened, green leafy and branched.
 The branching is typically monopodial.
 Leaves are arranged in three rows on the axis. They are two
rows of dorsal leaves and one row of ventral leaves.
 The dorsal leaves are arranged in two lateral rows on the dorsal
side. They cover the stem from above and overlap each other.
 This type of arrangement is called incubous. Each dorsal leaf is
divided into a large lobe called antical lobe and a small lobe
called postical lobe.
 There is a single rows of small leaves on the ventral surface of
the axis. These are called ventral leaves or amphigastria.
 Many rhizoids arise from the bases of ventral leaves and they fix
thallus on the substratum. The major role seem to be anchorage.
 The cell consist of cell wall, plasmamebrane and protoplasm.
 The cellwall is an outer covering of the cell.
 The protoplasm contain a nucleus, many chloroplast, reserve
food etc.

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Porella plant

Bryophyta
Hepaticopsida
Jungermanniales
Porllaceae
Poralla

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Sphagnum Gametophyte

 It is also known as bog moss or peat moss. It is an aquatic or

semi-aquactic plant.s
 It is a haploid gametopyte. It is largest moss.
 The thallus consist of stem, leaves and rhizoids.
 The rhizoids attach the thallus on the substratum.
 The stem grows vertically. It consists of nodles and internode. It
also bear lateral branch.
 The lateral branch have limited growth. There are of two types.
They are
o Divergent branch
o Drooping branch.
 Near the apex, the internodes are shortened, so the lateral
branches are clustered to form a head called coma.
 Leaves are scale – like. Midrib is absent. Leaves are present on
the stem and the branches.
 The sporophyte is diplid. It consist of a pseudopodium, a
vaginula and a capule.s

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Sphagnum Gametophyte

Bryophyta
Bryopsida
Sphagnales
Sphagnaceae
Sphagnum

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Lycopodium Plant

 The plant is herbaceousor shrubby sporophyte. Lycopodidum is

divided in two sub genera urostachys and rhopalostachys.
 It is widely distributed in sub tropical and tropical forest.
 In the subgenus urostachys the branching is dichotomous and
have adventitious root only at the base.
 Vegetative reproduction takeplace by means of bulbils.
o Eg. L. Selago, L. Serratum , L. Phlegmaria.
 In the subgenus rhodostachys the plant have prostrate stem with
erect branches above and adeventitious root below.
 Branching is dichotomous but appears monopodial due to
unequall development of branches.
 The sporophylls differ from foliage leaves as they are smaller in
size pale in colour and have dentate margin.

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Lycopodium Plant

Pteridophyta
Lycopsida
Lycopodiaceae
Lycopodium

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 Equisetum Sporophyte

 Equisteum is a world wide in distribution with exception of

Australia and newzealand.
 The equisetum are herbaceous ever green perrnials.
 They have creeping rhizome from which erect aerial stem.
 Most of the species inhabit wet places of the cool temperate
region.
 Most of the species are less than a meter in height.
 E. Giganteum of sooth American tropics has slender upright
stem that reach a height of 12 meters.
 Some common India species are E. Arvense, E.debile,
E.diffusum, E.dutrium, E.maximum etc.
 The species of equisetum are commonly called as horsetails or
scoorsing rushes.
 The sporophytic plant body of equisetum is differentiated into
roots, stem and leaves.

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Equisetum Sporophyte

Pteridophyta
Sphenopsida
Equisctales
Equistacea
Equisteum

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 Psilotum Nudum

 P. Nudum shows its frequent distribution in the tropical and

subtropical regions.
 In India, it is commonly found in Himachal Pradesh and
Madhya Pradesh.
 The plant body is perennial – on erect, and slender shrubby and
pendent type.
 P. Nudum may be terrestrial in habitat, growing on the exposed
rock crevices.
 The plant body of psilotum is sporophytic branched rhizome
system and dichotomously branched, slender, upright green
aerial system.
 Any one of the rhizome tips may turn upwards and undergo
several dichotomies to give rise to a green aerial shoot.
 The aerial axis ma be cylindrical at base, furrowed in the upper
parts, but sometimes flattened with three longitudinal ridges at
the top.
 The basal parts of the axis is smooth but the distal parts bears
small, scaly appendages and syangia.

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Psilotum nudum

Pteridophyta
Psilotopsida
Psilotales
Psilotaceae
Psilotum

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 Azolla

 Azolla has 31 species.

 Out of 31 species, 6 species are extinct.
 Azolla pinnate is found in India.
 Azolla pinnate is widely distributed & occurs free floating on
the surface of water in road side, pools, reservoirs and lakes.
 The plants resembles small & delicate moss gametophyted into
stem leaves and roots.
 The stem is horizontal and branched.
 It is thickly covered with leaves and the leaves are overlapped
and arranged in alternate manner.
 The roots arises from the underside of the stem and they are
unbranched.
 The leaves are small in size and are divided into 2 lobes that are
usually of equal size.
 The dorsal lobe is green in colour and bearing with Anabaena
azollae.
 They are symbiotic in nature.
 Azolla reproduces asexually by means of spores.

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 Azolla

Pteridophyta
Pteridopsida
Filicales
Azollaceae
Azolla

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 Salvinia auriculate

 It has 12 species. These are found in African countries.

 In India salvinia natanas. S. Molesta, S.ariculate are grown in
India.
 Salvinia is a floating ferm
 It is named in honour of Anton – salvin a 17th century Italian
scientist.
 Salvinia commonly known as watermoss.
 The plant body is sporophyte, herbaceous, branched, horizontal
& floating rhizome.
 The rhizome is covered with whorls of leaves.
 The leaves arises in clusters at node portion on rhizome.
 Each cluster is made of 3 leaves 2 are above the water surface
and the remaining one is submerged.
 The leaves are boat like shaped.
 The submerged leaves are hair like structure. They appear like
root.
 They can absorb water & other nutrients. Roots are absent.
 Spore producing organs are sporocarp.
 It is a heterosporous plant.

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Salvinia auriculate

Pteridophyta
Pteridopsida
Filicales
Salviniaceae
Salvinia

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 Selaginella

 Selaginella is represented by about 700 species.

 Selaginella commonly known as spike moss or small club moss.
 It mostly occur intropical to subtropical in distribution.
 Most of the species of selaginella grows on the ground in humid,
shady habit.
 The plant body of selaginella is differentiated into well
developed root, stem and leaves. Besides some species also have
rhizophore.
 In India the genus is represent by about 70 species.
 Hieronymus (1902) divided the genus selaginella into two
subgenera viz. Homoeophyllum and heterophyllum on the basis
of the general structure of the plant body.
 The most common species are S. Rupestris, S.ciliaris,
S.bryopteris, S.pentagona, S. Repunda, S. Tenera etc.

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Selaginella

Pteridophyta
Lycopsida
Selaginellales
Selaginellaceae
Selaginella

121