NAME: SHAYAN MOHI UD DIN

REG# BSME-02213061
DEPT: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
ASSIGNMENT# 01
CHAPTER# 02
SUBJECT: ENGINEERING MATERIALS
DATED: 12TH MARCH, 2022
SUBMITTED TO: SIR ANAS RASOOL
  SUMMARY

 ATOMIC STRUCTURE:
Each atom consists of electron, proton and neutron in it.
Electrons are negatively charged; protons are positively
charged whereas neutrons are electrically neutral.
Mass of neutron and proton is about 1.67x10^-27 kg and mass
of electron is 9.11x10^-31kg.
 Atomic mass:
“It is the number of protons in the nucleus”
 Atomic mass:
“It is sum of the masses of proton and neutrons”
 Atomic mass:
“The total average weight of proton and neutrons is called as
atomic weight”. It is measured in AMU (atomic mass unit) or
mole.
 BOHR ATOMIC MODEL:
According to Bohr atomic model, the atomic structure is
assembled in such a way that nucleus is at the center while
electrons are revolving around it, in circular path called as shell
or orbit. Electrons can energies by jumping into an orbit at a
lower energy level (with emission of energy) or to an orbit
relatively at a higher energy level (with absorption of energy).
Which means that energies of electrons are quantized.
Bohr atomic model had some limitations which were fulfilled by
wave mechanical model.
 Wave mechanical model:
According to this electron was considered to have wave-like or
particle like characteristics. By this method electron was no
longer treated as a particle. And position was described by a
probability distribution or electron cloud.

 ATOMIC BONDING:
Chemical and physical properties of a material are related to
the type of atomic bonding.
1. Primary bond: Primary bond is also called as chemical
bond.

 Ionic bond:
It’s is a type of bonding which involves transfer of electron from
one atom to another. The atom which give electron becomes
+ive charged and called as cation whereas the atom which gain
electron becomes –ive charged and is called as anion.
  Covalent bond:
Type of bond which is formed due to mutual sharing of electron
between two atoms. Shared electrons are considered to belong
to both of the atoms. Many nonmetallic elemental molecules
(H2, Cl2, F2, etc.) as well as molecules containing dissimilar
atoms, such as CH4, H2O, HNO3, and HF, are covalently
bonded.

 Metallic bond:
“Type of bond that holds the atoms of a metal together.”
Metallic bonds are formed from the attraction between mobile
electrons and fixed, positively charged metallic atoms. Whereas
most chemical bonds are localized between specific
neighboring atoms, metallic bonds extend over the entire
molecular structure.
2. Secondary or Van Der Waal’s bonding:
Secondary type of bonding is weaker than primary bonding.
Bonding energy are of order of 10kj/mol. It is more significant
in noble gases which have stable electron structures.
 Fluctuating induced dipole bond:
Fluctuating induced dipole bond is also called as London
dispersion forces.
London dispersion forces occur when two atoms or molecules
are closer to each other than the weak intermolecular force
between two atoms or molecules. This bond is weakest and
short lived force.
 Polar molecule induced dipole bond:
Dipole-dipole forces are attractive forces between the positive
end of one polar molecule and the negative end of another
polar molecule.
Dipole-dipole forces have strengths that range from 5 kJ to 20
kJ per mole. They are much weaker than ionic or covalent
bonds and have a significant effect only when the molecules
involved are close together (touching or almost touching).

 Polar molecule induced dipole bond:

Some molecules, have separation between negatively and
positively charged region due to asymmetrical arrangement.
These molecules are called as polar molecules.
So a bond will form due to attractive forces between dipoles on
two molecules.