Manual of Highland Ethiopian Trees

MANUAL OF HIGHLAND
ETHIOPIAN TREES
Prepared for development agents of "dega" areas in Region 3.
January 2001
SIM Forestry Study Project

Injibara
Awi Zone
Region 3
ETIDOPIA
Mark MacLachlan
with assistance from

Getaneh Eshetie and Tafere Fentahun
English/Amharic version
25USD
Printed by Banawee Printing Press.
II
SIM
Forestry Study Project
began in October 1999 to bring together various sources of information
about highland Ethiopian trees and shrubs, and to identify trees and shrubs
that should be further propagated. One objective of the project is to make
the results of the study available to development agents. Information
sources have included:
Farmer interviews-unpublished information being lost with the passing
ofolder generations
Thorough literature review-published information unavailable to
development agents and local forestry experts
Direct research and observations-research done with simple equipment
and observations in remnant forests
Discussions with "casual experimenters" unpublished informal research
SIM FORESTRY STUDY PROJECT
C/O SIM PO Box 40

POBox 127 OR Injibara
Addis Abeba AwiZone
ETHIOPIA Region 3
ETHIOPIA
Phone: (08) 270090
81M is an international Christian organization with over 70 years of spiritual

and physical ministries in Ethiopia
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - III
This manual is the work of the 81M Forestry Research Project, in contract to
the Region 3 Bureau of Agriculture.
Portions of this document may be reproduced for educational

purposes without the written permission of its author or copyright
holder. Acknowledgement of this document as the source should
be given.
© Copyright 2001 by 81M
For information on obtaining copies of this manual, or on discounts, please

contact the 81M Forestry Research Project.
IV
Dedicated to the fanners of highland Ethiopia,

who ceaselessly labor by the sweat of their brow
against the thorn and the thistle
to feed their families,
their communities, and Ethiopia.
Only by fanners managing
grains, roots, oil crops, vegetables, fruits, fodder,
trees, shrubs, vines, grasses,
horses, mules, oxen,
cows, sheep, goats, chickens, bees,
water and soil,
in variable and extreme weather,
are millions of Ethiopians
fed, clothed, and sheltered.
May this manual be one small contribution
to making the fruit of their labor
more abundant.
v
Acknowledgements
The staff of the 81M FRP wish to thank the farmers of Awi Zone who
participated in the surveys, and willingly shared their knowledge.
We also thank the officials in the Awi Zone Administration, Awi DPPC,
and especially in the Awi Zonal Department of Agriculture for
their cooperation. We also thank the officials in Banja Shikudad
and Fageta Lekoma weredas who facilitated this work. The
development agents in the eleven kebeles were more than helpful
in locating farmers and guiding us through remnant forests' of dega
AwiZone.
Thanks to the workers in the Awi Zonal Department of Agriculture who
reviewed the translation and gave many helpful comments.
Thanks to the Awi Zone Department of Planning and Economic
Development for statistics and tables about the Awi Zone.
Thanks also to the various ones who provide funding for this project.
Thanks to David Pendergrass and Tafere Fentahun for the use of original
drawings. Thanks to Dr. Andrew Barnes, formerly a forestry
professor at Alemaya University, for the use of his dendrology notes.
Thanks to Debra MacLachlan for editorial work, and Caleb MacLachlan
for formatting the illustrations. Thanks also to Ulrich Schnizler for
final layout.
A special thanks to Abiye Taye, our main contact in the Zonal Department
of Agriculture, for going beyond his duties to encourage us and
assist us in every way. His encouragement and assistance were very
helpful to the completion of this project.
Getaneh Eshetie's exceptional skills as an interviewer were essential for the
gathering and compilation of the informartion from the farmers. His
administrative skills have helped keep the project afloat. Tafere
Fentahun with his knowledge oflocal trees, hours in our herbarium,
and days of work translating this document have been essential.
Without these two men, the project would have accomplished much
less.
VI
Table of Contents
Ackn.owledgements ..................................••..•.................•..•...... V
Table of Contents..............................................................•.....VI
Ta bles •.....................................................•...•...••.................•.VIII
Figures VIII
Map of Dega Awi Zone IX
Introduction 1
Dega Ethiopia _......................•...••...•.... 1
The Manual of Highland Ethiopian Trees 3
Awi Zone 6
Lessons from the surveys 13
Additional Observations and Insights 24
Indigenous high altitude shrubs for erosion control.•••.••......•.•.......... 24
Notes on Seed Collection..................•••...•...•••....•••.•••..••............•.....•.... 27
Bark and vines from woody species used for rope 35
Tree and shrub products sold in local markets•...~ ...•...•.........••••.••••••• 36
Indigenous Highland Trees and Shrubs (non-fruit) 43

Erica arborea/asta 43
Arundinaria alpina/qerkeha , 47
Hypericum revolutum/amja 53
Rapanea simensis/niwri 59
Hagenia abyssinica/koso 66
Rhus glutinosa subspecies glutinosa/qamo 76
Dombeya torrida/wulkfa 80
Juniperus procera/tid , 84
Maytenus obscura/qoba 94
Prunus africanus/tqur-'ncet 97
Olea species/woira 104
Phytolacca dodecandra/endod 109
Pittosporum viridiflorum/elaho 112
Salix subserrata/ahaya 117
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _VII
Acacia abyssinica and other acacias/grar 122

Allophylus abyssinicuslkanaberi 144
Ekebergia capensis/lol 156
Schefflera abyssinica/getem 160
Justicia schimperiana/smiza 164
Apodytes dimidiata/dong 167
Croton macrostachyus/msana 171
Erythrina species/korch 178
Podocarpus falcatus/zegba 183
Acacia lahai/cheba 193
Albizia species/sesa , 198
Millettia ferruginea/brbrra 202
Cordia africana/wanza 207
Other Indigenous Highland Trees and Shrubs 213
Embelia schimperi 213
Euphorbia abyssinica and Euphorbia ampliphylla 213
Maesa lanceolata 214
Myrica salicifolia 215
Myrtus communis 216
Ricinus communis 217
Teclea nobilis 218
Vernonia amygdalina 218
Dega Fruit Trees --Indigenous-- 220

Rosa abyssinica/qega 220
Rubus species/njorie 223
Dovyalis species/koshim 227
Ficus species/shola 231
Carissa edulis/agam 236
Syzygium guineense/doqma 241
Dega Fruit Trees --Exotic-- 246

Casimtroa edulislkazamora 246
Malus sylvestris/ apple 249
Morns alba/yeferenj 'njorie 250
Prunus persica/kok 252
Exotic Dega Trees and Shrubs 255
VIII
Acacia saligna 255

Acacia species--other exotics 258
Callistemon citrinus/bottlebrush tree 262
Casuarina equisetifolia and Casuarina cunninghammiana 264
Chamaecytisus palmensis 268
Grevillea robusta 272
Other Exotic Dega Trees 277

Cupressus lusitanica 277
Eucalyptus species 279
Pinus species 281
Populus species 282
Schinus molle, 282
Glossaries of common and scientific names found in

tltte m=tI1I1~I •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ~~"
Scientific names 284
Amharic names 289
Awi names 295
~~j[~ .. ~Il~~S •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ~~~
~][)IC~ •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ~()()
Tables
Table One: Climate & Forest Cover of Awi Zone 9

Table Two: Land Forms of Awi Zone in ha 10
Table Three: Dega Ethiopia Indigenous Seed Collector's Guide 29
Table Four: Tree and Shrub Products sold in local markets 37
Table Five: The Indigenous Highland Acacias 131
Table Six: Three-leaved Highland Woody Plants 148
Figures
Figure 1 Elevational Ranges of various trees and shrubs 11
Figure 2 Hagenia abyssinica versus Cupressus lusitanica 68
IX
.Dega Awi Zone

and its environs
all locations approximate
/
./
/
Tiskee Falls
Melach
Addis Kidame Mountain
Sarkan Gwanzer
Kahtasa Forest Mountain Mountain
Zerehi
Mountain
Kidamaja
Asera
Bateria Jibli Mountain
Mountain Mountain
Koso
Field Injibara
.......--~Lill'i Kolele
Gimbeha Mountain Mountain
Mountain
Darkan
TerbaLake Mountain
Zengena Lake
Gimjabeyt Goobil
Mountain
Ageli'
Chenchebar Dur
Azene Forest
Introduction 1
Introduction
Dega Ethiopia
Ethiopia has the most highland areas of any country in Africa.
These highlands have a large number of plants and animals found nowhere
else in the world. As ancient peoples of Ethiopia developed their own
agriculture, unique crops such as teff and enset developed, as well as unique
strains of crops such as barley and oats. The Ethiopian highlands are a
special place.
But that special place is threatened by wide scale deforestation and
erosion, partly a result of high population pressure. This is true at all levels
of the highlands, but particularly in the "dega" areas where growing
conditions are often extreme.
The term "dega" is an Amharic one which describes an agroclimatic
zone in the highlands. Dega areas usually lie between approximately 2300
and 3200 m asl. At altitudes below dega are the "weyna dega" (1500 to
2300 m asl), and "kolla" and "bereha" (below 1500 m asl). Above the dega
is the "wurch" (above 3200 m asl) where agricultural activity is limited
mostly to the growing of barley. The altitude ranges given are approximate,
and vary from place to place.
Even though the dega areas of Ethiopia are highly cultivated,
growing conditions in dega Ethiopia are often difficult. Nighttime
temperatures can often dip below 0 degrees C, with daytime temperatures
during the rains sometimes staying below 15. Many places have very high
rainfall, over 2000 mm per year. Sonie areas, such as dega Awi, experience
hailstorms spread over six or seven months of the year. During some
stretches of the year hail can be almost daily, damaging crops. In heavy
rainfall areas, drainage of the fields is considered necessary for agricultural
production. Other areas, such as North Shewa, are relatively dry.
Crops in the dega areas include barley, potatoes, wheat, nug (an oil
crop), and peas. Horses are more common than in other agroclimatic zones.
Erosion and overgrazing are common problems. Most dega areas of
Ethiopia are seriously deforested.
2 Introduction
Dega areas in the Amhara Region (Region 3) are extensive. They

can be found in North Shewa from south of Debre Berhan to Debre Sina and
into Mehala Meda; in South Gondar from east of Wereta on into Welo; in
North Gondar from north of Gondar city up into the Simien Mountains; in
East and West Gojam around Debre Markos and the Choke Mountains; and
in Awi Zone around Injibara.
h. :"'f-~J! hl\.l\0 l- f h li=tl] h 1~l- fOt\m Y..;JU? hl]Clfl9'l- M:"'::

A~~IJ Y..;JU? (I:t'9'l- Ol\."m- ,}t\9" rU?~17. t'J1\ep:,..e; A'}fllt:'" ~17.Q:f
epA:: f'f'"}:t''C:'' h. :"'f.~.f Ulf(1l- f~"'Tm- Otf~ Aclf m-{)'f' wl1l\ol-")
A"}Y.. m.li=e; A"}W:"'i A"}-'tv-YO h.('l]OZ ftf~ r'NDfl~ fll1l\ol-"} A"}Y.. 1
11{)e; h]f foolt(}f\.:"'"} .fooC1: ~OC::
rh. :"'f-~.f Y..;JU? (I:t'9'l- f-t-t\.ff. e;Tm-:: ~1C -n 9"e;A l l:'" OU
1111 l1J1:'" t'J.('1:'" .,,~tf"} h~~C9" A~~IJ r-t-t\.ff. (I:t'9'l- npo4.:'" fY..")
oooo"}mce; f hLC A'f'n:,. noz.f po L~ v-~:t' ,,~ ~ 1~ f\. :: ~U hli=-t-~
Otf~ (I:t'9'l- ,,~ v-f\. fOZ11 :t'"e}> l-..,C ~l&::
Y..;J+ ,+f\. fhU?C~ .... lr"} hli=-t-~ (I:t'9'l-") fOZ.foot\h:" ~l&:: 0

hllJl~m- fY..;J hl]Qfl?,l- 02300 Ae; 3200~. hQUC wt\A O,,~ .ff\. ....
tf~ hY..;J foo~:'" hli=:t' O:t'l- .ff\.:'" Y....,qo w~e; Y..;J (1500~2300~.)
....tf~ A"}-'tV-9" ~"e; Ol¥ (1500~.) O:t':f e;Tm-:: hY..;J fhfC "}l1l:'"
O,,~ .ft\m- y"..,qo m-C6J.b h3200~. n,,~ ....tf"} Ohl1J1~m- fACIf 9"C:"
]\"}e}>{),+....m- r-t-W(}~l& 111{) OU?9"l:'" ,,~ 11~ ~l&:: foo~:'" hli=:t'9':f
n
f-t-flm-:'" hAm-~:t'm- rrlJl;J "'9":'" tf"} h(l:t' (I:t' f\.t\.f ~ ~l-"A::
9""}9" A"}f]. f h. :"'f-~.f Y..;JU? hl]Qfl9'l- Ohli=-t-~ Y..l]f t\Aclf h
1A..,I\0:'" fepf\. fltf"}9" OA~JlU hl]Qfl9':f r-t-hl\o:f t'J.('1:'" h{)T;Jt ~m
:: 01le;9" w+:,.. fU?:t'm- e}>lI,+fI. hfl.~ o:t':fe; h"}~"}.(' 1.fl.9" f ODc4>:"
oom") h15 -'t .n...,. O:t':f fOZtf"}O:'" 'l.fI. ht\:: hllJl~9':': (I:t'9':f htt:
-t-~ '}oo:t''C flle;9" oom") ~1im-9" h2000OZ.~ Oqoo:,. O,,~ .f"Tm-e;
Ort\~ Y....,qu h'C hl]Qfl h6-7 wc .('lfJ Ol? r-t-4>,,4>t\o:'" lICf9" ~'f'
"A:: Ort\~ Oep~~m- fhl9":'" we}>:'" OlP. 04>") 04>"} fOZ'f'AO:'" 'l.lI. h
t\:: OA~JlIJ hli=-t-~ fllCf9" oom"} Q"Tl& hl]Qfl9':f fl&¥ 'f'li=L:'" t\AC
If 9"C:'" po~ hfJL"'l. tfe; ~W(}~A:: 01\." Oh-A y"..,qo Ofl~"} oep ht,Q
0. O"}1\1\C ....:t' ~ Y..le}> ~l& u?t\:'" .e~"A::
Introduction 3
O~;J(I)o It I]Qo. ,,'} s: .,1I{)-;- f:'}"f -;- .,..,-;- ()'} Y.e; It +C foot"U..fl..:,.
...1I1\o"f .eO""lll\.:: ht\.I\0"" flt.,£: hll.e01J'th "'me;,,"f OOllm L.I..{) 0"
_lJ ~;J "'me; .... .,~ "'}~ fOL.C hll:,.e; f oo &,:" 1'0:" "'}-'lIJc~ hoom'}
Oll.e O1J{);J1' foo......I\.:,. 'P~~ ..,..,£:..,. e;:f(l)o:: hll.lJ~ f+~'" f~;J ltt,QO
_,,"f ~'} O,,~.,. f+""~ ~(I)o::
Olt01J6o(I)o hAA ~;J flt.,£: hll.e01J'th "'me; lP~ (l;t-') fitL.~ ....
n
If') 0 01 '} it'P fI'} ~ 1I1..1IC¥'} ~o-Q'e +~{).,. O~ 111......e; "()h oo¥A 01
~ ....~C{) nxn-n 1,}~C fI'} (I)o{)1' hcol..;t- O{)+~{)6o"" +~{).,. "{)h col\o
.e"'C"'AI 0"'01'} 1,}~C (I)o{)1' ~.,qu h ...01e;'e f1,}~C h+01J +~{).,. ,,()
h ...01'} +6o£:"" .e~C"'A:: O+aJ.01Jt~ O~{)6o..,.e; ~o6olI .,..~~ 0~1I
I.. O1JC.y,{) It t,Q0. "e; O,,","ck +6060 o, If'} ,,'} -'l1Jc~ nx 'e fI'} 0"'}~Q 60 It
t,Qo. ~(I)o::
The Manual of Highland Ethiopian Trees

Several sources of information were used: interviews with farmers
and development agents, review of literature not available to development
agents, our own research, and direct observations of trees. We are
combining formal research with the knowledge gained from farmers who
know and work with trees every day of their lives.
There is information in this manual that is found in other places, but
we are focusing on sources of information not easily available to the
development agents, such as scholarly journals or books not sold in
Ethiopia. When possible we verified with the farmers information found in
the literature.
Vernacular names that are listed are names we ourselves collected or
verified with the farmers. Other names found in the literature but not
verified directly by the study staff are generally not included. The English
spelling of Ethiopian common names given is taken where possible from the
Flora of Ethiopia. The pronunciation system used is mostly the same as the
Flora.
The ordering of the species in the book needs explanation. The trees
are ordered in a more or less "downhill" manner. The emphasis of the book
is on the trees at the highest altitudes. Therefore these are presented first,
and more or less going "downhill", the trees of lower highland areas are
presented toward the end. Therefore, if you know the general altitude of the
4 Introduction
area in which you want to plant trees, the species which you may want to
consider should be close to each other in the book.
fh.:"~*f fY..;J"7 Jlc:i- oo')th~
f'l't\f~ ~,},""f rf-mcl>oolJA: :J"t\-oom.ecl> h'lOt.","flJ hA"7:"
llJo.f lPt..rf-i'f"f + ;JC fA"7:" lPt..'I'i'f"f f"7 f'l~ h TID"'} 1\v-c:"f "710
x
11+ f t..vti-1 ftf~ 'I'lJ:"+ '}-tv-~ O+'I';r Jlc:i-'} oooooAh:" 00 Y..O~
ID"'} 'I'lJ:" 'l0t.","f h°?flD"41:"lJ hO.eCO;rTID" 'I'lJOtl~ +1 O+'} hDtlP
c;..:,. Ft.. ;JC 'hf'llJi'} 'hlJmlJt\'}::
OIlO oo')th~ ID"{)'I' 1111- ooA6tl+"f 0t\,,1\o"f ht)'lo.","f fDt'l~ lJ
TID"+ vic OJ'} t\A"7:" llJo.f "'t..rf-i'f"f O+lll\- t\ 'l~ 0"7.e"f1\- foolJl'
~1,"i- t\~I}t\,,- 0J\.:"r- ~ f+ f"7.e7im- f~C~C ,)th-C:".f ll.e t\"7'1'11
C 6J!>~C 'hflJOhc'} ~ID":: 'ODt:Ft\'} 'l.lt. h'lOt.","f f~lJ'liID"1 oolJr Ot\
,.1\0 i- ,)th-C:"f ID"{)'I' oo'i c;..'} t\ "7 00 I} hc 'h,}lJOtlt..t\'}: :
f ...O...l1lJTID" V-I\-~ r ht)'lo.lD" illJO"f 'h~1D" t..1}"f'} frlJlD":J"T
ID" co.e1~ 0'l0t.","f frf-'lt\fJ.A,} lJTID":: t\,,1\o"f O')th-~ f'l''l~ vic OJ1
O'l'lJ:" fl..e-lJ"f'} fA'I'l;J1m- FIJO"f hi\m:J"t\AlJTID"~:: frf-t\~" {)IJO
:,: ~Y..ll:"lJ f h~flOl1 H.eo.lD" fDt:FA tf'i .... 'l~ h~l\ot.. 1t~ J\.:,.r- ~, f
rf-co",~ lJTID"::
'hf1~,}~ 1ICf cl>Y..~ rf-hrf-A "711t..&f .eLA;JA:: Jlc::t: f'l'Y..l

Y..c;..:" 'hi\.e coY.. ;r"ff ~ID":: foo')th~ :"h-l:" Oh'l:'I'~ fOOt.:" htt:;r'"
"f ll.e ODt'l~ JlC:"f i\.e ~ID":: {)t\IlO~ 'h~IlO oo1..00 &f +CO'PAI .eO
~ h+t..lfl. hlJOll 'loY..A hll.e coY.. ;r"f ~ID":: 01l~'I'~ titt:'I'~ (l;r",i-
fDtO~1\- JlC:"f coY.. ooQ;l,lif tCO'PA:: {)t\IlO JI'l: t\'I'tlI\-O:" fDtLA'J.
:"1 ht)flo. hm:J"ll.e fOOt.:" htt:;r t)C041 .eLt\;JA 11t\1D" fDt'l~1J:" 0
oo,)th~ ID"{)'I' h,}~ hh,}~ cl>Cl1 fl.tf'} .e"fllA::
Selection of Species covered in the manual. Trees and shrubs that

were considered important by the farmers have been given priority. Not all
the species in the manual are treated in the same amount of detail. In some
cases that is because there is less known about them. Others such as
Justicia schimperiana (smiza) are already widely planted by farmers, and
we could not add significant information that would assist the farmers.
This manual is being written to address the needs of the "dega"
agroclimatic zone. But the limits of the zone are not easy to define.
Therefore, some trees and shrubs that may be considered to be of the
Introduction 5
"weyna dega" agroclimatic zone are included, though not always in the
same detail as the purely "dega" species.
Other than some brief mention, vines were mostly not included in
this manual. In the process of conducting the surveys, the importance of
some vines for rope and medicines was revealed. These may be dealt with
in a future manual. For the purpose of this work, bamboo was considered a
"tree", because the farmers considered it a "tree".
Indigenous trees and shrubs are the focus of this work. However,
detailed descriptions of several potentially useful exotic species were
included. The exotic trees that are well known and widely planted (such as
yeferenj tid, yeferenj grar, and eucalyptus) were not treated in detail.
OOO')th4-- tD-il1' f..,.....,..,..~ 1IC.r1P":f 1too~l1': n'lot.PJ":f m.4'O?1P

":f ~'}~tf.,. f""'CDt'l~ JiC:":fCJ ~1'*(llPJ":f'} :"f:0?.r t'l1'..,..CJ:flPA:: 0 00 ,)
th4-- tD-il1' f..,.....,..,..-t: lIC.rPJ":f n(JDct\- ~h-A lIClIC OfIll~t.r1P":f'} 1tAt'l
m,}CI:ftD-~:: ~tn.r-t:~ (1~ ,}1l ilI\OfI~;r(lJ~ ~tD-:: fbl\o"f ~'}~ ilO?Ji /
t'l'}t'lA/ .rt\- n'lnt.1P":f H'}f: nil~"" ~f""''''''ht\- .rt\- ill\tf~ 'lnt.PJ"f'} I\.l
~ (lJ~~ I\.m:"~ fO?":fA f..,..l\f m.4'O? 1IC1IC dllJll ""}1'CI:ftD- ~'}":f"
I\'}::
OO')th4-- f..,..'LtD- f~;J 1t'1e h"~OfI-th <f>mCJPJ":f'} I\oof:lil ~O
C:: ~'lC '1'} ffJ.,.'} 'l~fl"f 00'11\,) "'''A 1t~~I\~:: ill\lllJ ~'}~ "'}fJ.tJ f
~;J" 1IC.rPJ":f lIClIC OfIll~t.r 1t,}il1'CI:ftD-~ ~'}~ f"CD~CJ ~;J" 1t'1e
h"~OfI-th lIC.r1P":f9" "",,,,,""..,..crA::
mllJ 00,) th ~ tD-il1' l ' -t"" hOflI\"" Oil..,...,.C (1Uto)"f I\f. -n tt
lIClIC
00'11\1i6J. 1tAt'lm'}~:: 1'CJ;r":f'}'} O~'}t'l~O"" CD:""" 1t,}~,}f: thl'lo":f I\'l
oof:CJ 00f:;}~""~"" h1Y..OIl.m:"0D" 'lOt.1P"f 'lAfJtD-ACJA:: ~tJ~ ~CJAQ
..,. nO?"'1'I\tD- oo')th~ f~CJ m.4'AI\tD- ~tfCJA:: nn,u oo')th~ tD-il1' "'C
.4'1f'} ~'}~ "Ji~" (lJiI~~lPAi ~h'}.r-t:~ 'lOt.PJ"f ~'}~ "Ji~" ill\O?~1'cr
..,. ~tD-::
ftltJ P'~":f'} ..,.h-l"" 01t'll- O.,.A JiC:"fCJ ~1'*(ll1P"f ,,~ ~lJ-'}

~'}~ m.4'O? ftf.,. ftD-6f!> 1t'lC 1Ic.rPJ":f 1IClIC 00"1\1i6J.1P":f'}~ ooo,)th
4-- tD-il1' QJ.~lCJA:: h1Y.. fLl,}~ 1'f:+ fLl,}~ '1~CCJ CltJC Ji~ .rt\-
ftD-6f!> 1Ic.r1P":f O~ ,}1l ilI\O?;rCD~ lIC1IC OfIll~t.r 1tA..,..t'lmQ:ftD-~::
6 Introduction
AwiZone
Though this Manual is designed for dega areas of Amhara Region as
a whole, the study is located in the Awi Zone. The Zone has shown to be a
treasure house of indigenous trees that are not common in other areas, such
as Erica arborea, Dombeya torrida, Hagenia abyssinica, Prunus africana
and others. These may be threatened even in Awi Zone, but seem to be in
greater abundance here than many other dega areas. The Zone may provide
for the Region, or even the country, a source of seed for highland trees. The
'older farmers of Awi are proving to be knowledgeable and ready to share
their knowledge and experiences of these rapidly disappearing treasures of
Ethiopia--the indigenous trees.
Awi Zone is located in the Amhara Region of northern Ethiopia,
roughly mid way between Debre Markos and Bahr Dar. The capital is
Injibara, roughly at the center of the Zone. Larger towns include Dangla,
Chagni, and Gimjabet. The population consists of a mix of people groups
including the Awi, Amhara, and Oromo, with a few Shinasha and Gumuz on
the western extreme. Some areas are nearly pure Awi, who speak their own
language among themselves. Amharic is widely spoken throughout the
Zone.
Most of the following information on· Awi Zone is from the Zonal
Dept. of Planning and Economic Development.
The Zone spans three agroclimatic zones; Dega (10.7%), Woina
Dega (73.2%) and Qolla (16.1%). Our work concentrates in the dega areas.
The highest peaks in Awi Zone are Assem, Asera, and Gembeha all about
2920m. Several peaks are dramatic stone columns, presumably volcano
cones, which are probably all made of rhyolite. Most of the soils are of
volcanic origin.
The largest section of the Zone (45.47%) is cultivated. Grazing land
and swamp areas cover 8.46% and 0.31% respectively. The major crops
produced in the zone include teff, com (maize), cereal, pulses, oil seeds,
potato and some other fruits and vegetables. Horses are commonly used for
plowing and transportation in the dega areas. Private investment activity of
the zone is limited to hotels and agriculture.
In Indoha, the farmers said that the planting of eucalyptus in the
valley beyond the old Injibara town was begun in 1949 of the Ethiopian
Introduction 7
calendar. The planting of eucalyptus has from that time onward progressed
rapidly. As in much of northern Ethiopia, eucalyptus trees dominate many
localities.
Awi Zone is rich in water resources with about 20 large rivers, 200
small streams, lake and ponds. Some of its water sources help farmers to
develop 7204 hectares of land by a traditional system of irrigation. The
beautiful Zengena and Tirba crater lakes are worth visiting. A natural
wealth, which is abundant in lower altitudes of Awi areas, are the incense
plants ('tan and mucha). The Zonal Dept. of Planning and Economic
Development estimates the number of incense trees to be about 11,857,000.
Older people claim forest cover in former days covered more than
one third of the zonal area. But due to growing population numbers and
heavy utilization the indigenous trees are disappearing. Though the
eucalyptus trees that have replaced the indigenous species have proven
themselves valuable and useful to Ethiopian farmers, there are
disadvantages to the high level of use currently employed. The farmers
themselves say that the tree is not good for the soil This has had some
verification by scientific study. For instance, Lisanework and Michelsen
(1994) compared Cupressus lusitanica and Eucalyptus globulus (exotics)
and natural forest effects on nutrient recycling in forested areas. They
reported that "the annual nutrient input by litter of the two exotics generally
was much lower than that of the Juniperus procera and, in particular, that of
the natural forest."
Nevertheless, though eucalyptus and other exotics predominate
many areas of Awi Zone, the Zone has a relatively high number of remnant
forest patches compared to other dega areas of the Region. The choice of
the Zone as the site for this research has proven to be a good one.
The two weredes in which the farmer interviews took place were
Banja Shikudad and Fageta Lekoma. These were the two weredes with the
most dega forest.
r",'e ""}: .eO OD')th~ OhAA 3 Y..;J07 "t,qo. r.,..+1.6 0.",,}9" l'
c;1: r"!1"f(f}- O"'e 1f1 ~(f}-:: If.,.' Oibf\..'f "t,qo.P''f r07.e1"f. ""C-O+A
Jft::'f ~ClI h9"'f--l- 1.1~t\(f)- 07r-l- .e~i\A:: h1.~1l09" "'iI:".;- lttH (f)-
Ah4..;- lt07.;- 1.c; ibf\..'f19" ODm+lI .e~i\A:: 1.~1l0 9"1lJ" 1.11). O"'e ,.
8 Introduction
"} tD-n1' OltnL~ V-~;f' tD-n1' f~1~ Qlf,,}~ ht\.AtD- ltt,QQ O""~tl v-~
;f' On4.:" f~1~ e;:flD":: t'}. ~e;AQ:" tlhAt\- llt\o~ tllt1~i: y";J"" It
t,OQsP'f fY..;J Jf~ HC''f''} t\.Y+Cll ,e.'fi\A:: OIH~;att fOtlfJ1- flt'e 10t.
sP'f Ftl lt1C-0+A lD".e- fh.:,.r-t:y fhll:" JfC:'f Yi\:ftD-"} iJtD-+:,.e; A
~.e- tl".,t,LAe; iJlD""':"~ tl oo11lf:" 1I"?~ e;:flD"::
flt'e t'''} f~17'lD" O...att"} h.:"r-~y hAA ~n:" lD"n1' O"?~:,. 0
Y..lll ".,c.,.n 'he; QUC ~C oot,hA n;JOIJ7i ~tD-:: 'Pe; h.,..".,lD" 'h,,}~Q&
I\lf"} Ot'}' ool/A ,e.1~A:: Ot'}' lD"lI1' ~,,}"?i\+ ir"?.,.e; "?~~o.:" :"i\A+
h.,..IJU'f e;:flD":: Ot'}' 1111-*"}* f~e;1or "'sP'f ,e.1~t\-:: lt1tD-+ It,,.,&-+
ltC'lJU+ oe;?fe; 1-00-11 on.,.. ~iJ&-ll ,e.1~t\-:: It''}~''}p.'f ltt,QQsP'f "}fJ.U
lt1tD-e; f&-"':flD""} *"}* llir f~m+oo- e;:flD":: ~1C -n It,,.,c~ Ot'}' 0
n4.:" ,e.~1&-A::
f~h""t\-:" Ftl t'}' Yt\-"} ool]{sP'f hlt'e l',,} Ti\"}e; h.}1c;~ fA
".,:,. oo~~Y f""1~ e;:flD"::
t'}' 0Y..;J(10.7)-;- CD,e.e; Y..;J(73.2)+ "'i\(16.1 h oo",) ~n:" fltfC
"}lll:" hAt\o'f i\,e. f.,..Hl;J ~lD":: 'hIlU i\,e. f'h~ F&- OY..;J ltt,QQsP'f
i\,e. f""CD"'~ ~lD":: Olt'e t',,} Yt\- h~""~ (I;f'sP'f It ...~+ It...&-e; "?~Ol/ 1\
If}. h~;f':flD"~ 2920att. hQ.CD.O. ,e.lfe;A:: 1111- .,..&-C''f f'h ....,.. 11JU&-
~At\o'f ...,e.lf}. It,e..,.or~ .,..lltltD- f~;f''''(l. f~yn1COO- f.,.OO- ff}tl:"
~At\o'f e;:ftD-:: 01lJf:" OLC':': f""1~:" nx....,.. 11JU&- ~tD-::
1P~tD-e; 1l11-lD" (I;f' /45.47/ Ot'}' f~;f'ln (I;f' ~lD":: f"?(Ilo not.
.,..e; l+l+ oot.:" 8.46e; 0.31 O.,..h;f';f',e. ,e.7f~e;A:: Ot'}' f~OOli: ...
llt\o'f m.~+ O.,.t\o+ flliJC "'llt\o'f+ f+Q:" 'hUt\o'f+ .e-"}'fe; Ibt\o'f It
:"hA:,.e; ~&-~t.sP'f e;:ftD-:: O"?A Iltlfhll.,.'f l1.e- YtllD" x"}+n:J».... 0
lf1:t\o'f 'he; 'hC~ i\,e. llir f""CD"'~ ~tD-:: 0'h1~tD-1/ +Olb Yt\- 10t.sP'f
'h,,}Y..~1or"} hltC''LtD- 'h,,}~Q&- Oi\,e. YtltD- QUC Jf~ f"".,..htltD- 01949 f}.
~ ~tD-:: hllY 1.11. ~~C' fQUC Jf~ .,..hi\tD- O~1'~:" .,..n4.4.:: O...att"} h.
:"r-~.f 011". (I;f'sP'f i\,e. f~"7'tD- QUC Jf~ ~tD-::
It'e t',,) 0tD-1/ fhll:" fOtlfJ1 ~lD":: 20 f~lf'" :"i\A+ CD,,}l''f+ 20
o YUA :,.e;"}1i CD,,}t''f + .,..i\A+e; :,.e;"}1i fh,e..,. T ,e.1~ t\-:: htD-I/tD-~ l '
ct..,.:': 7204 ~h;f'C f~lf,,} oot.:""} 10t.sP'f OOOlIc; x"}-t s« 00- Y"?Jft\-
:: 1'CQ fh,e.+e; H"}1e; fh,e.+ tl OO101l7':'' 1'or oonUll~:" .fi\:ftD- fh,e..,.'f
e;:ftD-:: 01l+""~ (I;f'sP'f f~1~ f.,..L1'C' fhll"''f 'hffl"}e; OO-lIiliI. e;:ftD-
:: ft'}' Ti\"}e; h.}1c;~ A".,:" OO~~Y fAffl"}e; OO-lIiliI. JfC:'f 11,857,000
A,}Y..~lf}' ,e.1~;f'A::
Qtl~:" 1.II.Y:" fA.e-att QtlfJ;J "'sP'f f Y.."} 04.1 ,e.H:" hlt1.e- Y'n
.,..~ Oi\,e. A1 Y.. ~OC ,e.e;1&-t\-:: ~1C "?"} hU1fll llJf:" OOQ.l.ooce; h""m:J»
Introduction 9
~tD- 001lJf:" f1'~'" h1C-0+A JfC:~ mtt:1''fA:: h1C-0+A ftr.,. JfC:~

1 f1'h- fQUC Jflo JfC:~ I\h.:,.r- J:Y 10t.?J~ m'+~?J~ ootrCi:ftD- f1'l
.71m o.tr1~T h1'~OIl:ftD- 01':}~~ .,.~:,.~ h4:ftD-:: 10t.?J~ ~"':ftD
Jf~ I\hloC 1'er h1,"I\~ 1,4fl.:: 1,U~ 0"'1,1"'ee 1'Ci.y.~ 1'et:,. oo-h~?J
~ 1'''l100;l'A:: I\~"'t\. A... ~-(JJC~Ci ~:fA{)1(l994) f1'lo1'C" '" QI\
0:" (l;l' OhA~ ~,?(l~ ().,,:,. 41, YI\tD-1 .,.~:,. t\OIlf:" uuc Jftt:1Ci flo
l1~ iJt:1 h(JJ~t:ltD- ~OC:: hl1"t\1:~ ftD-6J.l> lICY JfC:~ hl1~ :"mfto
EF:ftD- 1I{)lIii f~oolJltD- 11'l-~1C hthOit' iJt: .7C f\.(JJ~"C lIm.+41, 0
lJl~ 11~"'~ ~OC T "'JlI1"~ h1'lomC" '" OlJl~ Y~() "'" ~OC hl.7'?
m'fA::
1'' ' ht\.4tD- fhAfl. ".7 ht}Qo.?J~ 1,A~ 11". ~t:" "c;~ YI\tD-
1,11"1 "'~ QUC Jftt:CJ t\.fto~ ftD-6J.l> lICY JfC:~ 1,OJffl.:: 1'' ' 1'Ci1: f~t}
~t:0:" (l;l' trC; oooolm- 1'er ootr.,., hl.7,?mCiA::
h10t.?J~ .7C .+1\ oom1,~ Y"l'?1Q:ftD- 11"1\1: (JJl~?J~ Q1)f 7i
er» '"
h-~t:Ci 4.'1;1' I\ltOll Ci:ftD-:: 01lJf:" f~1~Q:ftD- 11"1\1: (JJl~sP
~ Ci:ftD-Ci::
The following tables show some statistics on the Awi Zone:
Table One: Climate & Forest Cover of Awi Zone
Werede Annual Rainfall Temp Dega coverage Forest cover

(mm) (degrees C) (% area) (% area)
Danzla 1150 17 2.26 4.8
Bania Shikudad 2073 19.5 77.88 21.94
Fazeta Lekoma 16.0 7.34
\
Ankesha Guazusa 1507 13 9.46
Guanzua 2 31.09
Zone 1620 18 22 13
10 Introduction
Table Two: Land Forms of Awi Zone in ha
werede Plain Mountain Valleys, Swampy Water TOTAL

areas areas rugged areas covered
............................ ..............................................................!~.~~~ .......................................................................................
Dangla 276,080 46,420 39
Banja 15,059 22,572 25,536 3,319 712 67,200
Shikudad
Fageta 42,904 15,916 10,297 173 69,200
Lekoma
Ankesha 76,160 2,828 3,383 109 859 83,338
Guangua 124,320 31,080 50,929 870 207,200
TOTAL 534,523 136,565 2,654 846,800
Introduction 11
Figure 1 Elevational Rangesof varioustrees and shrubs
Altitude in m,
Tree species o 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
Erica arborea 2000 1-1- - - - - - - - - 1 1 400
Arundinaria alpina 2200 1 1 40lJ
Rubus steudneri 1500 1-1- - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 3800
Hypericum revolutum 2300 1-1- - - - - f l 3500
Rapania simensis 2000 I I 3400
Rhus qlutinnsa 1800 1 1 3300
Rosa abvsamica 1900 1 1 3300
Hagenia abyssinica 2000 I 1 3300
Myrica salicifolia 2000 1 1 3300
Juniperus procera 2000 I 1 3200
Olea eurpea subs cusp 1250 1-1- - - - - - - - f l 3100
Prunus africana 1550 I I 3100
Mal'tenus obscura 2100 ..

' - - - - - 1 1 3100
Salix subserata --------_1 3000

1000 1-1
Pitlosporum viridiflorum 1400 I-I--------fl 3000
Phytolocca dodecadra 1500 I J 3000
Aaschynornena abyasinica 1300 1 12900
Dovyalis abyssmica 1600 I I 2900
Vernonia amigdalina 500 1-1- - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 2800
Teclea rrobitis 900 ...

1 - - - - - - - - - f l 2800
Ficus sur 1400 I 1 2800
Maese lanceolata 1500 I 1 2800
Albizia actumperiana 1600 I 1 2800
Aliophl'lus abl'ssinicus 1600 I 1 2800

12 Introduction
Tree species Attitude in m.

o 500 1COJ 1500 2000 2500 3000
Croton rnacrestachyus 1300 I I 270
Apodytes dirnidiata 1350 I I 27
Justitia schimperiana 1400 I I 270
Carissa edulis 1500 I 1270
Ekebergia capansis 1550 I I 270
Euphorbiaamplifaila 1700 I I 27
Syzigium guininti 1~0 I 12~
Erythrina brvcie 1400 I I 2~
EmbeHa sc.himperi 1700 I I 26lD
Ricinus communis 400 I I 2500
Myl'll.lS communis 700 I 12500
MlllelUa feruginia 1000 I 12500
Schefllera abyssiniea 1500 I I 2500
Ficus vasta 10Ck1 I I 2400
Erythrinaabyssinica 1300 I 12400
Olea capensissubs hoch 1600 I I 2400
A1bizia gumifera 1700 r 12400
A1bizia isenberg 18~ I 12400
EuphomIa ab"'$sinica 1900 I I 2400
Cordia africana 1600 I 12200
Podncerpus falcatus 1600 I 12200
FicUll syC{lmoJUs 500 I I 2lXlO
Euphorbia candelabrum 1200 "I - - - - - I I 1900

Lessons from the surveys.

One of the major activities conducted in the preparation of this manual was
interviewing farmers about trees and shrubs. The questions were designed
to encourage them to talk freely and share their knowledge, not to generate
numbers and percentages. The local development agents gathered small
groups, usually of 3 to 7, for this purpose. The survey was done in eleven
kebeles in the Banja Shikudad and Fageta Lekoma weredas of the Awi
Zone. Most of the kebeles are in the dega agroclimatic zone, though a
couple are weyna dega. Several lessons were learned from the surveys.
These mayor may not be applicable to farmers in other areas.
.etJ"t oo~thCJ: ()c;'";>~ tpc;'(J}o ""'"711&-"f1 r~Ol(J}o 'l0t.","f1 ()/\ ..

c:."fc;' ~1'*(Il"'"f ool1lr:t- ~OC:: ool1l.e~:': r""''''l"..:'' ~1'&-T(J}o1 ".It)'
O"..A1 (JJ.e'r OTC...1:" "1 Jl)'{)"''rm-A 1 ....etf~ O~,~:,. "1Jl c;''l-rc;' lJ
(J}o'" ;rT(J}o1 "1 Jl )'1lCJ:f\.1 /\ 01J~"'''':'' ~(J}o:: f i't1111 It (J}o fA 01J"" ... &-..,.. ~"f
1'4::" f'lOt. fl..e-C;"f1 /1111"~(J}o h3-7/ /\flU ""'"711C )'...I1{)fl.A1 ~OC::
1'c;';r"f1 f'r1"'&- f~Ol(J}o 0i't'C Jl1 1/-/\:" (JJl~"'"f 04."7;r /\1't01Jc;' I11jf
7ih-~.e- (J}o{)1' ~OC:: i't1l"~"':': .,.O/\.","f 0.(;> fi'tfC 111l:" hAA (J}o
()1' fot'l): c;'T(J}o I Ittf1'r 1'4:.y.:,: (JJ.ec;' s» c;'T(J}o: : 11"..",:': 1 :"'rUC
.y."f )''l7'c;':f(J}o h1'c;';r"f1 ~(J}o:: .eU '("7qo O/\.It i't1ll11t fot'l): 'lOt.",
"f 1 /\.00/\ h:" (JJ.e9" It.e oo /\ h..,. .e"fItA: :
LESSON #1: Farmers plant indigenous trees and shrubs that

meet their needs.
There is often the idea that farmers will not plant indigenous trees.
Farmers were asked what trees they have planted in the past few years. It
was not surprising that the tree most planted was eucalyptus. However, the
second most planted "tree" was indigenous bamboo (Arundinaria alpina).
Twelve species of indigenous trees were named by the farmers as having
been planted in the last few years. These included grar (Acacia species),
tqur-'ncet or koma (Prunus africana), grawa (Vernonia amygdalina), and
smiza (Justicia schimperiana). In every small group of farmers surveyed,
indigenous trees had been planted within the past few years.
14 Lessons from the surveys.
Then why is it commonly thought that farmers are not interested?

Some of that idea comes from certain limited experiences. For instance, one
government tree nursery planted dong (Apodytes dimidiata) in their nursery,
but wereda officials reported that the farmers were not receiving it to plant
in their own lands. However, when we were field-testing the questionnaire
in that area, the farmers said they wanted to plant it. This was confirmed in
later surveys. Perhaps the farmers would like to plant it on government or
communal land, but not on their own farms, where they already feel they do
not have enough land to produce adequate crops.
As part of the nursery studies, seedlings have been produced. We
took some seedlings to one of the interviews to see which ones the farmers
would accept. The time of the rains was ending, so we were not sure the
farmers would accept seedlings. In addition, this set of farmers had been
less enthusiastic about our interviews than in other places. But after the
interview, the seedlings were offered, and the group of about 8 farmers took
every seedling. The seedlings taken included 22 wulkfa (Dombeya torriday,
7 elaho (Pittosporum viridiflorum), 4 101 (Ekebergia capensis), 2 dong
(Apodytes dimidiata), 4 agam (Carissa edulis), 5 tid (Juniperus procera), 2
tqur-'ncet/koma (Prunus africana), and 4 pots each containing 2 to 6
seedlings of amja (Hypericum revolutum). The farmers would have taken
more if there had been more available. At least one species, Carissa edulis,
was a species that those farmers did not know. So under certain
circumstances, farmers will indeed accept indigenous tree seedlings.
-l-,.-uc-l- 1: 10t.9':f t\~i\""-f!FTlIJo fDt,{)"7tJO- 1t1C-(l+A IJ~CJ

....m!l:(Il9':f'} .e+hi\t\«::
1U1- 1.1f. 10t.9':f 1t1C-O+A Jlc::f1 ""+ht\- h.e:ft\-,.- f"tA tit'"

11 Itt\:: 10t.9':f Qt\~-l- Tet-l- Itoo;f'-l- "-, "-, Jlc::f ~1~+ht\- m.e+
CJ:fllJo ~OC:: Of)4.:" f07.. +ht\lIJo JIll: Que Jill: OOIT.,. f07...rf)~ 1cl> Q.eIT1
,.-, +1Jl~ Of)4.:" fDt1"ht\lIJo "JIll:" 1t1C-O+A flf~lIJo +C:J"'/ ~lIJo:: 12 f
"tlf~ "'1C-O+A fJlll: lIC.r9':f 010t.9':f +~"'lllJoCJA:: ~~lf.lJr '7tf.C
+ "'1IC-lt'm.T//lDf+ '7tf.'P+ ~1-tV-r hOf,'" .rm:J"Ai\A:: Olt.P,;f,J;.
:"~-l- Q~l"'0-l- f10t.9':f o..e-1 Qt\4--l- Tet-l- '}oo;f'-l- lIJof)T 1t1C-O
+A IJ~:f'} ~1~+ht\- ~"'lllJoCJA:: 1t9' 10t.9':f 1t1C-O+A IJc::f1 .e+
hi\t\-::
1111- 1.11. 'l0&,,,,l- JI~ hOP:"hA ~I\"":" A'}~/bl\Tro- l' ~C"" ~CD
()~A? ~U chl)l1 fOPfllro- h"''}~'}.e- ro-....') AfJUfJUfl..l- '1ro-:: hfJUl)/b h'}
.e- fOP,}"?il:" l-"?~ fllo.y ol-"?~ fllo.yro- ro-ill' ~ 1~ 1'hh-:- '1'lC -n f
CDl~ ~/o.:" .,O&,,,,l- 1'+l1l\ro- O&.I)Tro- OP&,:" I\~ A,}~A1'ht\- ere
:,. "'~l"':: If'ifJU OPm~~7l-'}'} OilY ",t-,Qo. fOPilh oo-h&o OfJUc; ~C"?
0:" 1.11. 'l0&,,,,l- y'}'} JI~ OP:"hA A'}L.A;Jh'} l1hro-c;A:: ~U'} Yl;J'l1'
'1ro- Oc}Cl1 1.11. I'c;;1'l-'} '10C:: fJUc;AQ:"fJU 'l0&,,,,l- 04: f()l1A fJUC-f7
Tro-'} h IITIfJU l:" "'~Oef1 '}fJU l1h ro- 0 Dty il9.Tro- f &01) Tro- OP&,:,. I) ~If,}
OOP'}"?il:" CD~'}fJU O;J&O OP&,:" I\~ OP:"hA ~L.A'" ~lfc;A::
ol-"?~ fllo.y QI\'} I'c;:" l-"?"i'fl-'} "'";J~1''} '10C:: .4'h-OPm~.4'

l-'}'} OfJUc;~C"?O:" O"''}~ ",t-,Qo. f:""i'f:': 1'L.I\1.",l- A,}~If'" hllTlCDc}
1'4::" l-"?"i'fl-'} CD~ 'lO&,ro- CDil~ '} '10C:: fllc;fJU CD~:" AYO.4' FI\'10C
l-"?"i'fl-'} 'l0&,,,,l- ~CDil~t\- l1h,} AC"?m"i'fl- "'A'IOC,}fJU:: O1'lJ.l,lITItfJU
fllY ",t-,Qo. 'l0&,,,,l- h/bt\ol- ",t-,Qo.",l- Y'I() :"h-l:" h.4'h-OPm~.4'l-'}
~()m- '10C:: '1'lC -n h.4'h-OPm~.4'l-'} 0:\1\ l-"?"i'fl-'} "'+ll1'}u-ft..1r
l-"?"i'fl- 8 YUA 'l0&.",l- CD()~Tro-:: l-"?"i'fl-fJU:- 22 rorAh1--:- 7 rA4
if-f 4rft..A-:- 2 r~1~+ 4 rl1,?r+ 5 rJtJ::"+ 2 rTllC-J.1aJ.T/J1UfJ+ Ac;
4 f"'OQ hlm.:" AY'}~'}~Tro- h2-6 rl1rJ{ l-"?"i'fl- '10';':: 1'lJ.l,lITIt '"
~C(l:" 0.-rc 'it: 'l0&.",l- 1111-l-"?"i'fl- ~CDil~ '10C:: h'lttY ro-ill' 'l0&,
",l- O~ ,}11 fllTlyro-ef1:" lICY l1,?r 117 '10C:: ill\ttU h"''}~'}.e- V").;1''''
l- Oil1'+C OAC"?m~'1:" 'l0&.",l- f"'''C-O+A JI~ l-"?"i'fl-'} ~~IA;Jt\-::
LESSON # 2: For farmers in the survey, their top perceived

need from forest products is construction materials, including center
poles, wood for walls and roof, and good quality roping materials for
tying it all together. Planting for construction is a motivation these
farmers can understand.
Bahr zaf (eucalyptus) is the obvious tree to plant for construction
because it is fast growing, has a straight form, splits easily, and its bark
makes rope. Also, its leaves burn easily and it is cash crop. A major
drawback is that farmers believe it hurts the soil and is limited in usefulness
for furniture and lumber. But despite eucalyptus being easily available,
farmers seek out trees like koso, niwri (Rapanea simensis), cheba (Acacia
lahai), and wulkfa (Dombeya torrida) for house building. Eucalyptus does
not last as long as these trees. Wulkfa and koso are valued for the center
poles, niwri is for the roof, and cheba and grar for general purposes.
Wulkfa, grar and awra (probably Protea gaguedi) are also valued far the
rope available from the bark. Most of these indigenous trees are becoming
more scarce. There was agreement among almost all the farmers that
cOl!~truction materials are not enough in the area of the surveys. Koso
(Hagenia abyssinica), cheba (Acacia lahai), and woira (Olea species) were
most frequently mentioned construction trees that are in short supply by the
farmers in the surveys.
:"~IJC:" 2: h1'CJ;f'~'1.,~""'t~~aJ- f"Ot.P'~ 'P~~ t;:,,"lo:" ""11

Q;f' fo.:" ,.,..."1 QJ.IJOC:flflt~CJ ""IY:""I~ "'QJ.:"~ "'JllJ-IJO ".,ooy: f
"tlfl 1'~ «J.e.~"'" A1' CJ:faJ-:: "."Q;f' ooThA "0t.P'~ f"t~~"'" oo~
i)~ ~aJa::
O""lAtl ",.(~:!'rm- qUe 1ft;: t\""I1Q;J' f"tThA If~ ~aJ-:: ,.,hl

'1:IJO Llfllc; 4>1' s« of;.,:" {)i\"aJ-~ 04>i\fl. f"tLt\'f'-} A')llJclJO hA
Ill- .,ODY: ooFt-:" f"t:FA {)"If~ ~aJ-:: ""}JllJclJO +mn. 04>i\fl. f"t~Y:
c; f.,o. UII""1~IJO ()"If~ ~aJ-:: xn,e ~.,~ DLC iID""~1:c; ,,~,..~{) Ft-
UII.,A.,A h"OD:Ffl. ~aJ-:: ~"C ." QUC tf~ 04>i\fl. f~",,} Ife; ,.." .,0t.P'
T ,,0...... ""}Q;1' ""},, /lt1+ IJJ.Q+ tOPdj OJ-A1J1- foo,.....fl......"} ,e.LA;Jfl.:
: fQlJC If~ ,,"}lJJ...... OOLC aJ-ilT -Oil- 1.11. f"t",e. h,e.""IJO:: OJ-A1J1-c;
/lp ,,0...... IJO(t.(t. ....,.,,,"?fl.-r tOJ-6"0'..... lflt'-r ""}JllJclJO IJJ.fJCI 'I?C"
U111~aJ-IJO Ft- ,,,,,"?t\fl.:: rOJ-A1J1-T "I?l?i 11OJ-? AT ".,ooy: ooilt
, ,.,,,.,i\fl.:: h-otf~P':': "~lllJ t,..,C-04>A tf~T 0 001'4- ..... i\,e. c;:faJ-::
lJ-fl.IJO "0t.P'~ H1Y: UII11:" ,e.:Ft\AI ,,0.:" "?lQ;f' f"tlf"} If~ "T~"'" x
"}~" .e.ilUll OOc O;1'A::
LESSON # 3. The farmers who participated in the survey are

not well motivated to plant for erosion control, lumber, or fodder.
The different groups of farmers give different answers for many
questions. However, regarding motivations for planting trees, their answers
were nearly unanimous. When farmers gave preferences for trees to plant,
they always chose: construction trees over fuel trees, fuel trees over fodder
trees, and fodder trees over fruit trees.
Many tree-planting projects carried out in the past 20 years have
been for the reclamation of land and erosion control. Farmers did not
mention these as motivations for planting trees. Two of the main species
used for these purposes have been eucalyptus and yeferenj tid (Cupressus
lusitanica). Farmers have expressed concern that these species do not
reclaim the soil but harm it. Many farmers point out that in the dega areas
of Awi, there are yeferenj tid forests that have no undergrowth. They see
this as evidence the tree harms the soil.
Planting fodder trees is a more recent attempt to meet the needs of
farmers. But from the survey results, the farmers interviewed considered
fodder a low priority. One farmer said, "If the people live, the animals will
also." The implication is that the needs of humans must take priority over
the needs of the animals, and therefore, fodder trees are not a high priority.
+9"'IJC+ 3: 0...C;;1':f, m++ f.,.....,.4- 10t:.PJ:f fOLC ooifcif

C, t\oo"tlJmC+ t\tlJdJ-4+ my,9"' t\h.,..-r-:f 9"''''''' ..t.':f, t\oo+hA O.R.,
.,.. ItA"'~"'f\..9"' (ltA.,.'+ ...+f\..9"')::
10t:.p'f t\OD+hA f"tLA=iTdJ-' ..c:f 9"'CIiIIi ItC;1~ h1l11p.. ",
Q.l.+ Y,A+ t\ ."Q;1' f"t If'
"'Q.l.+ + t\h.,.. 1'-f 9"''''''' h"tlf' ..t;: Y,A
+ t\1I11p.. r"tlf' ..t;:+ "'JLo-9"' ht;:?t;:t:. .. c:f Y,A+ t\h.,..+ 9"''''''' f
"tlf' ..c:f, "'~"tLA'" Y,C;1?1\c::
.,..". f ..t;: .,.h4 Te~h1'-f Qt\4-+ 20 I}OD;1'+ e-«... Y,.,.hl\c f~O
ldJ- rltLC' t\9"'~+ t\ODODt\llC; rltLC ()...O+, t\ ODh4hA ~OC:: .e1J" .
~.,qo 10t:.p'f ..c:f r"t.,.hl\co:" 9"'h,J':" ll'~If~ ItAm+f\.A'9"':: t\
fllJ .,..,QC r"'m+oo-QTdJ- o-t\+ I}.e,+ ..c:f CJTdJ-:: QIJC ..t;:t; I'Ll'
~ ....e-:: "~fllJ ..c:f fltLC' t\9"'~:" hODODt\ll Y,A+ "1~01Z.1A. 10t:.
p'f ~"ldJ-C;A:: 1t.,....;;:P':,i 10t:.p'f Olt'e If'
~;J i\i)Qfl. rLl'~ ... .e-
~tif J'1\c fl."'9"' OF&T!!!" (iiw.lllllfm- )9""9"' rO+t\ .,.hA ll'~II1Y,
;1'Y, Y,C;1?1\c:: .eU,'9"' .,.~;1' y,1J .. t;: ItLC ", ~ "t 1~ ", ~ II1lll'l'~+
J'+C(I.;1'A::
om+-t: f10t:.dJ-, t;:41+ t\II1Cr-,·t "r.,.qohl J't\dJ- t\h.,.. .... f 9"'''
1J r"tlf)- ..c:f, OOD+hA ~dJ-I ~1C ." h1'!i..+f' dJ-m.+ "'~9"'CJf
dJ- rh.,......f 9""""11+"';;: "9"'+ f"tflmdJ- m y,9"' .,.::"tJ' fll1Y,flmdJ-
.,.~y, 1ft;' 1t.,'>f.,.~tpA:: It,.e- 10t:. "'JLIJ Itit 'flP'l- OD'fC h71\c h.,...,.
f ODtiC Y,f41\c::' y,1J ....,111 hh""1'-f "'+9"' Y,A+ fflP'f' ".~,.. :r~
"tJ' r"tftllldJ- "'~If~ J''''J'A:: p't\If~9"' ith""1'-f 9"''''''' f"tlf)' ..t.':
f ht;:.,.;;: "9"':" ftlf,fttlJTdJ- 1ty,~I\c9"' ::
LESSON # 4: Tree and shrub products are commonly

marketed.
One motivation for tree planting mentioned by the farmers was
income. Tree and shrub products are found in abundance in the local
markets of Awi and Ethiopia. The sale of fuel wood is perhaps the most
obvious source of income from trees. But trees and shrubs also provide fruit
such as shola (Ficus) and kok (Prunus persica), spices such as kondo
berberie (Schinus moUe) and ades (Myrtus communis), specialized smoke
for fumigating or for medicine such as woira (Olea species), qega (Rosa
abyssinica) and cheba (Acacia lahai). Also available for sale in markets are
specialty wood products such as three legged stools, bowls, tool handles and
the items necessary for grinding coffee. Detailed study of the source of
these tree products has not been done. Probably a high percentage of the
products sold are gathered from indigenous forests. However, the economic
motive may be used to encourage farmers to plant trees on their own land.
As the forests become more depleted or under more strict control, the
economic incentive will increase for trees on their own land to be marketed.
See Table One for a more complete idea of tree products offered for sale in
markets.
+rlJc+ 4: rtftt:c; r+'Tt,fD aJ-m,."'T 010.f l\.e f\.'iim- ",r+ r

""floo~ ~aJ-::
10&.sPT 7t"}~~'l~"} hlf~ tfC:T"} ruti'hl\-O+ rh"}J'+ r1R."} r

"}~ "'''''''7+ ~aJ-:: Oil'CC; lb/toT rh..+r-A-J' 10J'sPT rtfC:TC; r+'Tt
fD aJ-m.",T 0()4-+ ....a~ .e:J'J'A:: r071p. 7t"}Q;I,+ oo'iiT htfC:T rut1
='{ r1R. r"}~ ~aJ-:: ~'lC -n 7t"} ~ if l\C; I'Ih roo......l\- tt:t-tt:t»sPT+ 7t"} s:
il~()C; +."}p. OlO&. J'l\- +0007 +ooquT+ 7t"}~ CD.et--r +;J-r Q;).11+ J'l\-
~"'~f\Tr 0'l0J' aJ-()T rrC;'l~:faJ- rtftt:c; -IlT*fD aJ-m.",T c;:faJ-::
7t"}~ ~()+ 7t..,C oo+oolilij. ~ .... /ilCt;W01/+ 10:J'sPT+ 7t~:J'sPT+ tID-
+Qj, roo......fl..-}- rtf~ (IJoolll.",T9" WIOJ' aJ-ltT .eaillfl..:: Otf~ CDlIl.-f~
0D1~ r"}~";f l\.e O~ TC;+ ilAi'~l19":: 7t"}lf..1J rtftt: aJ-m.",T rut1
~+ 1\1C O+A hIT'" tft::";f ~aJ-! ltfllT~9" r1R. 9"")~ 10&.sP~ tft::T"} 0
t-...: fm- oot»+ l\.e 7t"}.';.i'hfl.. J'~"'''':faJ- .elTc;A:: J!..tj";f Oillr "'J''''.
hoo~ CD.e"}9" OTl1+ -IlTTC ()C hIT'" 10. fl"''''7+ nz-... :faJ- oo&.+
l\.e .fl\- tft::T") ",oo-lllTC; ",oonT .e~"''''l\-:: 0111J' aJ-()T rflut1~ rtftt:
CJJotn.'" T 1\+Cll+ 1Il+"'A J' fl tIt"'l1
h-IJ::
"'' ' ' 7 T
+ lP"} lIll 1\"}t;"} .e oo A
LESSON #5: Farmers have preferences on trees and shrubs.

This should be so obvious that it does not need to be said. But many
planting projects are done without asking farmers' preferences. And
farmers' preferences may not be obvious to non-farmers.
Koso was named over and over again as a tree farmers want to see
planted. Others they showed preference for were dong (Apodytes
dimidiata), tqur-'ncet or koma (Prunus africana), wulkfa (Dombeya
torrida), getem (Schefflera abyssinica), grar (Acacia negrii and others) and
cheba (Acacia lahai).
Some of the farmers' preferences were not as expected. For
instance, tid (Juniperus procera) was rarely mentioned by the farmers
though the farmers consider it to have a strong wood. Another surprise was
the frequent mentioning of niwri (Rapanea simensis). Those of us who did
the survey were completely unaware of the tree before we began the
interviews. We could have never identified it as a tree that was worth
planting. But farmers value it for building, fuel, and for making a special
kind of bread.
There are some trees that the farmers value highly, but do not want
to plant on their own land. These could be planted on common or
government land. For instance, koso and wulkfa are thought by some to
hinder crop production. But both of these are valuable in house
construction. These could be planted on common land.
:"ruc:" 5: 10~~'f OlfC'fC; O~IJ't.tfl~'f rl1t: rCQij,~'f

Ji').. :':1&::
.eu Otflr "'1/A1\c; t\.Q/A f""l.e1QI& ~OC:: ~1C "'1111". fl\1'h'\ T

C"~tl"'"f f10~~"f1 rCtiIi ....eIll.e4& .e1'tl'\I\o:: f10~~"f rltili 1.."'1qo
10~~"f ,\/Alf.,. "'~"f "'1/A1\ '\.elf1 .e"f'\/A ::
f)1"" 1ft;: 10~~"f 1'1'tlt\-> ""If:" f"lL/A.,..:" A11..lf~ 01'1..;1;1

ot 1Il ......aJ-;f'A:: I\..t\->"f 10t,.$P"f rotODC tp.:faJ- ttc:l- p-l'··n ~4& C A')
tJJ.T OJ.er )1""1+ aJ-/Atl4.1 11'rl "'1t-C(~4&C "'1t-CC; I\..t\->'fr) A1Jl~
r Q;LQ C;:':aJ-::
~ -t"':,: r10t,.$P'f ct:'\.....,. 'f .fA1'mO4& ~O~:: 1\9"11-/1\.. ~.t" 01t,.

~"f rl1t: 11".,. JiA1'm+fl,.:: lftr,. (11)" m1t)t- A1Q;L:" "'1..tr~ .e
Cj1~t\-:: /bi\~ h~Y..Cj4>.. "l1C Y.."?IJU f~~t OTY..;J;JO? oom"'~ "l~:: 0

'J'Cjrf: ~i\T'}9" :J>I\-oom.e~'} hOO~OO~T'} O&o-l- ~fl tf4- 11".9" "?'}tffl.
hA'l0l'}9":: O~ ,}11 J'ATThfl tflf: oolf.,.'} I\~T'} 07CD+ L1l1JU hA~A
,}9" 'lOCI 'l1C -n 10&'P'T CD~9" fht,Qo.~ ~tP'T fl"?'}Q:J'I 1\071/'..1
+mt\-'} I\~(I OO;J1tJ' ~1fl1t\-0:J'A::
10&'P'T OY..'}l1 hfTm"'(IOcQT~ -n O~utT~ oo&.-l- i\~ f07f,

Th~T~ h'}~'}~ tfC;:T ht\-:: h'llllJ Oht,Qo.~ QI\ O;J? oo&.-l- CDf,9"
Ooo'}"?~-l- (I:J' i\.e fTTht\- I\..lf.,. ~Ti\t\-:: fl9"lJ/b "'(ICj ~Ah4. 0'1'4>..
1'-:': H'} ~ (ll1A'}x'} ~ O? -)~ ~:J'(lQA I 'l1C "?'} ~flrf:9" flfl.-l- "?,}Q:J'
m:J>O?P'T CjT~:: h'llllJ,} O;J? OO&.1'-T i\~ oo-l-hA ~~i\A::
LESSON # 6: Farmers' knowledge is very detailed and valuable

about the history oftrees in their area, and of the uses for each species.
Farmers have definite ideas about which trees make the best lumber
(koso and dong), house poles (koso and wulkfa), tool handles (koma and
wulkfa), fodder (getem and qoba (Maytenus obscura)), and charcoal (cheba,
qamo (a Rhus) and amja (Hypericum revolutum)). They also had definite
ideas about which trees are harmful to crops and soil (bahr zaf of course, but
also some mentioned wulkfa and koso). One surprise was the frequent
mentioning of boz or dongureyza (Solanecio gigas) as a plant that brings
fertility to the soil.
Casual observation shows that the area in which the interviews were
done has a greater amount of indigenous forest cover than many areas of
northern Ethiopia. But the farmers named forty species that are present now
much less than when they were young. This is a serious situation that so
many types of trees are on the decline. Many expressed a feeling of loss
over-the disappearance of the trees. The species mentioned most commonly
were koso, dong, koma, cheba, niwri, and getem. Woira is often mentioned
as well. In fact, we have been unable to locate a single woira tree in the
dega forests we have visited in AwL There may be some woira in dega
Awi, but we have not seen it in the forests visited. It is possibly locally
extinct, except for in some church compounds. Shinet (Myrica sa/icijolia)
is another tree that is now very rare in dega Awi. Though many of the older
farmers knew what it was and talked about it, we only located one living
tree of shinet in the study area, though there may be some unknown trees
present. In the second set of interviews we specifically asked farmers if

they knew of any shinet. The only tree they told to us was the one we
already knew. Many of the younger farmers did not know what it was.
Frequently farmers mentioned sesa (Albizia) as a valuable tree. This
was surprising, since it is usually thought of as a woina dega tree. But we
were surprised to find it on the top of Guble Mountain, at an altitude of 2620
m asl. It has also been seen at the base ofKolele Mountain, at about 2600 m
asl and also along the road towards Dinkara at 2550 m asl. The tree may
have a higher altitude limit than previously thought, with farmers willing to
see it planted.
TfDlJCT 6: r'lOt-sPT /)dJ"+T Ohf)QflYTdJ" P'4\I\.o(P't\~O~)

If G:."f-c; ht\ AY,}~'}~ 1ICY -r~fD OtIJfD mt\~ Yt\C; m"+~fD ~dJ"::
'lO'-sPT tlt::.T -ror 1JldJ"4\ r"tlf~ ...,..C; A,'}""11 t\o.T fD...,.. ...,..C;
dJ"Ah~1 A~:t'sPT ...".,C; dJ"Ah~I t\h1H-T 9"""1"" 'l""9"C; ~CU A'}-'lO«
fD h ...A Q;l,CU ..+qoC; hfD;q A,}~If~ ~Cm~ tltl)"" h4\TdJ":: rT'i}':,i tit::.
T t\OLCC; ....... t\oT 'lo~ A,}~If~ ,em~l)Il-:: /QIJC tI~ OAC""1-rfD r~'lo
~ f\1f'} h,}~,}A,T ...,..C; dJ"Ah~9" ,e1~A ,e4\Il-::/ h'}~ hh~C;-t, ~'lC (l
11 rhLC') t\9"~T r"tooAh "..hA oolf~ O'lOt-?'T O""~;J;J"t oom+....
Oh;JlJl~ h'loo,c;:fdJ" ht\"t\oT rIll'} It.Trot. Y hf)Qfl?'T ,eA

~ ..+t\- oom,e"+T'}'} Q~l""1,}OT hf)Qfl ". rh'lC O+A Ift::.T YIl-OT
~ '} A'}~t\ AC; Yt\'}:: ~'lC ""1'} htldJ"'}:" 'lOt-?'T OroIJlT~:" lI oo C;T dJ" r~
O~ ho«'} ""1'} OlJlfD O-r-t,1: r"t'l1: 40(hCQ) '},e~T rtl~ 1ICY?'T'} ~""1
ldJ"C;A:: ....". tlt::.T Arm~ oolfC;TdJ" hututo. (h~ 'l~) O«~:t' 4\,e A,}~Il-
YUWC;A :: ". tlt::.T ro,e9" ~C;T oo+~iI ".,t\T rlft::.T oo-r~:" A,}~1f
~ ,eC;.,&-t\-:: ". l.fI. r"tm+.... 1ICY?'T "''''1 A,'}""11 "'".,1 Q;l,QI "1'9"1
hdJ"&-1 ro,e&- C;TdJ":: OAC""1-r Oh'e fI'} dJ"iI-r Qrc;:fdJ" ~C;T 0«1l- rro,e
&- tI~ O~;J ~C;T dJ"h-r """"1,:,. hA~A,}fD:: QrC;TdJ" ~C;T dJ"h-r rt\
fD A,}~ Oh'e ~;J hf)Qo. ro,e&- t\.C;C ,eT4\A:: ,e1J9" 9"'}hAQ:" Ohf)Q
QdJ" rm4. O"''}~'}..t- ro.1'hChrf:.P1 ""1Q?'T 1l~ fO?,"~ OOIT~,} yutYIA
:: 1\.4\dJ" Ohf)Qo.dJ" t\.m~ r"....+lO tI~ 7i~:" ~dJ":: ,elJfD o.lf'} -r-t,:" 7i
9"..,1\. 'lOt-sPT O..t-C' l.fI. O~'} .... r"tYdJ"~:" tI~ A,}~If~ ~'lldJ"C;A:: h
'}~ OIJ,ero:,. r« r7i~:" tI~ -rC;:" OfDC;~C""10:" hf)Qo. ht\:: 1\.4\ 1'Q;l,""
t tI~ ""1'} h4\r'}fD:: ...." . rolJl:" 'lOt-?'T r7i~:" tI~ fD'} A,}~If~ h.pdJ"~
:"9"::
.VI Olll~ m:J>01J. tiC;:: x '}~lf~ 11".. 10t.P'T .emcl>(J.;1'A:: .eU ~.,
qo hll~c;4:. ~1C ~ar:: ~tn.r-l:~ fCD.ec; ~;J tiC;:: ,,",}~lf~ p't\01J.;1'fll1
~ar:: 01-11A -1'6-6- 26000'/. hll.CD.O. hc;::;1' i\.e 0017-1: Olll~ hll~'}~
c;A:: ~.,qo CD~ :F.,"I. n01J.CDlI~ar 00,}1.e: ~C 25500'/. hfl.CD.n. .e1~A::
Jff. h n4t-l: .,~:,. .eAcl> h C;::-I'~ (l;1' Il.lItrytryar f01J. TA ".elf') h.e +C
~:: 1nt.P'T -I'-I'hf\.. tryf:" f01J.LA1-:" tiC;:: ~ar::
LESSON #7 Though the farmers who were surveyed knew much

about the uses of the trees, they knew much less about propagation.
Most farmers know methods for propagating grar, smiza (Justicia
schimperiana), korch (Erythrina), qerkeha (Arundinaria alpina), and grawa
(Vernonia amygdalina) but could tell us nothing about the propagation, time
of flowering or fruiting of other species. The farmers know the trees to cut
and use them, but not to propagate them. This does not mean the farmers do
not want to plant the trees. Often farmers said they want to plant niwri, but
do not know how. Many said the tree does not give flower or fiuit. A few
tried to plant it, but none succeeded. The study staff is attempting to
propagate the tree through cuttings, and have had some initial success. But
we were frustrated in not being able to fiod the seed or flower of the niwri.
Most farmers were saying it has no flower or fruit. But one farmer near
Kesa was able to tell us a time and a place to find the fruit and flower-and
he was right. So there are exceptions to this lesson.
:"~UC:" 7: .,.'1:" fI~~"r}QTm- h"Qo. fot1otl: 1Rt.P'¥ lU' ..

t::.T .,.:,.~ -0".. fotym-efl o.lf'},.. itA .. ~ J\~Q'" flY. ... ff. 6m-.,.:,.
filT
11".. 10t.P'T "6-CI lIotJfI I"tCTI +chVc; .,~tp h1Y.T "'~~

6-0- f~1-r'} .... If'} lIt\/bf\..T fJf~ lIC.rJPT fhlfl ... fI.e..-t fhRQ CD.efJ" r
~t. CD:":" ~1~ t\.",,-r'} hA;Ff\..f}":: 1R&P'T "t.":T'} ~C{O oom+'" ...
:F fot.rarefl .... If'} try~flT ""1,} h.eTf\..f}"1 .eU tryt\T 1Rt.P'T ~ OP+h
A h.eLA 1-~ tryt\:" h.e~t\f}":: -n".. 'tlf.. tm-6 ouThA ""1LA,?t\1 ,e.i\t\
...::." ll1YwoT ,,"1~ot""hA h.raJ-efl'}":: ......PJ:t: 1Rt.P'T Rill,.. 1'etT (\
PJ"f f'l"h-r n'i-rf)" aJ-m.T hA~O~lfaJo1O:: .1l~PJl- hnO'l CD""" ~&.
rt\~"" ",,"":: f1'lJT 0-.f:lJ"f1 ~C{O oouThA fIJDhl ....0'1 .,.etT f
ou"!. OP6Y aJ-m.T nJ!,+1 ~OC:: ~1C '11 ~t. m,e.9" hOQ f9"'1"~ hAUD
Lessons from the surveys. 23
"'t\1~ ~OC:: i\1Y; "O~ r""c; oo:f U?"7j"" A1f..~1"fA ~"1.1--f.."7qo~

Ah ~OC:: OlltJ ""~tJC"" OJ-fll' .ft\Tm""t\1\- i\1\-::
LESSON #8 Most farmers feel they do not have enough land to

plant trees in addition to their crops.
The vast majority of farmers named lack of land for planting as a
reason more trees are not planted. Farmers often feel that the planting of
trees competes with crop production or grazing land. Farmers often see
tree-planting programs as competing for their very precious land. Farmers
are not against planting trees. They plant trees and shrubs on a regular
basis. But they have limited land to use in crop production and grazing. As
one farmer said, "You can give birth to children, but not to fields." If land
were infinite in supply, more farmers would be quite willing to plant
indigenous trees.
""~tJC"" 8: 1111- "O~sP"f h"'lI~;FTOJ- OTatU?~ JfC:"f1 t\ooT

hA Ot. oo~ A1f..t\,.l\TOJ- f,C;,,&-A-::
TQ;LU? t Jf e "f 1 A1 ~ f,Thl\- rht\hl\ TOJ- 'PC;OJ- ~h1.f"" r oo~..,.

AI'I."" A1f..tf~ 01lll-sP"f "O~SP"f H1Y; f,m.,. ... A:: "O~sP"f 1111- 'tit If
If: oo""hA r"7tn(f 00~;t-TOJ-1 fDf,1~ r ...lIA ~C;t-TOJ-1 A1f..DJL;14.T
OJ- .fflCJI\-:: 1ft::"f1 roo""hA T~"7&-~ t\"O~sP"f OJ-Y; 00~;t-TOJ-1 A1
f..00 ;14."" ~OJ-:: "O~sP"f Jflf: oo""hA1 i\f,""fDtJOc~I OT...Tt)ht\ oo~..,.
l\f, Jft::"f1 f,Thl\I\-I ~"C "71 .fl\TOJ- r"?tn(fc; r... lIAoom"'DJL.f oo~..,.
OJ-fl1 ~OJ-:: i\1 Y; "O~ A1 Jl tJ i\t\ A"f.."f1 A
I ,:cr 00 ~"'" OOOJ-t\ Y; i\f,;F
A~::' roo~"" i\+CP"" ...4. .ft\ R.tf1 ere 1111- "O~sP"f If~ t\oo..,.hA L
""f..?i A1f..DJLtf.,. AC"?mlf"f ~1::
Conclusion
Farmers highly prefer certain indigenous trees and are using them to
the point of extinction. Though they want to plant some of these trees, lack
of land and lack of knowledge of propagation techniques hinders them.
Continued research efforts need to focus on discovering propagation
techniques of valued indigenous trees. A variety of indigenous tree
seedlings that reflect farmers' preferences should be produced for planting
24 Additional Observations and Insights.
on common lands. These same tree seedlings should be made available to

the farmers, with attention given to which seedlings are taken most
frequently by the farmers for use on their own land.
OWJm:J'IlY
'lO&'P''f ""~'~ tft::'f1 OflJr ht\utCD&:f(J)o H?:f(J)o "hhutm4.

~lh "r""m.,.oo-q:f(J)o ~or:: roo&'T "1'lTC; "or"'T OWJ~h Ytf:f(J)o "
1)[ tft::'f1 ooThA f,&..A;Jfl.:: "'flJf, 1'C;.y.'f rOWJ?qT HJ?.1 flOWJ.,1'T
I\f, OWJ.,.....C f,&..t\.,q:fepA:: r'l&'p''f1 rcli6J. (~I\-)T ) OOlPlT OOWJ~l"
r"''lC-O'''A tf~ 'f.,7f'f1 O;J? OD&,.y."f I\f, "'.';.""hfl. ottH;J~T f,'lq
A:: O'l&'P''f OWJIt orll1' rut'l): tft::'f1 OODODAhT 'In&,p''f r.,..7f=t:1 h
HtD-Tl(J)o "'~utm.,.oo-q:for "'f,.y. r"~ll.lJ1 tft::'f 'f.,7f'f OO~ 1Je).;I'
t\'lO&'P''f OWJ""lll Yh&..A;JA::
Additional Observations and Insights.

Indigenous high altitude shrubs for erosion control.
Tree lucerne (Chamaecytisus palmensis) is an exotic species being
planted as an erosion control shrub in Awi Zone, North Shewa, South
Gondar, and other areas about the Region. The study staff is trying three
species of leguminous indigenous shrubs that may serve the same purpose.
These are amed mado (an Argyrolobium species, probably A.
schimperianum), yeayt ater (a Crotalaria species) and yefyyel grar
(Aeschynomene abyssinica). All three have shown good growth in the
nursery, reaching 20 to 40 em (yeayt ater and amed mado) and about 15 em
(yefyyel grar) high in eight weeks. All three have nodules on the roots
where nitrogen fixation is presumably taking place. Yeayt ater and yefyyel
grar flowered and are fruiting less than one year since the seed were sown.
The seed for all three came from plants at or above 2500 m asl.
Yefyyel grar has compound leaves and a yellow flower. It had a
rooting pattern in the nursery that was unusual. It put out no taproot at all,
only lateral roots that went straight out until they encountered the wall of the
poly tube, and then began going downward. This may make it useful for
soil protection, but it may compete with agronomic crops.
Amed mado and yeayt ater both have trifoliate leaves and a yellow
flower. The genus Crotalaria which is what yeayt ater is in, has 87 species
described in the Flora of Ethiopia. Of these, about ten are shrubs found
above 2000 m asl in Region three. In other parts of Africa, some species of
Crotalaria are being used for soil improvement, weed control, erosion
control, insect control, and even monkey control! Some species are useful
for fodder, but others are toxic. Crotalaria species in Ethiopia may have
untapped potential.
. As the information on these species is still very much at a
preliminary state, these species have not yet been included in the body of
this manual. However, the following information on propagation is
provided.
Germination of amed mado and yeayt ater was low, often 5 to 8 %.
However, the seed are found many per pod, and collecting and planting
many seed is not difficult. Casual observance of amed mado and yeayt ater
showed they both germinated better if covered with a heavy layer of grass at
the time of planting. Yeayt ater germination was improved by boiling seed
one minute, but decreased when boiled five minutes. Germination of
yefyyel grar was very high without pretreatment. The removal of the seed
from the pods is more time consuming in yefyyel grar than in the other
leguminous species.
Amja (Hypericum revolutum) has been planted by study staff on
bunds as a trial for erosion control. Though not a fodder species, it has a
very hard wood that is valued by farmers for charcoal, tools, and fuel. This
species does not need shade. See the section about Hypericum for more
details.
",. Qili 011 ~ ~:,; T 'i hit",. ~ho PJ:fT"}

f1.;J ~1J'*(JlP'T IlnL.C ')lJ'nT ooh,\h'''T: Tl, h-llC1
nn'f 1f1: ll0'l.1 7itp 1f1: xn-n "'I11.C 1f1CJ tblrT Iflfr nhAh-
m-illJ' Iln L.C IJ'O:J> fO'l.+ hb\ f m-6L" 11 C f ~IJ'* (Jl '1m-: : flJ'f) T
It-~CJr1 ~ilT n1C Oef>A rtf.,. lICfP'r1 Il+ootltl,e. +iqC
hr'P'hl "(I}a:: h"C""'~ noo~ortf!.: fn,e.1J' n+CCJ f~fA ns-c
CJ:f(l}a:: ~ili:~ nr"/'1 fIlflf (l}allillJ' IJ'<-' ,)~1T ,tl,h-:- 20-24
"'.0'1. /noo1:ortf!.Cj rn,e.~ n+C/ 15",.0'1. /r~fb\ it.C/ ~OOT
nil~1T tl~1;t-T (l}aillJ' n~1tpA:: ~ili:~ rCJ,e.TC'~1 (}-1.*
OJf.tJl/..('n* nilC'rr(l}- t\,e 61rt(llT iv)..r(l}-:: fh,e£f hrCCJ f~fA

OJt-C "? hr"t- h11: l}oo* tt,eqot\(I}- hnCl It£frtpA:: ~iI'l:r
"C'T fooffi"* h2S0()Oll.. hCl.m.O. m,er htlf Ot\,e hlf'7 (l;J' '7(1}-::
f~fA OJt-C 111t +mAtJ fi.tffil. hOCl hit(l}-:: OOJ~ fTlfi.f
(l}-il£f fAritooY. f PJC 61:1* '7Ol(l}-:: my. ;J'T fOJf.f.('1" PJC'T
tt,eCi<-.* my. 11 l1r fhOCl hlm.'l:1 hilhOJf.f1~ .('lil hY.1"CJ
htlfr mY. ;J'T rooit~:: ,eu 6.('1;J'r(l)- ito&.C £f0.4' £f<-' tt,elf1
h,e+cr '71C OJ1 fltl1A rC-fT1 h.('1* ft.7iO'J ,eTt\A::
hoo.('O'Jfl.CJ fh,e£f hrC U-it'l:r ~iI*r-7i +mACJ fi.tffil.
hnCl ht\r(l}-:: fh,e£f hrC fOJf.ooY.110* «tJC't\;J'~f» n~f\ot- i1~
h.*r-kf (l}-il£f 87 lICfSOT r"ClIltpA:: hh'7tlur ootJhA 10
fUf\o~ OtJAA ~iI* h200()Oll.. Ot\,e f0Jf.1~ ch£f*(llSOT CJr(l}-::
nt\.f\oT h~~tJ h1C'T Oh'7tlu hh1,c;;11: lICfSOT ito&.C ,e"*
oo7i7iA -: itOlr ooht\hf -: ito&.C 6£f0* ooht\hf -: it.,~tt*
ooht\hf-: h1"tu-r it1l1~C' ooht\hf'7* h11J. ,em+O'J~:: h1,c;;1.('
lICSOT ithfl* 00'f'7* o.f1itOJ~ h1,c;;y''7fl.~ Y.OJqo ooCtfO'J CJr(l}-::
f«tJC';J't\~f» lICfSOT rtJACl*r Oh.*r-kf hf~ 0'J1r
hA+m+ooClr(l}-r: :
Oh'7tlU lICfSOT t\,e fit(l}- ooAhtJ* oo~oo~f t\,e
fi.lf1r h11J. ofTIr 111t '7(1}--: h'7tlU?u lICfSOT hilh hU-1 nuu
ooK'ch~ htJA (l}-il£f hArtJr'l:r:: ,eU-1 h1~ nhlClClr(l)- t\,e
fOJf.h+it(l}-1 ooA6tJ* It£frtJA::
fhoo.('O'Jfl.CJ fh,e£f hrC l1+it* SO,lo- 8% flJA lI+r~
'7nc:: fr fi.lf1 Oh11: rue hlm.r (l}-il£f flit "C'T ,e1~~-:
h1.etu-r Olt "C'T1 ooltflltflr If'7 001lt-* +t\A '7(1)-:: flit 1.11.
h1,c;;f'7(1)- hoo.('O'Jfl.CJ fh,e£f hrC nOJf."<-.n* m+* Ofllt oc
ooli&.1 hitClr(l}-:: fh,e£f hrC1 f1+it* ltO'J7i7iA itn1.(' Y.et.4'
0'J~t\* £f? t'Llf1 itnril* Y.<t.4' 0'J~t\* OJ1 f1+it-l:1 11+
fY.C1tpA:: f~fA OJt-C l1+it* fitr1r f"C O'J7i7if OD"ht- h~+~
l1+it* nit(l}-:: f~fA OJt-C1 "C nne hlm.'I: 0'Jt\++ ht\.f\o:f
CJ,e*C'~11 hOJf.ftpu,c;;.. lICfSO"f ,eA+ nilr;J~ '7(1}-::
nr;q n£fCJ* rt1:CJT1 oosc 6£f0* ooht\hf'1+ itoo--ht-
fuA OhChCiT t\,e rrtJ').A:: ithl1* ooCf'7* Cl,elf19" 1n~PJT
ithilA -: fhC7i oott~fCJ itO'J1fl. OJf.m+oo--n* m1tJt- h1t;Ll.+ nitCD-'::
,eu lICf crt\ h,e&.AOJr:: it+t;tl.O'J~ ool:4 PJit nr:4 fr~&.CD-'1
tJ~A ,eooAh-l:::
Notes on Seed Collection.

One obstacle to propagating indigenous trees is not having the seed.
Seed collection is often difficult, sometimes requiring climbing to the tops
oflarge trees, or onto the smallest of branches.
One of the biggest obstacles to seed collection is locating a fiuiting
tree in the proper time of year. Many times the season of year for seed
collection is not known. Literature is often confusing on this. Table Three
is offered as a guide to finding seed of dega area trees. Within the sections
on most trees are listed various places in Awi Zone, and sometimes outside
of Awi, where the specific trees can be found. 'In most cases seed can be
collected from them. When the trees are on farmers' land, permission from
the farmer should be obtained.
Once seed is collected, it should be handled properly to maintain
viability for a long time. The main enemies of seed are humidity (moisture),
and heat. Light can also be damaging. Many types of seed are generally
dried in the sun, but they should not be left in the sun for a long time. The
best place to store most types of seed is in a refrigerator at about 3 degrees
C. A dark room that is not damp is another good place. It is also good to
know whether the seed being collected has a short life span or not. Table
Three lists some information on this.
Because Awi Zone has a relatively high amount of dega remnant
forest, it has potential as a source of seed for NGO and government
nurseries throughout Ethiopia. A program for this could be developed and
possibly be a source of income to the area.
ODA~hr nne h(lcU,... I\~: n1C n.,.A ttc::f1 I\~t-n:"

n1~ ooilCJhA rHC nl\ooc:'C "(I}-:: HC ooill1ill1 11~ 1.", hllT;Jt,
"(I)-! h1~1~ 1.", n:"I\A"" ttc;::f 6Jil.~ I\f,: 1\'" 1.", n:"CJ17i
""C16Jil.c::f 6Jil. ~ 1\f, 00(J}.fll:" ll&-.A;JA::
He hf'lll/Hl ""A~ oof'llJhA Vo>tf ~&-ar~ I-fli~ nO'l.f~t-n""
1.", nl\~"11.:" "(I}-:: Cll1l1~(1)- HC rDJt.ilnf'll1n:" 1.", n~;r(J}""~::
rK"U-~ H1n:f nuu I\f, 11ft 1.", f~;r;r~:: lP1ml~ rrll:" I\1.;J
ttc::f rHC ooilClilflf 1.", I\OIJ(J}"" h11. oooot,f +ClJ.A:: nn1! ..1
(I}-{)q' nn~ n;rsu:f: h1"tU-~ h...,.. (l}-6L1' fI~ 11c::f r+HlH?ClT(I)-
h~ho~ r+m+il(l}- tt~ 1\.1~ rDJt.:fAClT(I}- CJr(l}-:: n~1~ 0011 ~
hh.,Cft- "C 00"'11"'11 .e:fI\A:: lie::,: O'ln&.P':f oo&.*, OJ"itcr lTfl.1~

hlf., f10&.P':f1 &.:P1: CPJarrH' ,"'&.A;1A::
"C":f h1~ h+...O... n- O:tl\ x...
hlTfl.&."10J" '1.11. 1:lit CPJeJ\f*,
h1.et:fA ocr? rr"l.;1' 00111 h"ClTOJ":: f"C CP'1 ml\-f:f 00.+*''1
hCcrO*' '1TOJ":: l1C.,19" ""'/~ .e:fI\A:: 111t- a,.e.,*' "C":f OKch.e
.e~C:Pft- -: "1C '11 "/."1:9" 1.11. OKdt,e I\,e CPJeJ\f*, hlit&.AOJ9"::
"C":f1 "CPJit+oocr +00~l.t6 (1;1' 3.et,fb. Cl"OJ" CPJ+1I+'1f
/&If.&"I:&'+C/ OJ"lIcr "OJ":: xc-r-n I Alf., (;tl."9" s« (1;1' 1b1\0J" cr?
itlf.~ "OJ":: "? h+...O...O O:tl\ 9"1 IUA 1.11. ooeffT h 1lTfl.:fA
CPJOJcf! ~OJqo cr? "OJ":: ottu I\,e oll1ml=H' Y'itT cr~T ooA6h-f:f
hft-: :
hee 1f1 111t- ~&T s. Cj:f flTfl.1~OT Ooolf.,. 9"h11T Oh1&'I:
OJ"itcr "lTfl. 1~ 001'1 ;1'If I Alf.,. 1:C"I:-f:f'1 f 001'1it*' :fOJ=-S ffJo.P':f
flTfl.+Clf. "C t\.1+Cl1 ,e:fl\A:: ,eu TC"OJ~9" t\.11:'1 flTfl.:fA tLlf1
"hlJClflOJ" f1fl CPJ'1r;: 00111: t\.lf1 ,e:fl\A::
•
29
Table Three: Dega Ethiopia Indigenous Tree and Shrub Seed Collector's Guide
Common Scientific Months of collection U Seed size Treatment Other comments
Names Names (mm)
agam Carissa edulis April (Miyazya), and 7-10 none needed High germination rate if seeds are
probably others fresh. Keep it in the nursery one full
year before planting.
ahaya Salix November-December lmm none needed Germinates very rapidly when fresh--
subserrata (Hidar--Tahsas) even within 24 hours. The cottony
hairs around the seed make it difficult
to handle. Seed does not store well.
amja Hypericum January-February Very tiny, None needed Can take three weeks to two months to
revolutum (Tir--Yekatit) like dust germinate.
asta Erica arborea October-January Very tiny unknown; keeping seed Seed must not be allowed to dry out
(Tiqmt--Tir) seed in a refrigerator for a few once sown.
weeks may enhance
germination
brbrra Millettia Found in a wide range of 13-15 Not necessary; but seed Do not dry the seed in the direct
ferruginea months from May to must be sown fresh sunlight. Birbira seed should not be
November (Ginbot-Hidar), kept more than a couple months.
msana Croton Found in a wide range of About8mm No treatment necessary.
macrostachyus months, depending upon
the area.
cheba Acacia lahai December and January flat, about Boil seed one minute
(Tahsas and Yekatit) 6mmby
4mm
dong Apodytes March About6mm May need to have seed Study staff had very little success in
dimidiata (Megabit) coat removed germinating this species
doqma Syzygium May About 20 Remove the fleshy fruit, Seed should not be stored more than ten
guineense (Ginbot) mm and soak for two days days
elaho Pittosporum November to January 5mm no treatment necessary Four to nine weeks to germinate, Red
viridiflorum (Hidar to Tir) but seed sticky substance makes the seed
30
collected off the forest difficult to handle. Once sown they
floor in March and April have high germination, Natural
(Megabit and Miyazia) do seedlings can be found on the forest
not have the sticky floor in June. Seed can be stored at
substance least one year.
enqoqo Embelia September to November spotted seed Seed do not all ripen at the same time.
schimperi (Meskerem to Hidar) 5mm across Difficult to germinate.
inside outer
coating
getem SchefJlera June 2-3mm None needed if seed are May need a special medium, like moss,
abvssinica (Sene) fresh in which to germinate
grar Acacia species 5-7 Most Acacia seed are
treated with sulfuric
acid, scratching the seed
surface, or boiling in
water for fi ve or ten
•minutes.
kanaberi Allophylus December and January It is difficult to fmd ripe seeds, because
abyssinicus (Tahsas and Tir), possibly strong winds blow that time of year, so
as early as October (Tiqmt) the seeds fall down before fully ripe.
in other areas. Germination may be difficult.
koma Prunus February and March 7-10 Seed do not store long and should be
africanus (Yekatit and Megabit) sown fresh
koshim Dovyalis Months of collection vary Remove the fleshy outer Store in a container in which air can
abyssinica widely from place to place; covering and separate move, preferably at 5 degrees C. The
some areas have two crops the seed from all debris, seed should not be stored for a long
of fruit in one year. and air dry for three to time.
five days.
koso Hagenia February to April (Yekatit Very small Seed should be separated Must get the seed from female trees
abvssinica to Miyazya) from the dried flowers only, and a male tree must be nearby
101 Ekebergia April About 12 Wild animals eat fruits; therefore it is
capensis (Mivazia) mm difficult to collect fully ripe fruit.
niwri, Rapanea December-January 6 to 8 mm Not known. Difficult to Seed and flowers are found only at the
gaynura simensis (Tahsas and Tir) diameter germinate. tops of the laraer-trees
'njorie Rubus species November to March (Hidar About4mm None known Seed take months to germinate when
31
to Megabit) fresh. Seed stored one year germinate

more quickly and more uniformly.
qega Rosa Flowers are found year 3-6 Storing seed moist for Can be propagated by cuttings
abyssinica round; study staff noted six months at 3 degrees
fruits in November (Hidar) C greatly enhances
germination
seni Tee/ea nobilis April (Miyazia) to 15 mm
long
'she Mimusops October to December About 20 to Remove outer fleshly Seed seem to store well, but may take
kummel (Tiqmt to Tahsas) 25mm fruit. Soak seed for months to germinate
twenty four hours.
shola Ficus species March tiny Many seed in each fruit. Seed may
(Megabit) need light to germinate.
tid Juniperus January and February (Tir 3-5 Remove seed from seed Tid seed can be stored at least four
procera and Yekatit) coats then rub with ash years.
wanza Cordia October to January Remove the fleshy Typically take six to eight weeks to
africana (Tiqmt to Tir) covering and air dry germinate. Be sure the seedbed is well
several days. drained.
woira Olea europaea March July 4-9 Remove the hard seed Plant in beds, and transplant to tubes
(Megabit to Hamle) coat when there are only two leaves.
wulkfa Dombeya February-March About 3 mm No treatment necessary The seed is small
torrida (Yekatit and Megabit)
zgba Podocarpus March to July about 5 mm Crack the seed coat. Zgba seed have been difficult to
fa/catus (Megabit to Hamle) germinate. Zgba seed must be taken
from female trees near male trees.
Usually 6 to 8 weeks to germinate, but
may take up to two years. The seed do
not store well.
**Most of the months noted in this table reflect direct observations of the Study staff The months of seed
collection willvary for places other than Awi Zone.
32
lP~m~:W ~ilT: rh.Tf"~ y ~;J"7 "l)lJ{l "1C-{l+A IJ~Cj 4l"'*{fl9'T rHC
"ltlJlt-n oooo(,y
DUm/'~ ..,.e''''ee flfC flfC flfC .,. a.:a...,'" h il.,. ~f'"T
ilr ilr DU"'-o",n.~ DUm' 1f"~:"
dJ:":" O"t.*'I
h;J?"' 116<'1 0"t"f1l"f'i' 7-10 h~ilMN'/9'" n~ h.J:,il hlf't f-o:"I\:" oolfi)' h
h.~l\.il 9"''i'&VI:''9'" ~-t~ 't(/}-:: hou-thh- O'<'T
OIVt-T lin's.': ~OUT OT"~ ffJllf
dJ/,•.:,. 004l"T MOT::
h'I~ 'Il\.hil hu"K:- ;rUUffl 1 " r-oo}>l\:" oolfi)' h"til nc l\.lf1
'I-oI\.6-;r )',lD.'r6-A:: Ib"'(/}- <l>C.y. 024 o»
q:,. or."I1' (/}-m.:" J'u\(/}-:: on~ n
-er fl\(/)- 1'1' I\h"f"f1l "fflT-'16-
A:: It~, O~'Hl OIJlI<f>ou'J'
Mr;J6 ~lP-::
h9"'JI" th.eT6h9" TC-fll't:" 1\001\11:" " lloufl<f>b'\ h3 "9"'''H-- 2 (PC
6ii'1\-T?"' hilT-;J6'i' .e
1\.(p1I s.': 'fl\b'\: :
-o'i'>f f"t
ooilA 't(/)-
hil;J- Jl,/,Il h1':"9"':"- OtlJ9'" 1'J> O~/'~ 1\1'-t:" <'I9"'1;r:" "'Iil hn~ h1.e,. h-tn6- O~'" oo.e'l:"
hC(16~ TC 0}> 1 <l>ooT 9"''i'AlJ:'' 1\-0:":" ~"11 h"filLA1(/}-9"'::
A'~'t A1~ h.e;rOJ:"9'"
-oC-06- "tlb't~ h'11(1:"-U"K: lJl\(/}- 1.n 13-15 lJ.filLIl. '19'" n~ A''''1''101''10 n~ I\lJr:9'" 1.11. oo<l>oo1'fl\O:"
.(.~j(V ,. oon6-:" h/\O:" ?",:: n~ OfJth.e oo.e'lo}> r/\O:"r
r'l'i' hC''''' "'IhC' M~(1;r(/}- IH.;r OlJr: OJ~ 8"t.*'I "fu h~ilLA'19'"
il;ritfil 9'" f1.u. A"'t:" A
a.:a.lJ hh.fI.f "''1)', ;rU'Iil'i' fll1:,:" m~ffJ4- 604 tI~, lin's.': ~<f:~ fUb'\
OIJ.. "'l. fUb'\ OIJ~I\T
/1.1'1 h?" ~.e"'fI"t 00;J0.:,. 6 "t.*'I. "fUA fnc fI'f,.)'1 "'11'1:" ~flLA" .eu, 1IC"f,fTC;:" (I..e''i'T1 1\..,
"t"t.f;r .e1f'C;/A -o<l>A "'T-"~A
/1.0}>"'1 l\.lf.1.f9'" 1.t, '1'(1:" 20"t.*'I ~UA f~&.(/}-1 f(/}-ilT h~A O"'l(/)- n~ h10 <l>C;:" n... .e 00<1>001' rl\
If. tlJ:" I\IM:"<I>'i':" 0(/}-'1 oo,h 0:"9'"
C
h....1f' "C -foil?'19" it hu"K:-1'C O~, (/}-il1' 5"t.*'I "tiC ou-h? 0IJ1Flf 1\00-0<I> A h4-9 <'I9"";r:" fflL
6"tIf=h-l9'' '1' OOD;Jo.:"C; "t"f1l"f nfllLINllP-9"' A1tpA:: f"t.ftlJ-o<l>(/)- 't1C nc
33
l"fll1il(l fotf"m+a>- h oofll1fll1 filT..,t-A:: h'}Y" h
't1C fl\9" l"lIt- 'I'~ fl1:"h-r :>~A hha>-::
fl"L'I'C' "T..,7f'"T a~'} a>-il'l' a
(a). 1"00Ahl"'1A:: H'" 1\"'1,(-
~oo:" fuA 00+001J' ,('."T4\A::
A')~~ A9"Cbll.fil"T h ooilhl9"- U~C '1ml1f1)(li' lIC':ti V-h-9" ah'}.(- ,,~ h~aM..
9""Ct fhon:" HC 9":: 1\0011+A "'ilT:Jt '1(J}o::
5tnt..9"
11"9" iliftt:lbt- xnn 2-3ot.OJL lI~ h"til htf't hfflLA..,9" h ool1+A A'}~ hl,}~.e.. if;J;t- /
1~tJ f1:'};J~ 1Ia-r/ ll.filLA1a>- ~"T
"A
..,t-C fhh.1If 'tICf S-7 hl1ttljta>- fhh.1If 'tICf aflA
Lth hl"l...(- oolltt:fltt:.;. fI~ '} a
OOm'" ooil(]C tD~9"hS-lO ~
+.:1> a".,+ a>-'I OOfltt:lItt: filL
A;JTtpA
tJ'1f1t hi\-4-~M xn h;t-U..,il-'I'C ah,}~~,} 5tnt.. O'l, M·T faM flC rrrt -r hilT;Jt 'ta>-.;.
11"l..~hll 1: (l;t- ~..,,,., 0'l':"9"-r f 1\(J}o HC 9"h'}f~9" ll.ailA I"l..A 't4-ll M
n+.e "HC 'l'ha>- 'ta>-:: "HC 11:"1\-1;
1
714-1 hilT;Jt 1\1f1 ,('."T4\A::

11", Tl'iil htt:ttJ ftJ-t-r'1 OD;JR.-r 7-10 lI~') 11".. h",H-r "'i\- oollt--r
'1
11119" fl.7i..fll.il hR. flC fotflafll1a-r 1..u, fa>-lSf.l'a>-'} hM.., htJA ",iltD1 soc "oo-+-r OOm'} fh(J}o'1 xec
l"l..~tJ h(l;t- (l;t- aflJ9" ~hf f 1:'1 lI~') hv-h-9" ~i('i('PJ"T ll. '}..,+ila-r aot"TA (l;t- 00+
A '1'+':" (l;t-PJ"T ah') oohf-r.;. 3-S +'1-r nxec ", 00'1' hM-r:: fI~ hl"Jl':9" 1..u, 00
1: 'ioo-r a'iOD-rV-h-r 1:l:" +00'1' fhO:"9"::
1..u, tt:~ ~(aflJl\-
11/'1 'I~tf hR.1"l.. ftJ-t-r- otf'tlf aflJ9" -r')11 'ta>- h~l+ hafl fI~'} OOfll1(al1 ~ htD'iY"tttt: hm'll1 h"t'llf (&,1; tt
~tJ ~"A tt: ,,~ 11~ ooh+9" hM-r
i\-A IbhCbC'l,f tJ otf'tlf 12 ot.OJL tt:~a>- aJ5.C ht-'£:" Mota" fa
"C'}l"l..il (ah lIC 00(a11(a11 hilT;Jt 'ia>-::
f'l''1-r (l..1:'1"T') (]'tRla>- oo-ht-
'tI:"l"ljt fl1:"h-r OOm') 'iala>-::
~a>-t t-;r~, ..,~OO ;t-U..,il-'I'C h~;t-tD:"9"l I\ool1+A lIC'1 hafla>-'} rrrt -r fot~hCD"
;J~ert- '}I"l..{) hil=f:Jt h-l'''A:'' ttc"T -att: ,,~ 11~ 'i
(J)<
I'\e @ ~r
E:. <L+ lY-E- E- J:: ".,go::..oi-,.01'0
iJ ~.c'·=c~
··w ~ *'~
<E= go:e <Ee + ~~ ~~<"
a.-<E :c!'\9 < oi-..o
-e
~~toi-~~
~E ~<E
..o.~
E-+ oi- i-,.E ~~a.(
~E- eE:g+.~~
1a{& r~ ""'~ ~@E- ..c:..c: ~oi-
:~~~~r
..0+ ".,~ @~ go:' -C +. ~ccil=\Q.(S
~+" ~oi- +@ a.-~ &&
.... oi-llo-.(i~c-
g < :l--C ~..c: ~ 'C"Qo(~ a',.llo-E.f.
OP@t ~~CIC'l'"
<".f. S& e g~@\O.ce
~ ~.f. <" ~~ :~ .. u*, "'<" .cu~
<e~<Ee~
\0
.c:e~t ~g- ~ .. .C:£ ~ll ~C-C:=- 01'0
e <E:C:"c. a.(~~r U.c~",..c:
.c<Eca',. e<E :!:.C:£i-,. <E:c: ~ ", a.-~ lC= :C:oJ.iD~~$
""'<E .... g &~*.f. oi-
~~~~ c(-oi-
~.c ~~c ~
<eIci{ "':!:<
~~1Cr =~
~
W~<:E c-:c:<:!!goi-:C:
oJ.@c:l"a.( ~g oJ.g..o gee- oJ.*' g ~ <E =:E" oJ. 6"'"
i=" -e c"
:c:<<:= 6"'= :c:~a.- < ~ :c:~ <c:::*' =.c:.+.c: :c: a.-e~oJ.Ici{.C:£e
:c: E- g r- + e-
-e
ee
~
uoi-g oJ.
g++ ~= :c:
-C ~.+
t
~i=
ga.-+. """
lC=.f. 'c- e" ~
e'-C ~
es ..c:g- lC=
U
<tr~
~eol'o
~+.
~d"~
"" .c:
eC
«~ C-c ~?l=
t ~u u:c:
c:::oi- lC=..c:
""a.- a.- t~ g
~~
a.-~~ ~1c:: r-
~ :- oi- U ~~= ""g- ~c::: ~
.+
e
i-,.
';:C~e
<E-"c.0I'0 6~~
1Cr •• ~'-C e~
1Cr+ .I:
e
~
r~ ""
~
..0 e-
~
'+~EoJ. ~~:l'"
<,..oe
~g
~01'0
~..c: <,C r- ~~ oJ. :c:
..c: ~oJ.gE- a.-6"'= a.-= a.-e E'-C llo-..c: a.-
go
~ go: go ~
go go: V)
go: go: ~ ~
I C'Il
.... .+
lfl
go: \0
I +.. V)
I 0\
I go: go:
"'" <'"l ....
~ 0
C'l Qo( <'"l -e- <'"l V)
e ::~
'\9<E<
~ -Hi
oi- ~~ c ~ ~ oi- ~
*..c:~
=1'\
@
tru-tt
'-<e@
'C"
:::l
+. ?
,.. oi- u
E-I
~
~
=1'\ ~
g ~I
CuO ~ I
+" I
u
I
oi-QC'e<E il= .+ oi- .I: oi- 0i- I
oi- =
0i-
QC' trsc-"", ~ = Q,.
I ~ = +" 1'\
~
.c t~~+. ? .+
~
1'\
g u
~
.+
E-
1'\
g a.- g
.I:
.-,
e .c II
.I: E-1 QC' ~
.I: "-:l II ~
iJ
e....,
.N
<: e
l-
I-
e
~
..c: e
..c *'"'-e!
e
l-
= ,~
e oJ. Ue
.I: +
..c: 0<:.
~~ .c
u"'"
g.<E ~ ~
~ ~
II ~~ go: go ~
"" ~~ .::.tr "'-<:.~" ~
at
at.I:
~<E
g ~ ~
""<Ee
J:: c-
~
..c:
1'\ ...:
.c
1c::
..c:
~ '-C
c ~
e
6'"
i=
'" 1c:.
--
~
.... hlltl~SJI:'= 011..11 lP'lIll~ f.,......,.-I: tDt-+ fotJ''}OIlC-II+ f'1'Ci+ 0-

.('.,., +'1''''~ ....~+ ~aJo:: flll OO()lI()o.J' tD.....,.'f hh'e I',) aJoli£b f.,.t\~
I'llf.,. ~ 'fi\h-::
Bark and vines from woody species used for rope.
In dega Awi farmers are using various bark (lit) and vines (hareg) for
different tying purposes. "Lit" is used for tying animals, making fences and
making rope. "Hareg" is also used for tying animals, making fences, and
also in house construction.
For "lit" farmers use the bark of grar (Acacia species), awra (Protea
gaguedi), wulkfa (Dombeya torrida), bahr zaf (Eucalyptus species) and
kusha (Girardinia bullosa). Of these, kusha is considered by farmers to be
the strongest during dry seasons, followed by awra, grar (especially dega
grar), wulkfa, and last is bahr zaf lit. The rope from grar is good in the dry
season.
In wet seasons hareg is used to tie animals. Of the haregs, azo hareg
and toro hareg are the best, but insects eat azo hareg when it is used in house
construction. Azo hareg is Clematis hirsuta, which begins flowering in Awi
in late November.
Oh'e f..;J07 h ....IlO'",'f fot1): 10t.SJI'f f.,.t\J'~ fA'1'Ci ftlll""l f}

.e~"''f' t\.,.t\J'~ "'""IIlt-+ ~1Il+07h-:: A'1" t\1 OO .(' ooiMJ'+ t\1.II.J''e
h'1'C 07()(,J'+ hll+ t\07()CCi 00.:" ""I'll:" tD....+ t\07()(,J' ~1Il+07t\-::
A'}-'l1Jc9" 10t.P''f hll'"'f'} t\07()CCi t\""I,}Il:" 1.11. tIll""l' .e1ll+07h-::
A'1" fotJ'1):+ h""lt-c+ haJot-+ aJoAb4.+ IllJC tlt;:Ci tJ.?f ~aJo::
hA~lllJ9" OO;J 1.11. lIl,....t-aJo tJ.?f+ hllf9" haJot-+ +'1'1\0 ""It-C /O.,.t\.e
9" f s:» ""It-C/+ ooo+lIlA9" aJoAh4.+ oooQ;Ll?f IllJC tit;: CiTaJo::
10t.",'f h'-",'.(' fA'1' f}.e~"''f' /1001:/ OO;J 1.11. l\.1\o'f, Ohl
9"+ 1.11. t\~"'aJo .e1ll+07h-:: ftJ.?f1 100 1: OO;J /Of..l..../ 1.11. f""lt-C'} 1
OD ~ {lhl9"-l- /OlICill m.... -l-/ 1.11. ODlIl+9" '1'or ~aJo:: A'}JtlJcSJD tIll""l,} {I
hl9"+ 1.11. fo.+ A'}illt+' t\07()C ~1Il+00.0:"A::
10t.SJI'f fotlll+oo.llTaJo ftlll""l f}~~"''f hl'+ (lIe"+ hll;1'/tD.e
t-/ till"? CiTdJ":: hA~lllJ?" hl'Ci (lie" tIll""l m'.. .
00.+ ""I'll:" 1.11. hI' tIll""l' ...., ...., ~Oi\'f'A::
t-SJl'f CiTdJ"I ~1C ""I'
Tree and shrub products sold in local markets.

Study staff made casual observations of tree and shrub products sold
in various local markets. Products such as fruit, medicine, bowls,
construction materials, and fumigation materials from over thirty species
were identified in the ten markets visited. Most of these species are also
sold for fuel. In addition at least eight other species were present that are
sold for nothing but fuel alone. These are recorded in Table One. Some of
the items sold in highland markets are brought from areas of lower altitude.
This includes 'tan, qebercho, lomi, and temenahi. It is well known that
qerkeha is sold in markets far from the highland places where it is grown.
Financial gain is one of the strongest motivations known to man. Unless
there is financial incentive to farmers to plant indigenous trees, they are not
likely to do so on a large scale. These observations of what is sold are a
starting point toward the use of economic gain as a motive for planting
indigenous trees.
On1t.lD' 10f lD'il£f' fDt,1inr flJ~«J' ~£f'*{fl lD'm..y.l-: 111:ft.1

il«J'1~ nrl\f~ 1nf?Jl- fOll.Otlr flJ~«J' <her*{fl lD'£f'.y.:y., h1:P;;:ft1::
hm-m..y.l-~ ~?C;::t.: 001:"'1.70: 1n;r?J:y.: f"71q;r h1t;tl..y.:y.:
fOlJm;;: h1t;tl..y.:y.: footu'lft. h"'i\ta ni\.e lICf?J"T1 01nl«J':fm- nilC
1nf?J"T rooAhr«J'A:: h'ltlU m-iler qlllJ;;:m- 1\0IJ1F. h1t;tl.7o
fOll.Otlr «J'"Tm-:: nrQ;),OIJ~~ il~17o fOll.lf't- lICf?J"T ft0lJ1F.
h1t;tl.7o llf .eOfTIft.:: h'l1U~ nW1mlW 1 rHClIlPA:: n1.;.J
ntJqn.. fOll.Otlr n1~1F.:f. lICf?J"T footlr7o hefi\ ntJqll '1m-!
h'lCft.-r hfTI1: +nc¥: f\JPl.: h«J' moo«J'tt foota"'ft.7o CJ:fm-::
+l:P., hOll.ncrAn7o ntJqll Cef nOll.O£f'07o (J;r 01.111 .e;rOJ:PA::
1\11l 011.,;;: tJAlf'l nilr+C "'?J:y. n1C-0+A 1JG:"T1 Oil4-7o
n.erhft.~:: n1nf m-iler ~1 .eOfTIA? ftrtl\m- ..,.1;r"T1 n1C-n+A
1JG:"T1 l\oo7ohA ftrtf'ltatam- f11l ~1"t" "1m- I\trtl\m- utaq"T1 oo'l?i
"I£f'll lffj«J'A: :
,
37
Table Four: Tree and Shrub Products sold in local markets
Local Scientific Name Parts sold Uses sold for Markets seen ** Dega tree?
Name
'njorie Rubus stems fuel Tilili, Kesa, Iniibara I yes
'she Mimusops kummel fruits food BahrDar I no
'tan Boswellia resin spice Kesa, Dangla, Azene, Ayu, I no
others
ades Myrtus communis leaves spice Dangla, Ayu, Azene, I yes
Injibara, Welele Bahr
aluma Discopodium wood fuel Injibara I yes
penninervum
asta Erica arborea wood fuel Injibara I yes
baguray wood smoke Azene I no
bahr zaf Eucalyptus wood, leaf fuel, building Tilili, Bure, Injibara, Ayu E yes
roadsides
chaqma Ricinus communis leaf (not sold) leaf used for wrapping Azene I border
butter
chaqma Ricinus communis fruit tanning leather Addis Kidame I border
cheba Acacia lahai wood pieces smoke for fumigating Tilili, Injibara, Dangla I yes
containers
dong Apodytes dimidiata wood fuel Injibara I yes
doqma SYZVKiumRUineense fruit food Bahr Dar, Chazni I no
gengerita wood fuel Tilili, Injibara I yes
getem Schefflera abvssinica wood bowls Tilili I yes
~ar Acacia negrii and wood bowls, tool handles, Tilili, Injibara I yes
others fuel
grawa Vernonia leaves washing water, tela and Injibara, Tilili, Bure I yes
amygdalina tei pots
grawa Vernonia wood fuel Tilili, Bure I yes
amygdalina
38
homa Prunus africana leaves washing water, tela, Injibara I yes
and tei pats
homa Prunusafricana wood bowls, tools, fuel Tilili I yes
kok Prunus persica fruit food Injibara, Chagni, Bahr Dar E yes
koso Hagenia abyssinica fruits medicine Dangla I yes
kusha Girardinia bullosa rope from rope Addis Kidame I yes
bark
101 Ekebergia capensis wood coffee grinding Injibara, Tilili I yes
materials
lomi Citrus aurantifolia fruits food Injibara, Ayu, others E no
msana Croton leaf (not sold) leafused for wrapping Dangla, Azene I border
macrostachyus butter
msana Croton wood lumber, tools, fuel Bure, Dangla I border
macrostachyus
qebercho root smoke for medicine Injibara, Tilili, Bure, Addis I no
Kidame
qega Rosa abyssinica stems smoke for fumigating Tilili, Injibara I yes
milk containers, fuel
qerkeha, Arundinaria a/pina leaves brooms Injibara, Tilili I yes
anini
qerkeha, Arundinaria a/pina productsmade baskets, mats Dangla, roadsides I yes
anini from stems
qerkeha, Arundinaria alpina stems furniture, baskets, mats, Injibara, Tilili, roadsides I yes
anini pales
Qoba Mavtenus wood fuel Tilili I yes
qondo Schinus molle fruit spice Kesa, Ayu, Azene, Injibara E maybe
berberie
sesa A/bizia wood bowls, lumber, fuel Bure I border
shola Ficus fruit food Injibara, Debre Zeit, Tilili, I yes
Addis Kidame
shola Ficus wood bowls Dangla I yes
smiza Justicia wood fuel Tilili, Kesa I yes
schimperiana
temenahi root smoke for medicine Injibara, Tilili, Bure, Avu I no
. .. .. ....~ ---- .. .
I
, .. - r=
39
tinjit leaves smoke Injibara, Tilili, Bure, Addis I no

Kidame
tmao Citrus medica fruit food Azene, Bahr Dar, Debra Sina E no
wanza Cordia africana wood 3-legged stools, Bure I no
lumber, fuel
warn Ficus 8P. wood 3-le~~ed stools, lumber Bure I maybe
woira Olea leaves smoke Injibara,Tilili, Addis Kidame I yes
woira Olea small sticks tooth sticks Streets of Bahr Dar I yes
woira Olea wood chips smoke Injibara I yes
woira Olea wood fuel Addis Kidame I yes
wulkfa Dombeva wood tools, fuel Tilili, Bure I yes
yeferenj Acacia decurrens, wood fuel Bure, Injibara E yes
arar Acacia meamsii
yeferenj Cupressus lusitanica wood lumber, fuel Bure, Injibara E yes
tid
zembaba Phoenix species small sections tooth sticks streets ofBahr Dar I, rarely
of leaf midrib E
**1 = indigenous; E = exotic
Kr-
.... e-
~
ir f,.. f,.. f,..
k'"
f,..
=' <: <: <: -e
*'*~
-e
C'\ Q,,(
s..~
Q,,(
~ s.. s..s..
Q,,(
~s.. s..
e- s.. s..~
Q,,(
s..s.. s.. s.. s..
~<t:
Q,,(
~ J( J( J( J( J(J( J(J( J( J( J(J( J(J( J( J( J(
e <t:<t:
++
~~
<t:
+
~
<t:
+
~
<t:<t: <t:
++ +
~~
9~
<t:
+
~
<t:
+
~
<t:
+
~
<t:<t:
++
~~
<t:<t:
++
~~
+
<t:
~
<t:
+
~
<t:
+
~
e.
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
uu uu u u u uu uu u u
~e
U U U
e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- l:'" e- e- e- e- e- e- e-
.
«
« J(J( J( J( J(J( J(~ J( J( J( J(J( J(J( J( J( J(
o&c'
e- *'<: I"'"
-c
J(
'1-
~
S'"
-..ll < .\-
-..ll I"'"
C(' ~
v- e-
lQ.:
"""~ """
:CU ~
I"'"u
-I' .1-
I"'" ~ J(':l -..ll -..ll -..ll C
~ -c .<C(' e- ~
e-
~I"'"
J( -l- e-
-I- lQ.: S'" lQ.: C
:" ~<:
"""~
-\- .\.
~~ I"'" 'ttl. oi-
~
<:'
.e
~ ~<: :cS'"
J(~ .<
I"'"
.< .< -I- ~
~*' -I- _I- I:' e- -I- @
J(S -I-
oi- U
-I- C(' -..ll -..ll -I- C(' -I- U
C(' -I- '1- -..ll -l-
e C('s.. I:'
~
E ~"'"
+..~
~l:'"
C
C U
oi-
':l
e- ~c::.
~-..ll
+.. S"'e- lQ.:
'1-
tlQ.: .<
lQ.: ,,""C~
I"'" I"'" :cc~
.< J(oi-~
~
t~
'1- ,,""C
u
:cC ':l
J(oi- I:'
cc
CC
oi- oi-
C
C
oi-
lQ.:
I"'"
.<
C
C
oi-
~ +.. Q.o,
-I-
Q.o,
"'"
~e{ E~
0
-.:t
~
et
e-
I"'"
S'"
-e
.+ ~.< <:
.+
Kr-
E
<:'l:'"
@ go- §':go-
E ~
*a. E< -I-
E go- -l- e-..ll
.e::
<:l:'" e{ct= f,.. f,.. e{e{ .e::e{
-I-
~ ~e{ ~ <:ct= ." +.. '1- I"'" e{
t'~ l:'"S'" ~ ~ e- e- e el:'" e .cS'" e{+.. +"1c-( ~.<
e-
~f
l:'"~
~ ~J( go-f,.. .+ .+ go-go- .+ e-go- .+ ~f,.. go-l:'" ~.< ~ElQ.: "'", g0-
=
~
*'"!-
~ ~
d e-
iC
e-
iC
~
I"'"
C" ~ ~ .<
s: e -$ -$ ~
-< E e
r <:
-tL-tL -tL-tL
~ ~ ~ ~ <:
-tL
~ <: ~e
-tL-tL
~ ~
-tL
~ <:
-tL
~
=••
'lC<t:
t'ir
~J::
01: e
I"'" ...s
S"'1f t E
.+
1"'"1"'" 1"'"1"'"
.<.< .<.<
E
.+
I"'"
.<
E
.+
u...s
it If
1"'"1"'"
.< .<
I"'"
.< .+
E I"'"
.<
~ ~ <:
~ ~ ~
e ~ ~ ti" ~ < i" i"
..:: ~ I~ ~ ~ ~
t:::: ~ ~
~
e-' ~ ~
ol::.
~ s ~
~
~ ~ ~
ol::.
~
t ~ ~
-e
~ -e
~
"'<::
~
E <:'
~ ~ ~ .s:-
"'<:: I"o~ I"o~ ~N ~ ~
~~
I"'" \J ~ i-~ i-~ ~ ~ ~v. ~
~ .~ ""f,..
~'" ~'" ~ ~~ I~ ~.s:-
~~ ~
<:'<:: oJ. ~~ ~ ~ ~~ -< "'<::
-*,
...... "'<::,~I~~ I~
~
e
="'"
e-~
J:E ~I"'" iC I"'" .e::
~
~ .e::+.. e-~ I:'u
If
='
<:' <:'
go-
.+ e-go-
+..
~
l:'" f,.. u e- e-
t@ .< .<
E'
.<
Q,,(
J( J( J(
':l """
f,.. """
f,.. r ~~ I"'" of-
l:'" l:'"
-..ll
S'"
-..ll
S'"
-..ll
S'"
r" r »
41
M5'
Il'' ' TttM 1rf:61]'1 .pm/\- fm'l+ m~ 1.'J
it? "'mQ,J'
1.'J~f1? h1C-0+A hsP
Il'' ' TttM 1rf:61]'1 1.'JQ;I,'fJ 10:1"+ ..,1Jl,.+1.

1::1"
:"1\.1\. h1C-0+A hsP
\1h TttM Ttttl.1] c;:t,l& 9""'111 1.'J~f1?+ ;J="'1t f1UC ~C fl&"1" hsP
of&'JJl,. OCOt, ?f.,eM 9"1t. c;:t,l& .p009" M+ xr--
hne; 1.'J~f1? fl&"1" hsP
\1t\ y:e-tf Irfl.tl.tl] C;:t,l& oo~~t-r ~'J"'1'1 h'lC-O+A hsP
It-A /r.hflC1.f 1]7:'J 1.'JQ;I,'fJ fO.c; 00- +1 1.'J~f1?+ -r1\.1\. h1C-0+A hS"
hh
It-''t tl.-1-ttn Iror?t c;:t,l& 9""'111 A'J~f1?+ hfoe; 1blt.-"f9" fl&"1" h~~fl.9"
-/;&:11..1'
+OC~ it~ "1"1\-'J fl.oo~~t A'J ~f1?+ :"1\.1\.+ (l.t, MC-O+A h~~fl.9"
:,.
+;J C'I/ Irfl./UI] 1.'JQ;I,'fJ f(J)·,.,:" ~~ .., -r1\.1\. + 1.'J~f1? h1C-0+A hsP
m~+ ..,1Jl,.
+C+" Ir.;.'J-f. '16.1' irA .pm/\- OO'l"I.'l...J' -r1\.1\. + 1.'J~f1? h1C-0+A hsP
X'1
+C+" 1r,;,'-f.'16f irA h"'1'J~ f"t 1lJ 9"C-r <'IIIJ?+ .pC1-r 000'J1Jl,."f ~ h1C-0+A hsP
X'1
+C+" 1r,;,'-f.'16f irA "'1'J~ (J)'JOC+ ml.~1f A'J ~f1?+ -r1\.1\. + 000'J1 h'lC-O+A hsP
X'1 + .pC1-r+ <'IIIJ Jl,."f ~
?+
4\q OJ./N:M 1.'JQ;I,'fJ ..,1Jl. -r1\.1\. MC-O+A hsP
M IrAfl.ll.f 1.'JQ;I,'fJ 10:1"+ IIJl&'1 + (l.t. h1C-R+A OhfP<'IlJ ~1~
..,1Jl,. A
i'I"'1 1-,ehh c;:t,l& 9""'111 1.'J~q?+ ~-al. n~:"+-r h'lC-O+A OhfP<'IlJ ~1~
1\.1\. A
i'I"'1 1-,eM 1.'JQ;I,'fJ 10:1" ~'J"'1'1 h1C-0+A OhfP<'IlJ ~1~
A
it"tlf :e-h-/;lf.f 7fr7: 1.'JQ;I,'fJ ..,1Jl,. -r1\.1\.+ M h1C-0+A hsP
6.1''1
mooe;~ it~ "1"1\- fl.oo~~t 1.'J~q?+ -r1\.1\. + hfo h'lC-O+A h~~fl.9"
-r
-rC'l1 tl. -1-tth OJ-f.1] C;:t,l& 9""'111 hne;+ f1UC ~+ ~111. "- e; fl&"1" h~~fl.9"
'l"'l~-r .pm/\- "1"it 1.'l~q?+ -r1\.1\. +
(l.t. h'lC-O+A h~~fl.9"
u
~
~ -+
<
Q,(
I:'
~ u
..c
~ tr
~
e..e.. e..e.. s,
..c ..c ..c ..c ..c
e.. ..c~
..c
..c
~
~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~~
+ + + ++ +
c::I c::l c::c:: c::c::
~
;~
uu uu ~
I I I I I
U U ue
..c..c ..c..c eI\. eI\.
C"" C"" C"" C"" C""C""
..c ..c ~I\.
<
<
-+
~
I:' ~
-10 ~ I<!-:r- ~~
~ u~ -l-
I:' Qtl:'
C ..
..c:: ..c:: ~
I<!-: ul<!-:
'::l~ C
-10
u
~ ~ r-
..c:: I:'..c:: -+ ~ ~ '::l
.1:'
+ +
@; @~ """
+' Q(, Q(, """
+'
ue ue C"" C""
1i"'E"
..c:: ..
1i"'E"
..c:: .. cC
""@ g0-
-. Q(,
go-
-10 ""@
C
~u c~
~
-+rQ(, -+r C"" e u
c@C""
;.. go- ~@ <t ~..c:: go- E" Eo
I\.
*' *'
atat-
~
r-
~
e- ~~
..c::
..c:: -e ~
:l"-
~
i
@
ilii-
.e: u u~Eo ~ ~
ilii- iI- .e:
~ ~ ~ E*,
e-
..c::
~
-e ~ .+I\. Jf -e
e-
..c::
~ ~
..c:: 'tat-
v.. ~~ ~
~
.::-
~ ~~ ~
-e '"'~
~i'.::- ~
'-..
'-.. ~ '-..~ ~: ~
~
.c::. ~ ~.~ ~ll\.
~~ ~ ~ .::-....,
N
~a.
u Q,(
~
Ii'" Eo
:' J:' ~~ ~-'=
a'.~ ~~
"" ~ ~
j~
~
C'
C'
~ ~ eeee~ -~ ~
Erica arborealasta 43
-----------------------
][ndigenous Highland Trees and Shrubs

(non-fruit)
Erica arborea/asta
Asta is common at the very highest altitudes. It is cut widely for use
as fuel. In the literature there is very little information about its
propa gation, though it is apparently propagated through cuttings in Europe,
•. En caal'lJorea where it is used as an ornamental.
Astll
nfl.""
I
i'til:J' 0lfJ9" h~+;;: 0 If.,. 1I:J' .

sP"f 011..:" O~t\o r0?1~ ..~ ~t&:: t\
"'Q;l.:"
I
0lJ1Jl.. +OD~6J.b ilt\lf~ 011..:"

f,lf.llfJA:: ilt\ i'til:J' rOlJ~q:,. nYu 0
,)m-~ Oil4-:" hA+1t\09"; '9" 1ft;
"11 t\1.lfJ1.,. ex 'lJJ.:" p ~ C; t\i't'l'C
....lIl.,.OO-O:,. i'tt&~;rt& 11 n1~ "11
Olf.llfJ ",~O?~q +1AaA::
Scientific name: Erica arborea L. 1753;

synonym Erica acrophya FRES. 1838
Family: Ericaceae
Common name: asta; adale? (Amharic) asti,
chikhchikhtsi (Awi) In English it is known as
tree heather.
Description. Evergreen densely
branched small to medium sized tree or
shrub to 18 m in height, though usually
less than 10m high. The stem is often
twisted, with branchlets that point
upward towards the sky. The bark is
44 Erica arborea/asta
typically anastomosing. Minute needle-like leaves are arranged closely and

regularly along the twigs. The tiny flowers are found in clusters at the ends
of branches, are often quite abundant, and are white-pink, or even bluish.
The flowers are bell-like, with a prominent stigma that extends well past the
rest of the flower. The tiny fruits are brown when ripe, and contain many
seeds so small they seem like dust. Above the tree line it abruptly turns to a
very low-lying form. The branches of asta point upward. The branches of
mature tid (Juniperus procera) trees hang down, and the branches of
yeferenj tid (Cupressus lusitanica) are more likely to go out to the sides.
oo.,t\tiIl: V-A1.~ lll'=l.Po Ife;- fot'l~ + T,7i If~ co~,~ efl".*

(fl f\1f' :"C'6b].t::.:t: 1':"1':" 11t\CD- fCOm-+ hT,7i lthh ootJht\~ eflooT
Yt\CD- lf~lJ ClI OOrf: lthh 18«PL. fotY..Ch ~CD-:: Olll1lf~CD- efloorf: hlO
«PL. fotY'fI Ife;- ~'Ioo:J'A:: .,',l}. "'At.~ m OO1l""l1f f\1f'+ TC;,7i :,.
c'tiIlt::.if coY..l\~ COy" (1""1 ~ fotmefloo«/fotyoot\hrf:/ c;:fCD-:: f1'ml\t\L
(.,.'.,.'foo(lt\) fY..~ lJ.'lJ. fotooflA ooflooC O.,',l}. +Cd.T l\~ f~:J'
~OT If~ .,CD-:: 1':1":'" ooC~ foo(lt\c :"ml\oif OTlJ,7i :"c'661c:if l\~
1'm;J"1'CD- 01'ool)l)~ C+T f1'Y..lY..-r lJ:fCD-:: 1':1":'" llOQsP'f Oo}oC,
tiIl4- ooQ;Lli'f l\.e Oll'~ l\~ h110CD- ~"~/H It,-'l'''~ +t\""I:fCD- Olll1
1f~CD- 11f1.C; ~6f.b-h~T +.e+ co~~ (I""IY'e lJ:fCD-::
llOQsP:t: :l"6f.bA foollt\ :,.C* n,e;- 6-:fCD- fCO' .PoCD-, flC fotYl\".:,.
lltJA Yt\CD- f ....-tCD- h~A t\fT 111\0 ht\.t\->:': fJlOQCD- h~t\->if l1lqu f
ot:J' ~ ~CD-:: l':I":,.e;-:,: fle-'f f\Oflt\c a.lJ""I lJ:fCD- I OCD-flm-~ O"l~ 1':l'
:,., lllJ.6- fotooflt\c fie-if' .e~lfA:: hlf4- ooflooC Ol\~ O.("'IT coy.. :J'
if fot;l'm~ :,.C,) llt\CD-:: fllfl:J' :"C6b].c:if coy.. l\~ +1' Yt\c lJ:fCD-:: ~
'IC ." hthOi'f 1l~ 1f~C; hLl'~ 'I'~ fO(lt\- ~~sPif, hYfI.:"c'tiIlc:if
;JC fllJfl1'YfCD- fllOi'f 1l~ ~~ fYfI. coY..:J'if f1"mllmt\c f\1f}- fLl'
~ 1l~'" hCD-fl'I' ltfcom- coy.. .,." fO?~,l}. fOOfll\t\c::
Uses. Charcoal. Live fence. Dead branches are used for fencing,
fuel wood, burning for meskel and New Years fires. It is a highly favored
firewood, and is an ornamental in Europe. Horses and mules browse the
leaves. It is also a very important source of honey at the higher altitudes in
the country. It is recommended for planting to increase honey production.
Though farmers have not been saying this, the literature indicates the wood
is useful for heavy house construction, mortars, and furniture.
Erica arborealasta 45
T'~'fD:':: t\h()A-:- t\*~ hTCI ~C"}"'ic.:T t\1....J''e hTC-:- t\"71

" ""}Q;l,~"-:- t\ooft+A Y.,oo&- t\hJtft hooT T(I t\"7,,}Y..~ .em~"7A:: f
"71" ""}w.1: OflJ~ f~Lt\'"1 .... If"} OhaJ-C";r aJ-ftT t\'"10. "7ft't.li5j. .e
Thhf\.~,~:: Ll.faTCi O~t\osPT ~mf\.,,} .eOf\.~A:: ""}JtIJc~ Oh1&1: h
t;:T~ (I:J'sPT htJQo. t\"7C ~CT 001~~T OflJ~ .em~"7A:: fThf\. 0
-oIiT oo'i"C f"7C ~CT") t\ooQ;l,ooC hftT'l'lCP J'y"C;JA::
Si1e. Often found on mountaintops and rocky outcroppings. Not

usually in dense forests dominated by other species. Seen in Ethiopia
between 2000 and 4000 m asl, though is only seen as a shrub above 3500 m
asl. Rainfall range is between 500 to 2000 rnm per year. Found also in the
Mediterranean region, most countries of eastern Africa, and Yemen. In the
Simien Mountains, the Erica timberline was shown to correspond to a mean
annual terrperature of7.7 degrees Celsius.
f~t1~OT (I~: Oh-oIl~aJ- OT&-&- hCiT il.eCi 6J!'''}1i5j. O~OIlOT

t\"cif O~'.eooT htJQo. .e1~A:: Q-oII~aJ- h.ey"t\~ A,,)~ OT+T~ Y..t;
T aJ-ftT (It\.t\oT lICJ'sPT (IIc.:T) .eQ;l,~CiA:: Oh.Tr-A-J' aJ-ftT h2000
-400001. hQ.tD.O . .e1~A:: 0.1f,,)~ h3500«ll. Oil.e hlf~ A"}Y.. ~T*(Il
1ft; .e1~~\:: f~LA1aJ- '}oo~'e fllCi~ oom"} h500-2000~.0I. O'}
ooT ~aJ-:: O«llJt T&-~J'''} htJQo. f~1~ .... If"} Q-oII~aJ- f~ft&-~ ht;:&tJ
h1C"TCi llf oo"} .e1~A::
O()'~"} T&-C"T aJ-ftT rhft~ lit;: r~"~OT fooQ;l,l.ifaJ- (I~ o'}
ooT 7.7 Jl ...... OO-"'T ""}Y..~J'ftLA1aJ- J'taJ'A::
Phenology, Propagation and Management. Flowering in Awi

September through January. Ripe seed found September through January.
On the same branch the fruit may be in various stages of ripeness. The
extremely tiny seeds are easily drawn away by the wind. Cleaning these
seed is very difficult. The very small seeds suffer if allowed to dry out
during the regeneration process. Once planted, they should be kept moist.
In .m effort to determine seed treatment, study staff placed E.
arborea seed in a refrigerator for several weeks. The seed was then
! 46 Erica arborealasta
removed from the cold and germination was attempted. The. cold treated
seed did better than the control, and further studies are under way to confirm
this treatment.
Propagation by cuttings is possible. Procedure laid out in "The
Complete Book of Plant Propagation" suggests using 'cuttings of 5 to 7.5 em
long, with a growing tip. However, study staff failed to succeed in this
method. It is said to regrow easily after being burned or cut. However, the
tree is used so widely for fuel wood that in areas of northern Ethiopia,
including the Simien Mountains, the asta forests have dramatically declined.
~1Lm-"} "7(()++ "7~Q-}-~ O8"}hQh1l:- r"'OQ 1.1I.m- h08...hlr

xon ...C ....tr"}: rn /\- Ife'T r01£1~-}- F....,qo h08...hlr ~"'h "'C ~m-::
Ife':r: ~~.., olllr ~..,.'} ....tr.,. Ife'T"} t\"7~~-}-/ht\.i\m- rif:t. "'I')A (() ~
r ""lIlA t\08t\r-}-/ 01ll9" "'~;JT ~m-::
011""t\ i: 'iF..-}- 1.11. -}-~"};r:r: Ife'T F..l"" h tr.,. ~qo ;/'{\.:: '" "} F..
h1'If~ O:\i\ ~C Oi: O8*l... rt\o-}-sP':: rlfc 1I"'~i:,,} t\08(l)..."} O1'F..l
1m- {IOch~ r", ;1' If~'} t\1I11- 1)9",,};1'-}- O"7+,,+"tf/tif:t~t.1'C/ m-......
1')...+O8..."} O:\i\ If~ h"7+11+"tf(l)- 1')(()1Il"}m- A:ti\ IfC1'''}m- 1I""t\-}- "'I)
~1:A:: 0"7+"4''' r1'qohlm- IfC 9",,}9" I')A1'qohlOT IfC ~+A r1'?ft\
1I""t\T Yl)r n tr"} t\(()~tLrf: ",c;+T ~..,qo ~U {IOch~ 1'oo~6J.l>~-}- ~"}
~t\m- ~;1'ooc;A::
x "}-'LVC9" ~C(fl oooThA "7~QTr ~.ri\A:: "If J'lrTI\.-}- It-h 1\

if: Ti\"}-t.., Te'.T1.1i"} "01'...1' OO~chif: m-...... ~"}F..1'lIl+ ...m- h+"}Olll
-e h5-7.5Uf.0Jt. Cl100T Yt\(I)- ~~6J.l> ooThA ~.ri\A::~VC"} ~"}j[ ~U 0
~llll r"7t.QT ifF.. ~{)h "'VC"} m-m.T "'i\r"}OT9"::
"'...;/' h1'~llll (()~r h1'~lIlt\ O:\i\ ~"~1c; t\"7F...., +i\A '1m- ~

Qi\A:: Iltr"}9" Jl4-- O"'Dtt") J\.Tr- t: Y 0 ... 0Jt"} 1'~e''f 6J.l>rC t\"71/1. ~ "}
QJ. T ~1Il"""7 Air"'''';1' F.."} hOtLrf: "'VC"} olllr + "}!l.A: :
10t.PJT Q~/\-9"fQym-~Tr/O~cft.if: -n t\-}-i\A+ o.+'f "',,}Q;/,

+ t\ {IOc4o Ii5J. c; t\o. T lJ ~ PJ T x "}QJ,rf: ~ "}F..O1£lIl+r 1'lIl+!l.A::
If~"} h oo"'hl9" "';J071i ~9"C: ~"'h ... C "';J071i 1:l... 0F.."}1I 07
..,1:T Tt\c;A:: tr'isP' -n r 1\{);/, IfC:T+ ruc hlm..-f"f ',}-'Ll1"9" +1Ilt\-
:r: o",r ...~+"} hootrc;:fm- r1'~1) Ifc::r:"} ODt\fT onw- '{):f"'~AI 0
"',,}1: Jltt:+ 0"',,}1: +c"}li5J.if: i\~ ~"}t.J. r"t.,~ rife hllll..f-"f 01\11: 1JL
Y.c+m- {)t\"7.ehLrf: IIC"T"} "7..,1:T .r{):f"~A:: rlfC":r: hll~+ n"',..
Arundinaria alpinalqerkeha 47
+«\A IIt".lf., rHC hzrn, of: f..C~ I\.h~:" Hc::ri 0+«\"" 0"~11 .eW(V~""::
""}Jlv-sru HC r~"'TO:" l,.tt "'1\~~Hsru H~"} 0+«\"" U'/"?i:" i\IIT;J~ .,
(1)- ..
Erica arborea references

Azene Bekele-Tesemma.; 1993.
Breitenbach, Friedrich Von.; 1963.
FichtI, R. aid Admasu Adi; 1994.
Hurni, H.; : 981.
Heuser, C. W., ed.; 1997.
Souane Th:rakul; undated.
Arundinaria alpina/qerkeha
There are 1575 bamboo species in the world growing on 14 million
hectares of land. Africa has only 43 species covering about 1.5 million
hectares. Forty of these are mainly distributed in Madagascar, while the
remaining three are in mainland Africa. Ethiopia has two indigenous
species (lrundinaria alpina and Oxytenanthera abyssinica).
+C+Yh"'lC~
JJtt- M~
OI~l\sru arliT 14 ~ll.r-"} ~tl;rC r~7i~"} not,:'" IIm:J'«\.e 1575
r+c:J''1 lICfPJ"T .e1~"":: "~~ll 15~. ~tl;rC ODt,:" r7i~" 43 fl.e.,:"
r+c:J''1 1ICfPJ"T i\1.:,.:: h"rttJ (l)-lIT i\CIIPJT OU'/~;JlIllC arliT f~
0...."" I\.U"") f1'+~:" ~lI:" 1ICfPJ"T f...,qu O"~tll .e1~"":: h"rttJ (1)-11
T h.:"r-.~ f V-I\:" ""C-O+t\ 1ICfPJ"T 1]1\0.:" C;:,. ::
Scientific Name. Arundinaria alpina K. Schum. (1895) Synonyms: Sinarundinaria alpina;

Yt shania alpina
Fnmily: Poaceae (Grarnineae)
Vernacular Names: qerkeha (Amharic) anini (Awi) Mountain bamboo (English)
Description. This is the highland bamboo. It is generally found in

clumps with stems up to 12 cm in diameter and up to 23 m high. Generally
the stem color is green, becoming yellow, but there is variation in color that
48 Arundinaria alpina/qerkeha
is recognized by the local craftsmen who use the stems. The stem is smooth
on the outside; hollow on the inside, but with thick walls. Leaf-blades are
13 to 20 cm long and 8 to 16 em wide, with cross veins present. The
flowers are in panicles 10 to 15 cm long, but flowering is in cycles of fifteen
to forty years, after which all the plants die down. It is often seen on
volcanic soils, occurring in extensive pure stands, often with Podocarpus or
Juniperus. The Study on Sustainable Bamboo Management (1997) found
that most plots of highland bamboo have between 3,000 and 7,000 stems per
hectare.
Near Injibara a few clumps of a yellow striped bamboo have been
found. It is known as "sora qerkeha", and considered by some farmers to be
not as strong as other types. Further investigation should be made to find
out whether this is a different kind of bamboo, or simply a variety of
Arundinaria alpina. Initial investigations seem to indicate it is a different
species, probably Bambusa vulgaris from Asia.
ooUJh6li.: .eo +C:J"Y f~;'> +C:J"Y ~~:: QlIl:J"i\.e Q'~ i\.e fllIfI
11 111\0 fO!,Oe}A C; f""1'~ ~~lTS'" 12ut. ~c; ll'l-tl1'S'" C1foo1: llhh
23~. fO!,~Ch ~~ :: QlIl:J"i\.e f""1'~ +l\S'" Oh;.>~1: hl'=l~ ....tf,
llfOflh .... ~~I OJ~ 0.66J. fo!'f~i\{- ~1C ""1' ""1'~' l\+l\ff +""1QC fO!,
flcr flP'T A'~+1~"OoT f""1'~ 4'hS'" A"~T ll'~l\~ .eC;1&-1\-:: ""1'~
Oh+~6J.l> l\f)i\II ~~I 0f)+~f)1' h~T OJ~&-S'" ""1~""1~ fl\~ ~~:: +1Il
1\0:': 13- 20ut. ~ C1fooTC; 8-16ut. ~ P'1-T ....c; &-:f~+ h""1 ~S'" ooh oo
C:T .e'+"Q:fCf't).:: hOQ,sv:,: O+lIlt\o~T~ +hO~ 15ut.~ C1fooT ....
c;&-:f~ +chY fo!'f1l0~ h 15-40«}ooT .etf'C; hll.fS'" O:):i\ l\h'~
1.11. 11': fllllC; +ChY~ .e~C:J"A OJ.eS'" .eCJD;t-A:: (lhllJf~~ AIIT1
CJD&- O~OlOT hLC 4.e .e;t-fl\-I lP&.( 11"')- {loot}hl\- fbi\ Jf~ II.ec;C .e
0+41\-:: 11". 1.11. ""1' h1f""1QC; 'll~ ;.>C .e;t- fl\-:: O+ClI 1.11. 1'C;T A'~
;t-OJ+~ 011". f4'C:J"Y oo~I1T ~f)1' h3000-7000 ""1'J!.T O~h;t-C .e1
~I\-::
nx '~Q&- ht}Qo. 1'etT 0.6li. oohooC 0""1'~ 4.e fhO:"O:" (~

,.,..C.,..C) +C:J>Y +1~:tA:: '(t&-' +C:J"Y oooQA fO!,;/,OJ+ ....tf, h'~'
~ 10&.sP~ 1t'~fbt\o~ f+C:J"Y «}.e~.y.T 1Il,t)~ h.e~l\S'" .ei\I\-::.eO «}
.e~1: +C:J>Y A" «}.e~:" OJ.e'S'" A'~ fbl\oT «}.e~:" ootf, hl\ootf.,., h
O'IOJe} +g;a,O'It 1'C;:'" ff)LA;.>t).:: foo;lootfsP:': oo-h~P'T f+l\f 1fC
.f ootf.,., fO!,.foohh1: .eOOf)i\I\-I S"'C;t).Q:"S'" "QS"'Ooll o.t).;.>tf)" hAh?
fDt1Q ll'~tf~::
Arundinaria alpina/qerkeha
Uses. This bamboo is very common in the dega areas of Awi Zone.
It is used lor constructing local houses, fences and beehives. Other products
are made locally and sold by the roadside, including baskets, chairs, mats,
and shelves. These are often sold to truck drivers going north or south, and
can be seen piled on top of trucks leaving Awi Zone. In land poor
households income from bamboo sales can be up to 70% of total cash
income. The selling of bamboo, and crafting its products, is an important
local industry in the Awi Zone. However, due to the working methods,
lifetime or the products is short, especially when the bamboo is not
completely dried. Asian countries such as India hold a wealth of
information regarding high quality usage of bamboo for various uses. They
also use it for lesser skilled work, such as for shade construction in plant
nurseries, and using the stems to support bananas, tomatoes and flowers.
People who live near its forests sometimes eat the bamboo shoots,
but they are not accepted as a common food as they are in Asian countries.
There are many local names for the various types. These include
tqur qerkeha, shibel qerkeha, qey qerkeha, zeger qerkeha, qdus qerkeha, and
sora qerke ha. The various kinds are usually known by their color
differences, though the amount of branching is also an identifying
characteristic to the farmers. Some types are thought to be more resistant to
decay than others. Some types can be split into four or five strips for
weaving into mats, while other types can only be split three times. The
weavers prefer to use the types that split into the most number of strips.
The farmers of Awi say the bamboo should not be cut in the months
of Tiqimt (October), Myazia (April) and Hamle (July) to protect them from
insects. If .:he bamboo is cut in these months it will not serve more than a
month, said the farmers in Injibara market.
The leaves of the young bamboo can be used as feed for livestock.
Young bamooo less than one year old produces 1,400 kg/ha (976 stems/ha x
1.41 kg/stem) ofleaves. In this perspective it should be mentioned that the
highland bernboo is evergreen, but constantly sheds its older leaves,
producing a thick leaf layer on the soil.
50 Arundinaria alpinaJqerkeha
It can be used for fuel, but must be split open first. If it is not
opened, the sections explode in the fireplace with a loud noise, spreading
pieces of burning fuel in the area.
1':tlfD1-: .eU 4'C:J>Y OJl'e Jf1 s:» JltJtlo.SU1- 011fJ1' fD? 1~ .,aJ-::
01mC JltJtlo. fD?1): 0..y.1-1 t\0011tl:"+ t\Jl1'C+ t\111 +c: oofltl I
1t\"?I\A:: Ibho1- "'f.. ol'C661.y.1-+ CD10C'1-+ fCDt\A 1fll~+ "e; oof..Cf..
tfCD1- OtlUI\'e HJ'.. 1'(lC1'aJ- 00011~1- ~c .eOfllt\-:: ""llu aJ-m..y.1-
CDf.. (loot 1 CD.ec;o CDf.. s: (1·11 t\ D?:) H- 0011 f.."if 1-e; t\ ooh"e; JlahctJt?J1-
1'1imaJ- f Jl'e Jf11 /\ol' ef> aJ- 0owz.CD rn- 1'1ihctJt?J 'f I\.e 1'tiJ!>.,aJ- ....CD rn-
1''''A/\ aJ- tJIIf:" .e rl\ A:: OJltJtlo.aJ- lIol'1'~ 10. 1\1\:faJ- h 4' C:J>Y Ii ltiJ!>
10. "flh 700 00.y. fowz.t.r.,aJ-1 .eo~e;A:; OJl'e Jf1 aJ-fl1' +C:J>Y oo01'e;
aJ- rn, +:t: 1c;o (lC+ /\1(1 s tJII ol'll1 m:J>D? f Jl1t.aJ- J\.1 ,(}.fI:" t .,aJ-:: 0.t.r1
c;o OJl(l~C l ' ~:,. .,. f: /\:,. c;otn f:" f 4' C:J>Y aJ- m.+1- 1'ol'c;o fowz.(lm-O
:,. lJf.. oot JltiJ!>C .et.re;A:: ll1'/\.e hoo(l~rf: ll&.:" +C:J>YaJ- 0f..111 ....ef..
col' .... 4'C::
01'e;;1'1-1 nAA aJ-fl1' fowz.1): sc» Jlf..C'1- +ChY /\hl1.y.1- 00
c;.,:,.e; f Jl~C1 /\c;o.,..,. "1JllJJ,c;oC .ee;1~t\-::
OlJ1f: Jl'lC o'f"?~ tJII~1 (l;r t\oomt\1 .em4'OO-O;rA:: h1Q;l,
rf:1c;o /\00-11+ /\ 't. tJII 't. c;oe; JlOtl 1'nho'f 1: ;J~":" .em + OO-O;rA:: Oll~
01C t\;J 4'ChYaJ-1 CD.ec;o lJfl.m-1 ()?J1- /\c;o"?11.,:" .em+ 00-0:1'A: :
Ofl4-:" Jl.ef../\c;o x ~ nx.1'f- t' f aJ-fl1'c;o 04'C:J>Y f.. C;1- Jltttlo. fD? C;
?- ()?J1- f/\;J +C:J>Y lJ(1.1'1 /\c;o"?l1.,:" .em4'OO-O;1'A:: 4'C:J>Y 1:Col'1
fD?**c;o 1'nA .,aJ-::
t\1'/\ff q.e.,:" 4'C:J>Y?J1- 11H- fJltJtlo.aJ- fllfD1- Jll\rm- :- 1'~C
+l:J>Y+ Ii 111\ A 4'C:J>'1+ 4'.e +C:J>Y+ H'IC 4'C:J>Y+ ol',(}.fI +c~ye; {l~
+l~Y oootlA .e;1' CD:J>t\-:: f1't\ff q.e.,:,. +l~Y?J'f fD?;1'CD4&:" 0+1\
c;o A ~ .,.y.1- n, t.r1 fol'C1661 ~ l1fJ:"c;o /\10t.?J1- Jl1'(}' 00 «r 00'1 ~raJ
.,aJ-:: Jl1~1f: f4'C:J>Y q.e,,+1- hlbho:t: f~C:l'l/ q.e.,.y.1- JlLC1 f oo1:
t,c;o 1'1tJt. "1~l\raJ- .ee;'I~t\-:: 1'4::" f4'C:J>Y q.e.,+'f "'fll~ (1J~r
Ib1\ t\ oofl~:" CDf.. Jlto:" CD.ec;o Jlc;ofI:" 00()1mol' .... r A 1'4:.y.:,: f...",.. n
Y' F"" 'tlf.. Ol\.e oo() 1m ol' Jl.e r Ac;o:: fI/\llU "'fll~ CD.ec;o :t-C661+ (1J"
c;o Ibi\ fD?()?- ()?Jl- 11H- 'tlf.. t\.()"m:t- fD? 'fA f4'C:J»Y q.e.,+ f,ooCnr
11. ••
• r ..
f Jl'e 'I0t.?J1- +C:J>Y1 h:t-1:t-1 /\oohl\hA(/\oomO:t) 01':t-r+..

D?fllfe; thc;olb oo4&l1' Jl.e1tlc;o .el\l\-:: O""~tl~ h1'''' 10f (1Jc{)1f'
Arundinaria alpinalqerkeha
rrrc;:fa.. 10t.sP"f:- "+C:J"'1 O"~lllJ CD?T o.~l'f' hi'fl? O~i\ hh1~

CDC Oi\.e, hY11l,?A.'r" lllllD-'lb\::
"~:'f'1l f+C:J"'1 ~mA. h1H·"f1 Iloo00111 .em:"".,A.:: Il~ f+C:J"
'I Jf~ '?1.~ (hh1~ hooT O.+"f ftr~)1400 h.. '?/~.(976'?1?."f/~X1.41
h..'?/'?1.E~) ~mA. .eC;l'fA.:: hlllJ h1~C f~~ +C:J"'1 11"A.1.H. hl1:}.f..
~CD-I '11 11"A.1.H. ~mt\o:':1 0""?1~ h~i'~ f~mA. 1i~1 ooot.T i\.e
.eL'f'?A.:: Il".,1?. oom"''r .e~i\A.; ~1C '11 O~~~Y oofl1m~ .eC;C
O.+A.:: fA.i'fl~m+ htr~ f~L~~c; ~'riJ f~Yfl"" n, tr1 fb ....T ~C'f'
?,,",""f19 f1 Oht,l1o.CD- .eOTc;A.::
Site. It is found 2200 to 4000 m asl, in Gojarn, Shewa uplands,

Kefa, GanlO Gofa, Sidamo and Bale. Some may now be found in areas of
South Gondar; whether this has been introduced is not known. It is
restricted to fertile soils. In Ethiopia its rainfall range falls in general
between 1500 and 2000 mm. Where rainfall is adequate A. alpina may be
grown below its lower altitude limit of 2400 m asl but its growth and vigor
will be much less. Common defects observed are beetle holes (caused by
borer beetles such as Dnoderus minutus) and broken tops caused by strong
winds, possibly because of beetle damage.
Qe ~keha is drought resistant.
f~t1~0:" 11.+: 01)f'r+ On'f h~i'~ lI.+sP"f+ h~+ ~'fU1~+

.... ~'fUc; l1(b h2200-40000l. hl1lJC CDIlA. Oi\.e Otr~ lI.+sP"f .e1~A.::
'r1"l: l1.f~'+CD~'r 1111"~ 1.H. 'f'etT f+ch'l 'l.e~"'"f O~o.l1 11~C .e1
~ fl.:: +C''''1 Il'r hLC f~h""""CD- Jf~ ~CD-:: OJ\.Tr-A-Y 'loo.+«e fllc;
'r OOmc;1:CD- h500-2000 Dt. 01 fDtY1~ lI.+sP"f Il+C+'1 i'hooDt c;
rCD-:: Oh·e 1'1 flOlc;«e h~A. "hh ~1'?i\ .e~C""A.:: 'loo.+«e fllc;'r 00
m"). h~i'~~ Otr~OT ht,l1o. h~h""""CD- foot.T h~.+ O.+"f 1I~ l1t\o
1l.0~A. .e:f-i\A.:: ~1C '11 f()~-I: ~'f'~T 01fJ'r 1I~i'~ .etr1c; 'f'1t,t.'r
h.eC;lCD-:1O:: fi'IlOO~ "~IlT trc; f~'+fCD- 0i'11r-"f 000 .... -1: (0~1~
1) "'JlI1"~ O~~h '?t«.T -J.4- OOflOC(Oi'l1r-l- ooO....T 'rh1YT) ~CD-::
Phenology, Propagation and Management:. Qerkeha was the

most commonly named indigenous "tree" that the farmers in the survey say
they have planted in the past few years. Yet they were generally in
52 Arundinaria alpina/qerkeha
agreement with each other that more should be planted, and that the current
amount of bamboo available is not enough.
It can be propagated by seed, if watered daily, but there is rarely
seed available. The plants propagated by seed do not develop as quickly as
those propagated vegetatively. Bamboo planting began in the Awi dega
area about 100 years ago. Recently, bamboo planting has increased because
of increasing market opportunities. However, propagation techniques are
poor and the survival rate of planted bamboo is less than 50%. Propagation
methods are widely unknown.
The mean annual increment (oven-dry) is 8.6 tons/ha in weight.
Bamboo stands almost reach the productivity of fast growing tree species
such as Eucalyptus and Pinus. New stems can produce a lot one year and
very little the next. For high productivity it is necessary to put manure on
the soil around the bamboo. However, only a few farmers have sufficient
manure for fertilizing bamboo.
Young stems have lesser strength properties than the older ones. It
is generally recommended to harvest only the mature stems 3 years and
older.
The GTZ Study on Sustainable Bamboo Management (1997)
concluded that there was potential for expanding the area of highland
bamboo. They recommended that highland bamboo planting be tried in
areas of Ethiopia above 2200 m asl which have rainfall over 1500 mm
annually. This would include areas within Region 3 such as around Debre
Tabor in South Gondar.
l.tLCJ}o'} O7OJ~: "7,:.Q-l'Cj OO1hQh-fl: 01'c;;1'l-1 co:,.:" +C:Jo'l Q

1\4-:" 1'~:" '}OO;1':" 10t.sPl- O':'lJ:fCD- OOth:" 4.e f1'hf\.:" "'1C-0+A
'Jft;:' "'~lf'l 11lf. 'ttl. .em"""":" '10C:: "{)h J\l1"1 fl\CD- f+ch'l "'+ClJ
:,. O~ 'h1P,~~l\c; I\CD~~T 011JfT oo1'hA 'h"}P,/HIT l1"f\.~ 10thPJ~ ~
{)"700cO;1'A:: Of+.,. O~ CD-'I t-,17' Onc t\.t?-lJ .el-4AI '11C "11 OlJl~ l '
~:,. nc:l- 11~ .e1]:0;1'A:: Onc fDtt?-lJCD- OP';' 'h1~Dtt?-qCD- Olf:1''1:''
fDt~Y:"1 J\.eY..I\~:: 0J\'e 1f1 CD-{)1' f+C:Jo'l Jflf: oo:"hA f1'J!oo/.CD- h
Jfth 100 '}oo:" 0&.:" '1CD-:: f10,eCD- {)Ctif.b:" {)I\Q;I,ool Ohl1"'" co..,.:,.f+C.
:Jo'l 1'h4CD- a;tr ~AI l1'lir f'''7':'lJ-I: "'''''{):Jor\ 11..,.1'~ {)I\lf'l h1'1'hh
CD- f'Dt1l~+CD- h50 hOOT 0;1''f '1co-::
Hypericum revolutumlamja
or'}OO'l: r~QJ,9"l(J)o rhll~T oom'} h~l'" O:ti\ 8.6 .y..'}/'t ~

(J)o :: "'C:1"'I "')~ llUC Jf~c; ;r:':i\ rJf~ '},e.~.y..T LiTl'} ,)J':1T tJi\T(J)o
lICJ'P'T t\.m~~c ,e.Ti\A:: }""til r.,.c.,.'1 an~T Ooo;eoo~J'(J)o 'lOOT
1If1. OJ11: J'i\T(J)o ItJ'O""n. O"'iTl~ 'lOOT 4l1'~T(J)o "r.,.~ ... ,e.OOiTlA ::
h~-I'~ r"'l:1"'1 9"CT It07OJ7T O"'C:1"'I(J)o iltJllo. 07~O~J' oom"'9" J'
ilLA;JA:: lfc;9" OJ'} OiTl9" 1'~T 10t,P'T 1I~ It<f>C:1"'IT(J)o 07~O~J' ,e.
m"'07t\-::
1t;J OJ'}~T h~rro- J'~'" 1''}tJt, ili\i\Tm: llm:1"i\,e. ~ilT '}ooTc;
hlL.J' 0 i\,e.rlf~(J)o '} OJ'}1: ~C(fI 00 m'"9" -1'00 ~tiJJ> ~(J)o::
O:{.-t.n.1:. ~i\k~T r~tJ't~(J)o 1'c;T r~;J(J)o') r<f>c.,.'1 (j~') It

07i1~~T il oo:,: "'~;/'P'T "'}~n. ill;JOJ~A:: h2200 ho.m Oi\,e. '}OO;/'
'e rllC;9" oomc;T(J)o h1500~.0Il Oi\,e. Olf~ iltJllo.P'T r~;J .,.Ch'l t\.
O""A "'}~~TA 1'c;'I: ill;JOJ~A:: ,e.U9" OhAA 3 nxn-n ..,'}~C nx-n
z ;/'(lC iltJllo. J'n. (l;/'P'T') J'm:1"Ai\A::
Arundinaria alpina references
Phillips, S. 1995.
Study on Sustainable Bamboo Management; 1997.
Souane Thirakul; Undated.
Hypericum revolutum/amja
Scientific name: Hypericum revolutum Vahl (1790) is the species commonly seen in Awi;
however, H. quartinianum and H. roeperianum are also present in the Region, and
much of the information below probably would apply to them as well.
Family: Guttiferae
Vernacular names: h'l"1f amja (Amharic); h'fJt awidi (Awi)
Description. Shrub or small tree to 10m high. In the Bale
Mountains, Hypericum revolutum is present at the tree line, and above that
is present as a shrub. Showy yellow flowers and corky rectangular reddish
brown to brown scaly bark with crimson slash. Leaves simple, entire,
opposite-decussate. Large terminal solitary flowers, yellow, crowned with
red styles and stamens. Fruit is capsules about 1.5 to 2 cm long, opening in
5 woody sections and having many tiny, black seeds. Amja seed are very
tiny, with many contained in each section of the segmented fruit.
54 Hypericum revolutum/amja
JirJ{
00'" i\ M1 : Jlith 1001. fO?~Cit ell au:,. f i\ tD-- :,."}7i tI t;: (JJ f, IJO eliif'
*(11 ~tD--::04-f\j\. fO?:J' f, 0.M1 hOW; O."C;~:,. M1-":" fO?lJJ,oo-l' Jl~:"
".,()uC;'C h4- f,-(l..C;"" hith (l..C;"" 4-i\1JO fi\tD-- tr") Oitit +C~rf: f\f, ~
".,+ 4-f, ooitooC fO?:J' f,0:" ~tD--:: -l'1Il"":': au;J1I auflA If'Cfl fl\,AT
tD--+ AtJOclf'+ O.,.~~). Jl:'·flJ65). o..,"}~ f\f, fO?(JJ~ C;TtD--:: :"f\A+ i\f
11~ fO?f f;1c JlOll?Jl- ODAI]TtD-- 0.65).+ h65).t;: 4-f,+ ff\-f:C; f(JJ"}y" f
JlOll ht;:A Jlf\TtD--:: t;:~?J:': .... ~CeII fO?h4-.Lj\.+ 1.5-2.0 UJ.Ol. C1IOD
:,. ff\TtD-- ....hLrf: (JJ~ illJOit:" fO?h4-.Lj\.+ h"}Q;l,:""" hlf:A ff\TtD--C; n
tD--itflJTtD--1JO 11". :,.C;") 0. If'eIIC Uc:l- f0?1"$0:" ~tD--:: f JlIJO~ Uc:"f OflJ
IJO :"C;"}7i .... tr-,. O"f"}~"}~ ft;:~tD-- (JJf,1JO fUC hllll.rf: ht;:A4-.f, tD--itlf'
IJO 11.". Uc:l- f,1~j\.::
Uses. Amja is one of the most commonly mentioned species by the

farmers of Awi for charcoal production. In the interviews farmers also
mentioned it for tools and fuel. It is considered to have a very strong wood.
In western countries various species of Hypericum are used as
ornamentals. The showy yellow flowers of Hypericum revolutum, with its
attractive reddish bark could make it an attractive ornamental.
Hypericum revolutumlamja
Hypericum revolutum
Amja
ilSJO:4
DrawnBy Tofere Fentahun
T:"9": 0.4't\ ODtIl.e..4'T'} CD:":" h9"1{ t\hf'lt\c; t\Acif ODtI/'~PJT

t\ T-r ,,'} Q;I,:" ,,'}~t\ co- f~'l-r '} f\ If'} ,,'} Q;l,1:9" til '}t,t. ,,'}~
fO?,~'lt\ ...,
lf~ ~;J""ODCO- ~""lCO-,} ~OC::
Ohm.CO;r h 'lCOT r..,.t\~~ f h9"1{ lIC~PJT t\ 1. T~:" ri« ...,ilf\.:: n

"C""T9" ~OD~ 111\-> fO?,;f'fCO- 0.~ f h9"1{ hOQ h~"'l1 .,..e. ~C~1: ;J
C T-r 1.T 1l~~C'lCO- .e.Tilt\::
Site. In Awi Zone amja is often seen at the tops of mountains,

usually near asta (Erica arborea), qega (Rosa abyssinica) and sometimes
niwri (Rapanea simensis). It is not often found as an understory plant, but
rather in the more open places. Some of the places seen are heavily
disturbed (such as on top of Asera Mt) or in less disturbed remnant forests
(Agew Dur, Zengena Lake). It is also found in inaccessible rocky peaks
(such as Zerehi). Hypericum revolutum is one of the few species of tree that
can reach to 3500 m asl. Some literature reports it even to 4000 m asl. The
lower limit is about 2300 m asl.
fDt 1=JOT fl:J': 1l9"'1f 01l'e 1'1 aJ<o{vr n"..?C'~ llc;T i\,e QlIJf;;:
aJ<o h"'''':J'+ +~+ ~1JtlJ"9"' 1l1~1.(' 'l..~ h)"aJ<ot ~C ,e1;;:A:: 1Itf. 'l..~
ht\.t\oT JfC:~ n:J'~ ...,e1f1 O,eOAT 1i\1ll Olr~ fl:J'sP~ ,e1;;:A:: 1Itf.
1..~ OIll9"' 01'''''~ ~tT ~C;~ 1~1Y. "'tl? 1'?? ",c;TI CD,e'}9"' Ooom
~ 01'''''~ fl:J'sP~ In11c; th,e:t>c; 1l1aJ<o-~C Y.11 ",.,=J1''1'1'A:: ~1JtlJc9"'
O+i\fl. f\.~lf). nOll,e ~f\. ~ 1 ~ lIC-t. 1'?? Qfl. htf:1';;: fl;1'sP~ ,e1;;:A:
: "'9"Jr h3500tTll. hQ.CD.n. htf::J' i\,e f\.o:t>fl. h~~fl. 'retT fJftf: lIC.r
sPT "''}~ '1aJ<o:: 1l1~1.(' f6th-tf: n1QsP'f 04000tTll. hQ.CD.n. 6J!>9"'C ~1
y.Dtn~A e.mcllOllfl.:: lI~1'~aJ<o f\.n....AnT fDt'ft\aJ<o fOO&'T htf::J' 23
OOtTll. hQ.CD.n. '1aJ<o::
Phenology, Propagation and Management. Amja is seen

flowering in Awi Zone in November in Agew Dur, and into January at
Zerehi and other places.
It is possible to find the amja seed starting from January to February.
But there are several problems with seed collection. The amja seeds are so
tiny they are easily withdrawn by wind. When the fruits are dry they
completely open, at that time the seed falls to the ground or is blown away.
Because the seeds are so tiny, it is difficult to separate the dead seeds from
the ripe ones and from the broken fruits. It can be difficult to climb the tree
and collect seed.
Project staff attempted to grow amja from seed. As the seed are so
small, it was difficult to count them accurately. So seed were measured by
spreading thinly over graph paper to fill a space two em by two em. Several
sets of seed thus measured were sown on bare ground and covered with
straw or white cloth (medabriya) at the project office in Injibara (2500 m
asl.). Each set of seed thus sown produced two to three hundred seedlings,
which transferred well to pots while they were still quite small. The growth
rate at first was very slow. Seedlings placed in a sandier mixture tended to
grow faster at the earlier stages. After a couple months in the pots, however,
all the seedlings began to grow at a more rapid rate. Farmers have been
accepting the seedling for planting on their own land.
Hypericum revolutum/amja
In Agew Dur we once saw new plants sprouting from lateral roots of
mature amja. It is possible that such could be found growing naturally and
dug up and transplanted.
Demel Teketay found that most of the seedlings of this species (H.
revolutum) were found in canopy gaps. Therefore it can probably be
assumed that seedlings of this species will not need much shade. In fact,
darkness may inhibit germination of the seed, as it does with some types of
small seed.
Hypericum species are planted as ornamentals in the West. They are
propagated by taking semi-ripe cuttings 10 to 13 em long, heeled, and put in
a cold frame. These take 6 weeks to root, and need nine to 12 months
before being planted out. Or, they sometimes take naturally rooted pieces
from the edges of small plants, remove the top growth, and pot for 6 to 8
months in the nursery. Whether this will work for the Hypericum that grow
naturally in Ethiopia is still unknown.
~u.m-"} OIJm++ OIJ~Q-}-CJ oo"}hQhll: h~:q Oh'll& 1}.C fll.iI'f' 0

x
d.~C OJC hll(l h~"'CJA; "}.Jtl1-~ O'f'C mc
011CthS Olbt\oT (l:J'PJl-
~ hll(l ~:J'fA::
fh~:q") HC h'f'C xon flJ-f:-}- f:lil cry"7-}- TI\CJA:: 'l'lC -n H

C':J: Otll~ 'f' ~+"} hoolfCJTm- f.,.'l"'+ O+i\/\- O'l4.iI fOll.OJ"'1}. illllf'l H
C':J:,,} 00"'11"'11 Otll~ hilT;Jt 'lm-:: fHC hlm..y.:J: f...,qo ....f..CcIl Otll~
fOll.hL1: illllf'l O+i\A 'l4.iI "}+CJet HC':J: mf.. OOt.-}-(hfC) ~l"4./\-::
h"}.Jtl1-~ lJ~m-}- fl\m-"} lJ~m-}- hlbl\aJ- hCJ h-t-...QO-r fHC hlm.1: Il
ool\f-}- hHC'T oom"} cry.,iI f.,..,,.. Otll~ hilT;Jt .,aJ-:: h"}.Jtl1-~ fll4--
+C"}66J.c::J: nllf..-}- roo7ih~ h+~ cry'lil f.,..,,.. 0114-- i\~ oom-tll-}-CJ HC
00 ...11...11 hilT;Jt .,aJ-::
f'f'CJ-}- fl.f:CJT"} h~:q"} OHC Ilcry~Q-}- qohZ:A:: HC'T Otll~ 'f'
~+"} hoolfCJTm- f.,..,,.. HC'T"} oocllmC hf..;JT 'lOC:: ill\tf.lJ 2,.. .01 0
2,..01 flf., iI!J.C 0""1~tt: ml+-}- i\~ OcryH;J~-}- HC'T"} Oil.... 0000.,."} 1\
h.,.CJA:: flllJCJTfll. 11"" fHC ~f:(lT ooot.-}- i\~ Oh,,}~Q~ (25001Jl.h
Q.OJ.O) rTC'~h;:t"T"} 0.1: OOll.'l~O:" HC.,.') OCPf~Otl i"i~'1CJr~ .,OC:
: Otll~ -}-CJ"}'n T""17fT o.lf""~ h "}'J. mf.. hOQ hzm,-}- hilh hilh hll oo
-}-"}O-}- 'l.fL f:lil hf"}~"}1}. fHC ~f:1I h200-300 HC'T 1I+1\-}- h"'~:t
A:: hf:'l1: Otll~ 11+"'~ .,m-:: hi'itrOlJ mf"l rUG hl-t~ I\f.
r"'i'hll~ T"'~ nk~ h"lOln~ f.A+ n~'J'"I~ 11:;JA:: OTl\iI-th
hlm. ~ ((NYI' h"}~t\'- OJr"}?" h~~r m?r 011\ Oh~+C;: ~1J'''r

CP/1."1 ~?"l~ 'lOC:: '10t>P'1'?" O?"r~ not>r I\~ ftnorhA
1'.,7f1'") mll1.epA::
Oh1m- ~C h1~ 1.ff. ",~+oot\h.-,..~m- hOr''lt\m- (hh~1m-) fh?"
Jr tf~ hp-r fO<f>f\. "T"'17f1' h~+c;A:: Oll.u l1"t:r O.,.L1'C' fO+t\lD. 1
~CP:C' 0001+A 1Pf?1l:" ~:FitA::
~'rA "'h:r~ "'~l:'1mm- hl1tf7f:': fh~Jr (H. revolutum)"T"'1

7f:': O~ 1 oollhA OO?11 tlcp:'-'" ll:r ll:r it~ ~O+itf\.:: lIt\ll.U fh'rJr "T
"'17f1' 1111- 1'it 'h1~IPf~LA'" 00100 .-,.. ~:FitA:: ~1C "'11 Oh1~1.(" '-"''11
7i IIC'1' it~ 'h1~O?tr~lD. l1"f\. l1C¥1 IPffIJ'-'" 11+A1:1 It1~lD. .e"TitA::
fh'rJr lICYP''f 0'r"?1lm-Y1 111.(" 'h1~'L1' .e.,.hitf\.:: oollht\
~ 'h.("1'-'" Yt\m-1 IOllJ'r YAO...t\ (D~'r OfIJr- t\:' YAtr~/ +C11i6j,CP: tn
0-130?.~. ClI oo'-'" it.e ~C(O trA OO'J .("l"'1 hll.Y'r OI)C O+i1L ~ 1lJJ. x
.-,.. CP:t>'r m-lI1' 0 O'J lI<f>001' Y&-~;1"A: : .eU'r "'11.(" pC t\O'Jm-flJ'-'" 6 Uf
'r1:r'-'" YlILA1Cf'A:: "'''tl1'''r hoo+hitTOJ. 0,,-'-'" ocp:&,m- m-lI1' h9 "
lIh 12 (DC YlILA:'TCf'A:: (D~1'r h1~1.(" 1.ff. O.,.L1'C' »«: .f'aJtn- ell
?~";f1 .eaJlI~c; <f>10tn-1 0O'JlI(D1.(" .y.C{fl h6 (DC "lIh 8 aJC OhOll
hlm.'-'" +tlt\m-+ 0'f"'11 llJfl.Y lD.lI1' x1"t~.e Y~l:'f\.:: fl.""?" .eu II
s; O+L1'C' fO+fl. f h?"Jr lICYP'T Oh.'-"',.A-.r m-lI1' fO? ...?c; ff17 ~lI
? ootr'l- "lIh hp.1 h.e:r(D:"?"::
Hypericum references
Demel Teketay; 1997b
Edwards, S., Mesfin Tadesse, and Hedberg, I; 1995.
Fichtl, R. and Admasu Adi., 1994.
Heuser, C. W., ed; 1997.
Souane Thirakul; undated.
Tewolde B.G.Egziabher; 1988.
Uhlig, Siegfried K.; 1988.
Rapanea simensislniwri
Rapanea simensislniwri
Rapanea simensis is an example of a dega tree that farmers love, but
is unknown to the development community. Wherever the tree is seen, there
are signs of cutting, evidence of the popularity of the tree for various
products. There is very little in the literature about this tree.
tOJ«&
t(J}at .,O&.SP'f hOll,dJ"- r~ rs» Jlc:l- h'~ ~(J}a ~ ~.,c
+ tIlo..r 1Pt-rf'7f'f H'.r: 01lJlT h.e;t-dJ~9":: i»l\ tdJt Jlij: O~th-ij:
'1' OAD7
0 ...
-ti: 1l~ rf'1Il~t\ .e"~A::
Scientific name: Rapanea simensis (Hochst. Ex DC.) Mez 1902; synonym Myrsine
simensis HOCHST. ex DC. 1844
Family: Myrsinaceae
Common names: Names givento the study staff for this tree are niwri, siree (around Awi
Zone) and gaynura (in Simien Mountains). In the literature Amharic names listed
are tulen, and alge, alkieh, or alghe. The Oromo name is tuulaa. These were not
confirmed by the study staff.
r·,."OD~ fl""~:- r1'e;:,. (l.~e;"f') J''l'i1TaJ- fllfD"f Oh'e It'} aJ-fl1' ~aJ-t: ....l
'i1 /t1T'I- nn 01L'} -t- 6-~"f ",?"";J.e r.6- 1'111\- ,f.m6-A:: MW OD;J1 tJ' "~,,Dtm~9" /t
~'?...'} h,}~ A~ rtlf. fl9" 'rl.11;fl 'Y11/F '1aJ- h/\.1:: '1'1C "I'} ,f.U '1lP" r1'l'tm'} h'}
s: 'lu.1I~ ~aJ-:: 01l"thcC;: I'tc;:~ "'}"Dt'l7aJ- rhtryc'C'f fllfD~:- ~tl1+ JiA?+ JiA?1'
+ JiA 71'+ "e; r"t:9"'i1 p>(JDc:- ~4 ~aJ-::
Description: Small to medium tree to 15 m high. Main stem is

generally straight and thin. The simple leaves are without teeth , often
having red midribs, which are always thick and prominent on the underside
of the leaf. The leaves have a very short thick stem not more than 1 em
long. They are clustered near ends of branches but are arranged in alternate _
format. The leaf is thick, but easily torn and tender. Leaf length is 6 to 15
em, width is 2 to 4 em, and the tip is rounded or pointed. The young
branchlets are green with prominent leaf scars. The flowers are very small
and yellow. The fruit are like a round ball, on a stem, with a purple
60 Rapanea simensis/niwri
covering when ripe. This outer covering can be broken off to reveal one
seed inside. The leaves are clustered near the ends of the branches, but the
flower and fiuit are further down the branch. Fruit and flower are found
only in the upper portion of mature trees. The fiuits and flowers can be
found on the stems singly or in groups. The branches of niwri come out
from the trunk of the tree in whorls, often four or five or six branches
corning from one place on the stem but on different sides. The roots have a
bright red layer just under the outer bark. Niwri is frequently mentioned by
farmers as one of the faster growing dega trees.
It is difficult to see growth rings on the stem of a cut niwri. The
wood of the cut stem looks like lines radiating out from a center section that
is pale white, while the rest of the wood on a freshly cut niwri has reddish
coloring.
In the Flora of Ethiopia, Phragmanthera sarertaensis is listed as an
endemic parasite that grows to become a bush. It is found 2300 to 2650 m
asl and infests Acacia, Rapanea, and Buddleja.
Rapanea simensis
OD""1t\tal:-h:"'}"Ii x niwri
{)h OD"'ht\~ ~oo..,. roo» l.CTJ!! 'tm-t
fl.(f"} ~oorf: "()h 15 "?.
llF.:"{) fDt'fA Jllj: ~lD-::
. -'
'l'Cf'lD- ""1,} ~ Qm:J"l\.e 4-1'
~ItS 4-tif.b'} ~lD-:: ~ m/lv:,:
I1mCJI:flD- ~t~ 1'C{) ft\
,1\:flD- .... lY~ + QllJl~lD- II
~m/lv'f OOIJA IJ-A1.tI.. m
lj:~9"Cf' h:"m/lv'f 11;1''f II
boA fDt.,~ 4-.e OO{)ooC
ht\Q:flD-:: f:"mA ""1,}~ m
lj:~9" 41001: h 1 Uf."? f
,,?.eI1A... htif.bC ....lY'} ~m Drawn by
1\-0 t\ 9"t\9"Cf' mlj:~9" ~""1C Tcfere Femohun
""1,} 114-1\1\-0 ODfll1C fDt 'fA

~m- f:"ml\-o ClI oo:" h 6
"()h 15"1.0Il fDtF.C{) f
~ml\-o {)4.:" J'.""1er' 2-4 "I.
OIl flY~ 6If.~ trA r« ~lD-::
Rapanea simensis/niwri
O""CliIi~ ootJJ,lif 4\.e (111... 11 1I1\tD- fDt,1"$e; f.,..H06-l+ 1t+07°O'f'

.ec:6-TIPA:: I\;J ""C'Qij,~ Itl':}~ lf~tD- CDffJ 111\0 fDt,:t'.e /fDt,:t'CD""/
fCD ~ cf! ""ml\o l- 9"AhT 1'1\QTtD- e;TtD-:: 1t0QsP:'= IlffJ9"Te;,"lie; 0.Qij,
e;TtD-:: if:&.sP:'= ",~ IJ.() hll lf~tD- h"'~ 4\.e + fDt,1"fe; f\0()1\- tit
9"6-CC 00A h 1'4\TtD- .elfCJ1\-:: .eu ftD-6f.b "li ~, f\"'OC 0 tD-()m- It,Y: H
C lI:F .e.elfA:: ""mt\o:,= O""C'6li1C::'= 6li1if: 4\.e ...11...11 1'1\- CJ TtD- I ~1C
." ItOQe; if:&.sPl- CD ~:J' l- 60"" 111\tD- 0 ""C'liIi ~ ." Y: 6li1if: 4\.e .e17'/I\-
:: ~&.e; 1t0QsP:'= 00...1\ Ifif: 4\.e 04\.e7'/tD- hif:1\- lI:F .e17'/A:: if:&.e; 1t0Q
l& o.,,~ 4\.e .,.11 .,.0 007I\T ""~C1:ltD- CD.e9" ...11...11 1I1\tD- Q,Y: 4\
.e it. 1"$· .el-4\I\-::
fttD-t ""C'Qij,c:l- O.,,~ fl.t1' 1111 lf~tD- .eCDffJl\-+ 1If1. 1.11. It
60T CD.e9" It 9"()T CD.e9" ()1:()T ""C'liIiC:l- 0." ~ 4\.e Olt,1: Pif:6-
O.,..I\1'f It ""ffJIili. .eCDffJ1\-::
P~ h""C&.1: O().,.. tD-()'f' ~ffJ 1'1\ +.e ~tD-:: ttD-t LffJ' {)1:1T
I')4\TtD- es» 1t1C- O+A Ifc:l- ",~ "'~lf~ 010&.sPl- O1'~;J;JDt .em
+I)A::
O""~lm fttD-t Ifif: 4\.e ()1:11:' fDt,1'I)~ +I\n....l-' 07fT It()T
;J t ~tD-:: f.,..cflmtD- .,,1: A11 f\:t'.e f1lffJ ~6f.b + 1\9" 1'1\tD- lfC: hoo
'/A CD~ tD-6f.b fDt1',2\QC"" fDt,oo()A f\lf' I TIl-() f1'~lmtD- "'Q;LT
." +4\ fl\ ooAh ",1\tD-::
"f:tf.IIJD'l,t1tf. t1GC4:'t1I1" OttD-t Ifif: 4\.e lI:F fDt,1~ 1'+64\ x
'~lf~ Oif:I\o6o laif: Jrt.Tf"W1' hif:A-3 """A~:: 02300-2600~. hQ.CD.
O. fDt, 1~e; .,6oC,r ttD-t,e; '""lilJ.c, fDt,CDCC ~tD-::
Uses: Niwri is valued by farmers and their wives as a fuel wood.

The women also use the leaves are in the baking of breads, especially "difo
dabo" at holiday times. The wood is generally straight, and splits easily,
making it valuable for construction. The farmers consider the wood not as
strong as other woods but in building, niwri is. used for roof structures.
Regrowth from the cuttings is very good, but farmers are saying that the tree
is much less abundant than before, and that they miss it.
Farmers generally say it is not useful for lumber. However, the
limited literature indicates that the wood can have a beautiful silvery color
and is useful for veneer, cabinetwork, decoration work, and high quality
furniture although it may warp and split when drying.
1':,.".,:,::- ~(I)-t tl071'" ""}~:,. Olll~ 1'or ",,}~O'~ OT~,;J,;J~ 1

O&'1"l- .elll:,.....:,. ~OC:: O.eJ>t\-ODIIl.e.eJ>l-"} m+:,. "'''}Jl:'' ....:,. f~(I)-t ,,"}
~:,. t\071'" 1'or ",,}~O'~ ~"'It.(I)-e;A:: +lIlt\o~ t\~(1 OD,;J1t~ .e1ll+07~I
OTt\.e9" t\Of}A +e;:,.~ ""}JlII-9" +1Il~ t\hll~l- 9""'I1I~:" .e1ll:"07A::
",,}~1: QIIl.eJ>i\.e +1' ~t\e; O+i\~ f~Lt\1'+ t\o.:" "'I,,}Q;1' t\07",;J~:"
m.e"}9" t\"'If:"'I~ t\ODlf:t\1' +i\A ~(I)-:: 10&'1"T ""}~t\.t\oT ""}~~T
1Il"}t)6- Q.e0',,}9" 00.:" "'I,,}Q;1' 1.11. ~ (I)- t t\ Ql ''I) ,;J(i'flll)' ,,"} ~ ~1Il+9" h
f:C1(1)- .emfl~;1'A:: ttl/- O;1'fO:" (I;r II-~ fT"t.tn- 9"Ah~T"} "e;1"f
~OC:: .elJ9" ttl/- t\Tt\~~ T"'IQ6-T 071A1t\-"} ""}~ 07f1t.1f ~(I)-:: h"""l
III O:\i\ h"'~(1)- ,,"}~ v: 01'or 1I-~;1' .eO+i\A I ~1C "'I"} 10&'1"T ttl/- h.e-
CO .eA+ "'II-"} "flll~ ""}~t\ .ee;16-t\-::
10&.1"T t\ lll(l)-i\ ,,"} ~ 07.e1ll+9" ~"'Iz (l)-e;A:: fi.tr"}9" '" "} ~ "} f: K"
th-t::T (flt\ ~(I)-t) .,"},: mC+07 +t\9" t\./il(l)- .eTi\A+ A"}JlII-9" t\1Ill; ,
I..tt m.e9" OC(h""}~:") AQ1' t\OD~C~t~ F6-+ t\1.1111.1' F6-+ ""}~
1e; hlf:T~ 1'&-:" i\i\:f(l)- fo.T o.eJ>1"l- F6- 1'or 0.0',,}9" ""}IJ. hT"'~1Il
+ h1'etT 1.11. O:\i\ f~-)lI1'e; ....~C+ f~"'~IIle}> ",,}~O'~ .e1ll~07~::
Site. Generally found between 2000 and 3400 meters above sea
level, on mountaintops and upper slopes. But it prefers deeper soils, not
shallow rocky ones that are sometimes found on mountaintops. On Darkan
Mountain there is a good stand, a "niwri forest", found under a canopy of
other tree species. There the soil is very black, and high in organic matter.
It is usually on nearly level places, but can be on slopes that are not steep. It
is often found in the Simien and Bale Mountains with amja (Hypericum) and
asta (Erica arborea). Usually it is found in connection with other trees,
almost never seen by itself It prefers forest rather than open land.
Farmers say that for the soil it is better than tqur- 'ncet and dong.
f~1"fO:" (1;1':- QIIl.eJ>i\.e h2000-34000ll. hQ.OJ.O . .e1~A:: ~1

C "'I"} "',,}~,,}f: 1.11. OT6-COT he;:,. i\.e f~1~ ....O'''} 1'A+:" ft\.t\(I)- ot\
;1'07 OLC 1).e0'''} 1'Ae}> OLC .em~A:: n~ct)"} 1'6-6- i\.e 1''i- .e,,:" ~t\
(I)- f'~(I)-t ~.,. t\.t\o T ttt::T"} ht\i\ "'f:C1o .e 1~A:: 011.19" OL'i- OIll9"
1'~ce; t\Tht\oT f~fl0707 ht;:"'~ "}1'l ~1C r~" ~(I)-:: Ohlllf~(J)o f~
"""(1)- O~A~i\ (1;1' i\,e .ell-"} ""}~ OIll9" "'~4-.:" QAO''I- ~A~t\+ (1;1'
Rapanea simensis/niwri
sP"f ... .e. t\. 1~ .e."f"'A:: OwOtt1C; lit\. T~C'"f V-A1.tL hhsP'JfC; hil;1' ;J
C .e.1~A:: 11»-- 1.tL ht\.t\->"f tlC:'f ;JC T-)~~.y. A1}[ I ~""1 "ft\-> t\1l~
CD- O~t\-> hA;1'fsP':: h1... tll (1;1' .e.A~ 0"1 CD-ilT .e.ilOlJOIJ'fA::
10t.sP"f t\OLC hp,.1..,C; T-IIC-"1a;t:" "1 s: "ti'fA .,..,lCD-C;t\::
Phenology, Propagation, and Management. Most farmers say

they do not know of it flowering or giving a fruit of any kind. This is
probably because the flowers and fruits are very small and insignificant and
in the upper part of the tree. Study staff watched for the flowering and
fiuiting of niwri for nearly a year. It was only after one farmer told us when
and where to find the fiuits that we finally succeeded. Fruits were seen
from September through January on Darken Mountain. They are only found
on the larger trees, those above 6 m in height, and about 8 em in diameter.
Fruit and flowers are found only above 4 m from the ground. The fiuit are
not abundant.
Two farmers told us they tried repeatedly to propagate niwri, but
failed.
Casual observance in the forest shows that the tree easily comes
back from cutting, either sprouting from stumps (coppicing) or from cuts
that are made higher up (pollarding). The tree is often found in small
groups, suggesting that it may propagate itself naturally through root
suckering.
The tree puts out long lateral roots that stretch just beneath the
surface of the soil, and then puts up adventitious shoots. In June these
adventitious shoots seem to be springing up allover the place on the
mountains where niwri is found. I
For propagation trials, the study staff took cuttings in early March,
2000. These were generally about 20 to 30 em long and 0.75 to 2 cm thick.
Some-were planted in a mixture of soil, sand and compost, and others were
planted in untreated soil. All were' given a treatment of a commercially
available rooting hormone. "By late. April, most of the. stems looked dead
and dry, though there were leaf buds pushing out from'a fewof the stems.
Cuttings taken later in the year/in June and July did better, and most.put out
new growth by middle' of September. However, when-we looked- at the
underground portion, we saw that they had not yet put out roots.
Propagation by cuttings may be possible, but further work will be necessary

to perfect the method.
The tree is almost always found in forest, almost never by itself,
suggesting it may need shade for regeneration. The tall thin stems and rapid
growth reported by the farmers also suggest that it is suited for competing
for light.
Niwri is a tree worth pursuing. With so little known about its
propagation, further study is required. There seems to be an openness
among farmers to planting this tree, and it should be explored for inclusion
with tree planting operations in dega areas.
l.fLID-~ O"/tD++ O"/~Q+~ oo~hQh ....r- 1111- 'lOtosPT 9"~ f}.e.~+

hOQ "'~t\ID-c; ~to x s:
~fI-r hJ'CD--<h9":: .e.lJy".,qo 9"c;AQ+ hOQc;
~tosP~ Tc;1oc; hi\{M.i\'t ool'lt\CD-- flt\~:1'~ "'JtlJ-9" hJl4- 661.~ I'It\Dt
'l"}: .e.lfc;A:: f-rc;:" fl.~CJT1 ftCD--t1 hOQc; ~to t\h1~ h oo+ J'lJA fI
~LA" ~.e.:tA:: h'}~ 'lnto 00:'; hOQCJ ~to ",}Y..~fI-r h~'ll1 O:\i\ ~OC
ooo~lif f1",.,t]A 1:: ~tosP~1 oool'lhl9" 1993 0~lt]1 1"~~ i\.e. h.,
~1"c;A:: But.~ I'I~Tc; 6~. <hOOT t]t\CD-- TA+ J1~ ~OC f1"'l"}:+:: ~to
c; ·hOQsP:':1 J''l7'CJTCD-- 4~. hooto+ h~ 11t\CD-- ~OC:: ~tosP:': 1111- hA
~0~9":: lJ-t\T 'lOtosPT tCD--t1 t\DtJ~QT ~;J"OOCD-- qohlCD-- "'~A1",.,t]
i\TID- ~"lCD--c;A:: Q;Jill~ 0~1 CD--I'I-r "'~:1'fCD-- ." h1"~lm- .,.+sPT
o Y..111 h ~-r <h 10 CD-- tD .e.9" h~ h~ C'lCD-- h~ lm-:" i\.e. h ~-r <h 10 CD-- .e.:1'
J'A:: '14- 1111- 'til. O-reti: nh1~ i\.e. 1'1111'111 111\0 .e.'l~A:: .e.lJ9" ~"'"
fDtJ'~QCD-- Ol'l-r hDtJt].e.~:" "'Y..If~ .e.m<hDtJA::
'14- hootoT tDt\A 11+ l1t\o F~ 1 tDY.. 11 hflY..Y.. O:ti\ hll.lJ- F

CfDtO+1\- ~-r*{lIsPT (hJtI'l O+t\oT ).e.tDilll\-: Ofl~ tDC fttDt J1~ 0
1''l7' 0:" (1:1' lJ-1\- "~ll.lJ h Jtl'l 0+t\oT 011'I t .e.:1'J'1\-:: t\ 0"/~Q:" O-rC;
:,. fl.~CJT1 O~lill Qt\LCD-- oo;Jfl.:" 1992 1'qohc- ~OC:: "~~lJ,}9" Qm
.+i\.e. h20-30 ut.~. <hoo:"c; hO.75-2 ut.~. CD--~l:" J'i\TID-1 +C1Qij,
c:."f ~o~:: -ret+:,:') OLC+ hi'i.tpC; 111'1Q7i O",,,,,,+t\ OOY..ll ".e. 1'ht\c;
TID- ~OC~ ~t\o~1 y".,qo 9"19" lI"~T fIA1'Y..l'lOT OLC i\.e. ""ht\CJT
(IJ" ~OC:: lJ-1\o19" fqohcCJTCD-- FC "'~J'tDm- aDtl~h.~t]A·~OC:: 0
tPf.J'1I~ tDC PDw,lif i'\t]Qfl. fl111-sP:,:.,,/l.."f fY..l4lCJ f'Prf: .e.ool'll\- ~O
CI tJ'tr9" h"'~ +C~1:1 LA++CD--.rpttDm-r-l-mA A1fl.fP"f O-rct-r-:,:
."p..l- 4\.e. :1'.e.1"CPA:: Ofl~c; th9"1\. rqohcc;:,;CD-- y".,qu ....mA O"/ID-tfl
:,. l:9"~ID- ~OC ~ h~ll.lJ9" l111-sP:': OOQl'lhl9" h:JII7ohJtI'l +mA . h,.,.,e
Rapanea simensis/niwri 65
-f'1f'A:: fllf"}9" hODt.:" O:r1- s 1\ ev--"} tl~«\ Tev--, i'lc;rev-- 1lhl)~"} 9""}9"
~C h«\(J)m-9":: OOD~llJ' ""l~Q:" ~~A ~lfC;AI .,.,C-n IIY..ev--"} :"tl
tll\~ I\""lf:l"? -f'QJ.""lt ""'h~ ~hLA;JA::
~A'lfl,. OF.., ev--hlJ' L,.,qu 1\11~ev-- h~"~9":: ~U9" y""?qu 1\11:"1\
:,. /I\IJ f:.,:"/ IJ'«\ 1l,Y.. OWJ.,~i'lLA"ev-- ~1Il ~""l A:: .,0t.9'1- tI ~ l~9" +Iif.b
"} "?"}f: 1l'~1\ev-- .,"?lev--C;AI ~U9" l1C'" ~I\;J hfbl\o1- ;JC 7l'Y..0WJ.,(J)~
Y..C ~1Il~ ""l A:: ~ev-- ttl:":" A rOWJ.,Y..l"?1\:" tI~ .,ev--:: i'l1\ hlQ(l. 11". r""l
~:r(J):" hl\lf., -f'QJ,""lt IJ'C;:" ~i'lLA"If'A:: 0.,0t.ev-- II"}f: ~U' tic;: I\OD
:"hA ~«\.,..:,. ~«\Tev-- ~ODi'I«\AI i'lI\IlU ~ev--t OY..;J hl)Qfl OOWJ.,Y..l'J. rY..
;J tic;: 9"C9"C: 1- ev--i'l1J' ODl)h-f':" hI\O:"::
Rapanea simensis references

Breitenbach,Friedrich Von.; 1963.
Mooney, UF.; 1963.
Tewolde B.G.Egziabher, 1988.
Uhlig, Siegfried K., 1988.
Wolde Michael Kelecha; 1987.
66 Hagenia abyssinica/koso
Hagenia abyssinicalkoso
Scientific Name: Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) Gmelin
Family: Rosaceae
Vernacular names. }l(l koso (Amharic); shinchi (Awi)
Description. Hagenia abyssinica is a small to medium sized tree to
25 m high with a typical umbrella-shaped crown and papery scaly bark. The
smaller branches are very hairy with golden-colored hairs. These branches
are ringed by the leaf scars from leaves that have dropped off. At the base
of each compound leaf are conspicuous stipules that are 2.5 to 10 em long.
The flowers are long drooping panicles to 60 cm long, showy, male flowers
orange to white, female reddish and in bulkier panicles. The fruit is about
0.4 ern in diameter, clustered thickly in thick groups, red-brown when ripe.
Koso has both a taproot and lateral roots which spread just under the
surface of the soil. The coloring is much like the bark of the stem. It is
more or less mottled, with parts yellow, light reddish brown, and dark
brown in and anastamosing pattern. The darker strips easily peel off. This
mottling dulls with drying. The outer layer peels off, revealing a creamy
white root which is of uniform color throughout, though grain and annual
rings are visible. It is odorless.
/Itt ",;ryct;:
iT1:f- "''e
OD""/hMi1: If~ h-r'}a h()h ODt)ht\~ /25~./ fOlJ.Y.C() ~OD-r s«
C&C; if '}Ti\ fODftt\ ~C iJ J't\ C& ftlf'} ,,'} 1. CDl4'-r fOD""'f\. ~C J''f J'f\.
-r ~Ck-r Jl"lD-:: -rC;'}(i:': ~C'}'"'i~'f OfJl9" 1UI- CDC~"7 01-C J'i\T(&
C;TC&:: h~lLlJ ~C'}'"'i~'f ~mt\o'f +1'}Tt\C& OCDY.~ 'ttL O+Lml mq
" ~1C "'}Y.4't\O-r f+hOfl. C;TC&:: ~mt\o'f OD;JlI fODf"lh Te() Ome
IfTC& i\,e f0lJ.1~qT(&C; f:"mt\ ""/1~ h~c'}Mi~ ,;JC h+,;JmODO.... 611'),
If: ~9"C" "()h i\,e~C& f:"mf\. ""/'}1: Mitt: 1:l() 4',e ~C&:: h~mt\ "'~
OD~ODtJ' ~~ f OD"''' 1P~ '11C f0lJ.1~O-r ftlf'} F~1: h2.5-10Uf.~.
,elfC;t\:: JlOqCD- CD!!.. :r'f f"''}mhmt\C; 60Uf.~ ClIOD-r J't\C& fttr'} 0
... . .
.,.i\f\. fOlJ.:r,e 1ft; CD'}~ JlOqp>'f 4't\"7TC& lIC1:t)1"7 tD~9" 4'~ ~tlJeJ
....-1: JlOqC& 1.""/'fD 4',e ftlf'} JlOqtlJe f.,.,mt\mt\O.... ~C, ~ t \+ ~
Hagenia abyssinica/koso
aJ-:: ~&»aJ- 40'l.. ott h~-}- (t c;1.aJ- 011,.-)- lf~aJ- T~~1aJ- fO'l.1"$C; (tOh
A- + f, ()'C;"7 +/l.9" hi\:faJ-::
f'PC;-)- ().,(-c;l- /l.O'l.hT/l.aJ- 00'1/l.1i6j. ~/l.-)- ftaf\ ,.~ FCOl-"} ~~
C" ~OC:: h oo,--}- ev"A 0;1'l- ev~ "lo"}C; ev~ ;1'l- fO?.f~1- FC"l- hf\.-}-
:: ftaf\ FC h'1"}~ +"9";JC Tootataf, ~aJ-:: 11f1.aJ-"} 1.11. T"}1-C1-C+ n
1 Ii6j.+ ~1lJ f /l. + f, ()'C;"7+ 'ItC; m~C r« o.C;"7 + "9" (t c;1.aJ- I 'It") Jl~9"
"'1"'1 fTmi\/l.L ~C') f/l.aJ- ~aJ-::'It~~lJ 'PeIIC eIIC'Pt-(!ibl- 0+i\A- fO'l.
i\m- c;:faJ-:: f,lJ T"}1-C1-C ~1C (t~C~ 0+i\A- "7f-)- hf,7-A9":: 1iC""7
~6J.I> ooAh oooTaJ- faJ-6J.I>aJ- h~A f,i\IlJAI h"lf~9" oohooC"l-C; ev+;1'
'e +"O+l- OF';' i\f,f,;1'ff\.:: h.;. 9""}9" fT/l.f 1i;1' f/l.aJ-9"::
Uses. Farmers chose koso as the number one tree they wanted to see
propagated. In one generation it has gone from being plentiful and widely
used in a variety of ways to becoming increasingly rare, but still desired. In
the farmer interviews, it was the most commonly mentioned tree for center
poles and lumber. It was also mentioned as being useful for charcoal and
fuel.
Figure 2 Hagenia abyssinica versus Cupressus lusitanica
Figure 2:
Hagenia abyssinica versus Cupressus
lusitanica
on two sites at 2250 mas)
Sarkan Mountain, Awi Zone
Average Diameter Average Height
(Breast Height)
Site One
Hagenia abyssinica (9 17.83 em 11.44 m
trees)
Cupressus lusitanica 16.88 em 12.05 m
(10 trees)
Site Two
Hagenia abyssinica (15 22.37 em 16.1 m
trees)
Cupressus lusitanica 21.17 ern 15.5 m
(10 trees)
Site one is on a 33% slope. The forest was planted Cupressus, with a
small patch of mixed Hagenia and Eucalyptus. There was thick
undergrowth under Hagenia, little under Cupressus
Site two is on a 14% slope. Like site one, the forest was planted
Cupressus, but at site two the Hagenia was mixed among the Cupressus,
rather than in a small patch. There is no undergrowth at all.
Note: Theform ofthe Cupressus lusitanica was much more

consistent and straight. Trees were measured twenty-three
years after planting.
Koso is commonly known for its use as a medicine. The female

flowers are used to get rid of tapeworm. It is effective against both types of
tapeworms, Taenia solium and Bothriocephalus latus, but a purgative is
necessary to bring away the destroyed organisms. Often farmers mix the
koso medicine with enqoqo (Embelia schimperi) presumably to perform the
purgative function.
From our farmers' surveys, we have found it is useful for house
construction (especially for center poles), tools, lumber, fences, fodder, and
fuel wood. Farmers also say the tree is not harmful to the soil, though the
large leaves andheavy leaffall may damage some nearby crops.
All the groups surveyed in dega Awi said the wood is durable, insect
resistant, and strong. Farmers generally considered that only the woods of
cheba (Acacia lahai) and amja (Hypericum species) are stronger. The
sapwood is creamy yellow, the heartwood is dark red to red-brown, soft,
light (density 0.552). It is very suitable and desired for furniture,
cabinetwork, floors, and especially veneers. Shrinking while air-drying is
said to extend over several years.
Its propagation is recommended to increase honey production. It is
known to strengthen bee colonies at high altitudes.
Ohlf fI~ "Cit~ .,.~~ 225001. hlJ.fD.O. ~,e '/~t~

h{lf\.titc; itT~(lh f\ef\.:I't it IJ-ll:'-' ll:l'fDT ~,e::
hlJflt)~ l'I~T h"7t)~ cII°UT
fI~ h'}~
'/~'1.JI xn, '1.t)(9 JlG:T) 17 .83Uf."I 11.4401.

t)T&....l'I ~ ~'1.t)(10 JlG:T) 16.88Uf."I 12.0501.
fI~ IJ-t\T
'/~'1.Jlho.""'1.t)(l5 JlG:T) 22.37Uf.0I 16.101.
t)T&....l'I ~.... ~'1.t)(10 JlG:T) 21. 17Uf. "I 15.501.
II~ 1l1~ fut1iaJ- 033% 1l'?~lfD7i ~,e ~aJ-:: ~.,. f-r~ ....IT1-r't+ It
ftC; QUC tf~ ++~+t\<>O~A:: hltft tf~ O~T '1'+'1':" Y~ +ht\<>T hh-r
fO+~ ....IT1 h-r~ tf~ tv: "'11 0-r't1: ~OC:: ;;::
II~ V-ll+ fut1iaJ- 14%
ll"'l~lfD7i ~,e ~aJ-:: ~.,. "'f,.I1:/' 1l1~ -r~ ~aJ-I ~1C "'11 Oll~ V-ll+ It
ftaJ- fut1iaJ- 111l~aJ- -r'tT II:" h ODYlI ,eA+ O-r~ tfG:T ODt)hA +
+~+t\<> ~aJ-:: OIlU II:" ~,e hh-r h:":t: SJU1SJU 1I+ll+ 1l.e:",eSJU::
'1':"00-: O'+ll- ODm,e'+T1 W+T O+~;J;Jut futm+hC; fut~~

+ tf~ ~OC:: lln.T SJU(tftC; t\illaJ-~ OillSJU 1l1faJ-TlaJ- ,em+....+ ~OC:: A1
-tV-SJU llh(tAC; 1111?- "'lJJ,T m.+ut "'~IT~ m+(taJ-:"A:: fT~:t: tfC:
T OD1'hA ll11QTaJ- 1I1l1 h1m,e:" Itt\ OillSJU 01ltf+ hutm+....+ 1l1~
~aJ- ~aJ-:: A1-tv-SJU WillT O~Oor 1.11. flillSJU Oh~T f~OlC; 1lv-1 "'11 II
OD-r~T f+.+lO "'~11'~ lltfaJ-1+ 10&'''T 1t1faJ-TlaJ- fut~"'I-r'} Itft1
~OC:: YSJU fl.IT1 OillSJU f+llOD~ tf~ "fIT~ fOD", ,eODh~A::
Ilt\ 01ltfT IlOD~~~T~T 1I11A1~ f,:"w.+A:: .... -t 1tOQaJ- fllft

TA1 0++111'1' 11ll1hW7~ f,m+II1A:: V-1l1:1SJU fllt\ Tt\<>T ,:r,e~f 1M.
rr'i flIJ6f-t11-AIJ ,,4-1/ /lll1hW1~ ~1:1 OD~f't.T ~aJ-:: ~1C "'11 Oll1h
+OD-r futY"'IIfaJ- flfD1: U",...T1 11ll1hw1~ ~aJ-:: Q1Itf~aJ- 10&'''T Ilt\
1 hA1~~ ;JC fut~QA~T 0++111+ 1t1l1t)f,~T futLaJ-h OD~f~+ A
1~utIT1 OOD1OD+ 11~ ~aJ-::
"~aJ- ~"'T1 10&'''T1 m,e+1 A1~+l~~aJ- lln.T "'I1Q~ (0+

/l,e /lSJUt\ft)+ ll"cif OD"'tY"T+ illaJ-~+ 1t-rc+ llh1l-Y-T SJU""111+ A1.et
v-SJU Il1l11?- f,m+II1A:: "'-tl1"SJU tf~ /l1tLC 1)( 1tf,~IlSJU f,~~:: OAC
"'I-rSJU 01tm.+~f, /l1tLC -ror fIT~ 11". f+mA 1IhQ7i 1t/laJ-::
.+ll ODm.e+ Y~1."'I1~TaJ- f1t'e ~;J 1tt)Qfl. 10t"sPT A1aL-IJ ..,..
ue fut**SJUC; m1t)~ "'~IT~ ~"'IlaJ-C;A:: 10&'''TlJJ,QC; hSJU~ 11;1= f
Ilft1 A1lJJ,T 0'J'11]&'hTOJo ",}~~OAffioT Y~hQ~:: /l;JaJ- A1Q;LT 7i
r:1I1 fl.fiIiJ.+ f"'}lJJ,1: oSJU1IC+ (A1I) m~C r« wf,SJU fi.C;II1-+,e +IlSJU
....c;laJ- llh~'" l1'c; +~A (fh1l~T ODm'" 0.552) ~aJ-:: Iln.T 0.+"J-+
IlOD~C~tY F~+ /lWllAC; fl+llf, Il OD1flC (f:"(lT II1h+ OD8j,) 001,.,
+hll1utC; +L~1. ~aJ-:: OillSJU 11". 1.11. h~f f OD.,.01' QuC,e '\1\(1)-::
f"7~Q-I: 'l~T e-u: SJUC+1 Iloual.OUC(lt"""~"7) A'~fJlaW"
f,:"ouC;A:: O~;J 1tt)Qfl. f1(1T'} ')1ll+ 11ll1m'ihC A'~"'Ll.4 R,:NDJ»
Hagenia abyssinica/koso
A:: "'f\e~ Y1"fCj:ft& r10t. (l..(-«;"l- "'Q.l.1:

11U- {).(-o?, "'~t\t&.;- .,.Q
~ r"t**~.;- "'-'llt'~ m1I'Jt- "'~tf'l '1"1lt&CjA::
Site. H. abyssinica is very much a highland tree, found from about

2400 to 3300 m in altitude, but also in frost depressions descending to 2000
m. The rainfall range is about 1000 to 1500 mm per year. At one time koso
was a very common tree in the highlands, but is now restricted to scattered
trees. In the interviews with the farmers, it is frequently mentioned as a tree
that they had considered valuable, but is now no longer common. It can still
be seen in several Awi mountainous remnant forests such as Agew Our,
Darkan Mountain, and Asra Mountain. It is also present ·at Zengena Lake,
and in a field near the high school in Injibara. It is these trees that Haile
Selassie is said to have seen and named the area "Koso Ber" as he was
corning from Sudan during World War Two. It has now become popular to
plant the tree around homes in Injibara, which is still sometimes known as
"Koso Ber".
The literature reports that this tree likes locations with more rainfall
than Juniperus procera. Farmers usually say that the tree can be planted
anywhere that is not too wet, often on flat places that are not filling with
water. It can often be found in the higher mountains in valleys and
depressions. Koso needs deeper soils than are sometimes found on the
highest peaks. Generally farmers say that the tree is better for the soil than
grar, though the leaf fall may hurt some crops.
r"t1~0:" (1;1': }'l(l h2400-33000?'. r0lJ.1~ r~;J Jf~ '1t&:: '11C

"11 O"'1tllJ h~"'~ (I;1'P'l- ooI'JhA 1I~"'~ (1;1' ft 1~ "ilh 20000?,. l\.(IJ
C.(- ~l-l\A:: rOlJ.ilu<Ju<Jt& '}oo;1''e rilCjSJO oom1 hl000-15000lJ..0?'. 0
'}OO:" '1t&:: Oh1.(- (IJ~:" }'l'" r.,.t\oo~ r~;JJf~ 'lOCI '11C "11 hlt'1 0
.,.(IJ... '1 (1;1' 11~ .,.0;1':"«;" rot1~ '1t&:: t\10&,sPl- ....t\-oom~~ O~Cj~
C"10:" 1.H. OflJSJO m ....OIJ. ""}~'10lCj hlt'1 "rm4.Yt\ "'~tf'l '1"1lCjA::
Oh'e tJ") ""}f. il1t& ~C+ ~lI'J"}Cj h"'t- .,.t-c:l- Qt\- ~t:" f.«;"l- t&il'f'
""'h hlt'1 'f'~:" ~1~A:: "'Jtlt'~ OH11Cj d1~~ U-tfCj O}'l'" o?,~ 0'"
~Qt- h/2~ ~/:"/CL:" hm111 ~1~A:: "'~"1'e ~~t\-Fl\"" O.,.t\.,.~t&
r'}t\~ fIlC'I:" 1.H. h,,"~1 ftoo(Jloo ~lJ1 Jf~ f~O:" P'~t- ~lJ 11~ ilt\'10
C "}'l'" OC" l1t\t&;1'A:: "ilh il""~ "fl,..OC" "r.,.Qt\ OOlJ.mt-t& "'~
Qt- OCL-f-l- u-tY oo:"hA OflJ~ r.,.t\OD~ "rtf'l OO'f';tA::
06m.~ .eU tI~ h6~ .eA.:" CTO""j'i\O"" II:"A'}~otm~ 1'".,q

.-/A:: 'lO~sPT OllJ~ l:"l:" hlf~ II:" Oi»1''''C f""~ II:" t\.1'hA. .eT4A.
l1i\C&c;A.:: 1111- 1.lf. Oh~r~ r&-&-sPT+ iti\~sPTc; lq~ lI:"sPT 4.e "7
f"" .e~4A.:: h1~1~ 1.lf. Oh~r~ lI:"sP"f "'i~ 4.e hoo'l1'i: OrtJJ."7
~ TA."''''' j'i\C& OLC .eLA.;JA.:: qm~4.e 'lO~SP"f h.,&-c .eA.:" i\OLC
T~ A,}~lf~ .ec;'l&-~J. j'~ fllf1 ....ml\o:,i Afl'l4- Tet"" fll1l\o"f'} «»
~ .eT4~::
koso
ta,..
Drawn by
DrwldPendergrass
Propagation, Phenology, and Management. The interesting thing

is that though it seems so popular a tree, it is mentioned only by a few
groups of farmers as a tree that they have planted in the past few years.
Why? Perhaps because of the idea that it is slow growing, though we have
seen on Sarkan Mountain some trees that were faster growing than yeferenj
tid (Cupressus lusitanica). It may also be that the tree is thought of as a
forest tree, and the farmers do not plant trees in the forests, but on open
land. Therewere some that said it is not good for the soil, probably because
it has a heavy leaf litter, which may actually be good for the soil, but is not
appreciated by the farmers when they have a crop emerging. Among those
that did'try to plant this tree, some were using wildlings to do so.
In late November and early December the trees begin flowering in
Injibara, and on into January. We found fruit in Megabit (March) and
Miyazya (April),though the reports of farmers and the literature are that it
can be found earlier in the year as well, as in Tir (January) and Yekatit
(February).
Legesse Negash outlined the following procedure:

* Collect mature female flower heads, Before collecting them be sure there
were male trees nearby. Note.that, in contrast to the male, which are
shorter, thinner and lighter (or cream) in color, the female
inflorescences are longer, bulkier and reddish in color. The
flowering period varies from' region to region, but is most likely
found between the October and March.
* Keep the flower heads at room temperature for about 2-3 weeks to dry
them. Avoid drying the inflorescences in direct sunshine. This
would damagethe seed. • t·
* Separate the fruits from the dried flowers by gently squashing between the
hands. Gloves are vesyhelpful.
* Prepare a convenient-seed bed in a greenhouse (such as 1m X 2m, and
'fenced' with bricks or rectangular rplanks, or with any other
convenient material). A greenhouse is recommended to provide
suitable temperature, and relative humidity, both. of which are good
for faster germination. However, "see notes, about' powdery-mildew;
'below. In warmer and humid regions, an ordinary rairsery bed can
"be used-instead of greenhouse. . .
* Fill witha mixture of fertile soil, animal dung and decomposed organic
matter to a depth of 15 to 20 em.
* Sow the seeds (fruits) evenly such.that there are about 20 seeds(fruits) per
em sq. (Note: This is only to give an idea, and not to define exact
numbers.)
* Cover the seeds with the same mixture. of forest soil, animal dung and
compost such that the seeds are not buried too much.
* Water the seedbed and cover it with tefT straw (chid) or any other
lightweight grass straw. Check that the seedbed is well drained.
* Check the bed regularly for the adequacy of the moisture level, and water
when necessary.
Since H. abyssinica is a highland species, provision of shade and

relatively moist conditions, as well as a cool environment, is necessary,
especially during the early stage of seedling development.
Once seedlings are established in the plastic pots, and provided that
conditions are favorable for their development, they grow rather quickly.
However, seedlings may be attacked by a fungal disease known as powdery
mildew, especially under moist and warm conditions. In this case dign (the
local name of a crude sulphur) can be purchased from a market and is
suspended thoroughly in water. It is difficult to dissolve dign in water but
using a combination of increased temperature (ca 50 Degree C.) and a
continuous stirring, it can be dissolved. Spray onto the affected leaves
regularly.
1.1LaJ-, "7dJ-}+ "7&-Q+'1 OD,hQhil: f'''?.fh1Q ODaJ- ~1C /...,,,..

QI\4-+ 'ret+ f}OD;f'+ f'.,...,..hl\ ODlI''''' f'~1~' 11«1\+ f'1n&.p'~ fl.t:, iI
~ ~nc:: It,..,? 9"'tfAQ+9'" "1:1-1: LIll' ",,1..1\1JU f'''?A tltltil nOD'f~
9"'h,.t+:: .t9'" R.lI" olle t.., .,..&-&- i\" hLl'~ 'f'1: ;JC f'1'1'hl\-o 'f'
et+ Ife=l-, ".,~.,.., LIll"} "1:1+ "'~i\TaJ- "".,..tfA:: 1.."'' ' 9' '
1f4- f'
Qj,tJ 1ft;:: A"}~ f~""hA ",,1..1\9'" r~A tltllil esc "lI'tfA:: "''''lI1«9''
10&.P'~ 01..' aJ-i»'f' """"hl\-o+9"'1~1C ." 01i\1Il 08'-+ "" "'~:: A
OLC 'r~ ",,1..1\9'" f~t\- "'~,,}1: 10&'P'T ~O~I ~AQT'" ilhQif. 1\0
LC 'r~ fll'~ hQ1: f'-}mA iF~'·~i»""aJ- f'f\ilhoT iI.)o,,+ R"t'iCn.... 1."
... 010t.plT ,f'}1: ""dJf..1:9"':: )l(l"} f'.,..hfl.-' 1040P'T' 1t'}'-+ A1~""'hl\-o
Hagenia abyssinicalkoso
nlm,e.4'Tt& hQij,1'J Ot-"'Tt& ro+/\- "f..,7f"fl ooot&....e-C; Ooo:"hA ~

t& 1I1\t&C;A::
htJ~c ooQ;),lif ~nh ;t-tJUfn oo1.ootY 1.~C' xon 'I'C .e-ln r ...
ft JlC:"f O~ 1 ~qt- t&n'l' h1l0t& h,e.,.C;A:: tJ:&'(J}-1 0 00;10.:"C; OfJ.Y1IY
Y1"fl o.lfl~ r10&.,.,"fc; r6th-tJ: U1q,.,"f x1 ~OfJ.mell~:" ~..,LJU OTC
C; rl'J1::" I\.1~ ,e"fi\A::
rOfJ.h.,./\-:" ~~~ .,.h.,.t\o"f 01\1'" ~;17ir",om- ~O~::
- rn.../\- r .... rf: hOq t-ft"fl 00...00111 h oo...-n...q"fl Od.:" Ohm1
0. t\.i\ dJl~ JltJ: ootj~l 'ltC;l;1"''I': Ohl'~ dJl~t& h6J!"C+ +6J!"1C; 11
~tJ +I\~ YI\t& hlf~ r ....rf:t& hOq OhOq ""~ i\,e r"'~l~~ l~~+
hq.e-c; +I\DlfT(J}- +,e ,elfC;A:: r hOq l.tL(J}- hh1]qo. hl'Jqo. rOfJ.I\Y,e
o.lfl~ OhllJl~t& .." 0'l'~~:"C; 0 00;10.:" ool'JhA ,e1~A::
- rhOq"':':l ton 1\"'1:l~ OhtJ:A r~+:" ooml 2- 3 Uf~l:"
","r:":: hOq"':':l OfJ~,e ~+:,. 0+'I';t- "'1:l~ hynLA"'~:: ,etJ uC'
"fl ,e""~AC;::
- O~~ 0",7i:" tJ:&'(J}-1 hhOqt& ool\r:":: :}1:" oom+~ m.4'OfJ.
,elfC;A::
- Ohll:}~ o.-l- t&n1' .,.n",OfJ. rue 00~1I "'U;11.:" (l 0Il01 OIl
~C; 'r;t-ml' 0m-1I dJ,e~ ht-:" "'''Ul Olf~ l\.i\ ~1e I\.lfl ,e"fi\A):: h
ll:}~ 0.1: .,.n",07. r~+:" oomlC; ",oollJllJ~ ~e1'o:" 1\.... '1' ~1~0fJ.
"fA ,e;t-dJ:"AI o-l\1:~ I\LllJl 1I~1\:" 'I'~ C;T(J}-:: o.lfl~ ~4::" 00'"
A if;1;/, rOfJ.ql\a>- 07i;t- ~l~Ym.4'Ta>- ooooAh:" ,eO)fA:: OLJU.4':"C; e
TO:" ql\O:" hl'Jqo. Ohll:},e.. 0.:" ~1;t- r"'l\oo~t&l "f1~ llJo.y oom
+~ ,e~i\A::
- I\~ OLe+ r'ltln...-l- 'lt0-l-c; r.,.lIi\i\ l'1'l ~1C h+i\~t\o 15-2

OUf.OIl. 'I'A+:" 00~0.1 OO~i\:"I
- ~tJ..A h1:C.,.. uC'"fl (tJ:&''''"fl) 001lt-:" Ou.u~ 1.tL 20 uC'"f
(tJ:&''''"f) OJ ut. OIl. nttre t\.tj~ ,e"fi\A:: (,eU dl"'l1 l\ooFm:" 'ltl~
:"hhl\~ eII'I'C ~(J)- 1\",1\:" 'It l~AIf~ ,e11Uo.::)
- UC'"f Otll~ ... ,e+o.~ o.Qij,1'J OLC+ r~ln ...:" ~O:,.+ ~C; 01lnq7i
ou7iL11
- rue 00 ~0.1 (J}-,/ ",mllJ-l-C; Om.tJ: 1:e""Ii(6J.'> 1:) CD,e~ t\.i\ + i\
A hll~:" ql\t& r ...c 1:e"7i 007iL1I rue oo~o. o.~ll1 rOfJ.mtJ:tJ: 00
If.,..} .rl;1"'m-I
76 Rhus glutinosa subspecies glutinosa/qamo
- tlACTO:" OPm'" 1-OPtfltfl~'1:" ruc OP ~(l.1 O:"hhA ".,r:"Ci

"., l;J1T + hiM./l 1. lfc; f\.1 ~ o» 'I ".,m tfl:" ~ 1'1(1 r ~;J .. ~ A1 ~ OPlf.,. OP
m1 Tor Ti\ + r1- OPtflm'1 rACTO:" OPm1+ A1Jlll-?" ""11~" ht)Q(1. + 0
Ttlf,?" "f"'l7f"f 0 tfl?" :"Ci1li OlY'" 1.11. hiM./l 1. '1aJ-::
"f"'l7f"f OhOQ hlm.:" aJ-ilT t)~.,. O:\i\Ci lI-).;1'sP"f tl"'~1;1'TaJ
hOP:': hlf.,.i\TaJ- O~T'1:" ~~ ;Jfl.:: (1.lf1?" "f"'l7f"f ~<k:""" i'f;J;1' 0
TQtl ri'f;J;1' Oli;1' 01-tl,e ACTO:"Ci LfD:f":" lI-).;1'sP"f OtJtc;-t-O:" 1.11. tl
1m41 f,"fi\fl.:: OlltJ 1.11. ~~(r"'ALC h1t,.aJ- iI?") h10~ OP"'I.. :,.Ci OaJ-'1
aJ-ilT OT1~<k 0111mAmA:: .f:~1 OaJ-'1 aJ-il~ 011"J.."J..:" hil"f;J& '1aJ-1
"'11 rODe"":" OPaJ.OP&~ T?"C (50Jl .n.
"'I) ACi "'~*Cffio OOP01'OT 011
"J.."J.. T f,~t\A:: hll~?" OT"'~ ~mt\o"f i\f, O:"hhA ooCQJ"T::
Hagenia abyssinica references.
Breitenbach, 1963.
Ficht! and Admasu; 1994.
Grieve, M. 1995.
Hedberg, I., and Edwards, S. 1986.
Legesse Negash, 1995.
MacLachlan, M; 1999.
Uhlig, Siegfried K.; 1988.
Rhus glutinosa subspecies glutinosa/qamo

Scientific Name. Rhus glutinosa A. Rich. (1847), subspecies glutinosa
Family: Anacardiaceae
Vernacular Names: qamo (Amharic) kumini (Awi)
Description. A tree with total height usually less than 10m. Older
bark on the trunk is dark and blocky, but on younger twigs it is light colored
with lots oflenticels (spots). Leaves are alternate and having three leaflets
(trifoliate). Leaflets are up to 18 cm long, with the center one being the
largest. The leaflets come to narrow, pointed tips, with the widest part more
than half way up the blade. The flowers are small (2 or 3 mm across), and
whitish-green with 5 petals, in groups. The bean shaped fruits are in groups.
Wood very strong according to several sources. See table labeled Three-
leaved Highland Woody Plants (p. 119).
Tapinanthus globiferus is a shrubby parasite that is especially found
on Rhus species, 540 to 2350 m asl in most areas of Ethiopia.
. ~'I"-Jr "1C~
U-OZ!-Af:
OD..,I\8if.: Ohm.+....e hl0tll. f",.eOA1' 4lOD~ YI\I& tlti: ~I&::
Otll9" fOfll\1& ~C&.~ O..,,~ ....e m~C YI\C; hh-A YAW.,. hti:A~r-T
ht\-O~+ .,..,C .." tl.;J ~C;'"Ii ~C'li5j.c=T ~tIl YI\ ODAh f\ ~ t-:fl& 1111- ~
mlltllflT .e;1'~{Ff'PA:: ~m~T f""HOt-l~ h~"'OD1' /tt,y: hYI\~ f
O?IDiO-/ f\ c;t-:fl& ott, Y: f~mA .." Y: ... .e ~iI~ ~c;'"Ii ~ml\~T fO?
..,):O~ ~(J)-:: ~~,er:,: ~m~T hilh 18",. til .el1l",t\-+ OODl'JhA ....e Y
1\1& l~9" ~I&:: h~~lJ9" mOll hYt\- fO?IDiO-+ erA YI\ 1i5j.ti: y ... :fl&+
hOD~A ID~ ... .e(Ii5j.ti:) fl~ Yt\-c;:fl&:: hOQsP:': ~c;,(i C;:f1&(2 ID.e9" 3
O?.tII iI~~)+ h'Jt~9" ~tIl YI\ ttl':}}? 5f~mA hOQ YI\I&C; Oh'Y:
....e flllflll 1ltl.1& fO?..,): c;:ftD-:: fQck... ~C,) y ... :fl& ti:t.sPT9" Oh'Y:
....e flllflll 111\1& .,tD- fO?"'):~:: f""I\Y~ 9"',"T h'~O?YiI"'~1Ifi.~ x
'Q;l.-I: Otll9" m,l'Jt- .,1&:: ~iI~r-"Ii ~mA f~;J h'Q;l,~'" ""h~T fO?
1\1&, lP'mlY .eODAh-l:::
';r'C7,nh "//l..fl4,.t1h h540-2350tll. hQ.ID.O. hti:;1' QI\:f1& 11
II- f h. ~r-*, Y ttt,QllsPT O.+qo lICYflT ... ~ fO?"'~ .,..~,) ... 4l1'*{Il ~I&::
Uses. Farmers have told the study staff that they use the hard wood
of qamo for house center poles, charcoal, and fuel. Literature reports state it
is also used for tool handles.
This species is valuable for honeybees as it provides nectar and
pollen for colony strengthening and maintenance.
,. ,
1'+qo=tS:'lRt.sPT m,lJt-I&'} f.+qo h '}Q.l.~ 1\0.+ ~"(H hflAC;
",..,,, h'}~O?m~tJOcO~ ~"'ll&C;A:: f')tf1.ti: H..,q ~..,qo l\).,c1f OD"l,~fl
T hl!;1' h'~O?Y'lI\"'A .e"'A'A:: .
78 Rhus glutinosa subspecies glutinosa/qamo
fflU lICf 4'1'l9"c; fhOIl ~ck-l- IlOlJC ,,)IlT OD"),;J OIJlIlCJ'ht.fCJ'

OD1Il1;;: 1Il'+~ .,~::
Site. This
subspecies is Rhus
found in Gondar, glutinosa
Gojam, Tigray qamo
~qu
and Eritrea and
not known to be
anywhere else.
Its elevation
range is reported
in the literature
to be 1800 to
3300 m asl. In
Awi Zone we
have seen it as
low as 2200 m
asl and as high as
2700 m asl in
remnant
woodlands, as
well as In
Dinkara town. It
is present in the Drawn by
Tafere Fentahun
Simien
Mountains.
f"t1'faT 1l;1":.eU 1'hA f"t11'~ a.,.,")~c+ .,.,1f9"+ T"'I&-f,CJ'

1\.c-l-&- ".If,,) Ot\.""T hf"JIlR.SJ'T h.e1'f~:: O')th-~ h1800-3300"l. h
O.dJ.O. ",,)~~1'f 1'W'1Q..A:: ahlf ,,") ~h1' 2200-2700"1. ha.dJ.a. n
:,otT ~ Ci~ ~h1'CJ' "")-to--~ a-t ')..,~ h1d"1 ~h1' h".,. (l)-lflI' s: ,?qu a...
"I11'&-e"f 1'ODAh1'CJ'A::
Phenology, Propagation and Management. Farmers told study

staff they propagate by cuttings in June. This has not been confirmed.
Flowers were generally seen in November in Awi Zone, with fruit becoming
ripe around the end of January (Tir). It is difficult to find large amounts of
seed, because the seed ripens unequally. Even on one branch there may be
many seed in different stages of becoming ripe.
Demel (1998) reports from previously unpublished work that Rhus
seed are difficult to germinate in the laboratory, even though multiple
methods were tried, including sulphuric acid treatment.
Qamo was seen growing back from cut stumps (coppicing).
'l1ttD-1 O7CD++ O7t.ll'-"'CJ OD1hllhll: 'lOt.sPT O(}~ CDC ~CmtD

OD'-"'hA "'Y..:Ff\. "I"1ltD-CJA:: .eu .eo-1 "'~ ,,~ "11 ili\l;J'l1'19"':: il
OllsP:':1 Oillf tf1 tD-ft1' OU.';C CDC il.eof-CJAI ~t.sP:': ~"1'P' 01'C ODQ;l.
lif .eOfti\f\.:: 1111- He'T1 Oil1~ til. 07"17':" ilft:f;Jt "ltD-I 9"'h1Y-f:9"'
~t.tD- fOll..Oftl\tD- Oof-l\Yf til. ftl\tf"l:: Oil1 ~ +C1661.~ i\.e "'~ o.tf1
fof-l\Yf f ODlI(}Y til. ili\:ftD-::
~9"'A(l998) hO~:" I'JA;rof- OD ftt.tD- "'~H'lOtD- f:J>'P' 1fCY He'
T Oi\tlt·.y.t 1111- fHC O7ifify oo-ht.sPT fl'lAttth il .... ~ oo-ht.1 Q;l.9"'
e' o.~l"'O:"9"' l\ ODl1"'A ilftT;Jt "'~tf"l Yft'l"l1flJA::
:J>'P' tJ4- of-~l{O h.,..y.tD- of-ODA(a "'~OIl..Y~m~1' il.eof-CJA::
Rhus glutinosa references.

Azene Bekele-Tesemma; 1993.
Fichtl, R. and Admasu; 1994.
Hedberg, I., and Edwards, S; 1989.
Demel Teketay; 1998.
80 Dombeya torrida/wulkfa
Dombeya torrida/wulkfa
Scientific name: Dombeya torrida (J.F.Gmel.) P.Bamps (1962)
Family: Sterculiaceae
Vernacular names: CD-Ah4- wulkfa (Amharic); tsari (Awi)
Description. Dombeya torrida is highly variable. It can be a shrub
or tree, often much branched, with a dense crown to 15, possibly 25 m. Can
reach a breast height diameter of 50 cm. Bark grey and smooth. Alternate,
simple leaves with stipules to 1.5 (rarely 2) em long, and usually over 0.2
cm wide. Petiole length 1.5 to 20 em, though can be to 28 em in saplings
and shade leaves. The leaf blade itself is more or less heart shaped, 3-32 ern
by 2.5-23 ern, and to 42 by 32 ern in saplings. The leaf margin is crenate,
dentate or serrate, with a tip that becomes narrower to a slender point.
Flowers are more or less umbellate, white or slightly pink or pink; turning
yellow with age. Fruit a round, hairy capsule, 4 to 10 mm long. Seed 3 to 4
mm long, reddish brown to dark brown.
The leaves of wulkfa are very similar to those of msana (Croton
macrostachyus), but wulkfa has a more hairy leaf stem. For a more detailed
discussion, see the description
under Croton macrostachyus.
The wood is soft and
light weight but strong, easy to
saw and plane, but not durable
in the ground. The heartwood is
dark brown but the rest of the
wood is pale.
In the surveys, wulkfa
was by far the most mentioned
fast growing dega tree.
OJ«AIJ1-- A?'.
'6- Af:.
OD"Il~: tD-Ah4. Ofll9"
f,1l~~A:: If~ mf,9" <#l1f'*(Il
t\.0',} fOIl 'fA .....O''} fJf~ ~oo:,. 15Ott. h '}~'}.(' 'lit Y.."'I1fO Af)h 25 Ott.
~Y..CltA:: +C'}6li.C::': 11ff. n 0'.,. lDy" ;/,'f f1''}ml\ml\- e;Tf&:: f"'l,)
~ f)4.:" Af)h 50U/.Ott. t\.Y..Cf) ~'fi\A:: +C~i: "'I1r~ 1\f)i\1t ~f&:: +
mf\.>:': f1'HOlrl'" h+flll oo1' .fI\Tf& /h'}.(' A.fl\~ fOlllDm-/ O....mf\.>:,:
oo~if i\~ ~~ foo...1\ ~"C .fI\CITf&+ C1I00;/'Tf& 1.5U/.Ott (hAC: hAC:)
+ A'}-'llJeSJU Ohl1Jf~f& hO.2U/.Ott Oi\~ F4.:" hi\Tf&:: f ....mA "'I,}~ C
1100:" 15-20U/,c''t+ .fSJU ClO',} 01\;Jf& 'let: i\~ 28U/.Ott fOlly"Cf) .....O''}
+ml\-'} 01\'}.(' lD+:" fOll.fIr"'let: ~f&:: +ml\- hlfOi\ 1oY..A Al1 ....c» 1\1\
f&:: 01\;J JfC:'f i\~ 3-32x2.5-23U/.Ott A'}-'llJeSJU Af)h 42x32U/.Ott ~Y..C
itA::' f+ml\- mCl1ff.t.ff& 11"'1'1"'1 (1'CfI foo"'l\ ~"C) .fl\f& lD~SJU 00;J
11 oo"'A hooQ;l.liff& 6li.et: i\~ mLll1 O'lj ooQ;l.liff& ~1'11 i\~ itA ~f&::
hOLl",:': hh'}.(' ~1'11 1'~f)1'f& ff.t.f fOllhl1o- lD ~ ,}SJU ...11...11 11t\f& (
OAh-A C1I00:") fOll"~ .....O''}+ ~6lb lD~SJU Ooom'" LH1I .fl\ + ~ lD~SJU
LJfJf + ~ +t\fIIITf& Af~f ~.(' Cl6li. ~O'e;A:: et:t.f& tll1+ fHC hltll.
i: (ii4."') 11ff. 01-C .ft\0:" O''} 4-1 OOll. Ott fOllf..CfI C1I00:" 1\i\Tf&::
HC':': 3-4 OIl.Ott Cl1OO :" ljIrTf& +~ o-e;fIII (m~C .ft\) ooAh 1\i\T
..........
""'-
ff&Ah4. +mf\.>'f hSJUlte; +1'f\.>'f ;JC OllJSJU 1'ooltlt~ e;Tf&:: ~
.,C "'I'} 011'1:" 01-C .ft\0:" f+mA "'I,}.(' 1\i\Tf&:: fOt\m I\ool~:" f)1\
SJUlte; f1"Lf&'} het:A ~ooAhi:::
A'}Q;l.i: t\fli\l')+ hl1f..i: +i\A+ "fIIIl\fll\fle; 1\00~l1' fflll.ff)T"'IC
~"C "'I'} Ooot.:" f&fl1' "l~SJU 'lit fflll~~~ ~f&:: fA'}Q;l.i: +t\SJU 0
ex
DDcI\- Y..l1H1I .f" ~6lb .....O''} '}Q;l.i: A11 /AO lJ,)j "'I'} m~C .f t\ o-e;fIII
ooAh hl\f&::
Uses. In the surveys with the farmers, wulkfa was one of the most
frequently mentioned trees for house center poles, and also for tools.
However, the use of eucalyptus for house center poles is becoming more
and more common as wulkfa becomes harder to find. Though wulkfa is
used in house construction and for poles, the literature reports the wood is
not durable in the ground. Wulkfa is also valued by farmers for the rope its
bark can give. Farmers in the surveys said the wood is eaten by insects.
The leaf is valued for use in the making of butter (as a cover for the
container) and for the storage and transport of butter.
It is very useful in honey production.
The farmers were not in agreement regarding its positive or negative effects
on soil fertility. Some say it is good for the soil, but the large leaves hurt the
82 Dombeya torrida/wulkfa
young crops when they fall on them; others say it is the tree itself that is bad
for the soil.
The planting of wulkfa is recommended to increase honey production.
r
1J':"1":,i - 0 IJ'C; ;t' 1 1.11. t\o.:,. 9""'''' "1 s: ~ ID"A 10&.?J r -fUI- 1
~II. .emcl>....:,. ~OC:: 0.1f19" ID"Ah4-1 U?"7i.:" hilT;Jt, ilt\lf~ QlJC tfCj:
t\o.:,. 9""'''' f~mcl>9" Ofll9" f1't\oo~ tfCj: "flf~ ODIJ';tA:: ID"Ah4- t\o.
:,. "7"}Q.+ f~mcl>9" 0.1f19" OtM\"~ "1 ~ 1'1t\61D" "71 OLC f~O'\1D" (
1111- fU?.eIP.e) "1~1f~ 1'1A~:: 1n&.?Jl- hAm- 1°ot: f~"'~O:" f\1f
1 ""}a;t'f:1 cl>1cl>1 "1~~OlllD" ~"7llD"C;A::
x1.flO-9" t\
U?C 9" C:" 0 fll9" rn
:P~ ~ID"::
Dombeyatorrida
10&.?Jl- h1
.';1t: 1.11. t\OLC t\
9"~:" IJ'~ "1 ~AIf
~ ~"7llD"C;A:: h1.';
1P-.:': ~"7CfU t\OLC
Drown by
IJ'~ ~ID"; ~1C "71 David Pendergrass
cl>ml\o:,: (l.:PY h 11
C,,:,. P' t\ ~ if Cj:.,. .e
'10.';1\- .ell 1\-; h 1.';1
r
P-. ~"7CfU t-.... tf~
t\OLC 001J'~ ~ID"
,e.lll\-::
flD"Ah4- 01ltf:" 00
i'hA fU?C 9"C:"1
" 1 ~ ~(J;).9"C :J' fP.... ;J-':r~.c
ID"*A:: 6 It ,-
Site. In the Awi area, we have seen Dombeya torrida many times
along paths, roads, and in fencerows as a tall tree. We have often also seen
it in mountainous
remnant forests such as are found on Jibli Mountain, Kolele Mountain,
Agew Dur, and Zerehi Mountain. The literature reports an altitude range of
1600 to 3300 m asl
and a rainfall range of 1000 to 2000 mm! year. Farmers in the surveys
reported that wulkfa can be planted in various habitats.
It is found in every region of Ethiopia, except perhaps Afar. It is
also found in Eritrea, southern Sudan, Djibouti, Uganda. western Kenya,
northern Tanzania, eastern Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi, Malawi and Yemen.
roy, 1'f(lT Il:f': (lh'e hI'Jflft 1UI- "tlf. (lOD11,",. ~ ~C + (llllflll 1~

C;PJ~ lIlC1H A1-'lV-~ (lh'PC ODFODC:~ 4\.e T4\A~ 1fG:~ tf~aJ- AC;
.ft\1:~ A1-'lV-~ Ort-t-"7 ~tT 1..Ci"f aJ-ll'P A11.. ~1It\. + }1t\4\+ 1fC
tit.+ rt-C:~C; h1aJ- ~C fit\- hI'JflftPJ"f h"?'frC;A:: O')th-~ aJ<ll'P 160
0-30000ll. hfl.CD.O. fODt.T hfi::f'C; 1000-2000oy,.0Il 1fC;~ O'~ODT A1
1.. oy,ll"7"7aJ- r1 A~: :
O'PC;:f'"f1 CD~T 10t.PJ"f aJ-Ah4- fT~ Il:f' t\.O~A A11..oy,"fA
~"?I..aJ-C; A::
~C; AflT hh4-C hAA Ollr+C Ov-t\-~ f h.Tr-A-.f hAt\o ~ .e 1~

A:: A1-'lV-~ OJt.CTt-+ 1..fl.fI'e (\'~1+ ~fl.1:+ h-;J1~+ ~,)t-1I h.1.f+
...0IlC;'e :f'1"~.f+ ~llt-~ IffC+ ~q'1~+ 1I~1-'l+ "74\'eC; f OD1 .e1~A
..
Phenology, Propagation and Management. Wulkfa was seen

flowering in the Awi area October through January. Seed was collected in
the Awi area February into March. Wulkfa is propagated by seed. Study
staff was able to obtain limited germination. Further experimentation is
needed.
t.1taJ-1 "7CD""+ "7t-fl:"C; OD1hflhll: O'PC;:f'~1 CD~T aJ-Ah4-

LlfJ1 ,)1:1+ 1'J4\:faJ- f1..;J h1C-O+A 1fG:~ h1~ A11..tf~ 10t.PJ~ 1Il""
"'aJ-:f'A::
Oh'e hI'Jflft aJ-Ah4- h'P~~T hllh 'PC 1:l..ll fit\- CDt-T .fllflA:
uc::f.1 hfI'J1:T Allh OD;JftT CDC
1:l..ll OD...lI...lI .e!F4\t\::
84 Juniperus procera/tid
Dombeya torrida references

Azene Bekele- Tesemma; 1993.
Edwards, S., Mesfin Tadesse, and Hedberg, 1.;1995.
Fichtl, R. and Admasu Adi, 1994.
Juniperus procera/tid
Scientific Name: Juniperus pro cera Hochst. ex A. Rich.
Family: Cupressaceae
Vernacular names: tid, tsid ~~(Amharic); itsdi, tsidi hdJ:.,(Awi)
Juniperus procera, or tid was once a very important lumber tree in
Ethiopia. At one time vast forests of this species dominated the highlands,
but it is now restricted to isolated patches.
rrhflq tJ.K-
es:
fl'}f: lD~T 0"'.Tf"A-.r CD-fl1' 1\1llCD-i\ 01ll9" m""~ ~O
.rOif
C:: 0J\'}f: lD~T fiJf: l1C.r w/" f.'} 1111- ff.;J J\t) I Ul 9J'f'} nc;:o/ ~1>t ~
OC:: ~1C -n 0J\v-'l- lD~T .,.0.4> fll\flrCD- Oi'lD(}'l- (l;r9J'f l1EF f~1>t
~CD-: :
Description: Evergreen tree, 30-40 m in height. Up to 10m girth.

Crown pyramidal in youth, spreading in age. The stem is straight, often
with a pronounced twist; in large trees usually free of branches for 17 - 20
m. Bark pale-brown, fibrous, cracking and peeling in long narrow strips.
Young leaves are shaped like needles, 1-2 em long; but adult leaves are in
pairs, scale-like, triangular, and sharp-pointed. The fruit is a small cone,
which are found singly on the ends of branches. It is waxy, blue-grey in
color, the size of a pea, and contains containing 2 - 3 hard-shelled seeds.
Tid wood is pale to dark purple-red when freshly cut, turning brown
when seasoned; very fragrant, semi-hard and light in weight, with a density
of 0.538; easily split; easy to work and finish. Sometimes it is streaked with
zones of darker and lighter color which produce an attractive figured
appearance; planed surfaces assume a satiny sheen. The heartwood is very
durable and almost immune to termites. It has a pleasant odour.
This species is being cut and not replaced throughout Ethiopia. An

exotic species, Cupressus lusitanica, is being planted in its place. It looks
very much like the native tid, having similar form and characteristics, and is
called "yeferenj tid" by the Ethiopians. However, the wood is not as
durable, and cannot be preserved. Multiple reasons are given for the
planting of Cupressus instead of Juniperus. Some say the seed is easier to
extract from the Cupressus. Others say there is a lack of research or
knowledge about
the 1. procera.
Cupressus is
available' from the
nursenes.
Although
Cupressus may
thrive most years,
it may not be able
to survive the
drought years that
occur so frequently
in Ethiopia. In
1983 1984
Cupressus had a
:?~ .
very senous
setback due to the
drought. In some
C~ f ./
/
A
.JAt4
~
stands up to 30 % !l/j~~:f
died. Juniperus is
said to grow more Drawn by
Tafere Fentahun "~
J r ": ; . .z
slowly than
Cupressus, but has
a broader range of I
uses.
Is the indigenous tid bad for the soil? In the surveys, farmers never
mentioned tid as a tree that is good for the soil. And there are reports in the
literature that the leaf fall of the tid is too acid for crops. However, when we
asked farmers to compare tid to wulkfa for the soil, farmers consistently said
86 Juniperus procera/tid
the tid is better. One study done in Saudi Arabia found that nitrification
was inhibited under tid stands. The inhibition of nitrification by tid may
lead to an increased retention of nitrogen in the soil, which would benefit
nearby plants. For centuries the people of Ethiopia have been clearing tid
forests to plant agricultural crops. They may have benefited from this
effect. However, since EI-Naggar's study was done in Saudi Arabia,
verification of this process in Ethiopia needs to be done. The positive
benefit of this process to nearby plants must also be verified.
00"7116li1: .eU JfCJ: V-A1.11. "~1:.lY. f\lY1 4&00rf: h30-40o-t fot,~

ClI ~ro-:: ".t"fro-(f"71~ ro-CJ:lT) hllh 10o-t• .e~CltA:: Ifro-~ fooflll
1:toot,~'e :"Ct) OIl;Jro- ft)~ JfCJ: 4.e fot,:J'.eOTiJ Oh~o-t hfQJ.ool f\
'l~ :"CfJ. hflP4. fDY.,'l~ ~ro-:.,.1' III "71~ "fllro- hfl.l\o:': fDY.,Il.eOT 0
"71~ 4.e f+m411~ oo(tooe"T "fMIT OhllJf~ro- fTAefl ft)~ Jf~ "71
~ h17-20.o-t fl.lY1 .eT4A:: :"Cd.rf: ~lfJ III o.iJ"7'+6IO}. fooflA ~C,) f
DY.,1"fOT f+fl~m"'iJ f+4m l~IJU mQlI oopooC "fllro- ~ro-:: 1l;J :"m
1\0:': itlfJlfJ :"Ct) "f4Tro- hi-z ut.o-t fot,lll 00c f\lY1 "fY..1- :"ml\oT "71
1'1~ 1'1~ .elYiJfl.:: fh./t :"Cd.T foolPll f\lY1 h1JlV-IJU ~A 6lilCJ: h
llro-:: CJ:t.ro- T11i nll ....lY1 0:"C16lilC:T ~CJ: 4.e .e1~fl.:: (tIJU fooflll
1P"7"f'e- "7t.~ "'IlIJU "fllro- fh+C DOm1 J'4:fro- .... tr1 h2-'3 m~"'t
flfC hlm. T h4Tro-::
f')~ "'QJ.T x1 ~ "'''lm ~lfJ J'll .,.llIJU lD.eIJU AtIJUto'e "'.e r+
lD(t~ 1.11. f\".e lD~ o.iJ"7 fot,lllD1' "7toll. oo'}" J'llt& .... lY1 hd.A m1
I'Jto "'4A fro-CJ:lrf: oom"} 0.538 ~ro-:: h1~1~ 1.11. Y.."7~iJ ~lfJ Qfl. llh
.e"} ODY.,"7ch-iJ 1'~ :"Ct) Q4Tro- mQlI hCJ:A4.foT f+hLfl. ....lY1 f4.e
~ro- hCJ:4Tro- 1l(t4utiJ lI~tJ~T "fllro- .....,"} fl."f"}OQC:" fDY., TA ~ro-::
.eu lIC"f 0004ro- J\.TfoA""f +.f.C(Il hfm4. "flliJ h,,}~ 1iJ "fA++
... JfCJ: ~ro-:: Ohv-'t- 1.11. 09"TI1- fro-Q,l" lIC"f ftr~ro- fLl,,}~ t)~ hf++
• Nitrification is the process forming N0 3- and N0 - from NH . Once the

2 4
nitrogen has been converted to N03 , it may be lost to the

atmosphere. Since NH 4 and N03 can both be used by plants, it is
good to keep the nitrogen in the form ofNH where it will not be
4
lost.
I'J .e1;;:AI fLl1~ IJ~ Ohl1J1;;:lD- hhOif IJ~ ;JC 1'OD...... .e~:,. hl\lD-:: h
1~ 'i.e~:" :"CIJ mQ.e ~1\lD-Cj It. n :,.,,*'
~lD-~1 fLl1~ IJ~ Af1'QI\ f
"t:J'm:" ~lD-I fi.1f1~ A1QJ.rI: m11'Jt-- I'JI\ODtr.,.~ f1'~U/ 1\1111- 'iOD:" f
OD~f:" h:"~ fl\lD-~:: OhOif IJ~ ~1:J' fLl1~ IJ~ FI\ OD1'hl\- 1111-
~h1~.y.~ .e+CQI\-:: h1~1p..:,: fLl1~ IJ~ "-t-1 1\07"?7:" +l\A ~dJ"
....1\- Ib/to~ y""?qu FI\ hOif IJ~ AlD-+rI:~ ft\19" .el\I\-:: 1ttt.sP'f O~
"?~ tlJfi.~ f"t~1"$:" fLl1~ IJ~ ht\tr~ Afl.1 I\OD:"hA .e1Y..~1\-:: fi.tr
19" fLl1~ IJ~ .y./to f"ty"CF fi.tr19" hAC: hAc:. O"thfl1'lD- ~C:"
1\.**9" hl\07.e~A I\.m~ .e~l\A:: h1983-1984'i/~ x.x
OLl1~ IJ~
l\.e nIt.:,.,,*'
~ lD-hlJ' O~Cc}o 9"h1~:" hQ~ 1'IJlJCj hOD ~lfl.~ Ol\.e
OlJ'et:,. fl:J'sP~ l\.e Aflh 30% m~1:A:: fhOif IJ~ hLl1~ IJ~ ""?.e.y.
~~;JA .eQl\AI ~1C "?1 fOl\m 1J'cl-~ hl\lD-::
f1'L IJ'C" R" ~ I\OLC ODIJ'c:. ~lD-11 OIJ'Cj:J' ~1 mc}o:,. 10t.sP~ 1\0
LC IJ'-t- A1Y..tr~ hAlI\"'fl.A1~:: 01Jth-~ fflLl ""Q A1Y..OIl.oot\h1'~
"?1 fl1~ flJ~ :"m/to~ I\fllIt\o~ OtlJ~ h .... ~ Cj:flD-:: .e0-1 A1~ hm-
Ah~Cj hlJ~ t\OLC f:,.;;:m- .eifl\A? 111\1 10t.sP~1 h1m.e~:fm- 0-1\-
9" IJ~ .eifl\A .el\t\-:: O"'lD-ot hlfi.~ f1'Y..l1 h1~ IJ'Cj:" A1Y.."t~ODI\
h1'lD- fCj.e:"C"~1 it-Y..:" .e":" OOLC lD-hlJ' A10t+1h 07~ l.,." hl;J"?
I!J.A:: .etJ ....tr1 y""?qu Ohm1(l. Yt\- fllI/to~ f"t OD1(l.:" Cj .e:"C"~1 00
LC lD-hlJ' AlJ'l:" hl\ 071\:" ~lD-:: 1\1111- "ODCj:" It.:,.,,~ ym-Y1 fll1A 1\
OD1It--T flJ~ y"Cj~1 ....~Cm- ~.e1'epA:: ~CjAQ:"~ hlltJ 1'"?Qt--:ftD-
1'm:"ODlD- .etrCiA:: fi.tr19" h.A-Cj;Jt--h f1'fl7 IJ'Cj:" O",lD-ot hlfi.Y A
1~l;J1mlD- 0-1\- o It.1''' to~9" ODY..l"? hI\O:":: Ohm1(l. l\1\- 1'h/to ~ f
IltJ 'lY..:" m+tIl:J' oul;J11J' hI\O:"::
Uses. The wood of tid is highly valued, splitting easily, easy to

work, durable, strong, and beautiful when polished. Houses constructed
with it may last 60 years. It is valued for door and window construction,
church walls, and gebata. The farmers said it is not eaten by insects, does
not rot in the ground.
IJ'cl-6fD =t:: f?l'.eo A'Q;l.:" h~1';;: m+""t:J' ltl\ m--;- 0 +l\h- .eLI\"lA
-;- I\ODht--:" +l\A ~tD-+ OOLC lD-hlJ' 1111- f"t~.e ~lD--;- m11'Jt-- ~lD--;- f
1'1\~~ :"Q.y.~ ....+Q IJ'-t- +I\~ hl\lD-:: OR"~ A1Q;l.:" f1'flt-- 0.:" Ahh
60 'iOD:J':" I\.~.e .e~l\A:: 1\0CCj OD()...:,.-;- ffL1'-hCh-f:Y1 ..,~"?~+ A
Cj 'lO:J' I\OD()t--:" .f'lI\"?l\A:: 'lOt.PJ~ O1'Q.e f07 .eOl\Cj OltLC tD-()1J' f
07.eOflll() m11'Jt-- A1Q;l.:" A1Y..tr~ ~"?llD-CjA::
88 Juniperus proceraftid
Site. In the surveys, farmers say tid should be planted on high, dry
places that are not too steep. Literature generally says this species should be
planted in areas of 650 - 1000 mm annual rainfall, 2000 - 3200 m above sea
level. (Study staff have not been able to confirm this, but the literature
reports that in southern Ethiopia tid forests are found even as low as 1500 m
asl). It can be seen in areas with higher rainfall, but it requires free draining
soil, although it can be planted on a wide range of soil textures and tolerates
shallow soil. Tid does not do well in the shade. It is usually found between
2200 and 3200 m in elevation; but on cold, northern slopes it can be seen
down to 2000 m and lower. Under pure forest conditions, the .seedlings of
this species do not become established, except on the outskirts or in glades.
But in open, grassy areas and where shrubs grow, the seed germinates
freely. It can be found in higher altitudes with koso (Hagenia abyssinica),
although the koso requires more water than tid. Tid can sometimes be found
at higher altitudes than other trees because it is tolerant of dry conditions,
and shallow soils.
Farmers prefer the wood from the Juniperus to that of the Cupressus,
but the more rapid growth of the Cupressus is very much in the favor of the
Cupressus. However, we have seen time and again that the/e is often very
little undergrowth in the forests of Cupressus that have been planted.
Whether this is from some chemical put out by the tree, lack of sunlight in
the thickly planted plantations, or some other reason is unknown. But it has
given cause for the farmers to doubt its goodness for the soil. In other parts
of Africa this has also been observed. For instance, Teel (1984) reports that
Cupressus is not good for near-by crops.
r~.,~o:" 11;1'+ .,Ot,SP"f iJ~ ht;:"'~+ ~l:" OllUrU 4IA4I/\;1''''1 Q

Atr~ lI;1'sP"f 0..,.hA -r-r ~lD- ,el\f\.:: OJrtm.+l\,e /\U.tJ lICY 650-1000
~.~ '}oo;1''e fllCJll OOm1 2000-3000~ hQtJC aJ/\A Ol\,e ht;:;1' 11;1'
9J"f ,eh07IJO<o;1'AI (f-rc;:" fl.~c;"f1 ,etJ11 "'l\l;J'lm~+ fiJdl-ti: H'lQ 0
xn-n Jrt:"r-~.r fiJ~ ~c;"f 1.....h 1500~. 11:" 1l/\lD- 1..1~~""$ ,e"A'A
::) ~'CJ lD-'1 f07.r41C "'~C f~~A"'I o.tr1~ ...s. fJrt~C ,eH:"CJ -rA"':"
fll./\lD- Jrt~C ,eF"'1"'1Cf'A:: O"'Q.l."'1t~ llC'I1 ,e~A;JAI ,etJ~ "'1/\:"
OJrtllll~lD- 0'll\1ll (1;1' ,eO....l\A:: 1..1-\0-9"' OJrtllll~lD- 02200 1..CJ 3000
fOOt,:" hti:;1' oollhA ,e'l~A:: ~"C "'11 0+11'+11 0{).,.... ~1 1..{)h 2000
~. hti:;1'CJ hu..r9"' 0;1'"f Otr~ +11.+11 (1;1' ,e'l~A::
Juniperus procera/tid 89
01'er f~,} 11").;1' ID-lI1' fiJ~ 1-"?~1- h~'" PrC~ tD~'}'r h~'" ID-
lI1' O'I4\iIl P'c;:.~P'1- ~1~ fl. ,,'})( O~.,. ID-lI1' fiJ~ 1-"?7f1- 1'+1'+ 111\
ID- h~1-r;.'r:: .,1C "?'} 14\ffJ'i Uflr"., Olf., (l;l'PJ1-'i ~1'~{II 00+1\0-l- h
I]qo. Hcr ~O:"4\A:: Ohc;:.T~ (l;l'P'1- hll(l;JC t\.1"f ~1-4\A; Y'r o.lf')
1I(l h1l~ ~A:" 11". ID-'/ ~LA;JA:: 1l~ ~l+ fhfC 11").;1''1' 1'A+-l-
fl\.l\lD- OLC lII\O?lI".,,,.,1D- h,}Pr,}~ 'til. hl\.l\01- 1f~1- ~A:" Ohc;:.T~ (l
;l'P'1- 4\~ ~O:"4\A::
qm'+4\~ 010&'P'1- H,)~ fthOil' 1l~ "'}Q;l.-l- hLl,}~ 1l~ "'}Q;l.
-l- ~oolffJA+ .,1C -n fLl,}~ 1l~ Lill'} "~1-l- (l4\1\1D- fO?YlIooCm
ID- o.lf'}'r 11". 'til. ",}~'r'iflD- OTThl\ fLl,)~ 1l~ ~'} ID-lI1' 1\.4\ f
0+1\ ThA "'r111f'r h~;I'~'r:: ~lJ'r Iff. hO?YtDiIl(J}- '}1'l.,1C+ 1'+
1'+ ql\lD- ~ '} lD-it1' ffJth~ l1C,/'} A1'l-l- ~II"'} tD ~'r 1\.4\ 'rh'} y-l- h
~;I'tD:"'r:: ~lJ'r ooolf.,. 10&.P'1- I\OLC 1'er .,ID- 111\0 00+0fl. YPr"?;I'
T'PA:: ~lJ 11").;1' 01\.1\01- fhc;:.tl] h1C:1-'r ;I'~:t.A:: I\'rlll\. 'J\. 7"h.-l-
Jlh7i'1t "c;:. -l-tll h. vs: .... ~lI h.'} h. '}f' ",}~O?H"?OID- fLl,}~ 1l~
Ohm1o- I\O?O:"A ThA 1'er h~~I\'r::
Phenology, Propagation and Management. Finding seed for tid
trees is not easy. Not every tree gives seed every year. In Awi Zone, study
staff was able to find seed in Tir and Yekatit (January and February).
Untreated seed may take one to three months to germinate. A kg of tid seed
contains about 42,750 seed.
Farmers have said that one way to collect tid seed is to shake the tree
and collect the ripe fruit that falls. One farmer said that he propagates tid in
the following way:
-he puts the seed in water to soak
-he removes the seed covering
-he rubs the seed in wood ash
-he sows the seed on the soil.
Legesse Negash reported the following propagation procedure:
* Collect ripe fruit, which are usually blackish-purple in color.
* Separate the seeds from the rest ofthe fruit.
* Wash the seeds with clean water (preferably with warm water)
several times.
90 Juniperus proceraltid
* Rub the seeds with ash and then directly seed them in flowerpots
filled with good soil. (Or treat the seed with one of the alternate seed
treatments listed below).
* Water the flowerpots and keep them in a warm, partially shaded
place, preferably in a green house.
* Check regularly for the presence of moisture in the flowerpots and
water them when necessary.
Seeds can also be germinated on a well-drained seedbed in a similar

fashion. After the seed are planted in the bed, cover it with a lightweight
grass.
Demel and Granstrom (1997) found that tid seed did not
significantly decline in germination even after storage of 54 months (four
and a half years). They also found that the seed take a relatively long time
to germinate, around 39 days, and that the best temperatures for germinating
tid seed is in the 15 to 25 degree C range. They also found that the species
is light sensitive with regard to germination, and needs light to germinate.
They also found that Juniperus seed treated with hot water and sulphuric
acid failed to germinate.
Other treatments of seed found in the literature:
*immerse seed in hot water at 100 degrees C for 60 seconds and
seeds left to soak as the water cooled to room temperature. This reportedly
gave a germination after 14 days of 74 percent. However, when study staff
attempted this treatment, we obtained zero germination.
*soak in sulfuric acid for ten to thirty minutes, which reportedly
gives a germination rate of 76 to 78% after 14 days.
*fire scorch the seed with grass thrice the weight of the seed. This
reportedly gives 60010 germination after 18 days. However, this was the
highest weight of grass used, and perhaps if more treatments of higher
weight were used, more successful treatments might be found.
One to two year seedlings should be planted. The British used the
taungya method of regeneration in Kenya, with much success. In the
taungya method, the trees are planted in fields along with crops for a few
Juniperus proceraltid 91
years, until the trees begin to compete with the crops. At that time the trees
are left alone and the land is no longer planted with crops. In some
plantations of tid in Kenya, eucalypts have been planted as nurse crops, in
order to promote clean growth and to give temporary protection to the tid. It
is adaptable to less favorable conditions in higher altitudes, but growth is
slow.
Tid is subject to attacks of wood rot fungus, Fomes juniperinus. To
protect the trees, prevent injury from fire 'and other sources. Grow in close
stands to encourage the trees to natural self-pruning of the branches while
these are young. Periodically remove all trees with broken branches or
wounds in which the heartwood is exposed, and those attacked by the
fungus.
(0+1:1 ""(0+-:- ".,t.QTc," OD1hQh-o: f1t'(- HC """7T "'l\Ah~

.(t\SJU:: I1"f\.SJU t1~ OJ'OD-f: HC h~"'1'SJU:: Oh«e t"} f1'c,"-l' fl.'(-~ 01'Cc,"
ff"Ji:-l' HC """7T Tt\o '10C:: SJU,}SJU fHC lI"~T oocht. J'A1''(l'lOT
HC t\OD-o"'A hh,}'(- 1.....h ~"'T (OC J''''LA'I",A::
'IO~~T 1..'}.(Dtf\.T f1'.(- HC t\OD"'-o",-o h,)}}' OD,}'I'(- t1f.'} OD'I
+'1:"c,"rn...
f\. If:~~T'} hOD~-l' l\~ h1't.'If. O:\l\ t\~'" OD"'-o",-o '1CD-::
h '}.(- 'IO~ ODth1't\CD- (nJ'}'I'(- 1'.(- ht.-o:r: '10C -Ot\oc,"A I
-H?o') OCD-? CD-"'1' HLH~11"
-ft....CD-'} fH?o'} 1i~1 hli:r: hO)'I'(-11"

-H?o,} 01.. '}lJJ.T h OD'(- hal1"
-H?o,} O#Ll OD~T l\~ Ht.I1"T 01'?o 11"~:J' O.,.t\ -ot\oc,"A::

Oh'}.(- h.t\o .,t.SJU fiJ.(- He 42750 fHC If:~~"f ~'I~f\.::
fDth1'f\.-l' fHC hWI1f~T :"~SJU 1'h1't\o"f f1''''(J\4T Ot\'I'" '1;J1i
~t&::
fHC hHt.C + ~SJU 1'h1'A

- -oJl. "ttL 'reliC thSJUt.«e rn...f\. fhQif iJ.(- H~"f'} OD",-oA-o
- H~T'} ht\.l\CD- flf:~CD- hf"JA ODt\fT (ODLALA )
- H~"f'} O'}fJ.lJ CD-? ~;J"qo ""m-o (qo:,. J't\CD-? fl",) ~ODl.ffJA)
.,. :JC: ~II ,,)'(lq \1"'''' ~II 30bd tftcqU *WlJooV tfvwoo ;"tf"ll1. b.w
?J,l't'l .J:I.,,)'<' M ::\1JJ"'"ii.,. ~U- *::Jk .J:U-}U"ii", -J:.-VU-IJ *.-vV .w4
tJ \1\:U ~tf"'q ::3U~ .w"'"ii.,. .w?IP.( .J:400t, .J:~J,V IJ?,,)' ~q~::Jloq
1J'l &t~U :JC: *ovu-lJq :J;::Jk ::.w:l:-?U~ .J:w-aJ -}J, tfl.-aJ4.U s« cqU
cs -aJ1I~t..t'l ::.w:l:bV'.( \1q.,.oo *-kt..-J:. -aJ:l:bJld .J:oot, Z- Iq
:: 3U~ ~I."ii -?q-oo 1ao4cqIJ .oJ, -L?'if1J -J:.fd-?q-oo
? lao ttl.,.
.J:'ifU-lC ."u-U .J:b\1'.( t~ ~ t 'l .J:'if U-lC 3lnd .w~'"~q (I"ii :
:\f6t...w4 "iilntflo'ift'l \1\:U -I:b+ 8Iq -I:V.....U- %09 ~(I"ii IU-VU-Voo
.J:InU 3U t "i(ld OVJ,.p'.( 31n tJlloU ~J,'l -I: rd ~ .J:~U-lC t~Ud
::\16t..u", -aJ7J,1o'ift'l .J:V.....U- %8L-9Lq \1\:
U .J:b+ Plq !~U~Uoo .p~'if O£ ~OI J,1J-aJ -d1''.( lC?~\1IJU-
::~
.t1.\1'.( .J:V.....U- ~t~ .JlCob tt(l"ii -(,,)'iJ .J:bJ,d ~t'l t-o"ii ::\16t..U'"
J... ~t'l -I:Vcl:U- %PL \1\:U -I:b+ Plq (I"ii ::.w"'ao J,1J.w -aJA-aJU t-J:..J
U IJ?,,)' It.....U+loqlJ'llC\1 tWoo -1:+-00 \1~lCd ,,)'t'.(U b~U~Uao ,,)'tq
IJ 09V J,1J-aJ A.w +obU -1:+-00 -d"t.. ~t .... ?t..-d OOIU t-J:..JU -
*fd-?q-oo -J:.OVV :tl..,.d ~.:tp¥q
:: \1JJWt..C:7'.( -?dl"ii lao 'if

t'l :Jqobao -d1''.( lC?~\1IJU bA.w ..... -ooU t±.JU 06-o1ft'l ::\1JJWt..C:7
l,( Jl\1~t'l ~J, -aJ:l:4V.....U-V 1.1.\1~ tA3& 06:J;.JU b~Jl'ift'l 1.\1~ tA3
v
U- 06lvU \1+U-ooV so« o"ii ::.w~ ·t..· ·1f~Z-~Iq tWoo -I:+-ood ~J,
06-aJ:l:4V.....U-V b'l 1Jb4'.( -I:b+ 6£ 'ifw"'1. .w:l:c:\1~lJtflod \1+&00
V :JU ,,)'J,d :: -\I\1"ii 06-1:UVd :Jt..-J:. 06t06 "ii\1 *V.....U- :JUU J,ao+1J (\1
-q.,. .J:aot, p) -I:-?w P~V 3U ,,)'J,d (L66t) 06.o-I:lJt-?t.. b\106'if
::\1C:\1~rd s
t ~Mao tiJ~ao 31n -aJVb .J:~U-lC \1\1+ \1l:u -}U.,.q "ii\1 U-~ooU -J:..JU
::-\I\1-J:."ii -\I+U~ "ii\1 U-~ao 3Ud j£C:U.,.U -J:..JU 4~-O "ii ......ao.,.U
:: .J:lvWIao A-aJ ~1. l' J,Jl 1.\1~IJ'.( bJ, I.C:?
lao t ~J,ao ,*UJ,3'l J,1J-aJ (-I: w7q lC~IJ\1J.U) ± *W?q bU'.(U -
::J,ao+1J1ao J,1J.w .J:"(rd~ ~~M'"
d -?M) -"'{:t?'.(U \1lv?ao"ii tJl1J .wVtf \1J, \11'qU ::J,00+1J1ao 411 -I:
UVb -1:+-00 ~J, b-l:lvWIao A-aJ -I: w7q bU'.(d 06"iiw lC~IJ\1J.d -
(3qoboo -I:?
dlao ±fd-?q-oo -I:~t..u. :JUd .... +w.,.U ±4U 01lq 06"iiw) -I:-?ltoo 4J,
+U -I: W?q lC~rd\1J. \1ob.,.U :J~'.( -}J, b-l:MIao -d oo'.(U t±.Ju -
P!l/tU;}~Old sruodnmj Z6
"'h~ ~oc:: .eU9'" r"'1.~1(J)- 11~"'~ hOD:rs~:,. Qi\:f(J)- h~"'~ fl:t'sP"f

....tr'} "~11: '?'} 11:""'~ ~OC ::
Juniperus procera references

Breitenbach, Friedrich Von.; 1963.
Chalk, L., Davy, r.a, Desch, RE.; 1932.
Krezdom, R.;'1987.
Laurent, N.; Chamshama, SAO.; 1987.
Legesse Negash; 1995.
MacLachlan, M. 1999.
EI-Naggar,1982.
Poschen-Eiche, P.; 1987.
Teel, W.; 1984.
Uhlig, Siegfied K.; 1988.
94 Maytenus obscura/qoba
May tenus obscura/qoba

Scientific Name. Maytenus obscura (A. Rich.) Cufodontis
Family: Celastraceae
Vernacular Names: qoba (Amharic). koki (Awi)
Description. Qoba is a shrub or tree to 10m high. This species is
without hairs throughout, which is one way to differentiate it from some of
the other Maytenus. It does have spines (thorns) to 4 em long. The
branches are dark with many pale spots (lenticels), and without hairs. The
leaf blade is 4 to 8.7 em long, on a leaf stem that is 4 to 10 mm. The leaf
margin is with small rounded teeth (crenate). The leaves are alternate, or
with two or more arising from a single point. Flowers are very small, in
groups. The capsules (fruit) are red to red brown when mature, and 4 to 6
mm long. Inside are 3 to 4 reddish-brown, glossy seeds, with a fleshy white
aril at the base.
Similar species. There are at least nine species of May tenus that are
found in Region 3 above 2000 m in elevation. These are May tenus
gracilipes, M serrata, M addat, M obscura, M cortii, M arbutifolia, M
senegalensis, M heterophylla, and M undata. All of these have thorns
except for M undata. Some of these are found higher than 3000 m asl.
Atat (a Maytenus commonly found in grazing lands and disturbed forests)
has smaller leaves and does not grow as tall as qoba.
41q-1'1 "fer:
/I!l.-Ji'e
OD?i\Mi&: ~fI Ahh 10"1. fO?~Ch .OD-}o ~1taJ- .1'*tn tJJ~9" If
If: ~aJ-:: ~U hll.l\o~ 1ICJ'1P~ fO?It.eO-}o h1~ OD11~ 01-C fll.ltaJe OD
If.,. ~aJe:: Ahh 4Uf."I fO?l1l9" AfrU hltaJ-:: +C1"'i.c::t: m$C ~fl.+ -0
If. ~tI1 ~fl. ~m-otl1l1~ J'fl.lJTaJ- f\.11'''' 01-C fitTaJer:: +ml\- J'1t +mA
""~ h4-8.7Uf."I C1I OD -}o ~IlaJ- f\.11'1 4-100?."'1 {ri.-}o hltaJe:: r:"mi\
- mC1I -}o1'li h-O fl1'''' 1'C(l'f hl\-O-}o:: +mt\o:t: fT"Ot-l.,. h+UYOD1'
J'it=faJe /h1~ "'J'Il~ rO?tJJm-/ tJJ~'I" lJ-Il-}o'l htlJ' Oit~ hh1~ ~1'-o f
O?~,," 'I=faJe:: hOfl1P:t: OIJl9" :"C;17f tr~aJ- "-0"-0 -oi\aJe f~"~ 'I:f6J':
: t;:t.1P:t: f\.0fh\. .,. ~ CD.e19" .,..e -""If"'1 .,.Il,. f\.Ift-=faJ- h4 -60?. tnt c
Maytenus obscuralqoba
1100 :" .f4Tro- t;Tro-:: Oro-{)m- .".J!, (l.t;01J+ t\{)411 J\,}fJQ~~T t\{)t\/t .ft\
~6lb hoo~ifTro- .ft\QTro- HC'"f') f.fH Cf:t. J\t\ro-::
.,.ooftft.e lICfPJ"f: f~Q 1IC.f1'"f J\,}~,} hJ\'}~ t\J!,-fe t\00t;1
C ""4A J\J!,Y.~'r:: OhAA ~():,. h20000ll. hQ.(I).O. 04J!, Olf~ J\t,Qo.
1'"f o..f'}{) HIIl~ f~Q 1IC.fsP"f J!,1~~:: "~~U'r "OZ,e'kth "?~111l Th
+ t1~,;/--f JiR,;/-+ Aiflhh.I!~-f /lC"!:f,e+ JiCfI."!:6:llf+ t1.t,.?It'l1h-f Z
TC'1-,e4+ Af' ""R,;/-" t;Tro-:: h"~~u'r h "oz. ""R,;/-" O{)"'''''C .,.~
'r "ifu J\4Tro-:: hlll.".{)t;Tro- 1'~-f-:': h30000ll. hCf:;1' 04J!, f~1"$ t;
Tro-:: J\fJl1' (f~Q HC.f ....If') 01lt1:" 0""1{fl1f oot.:"t; O"'''''~ F.'i"f ro-{)
l ' J!,1~A) :"t;'}(i :"1Ilfl.."f .f~:" .... If'} "'}F. ~Q :"A+ JfCf: r01JJ!,lf'} .,.
hA ~ro-::
Uses. In the survey, qoba was one of the most mentioned trees for
fodder. It is commonly seen around Awi in grazing land, where it is valued
not only for fodder, but also for the shelter it gives to man and animals in
rain and hail storms. At least one farmer said it is useful for house
construction.
l ' +'l" =Ii: 0 1't; ;1'"f '} (I):":" 10t.1'"f t\h 11:" oo'i~:" ,,') F.~.f1 t\ ""1
A J\Hro-:,.t,ro- J!,1Il:"f).:" ~OC:: 0J\'e ro-{)1' t\hO:" oo'i~:" 11~ lIJ!,lf1 h
Ot,p,..t; 1It;'r t\hl1-f-"ft; (l1'"f oollll\.f~:" ....r1t\1'?A O'?{fllf oot.:" »«
l' 011Jf:" J!,;1'.fA:: h'}f: 10t. 1\0.:" '?,}Q;1''r ",}1..~.f1t\'?A ~'?C't;A::
Site. Qoba is usually associated with Acacia (grar) species in

common grazing land/woodlands such as can be seen in Koso Field (near
Injibara) or Chenchebar forest at Askuna (near Tilili). In such places it is
usually associated with Acacia species and is heavily grazed, with little to
no understory. It can form pure stands in remnant forests, as can be seen in
Agew Dur (near Tilili). When it forms pure stands or is found with Acacia,
the canopy formed by the qoba is about 8 to 10m high. Often it is seen as
solitary trees in grazing or farmland. Sometimes it can be found in
disturbed forests such as on Kolele Mountain.
It is found between 2100 and 3100 m in elevation in Gondar, Gojam,
and Shewa in Region 3, and other areas of Ethiopia as well. It is also seen
96 Maytenus obscuralqoba
in Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, and Burundi. In southern Ethiopia it can be

seen down to an elevation of 1700 m asl.
r"l.,~a+ 11;1': f~Q ..t;: all,.. 1II~(A1~Qt-)+ :':1rQC ~1 (JlhtJ.

Cj +1\.1\. Jlm111)+ 1Iff. 'tit h""lt-C 1ICfsP":f ;JC 0;Jt- r""l-fP7i ODt.+ aJ-
h1' f!,;I'f/A:: OA"}~lltJ f}f!,~"'" lI;I'sP":f h""lt-C 1ICfsP":f;JC O,..("~.........
1-S h1l-f.":f 011....... ftJt...".,?-O..... 11:1' hl\lfthh.;. (JJf!,1JU hO;l':r: t\.4 rO+1\
~ IIC:":f "'f!,;I''-IJU:: 0"'"aJ- ~C (.....1\.1\.) O:tot..... ~'i":f aJ-h1' ~, "'*IJU I\.
'i1.aJ- f!,":f4/A:: ~, "'*IJU .....'i1.aJ- (JJf!,1JU h""lt-C ;JC ..... 1~ ~Q ~OD1: hs-
1011I. f!,lfCj/A:: 1Iff. 'tit O""lfP7i' ODt...... 1JU f!,O-") OACit' ODt...... 11:':~ (~m
4) lit;: If'if!,;I'.f/A:: Jl,,}~,,}.(" 'tit A,,}~ 111\4 .,..t-t- Qho O.,....,~ ~'i":f
aJ-hlfl I\.1-S f!,":f4/A:: 02100 ACj 310011I hQ.(JJ.O. rODt.+ ht;:;I' Q4:':aJ-
O"",,}~C+ .,..1fIJUCj it.,. h/A/A- 3 ACj t\.1\o":f fh.+fo~f h/Al\o":f ~Q1 ".,
""11+ f!,~4/A:: A1-'lo-lJU 0'-;J1~+ h.1f+ ;I'''}lItfCj 1I';'''}-'l f!,1~A:: 0
xn-n h.:"fo~.f Ahh 170011I. hQ.(JJ.O. 1I:to 111\0 f!,1~/A::
Phenology, Propagation and Management. Many of the farmers

interviewed mentioned that this tree has disappeared from the time when
they were children. They also are in favor of this tree being planted in
common lands.
Observation of the qoba woodlands shows no regeneration, probably
because the land is so heavily grazed. And yet there is a natural attrition in
the qoba woodlands that is not being replaced. One of the grazing lands
dominated by Acacias, with a significant qoba presence, was recently fenced
off for the new Injibara stadium. Cattle have been excluded. In that area,
there is seen quite a bit of Acacia seedlings-but no qoba seedlings can be
found.
Demel Teketay (1997b ) found that most of the seedlings of
Maytenus arbutifolia were found in the shade, not canopy gaps. This may
have implications for the reproduction of Maytenus obscura as well.
In dega Awi, in November qoba is without leaves, while atat has
leaves. By mid December, the qoba again has leaves and is beginning to
flower.
Prunusafricanusltqur-'ncet
1..1I.aJ-., "7m:".;- "7~Q-l-" ou.,hQh.,.: .+t\-oom.e:" 1]~~""fl:faJ

.,.II-sP:': .,OtosP'f A"P.'f h~O-rO -l- 1.11. .eA + It.,.., f m4. "If: A.,~.,~ m:"
"'aJ-;1'A:: 0;J6- ooto-f-'f aJ-~T o.-t'hA ~.,qo ollJr fO?LA-,..-l- "If: A.,
~.,~ ~.,~aJ-"A::
~q fO? "~lJ:faJ-" P;1'sP'f A1~rc;:faJ- h-t'~~mO-l- .,.-f- ooA(a f\

Y-'m4lT 1t.e;1'.erI .elJr rC;AlJ-l- h.,.-f-'f O"',,-l- 00?'..."7-r0-l- P;1' f
O?"~ ~t\"~ h...-f-'f ~t\0?0t\--l- ....e.,., It.e+cr:: A~h It.,.., -t'ouA(a n
t\"7.e-t'hA O-,q "t::'f fl.e -t'LTe'It'e ooOOCjOO" .e;1'YA:: .,.11- -,q Yt\O
-l-.;- .,6-C fO?O"O-l- It.,~ P;1' t\A., ~t.' h-t'''7 nrc-l- "7f1l&-t't,Y;1'
me' h...-f-'f A"~.e"{)' -t'~~.,::
OilY P;1' fl.e Tet-l- f.,6-C 'f.,7f'f., "7'" -l- :FA.,--- ~.,C .,.,
r.,r f~lJ 'f.,~ -n Itflf.,r::
~rA -t'h;1'.e(1997) ...11- f "oz,e4;~h JiCfI.'!;6:/t,P" 'f.,7f'f fO?
"~-l- OTfl nc A"~"~ 1t~;J"I!J.A:: .elJ ~.,qo t\ "oz. A'flhhl!t?" 006-0.
Y oo.,.,1:r 1t.,1: ~.e~-l- A"~"~ m*O? ~aJ-::
Olt'e ~;J"7 P;1'SP'f OlJ~C mc ~q r.,r :"mA 1t.e;1'.eO-l-r ~O
C.;- ItllJT -n OlllJ m+-l- '+mA A"~~OlaJ- 1t.e-t'C;A:: O;1'lJ...n 1t;J"7"li
-n +mA "7aJ-lIJ-l-c; "70'" )! ool::
Maytenus obscura references.

Demel Teketay; 1997b.
Fichtl, R. and Admasu Adi; 1994.
Hedberg, 1., and Edwards, S.; 1989.
Sebsebe Demissew; 1985.
Prunus africanus/tqur-'ncet
Scientific name: Prunus africanus (Hook.f.) Kalkm. Also known as Pygeum africanum
Hook.f.
Family: Rosaceae
Vernacular names: 1'4cC A"),;g.T tqur-incet,If", homa, (Amharic); koma, daamtsi
(Awi). ""',,, (aqoma) is another Amharic name found in the literature but not
confirmed by the study staff. NOTE: The common name tqur-'ncet is used for
98 Prunus afiicanus/tqur-'ncet
several other trees throughout the Region. The use of this common name can lead
to confusion in various areas.
T41C A 1m.:;'
TlIC-J. 'J!:nT+ if"7I/1"7+ lJi"7C.IJ ~rt/Ji1./1 Ji",,? roy,A h
IJUIJU hhlD-{ OTc;T fl.X;c;:f1 hA.,..1'71JU A1~::
T4cC A1QJ"T roy,QhlD- hlJU OhAA3 lD-hT h""h.f~ A1QJ,,"'T OUlll{,.f
1,lfc;A:: 1,011 hlJU Ot\.I\oT hl)QQjJJT oulll+1JU It.rYoc;..,c 1,T
i\A::
Description. Large timber tree usually to 25 m in height, but can

reach 40 m, The leaves are 5 to 15 em long and 2.5 to 5 cm wide. The leaf
stem is to 2 em long. Leaf margin has shallow rounded teeth. The leaf stem
and midrib are often pink or red in color. Fruit red up to 1 em in diameter,
and has one seed inside. Flowers are small, white, with a red center.
Similar species. Tqur-'ncet can be confused with "dong" (Apodytes).
Both are large trees, and both can have reddish coloring in the petiole and in
the midrib of the leaf. Both have dark green, somewhat shiny simple
alternate leaves of about the same size. But the leaves of the tqur- 'ncet
(Prunus ajricanus) have small rounded teeth on the leaf edges. The leaves
of Apodytes (dong) are usually less than twice as long as wide, while the
leaves of tqur- 'ncet are almost always more than twice as long as they are
wide. The leaves of tqur- 'ncet are almost always symmetrical, while those
of dong are often not. The dong leaves are shinier and darker than those of
tqur-'ncet. The veins of the leaves of the tqur-'ncet are slightly raised,
while those of the dong are sunken. On the smallest branches of dong there
are many conspicuous raised spots that are absent from the tqur-'ncet.
OU..,hto5j,: l~~+ 'J'~ tlltD-i\ It.tr1 roy, TA+ Qlltf~tD- Ahh 25"1
4c ouT YhlD-+ h1~1X; 1.u. .." Ahh 40"1. It.YoCh roy,TA tft;: ~lD-::
-lollll\o:': hS-lSut."I ClI ouTc; h2.S-Sut."I F~"" ic;&-:ftpA:: r-lolllA
""~ Ahh 2ut. "I 1,lllflllA:: r+lIlA lIlC"" lIlQll hll TCh .fhlD- ~lD-::
r-lolllA ""~c; r-lolllt\- oul/A LII" .fh +1, CD1,IJU +1, ~lD-:: t;:~jJJ:': F
~;1':flD- 1ut."I roy,tr1 OtD-htll:flD-1JU h11: IIC roy,1,"" c;:flD-:: hOQjJJ
:Ji ODVl\:flD- +~ TC;1"li C;TlD-::

Tootttt.e lICfPJ"f: If~ hA1""1 ,;JC hl\~OD"''''A t\"7l\fT YF..C;
""1t.A:: 11"1\1:9" fcl'mA H1,;JTlD-C; O+ml\TlD- ODYA f~YAI.clD- ~C; OD
hODC + ~'+I\9" Yl\TlD- Tl\A+ Ifl:.:"f c;TlD-:: Ql1lf~lD- 11"1\1:9" llh-A
ODm1 Yl\TlD- fTHOt.l+ h+"7 OD'f' Yl\TlD-/h1t: llYI\~ f~(Dm-/+ m
.foC Y~ hl1~"" +mt\o"f ·h~TlD-:: .,.,C ""11 f'f'~C 111QJ,T +m~ T1"li
tll1 'f'Ch O+m~ mC1I hI\OT:: fA1"? cl'mt\o"f Ql1lf~lD- C1IOD:f'TlD-
fh4.:f'TlD-1 ll'f'ti: f~Y1"" I\tf1J f'f'~C-ll1QJ,T +mt\o"f C1IOD:f'T
lD- fh4.:f'TlD-1 ll'f'ti: f~OAm- c;TlD-:: f'f'~C-ll'}QJ,T cl'mt\o"f hODY
A I\:f'm~ 11"1\1:9" 11 llh-A f~tf~ I\tf1 fA1""1 ""11 Ql1lf~lD- 111F..fl
U h~~h-9":: fA1""1 +mt\o"f h'f'~C-"'Q;LT ~A+ h1fJQt.t,sP"f C;T
lD-:: O'f'~C-" 1,"T +mt\o"f i\,('. f~:f'~ ODhODe"f (DffJ Yh- I\tf~ OA
1""1 l\~ ""11 1ot:1ot: Yh- c;TlD-:: OTC;1"li fA1""1 +C11i1f.l:.:"f l\~ O'f'~C
-ll1QJ,T l\,('. f"7~"7. OffJ9" 1111- O+l\h- Oh,('.1 f~:f'~ "ml1ffJll"f h~::
Uses. In the interviews, tqur-'ncet was a frequently mentioned tree

for lumber, charcoal, and that it should be planted either on common lands
or on farms. It was the second most mentioned fuel wood and tied for first
in use for tools. The farmers consider the wood to be strong.
It is also used for house construction. Farmers say it will rot in the
soil, but not be eaten by insects. Therefore, it is used in the construction of
the roof. Although it gives straight tall stems, it is generally NOT used for
house center poles, as they say it attracts lightning. It is also used for doors
and mortars.
Though metal workers use it for charcoal, it is not considered to be a
good quality charcoal for use in the house because it does not last long.
It was very frequently mentioned as a tree that has greatly
diminished in the last generation. Several small groups of farmers
interviewed reported planting it in the past few years.
The literature mentions medicinal uses. For instance, the Flora of
Ethiopia records that in traditional medicine the bark is used against urinary
diseases. In modem medicine, the bark of this tree is used in the treatment
of prostate gland diseases. For twenty years or so it has been sold on the
world markets, and now about 3000 tones per year are bought and sold
100 Prunus africanus/tqur-'ncet
internationally. The market value of this bark is about 150 million

USDollars per year. Most of this Prunus africanus bark comes from
Madagascar and Cameroon-and has contributed to the destruction of many
hectares of Prunus africanus trees. But because of the financial incentive,
new plantations have been planted in Cameroon, and should be ready to be
harvested within this decade. Also due to the financial incentive, and due to
the threatened status of the tree, some attempts at domesticating the tree are
in progress in cooperation with the International Center for Research in
Agroforestry (ICRAF) in Kenya.
When questioned directly, farmers in the dega Awi surveys agreed
that this tree has medicinal uses. By grinding the leaf and bark, it can be
made into a medicine used to treat the sores of animals or humans, though it
is painful when it is applied.
Tqur- 'ncet is said to give high heat when used as a fuel. It is also
considered a merchantable hardwood. Breitenbach describes the wood
qualities as follows. The sapwood is pale pink; heartwood is pale red,
darkening to rich dark red on exposure. It is semi-hard, heavy (density
0.818), moderately strong, and fairly straight and even in grain. It shrinks
much, and is not durable in the ground: It moulds and turns well, planes and
saws exceptionally well. It will split if nailed near edges. It polishes highly,
and stains easily. But it is difficult to season without splitting and warping.
It is a useful timber for truck bodies, bridge decking, and heavy construction
work. It is also very suitable for strong furniture and veneers.
In the Honeybee Flora it says tqur- 'ncet is a valuable pollen and
nectar source in some parts of Ethiopia.
11':""..:':: O.+l\-oomf..++'} 'LIL T~C-A'}QJ.T l\tlJl»''lc; hflA f

"tIT'}c; OAC~ oo&'T J\I]Qfl oo"'hA .rl\OT Tor JlIf: A,}~IT~ f.m:,.....A
'} ~OC:: OIN\"'~~:'" 1t071.P- A'}QJ.:'" f'Dtm......c; OJ\,}~~~:'" l\AC~ 0011
tY?J+ f.m:,.....,;rA:: 1.0&.?J+A'}QJ.-f: otIJr m'}l]~ ~I»' f.'lfl..:: l\ILT
""1'}Q,;r ri« ""1'lA:: .,.Qr-+ f'0IJf.Ofl..T flIT'}r OOLC I»'hT A'}~ "tOfl1l
h 10&.?J+ ~""1l.l»'c;A:: Fl\ff.lJr f'ILT tlJtY l\ooh~T Y1l\"?'lA:: I.~
r +11' r« ""1,}~ ltl\I»':: f.U-'} A,}~ 00111.+ f.hQA 1Il\1»' hl\"t.rhfi.. l\
ILT rfl" ltf.m+OO-OTr:: A'}Jl~r l\OCc; OO-+6Ij. f.m:"O?A::
yr ITt; 1II.T fl~"'~+ l\hflA f.m+OO-O,;rA:: ~1C",,} hflfl.. 11
Prunus afiicanusltqur-'neet
". illt"7~IP~ /illt"7~OlhT/ Oo.T t»'ilT It,...e-Jf h~lIl+"''''::

OA~~T 1.1L.fTt»' OlfJ,.. ~;1'lD+ f~Ole; OlfJ,.. f+~'" .. ~ A,}~lY
~ O"'~;J;JDt lIl+...t»';1'A:: "1t-OOlIl~+ .f~l"7,}'lTt»' ht--T Te;'}1f f.,
Ot. ll-.e-li'T QIt+-TT-tT hOO;1'TT~C-A'}QJ.TA,}~"'ht\. ~"7lt»'e;A::
s:
Obch-~ It00 .e-~tT~T A'} trtlll+'" "'lIl+!l..A:: It,.....t\. ~t\ot-- }.
~ hTr- J:.f +C~1: f1f'}T 'T"7C 'lItOT fit»' 00 .e-~t T A'}~ DtlY'} ~c;.,
t--A:: Olfooe;'et»' ihh,..e; flllJ .. ~ +C~T o~~e; 01f'}T l).'}l). oolJhA
r« "til. 01f;1''} ltooh'lhA ~l'lA:: It?.f '}OO;1'T lD~'" hll.f O'l~ O'}
It,.. 10.f?J'T ~1ilfJA; "'}-'tI1"'" hl1"'} 0'}1t,.. h+~ ~lJf ~ilT itlJ .y.'}
.flJA ~1ilfJA ~1"A:: f+C~1: f.,O.f e» 150 fhOlltlJ "'lC O'}OOT ~
t»':: +C~1: Ohl1"~t»' futOOlfJt»' h"7'l;JillJce; hlJOIlor'} n lY'}:- 011".
.~h;1'C 'l~ fO+1t .. ~ oot»'~,.. ,..h'}.fT lY~A:: ~.,C "7,} OIJOIlor'} 0.,0.
"',}61b h~"'1f~T h'l-'til .,.h'l?J'T "'1J'l.~'l'A:: illtlY~'" OlllJ hilC '}oo
;1'T t»'ilT "'C;1'Tt»''} ItOO"'1I...1I ~~C"'A:: s: "7qu,.. f.,o. "7"'~ ooolY
.,.e; ..+- OOOT4.T 'l~ .fit ooolY.,. ,..h'}.fT '}It"'-h+~ fOLC-~,} Te;T
"76hA Ih~ .... sc h.~/OT1I1IC ..+-'} O"7It"7OO.e- 'l~ e;Tt»'::
O+T;1' 10t.?J'T'} O"''}lIl~+OT 1.11. ~lJ .. ~ ltoo~~tT~T "'}~
utlll+'" ~"7lt»'e;A:: +c~1:'}e; +1Ilf\..'} Q'}.e- 'l~ h.e-+IPOOO~Q;l.T It'"
t»' lD~'" Ithl1T ~ilA "7f:l-t.f~T ~lIl+tJO<oO;1'A::
T~C "'}QJ.T 1t"7"" .... lIl+tJO<oOT h~"'~ tJO<o+T hltt»' ~Q'lA::
Tor f.,o. "7"7~ 1Il'}1Jt-- "'}Q;l.T ",}~lY~'" ~~"t--A:: 1It.,.'}Qh f",}t;Q,
1:,} Tt--T "'}~uth"'ltt»' ~1AfJ'l'A:: h+C~1: +Tt\o .fltt»' "'}~T ~lfJ
.fit + ~+ All- lAO 6t)j ~1I1f1f r« + ~+ 1IlIPC r« lD~'" tJO<ot\. T~C
+~ +It,.. O"7Ab fut;1' ~OT ~t»':: Oh~A 1Il'}1Jt--+ "~"7;1't»' (.r.'}.... of:
t»' 0.818)+ oolJhlt~e; ItOOilt--T 1Il'}1Jt--+ "'}-'tI1"'" O~ ,}11 +T .flte; lD
T ooilooC:'T .ft\.OT ~,.,.:: Ooot.T t»'ilT 11". f"7~IP~e; futQJ."7~.e- ~
t»':: O~ ,}11 +Cb "7i1.f1fe; OO+fC fut7A+ ht\.t\o lo ~A + O~ ,}11 0000
.,1fe; "7ltilltil fut7A ~t»':: h~~ o.iI"7C ....00;1'0:,-. ~"'~lIl"A:: O+'lit
... fDt.f1:#f:e; fDt.f'}fJQC+ +It,.. hltt»':: "'~LltTe; ~..e; lD~'" "'~lfJ
00'" 'l'}1: P't-- "71f;J~T lOh.utlJA ++t\o "71:l+ lDlf.,./ hilT;Jt ~
m-:: It"" "7:J:J"lf .,.1fhClJt?Jlo (ooh. c; lD~'" ;Jt) It.e-A.e-r-lo "7",oot
~+ A'}-'£,I1"'" hO~ 'If\.. "7,}Q;r?''T Tor lfJt»''l ~(J}-:: 1t1ll'}1Jt-- rn,c A.+?'
lot; Itlllll....c; lD'}OC iIiI 1f4.li'T ~"7qu OlfJ,.. .,./'t"7ut ~t»'::
"fit 0. ~t\ot-- T~C-A'}QJ.T Oh'}'l,}.e- fkTr-J: ~ h~t\olo 1Il,,+
"t fhOQ + ...,..c; .tl--I:T hltt»' ~'lA::
102 Prunus africanus/tqur-'ncet
Site. It can often be seen in remnant forests (Zerehi Mountain,

Agew Duf, Liwi Mountain, Darkan Mountain), along paths and roads (Gisa
Kebele, many other places), and in grazed lands (Kolela, Melach, Gwanzer).
More rarely it is seen left as a remnant in farmland, as near the base of
Zerehi Mountain. The Honeybee Flora of Ethiopia reports that it requires a
rainfall of 1000 to 2000 mm per year and can be found from 1550 to 3100 m
asl. Farmers generally say it can be planted almost anywhere.
When planted and cultivated in a garden area, or in a fertile place
such as a farmer's field, it may grow 1.5 m in 2 years, or more. Protection
from grazing in the early stages may be necessary.
r~"~{I.'l' II:J': Oh«e JI'} O+~.'l' "crT (1IC'£+ ~«e+ ~Ct,') T~C:
T+ h "I&-~C ,,'})+ Ooo'}r: TCJ ooTlth~~?'T mC1I (1./. "'{l1\.CJ 1\.1\0
T ....11- P:J'?'T)+ ~'}-'lv-sru Oh....-f-T "7fl"7~~ P:J' (flhlt+ ~,}lIC+ 9"1t
1,1> T~C:T)+ .e.,;;:A:: Otllsru 1'<t:,. +~:,. Jft::T {l1IC,£ Tt-t- »«: .e"~
1\-:: 1i~o. CJ:t\->~ 1550-3100OJL. hll.(JJ.O. 'hCJ aOOO-200002..OJL r1lCJsru
ooll\'} {I'}oo.'l' 'It'}" 02.LA"? .eU"?llA::
O~C: oo~-l- ht,llo. (JJ.esru O'ltci'f oo~:,. TTht\-> fl. '}hllhO-:" {Iv-
h.'l' '}oo:,. 1&,..1' sruCJAll-l- 1.5U1.OJL htl~sru Olt.e ~~~"? .el-ItA:: llm
.+It.e .,O~?'l- r:,.srup:J' oo:"hA .eritA .eltl\-::
Phenology, Propagation and Management. The literature

references state that tqur-'ncet flowers from September to November, but in
Awi Zone tqur- 'ncet is seen flowering November, December and into
January. The literature also states that fruits are available October to
December, but in Awi Zone they begin to become ripe in late January, but
are not found in abundance until March. The trees give a lot of fruit. The
seed do not store very well for any length of time and must be used when
fresh.
In August many seedlings are found around the base of the trees.
These generally disappear after a few months, probably due to grazing by
wild animals and cattle. The Injibara nursery collects these wildlings and
plants them into plastic tubes in August. To do so, the wildlings are dug up
and transported bare root to the nursery site. From there the tip ofthe root is
broken off completely before they are planted in the prepared tubes.
We have had a fair bit of midaqua and· hare damage in the nursery.
Also the wildlings collected by the nursery workers seem to be having a
white discoloring on the leaves. The workers assure us this will disappear
and the seedlings will live.
In Madagascar and Cameroon, when the bark is harvested for export,
often they will take only a portion from one side, so that the tree is not
killed. However, when the bark is completely stripped from around the
base, it kills the tree.
Tqur-'ncet will sprout from the stump when cut.
(1):'»-1: 'I ", (I):,» 1- ", ~Q:"Ci OD')hQ h 11: f 6th-If: ~'} ",,""f "'I ~ Dt'I A
~:,. ... 41C-A'}t;Q,:" hOD{)hl~ "{)h U~C .rllQA:: "'IC "'I'} Ohlf fI'} OU
~C ~UUf{)Ci ...C hllfl h~-foCiA:: 01\"" 6th-If: f."'Iqu h ... :,»~:,. "{)h :l'U
Uf{)tt:t. A'}1. Dt.rL~ -fom:'»!l.A I ,,~ "'I'} Oh If fI'} O...C ec ODt;Q,l if hI)
flO. xrn...1\ "'f."OC J'f,} ....11'1 "()h OD;Jo.:" 1:l{) 0{)4..:" "'"'17:" hA
~A'}~ .,OC:: 114- "flII. nC:"f'} ~ila,A:: IfC::': Of. 'I 11 -fom1l+1&?" o.tr'}
"'If). I\f:"21I&?" 'UI. fUA OD+OD", fl\fI:fI&~1 .y.1\o 0:"fHl. ODIf~:"
hl\fI:f1& "'}~::
0'1"' .... tDC O:"A:'» IIIf: hm'lll 1Iff. ftt", "f"'l7f""f h~-fo,} '10C::
~CiAfI:"?" O~C A'}{)... :,.C; hll.y."f OODOfl1: Uf~tr1 h~+C?" h ... et::"
tD~:" O:\i\ ~m4..f\.:: O"'~fI~ "f"'l~ mo..r A'IflU1 O-foL... c: fO+f\. "f
"'I7f"f1 0'1"' .... ...11{)01& OhLC O-foqui\ Ti\{)-th -fohf\.h:fl&:: ~U1 1\",
1:l"'l fO+f\. "f"'l7f"f1 ~lf:ll& J'I\ hLC p'-r111~ (l)f. "f"'l~ a,o.fl&
fl:l' tD"'~:fI&CJ O-foIf;J~1& fl~ OTi\{)-th :"fl I&{)... hOD-fohi\:f1& Od..:"
"'I') fp'-r lIiIIilf: O~111 OD~lT hI\O:"::
o"f"'l~ a,0.J' I&{)... nee .rO+ACJ:f1& ODt~*CJ ",':fA -foOA-fo
1&111 'lOCI f."'Iqu o"f"'l~ a,0.J' I&{)... ht05}.l) M-"'O"'o- "f"'l7f"f O~mi\:f
1& i\~ CPCJI& +I\O'/:fl& mlf:.y. '16lb+I\9" ~~~ '10C:: lP~-fo7f"f ~tJ 'I
6lb +1\9" "'f.Dtm4..C; A1f.",~qu1: AC"'m"lf"f tr'll& '1..,lI&CJA ::
O"'~;J{)I)CCJ 1)"I-r1 ~Cd..1: (I)~ 1&6lb I\ODflh .......0 ...11 11ff. ......
h~Cd..oi: h1J.»: 101 .e.(I){)~h-:: OIl.U ....... If~ h.e.~C~9":: trer9" .." h~
"f ~?"C: ~Cd..1: ....i\... 114- ~f.C:J>A::
...41C A1t;Q,:" ODt~l"'O:" ....... h.,..y.1& A1f.'ICJ .r~m41a,A::
104 Olea species/woira
Prunus africanus references

Breitenbach, Friedrich von; 1963.
Dawson, Ian; 1997.
Fichtl. R. and Admasu Adi: 1994.
Hedberg, I., and Edwards, S.: 1989.
MacLachlan, M.; 1999.
Olea species/woira
Scientific Names. Two kinds are covered here: Olea capensis subspecies hochstetteri
(Bak.) Fries & P.S.Green and Olea europaea subspecies cuspidata (Wall.ex DC.)
Cifferri
Family: Oleaceae
Vernacular Names: woira (Amharic). wiri (Awi)
Description. The different types of woira have opposite leaves, and

a drab olive green colored upper leaf surface. They can grow to be fairly
large trees. The leaves are without teeth (entire), and generally 1.5 to 3
times longer than wide. The small white or purple-white flowers are in
groups (panicles). The fruit are with one hard-coated seed, and one to two
em long, turning purple or dark purple when ripe.
Young woira seen on mountainsides in South Gondar are often
grazed heavily. When this happens, the leaf form is different, becoming
much smaller. It then resembles Myrsine africana in appearance.
Similar species. There are definite differences in the types of woira,
but mostly the farmers call them simply woira.· However, in Awi Zone
some farmers speak of a seyt (female) woira and wund (male) woira. The
wund woira is found at a higher altitude and has a narrower leaf; it is
probably Olea europaea subspecies cuspidata. Seyt woira is at the lower
altitudes and has a wide leaf; it is probably Olea capensis subspecies
hochstetteri.
Olea species/woira
The scientific names of the species and subspecies are very

confusing. Sometimes subspecies are given status as species, sometimes as
varieties. Other names seen in the literature include Olea africana
(probably now considered a subspecies or variety of Olea europaea), Olea
welwitschii, Olea mildbraedii, and various combinations of these names of
species and subspecies. Until the Flora of Ethiopia volume is published that
covers the Oleaceae, nonexperts in the field will have a hard time finding
definite information on the scientific names and the identities of the various
woira trees.
to,e6--""1C~
f!6-A'l:
00""11\ 611j,: f -I'I\I~ fm,et- 11 C I P'"f ~ m{\.>:': -I':J> t- ~ 11+oYJOOIf' It
C;t--rlD- It 1JlI1-9" fi\,e~lD- f~mA hC;:A OLCoYJC; fDtI1fJQC~ l1l1:J
Yo +1\9" 111\lD-:: A1JlI1-9" TA~ Jf~ oolf1 foYJ,e"fAC; f~mt\- mClI A
0001f' 1.5-3 ltlf'C;: f~mt\- ClI ooT f»4.1:1 fDtOAIf' Itlf1 TC;11i ~t>lb m
,e9" tIl9"t-'e-~t>lb 110QP'"f 0111,(- i\,e -I'...11f»0lD- ,e'l~t\-:: c;:t,P':': Om1
f]t- fUC hlm.T lD-f»1f' 1 HC .... 'l~ hl-2Uf.~ ,ellloYJt\-I lt1JlI1-9" 1t0f»
I\-.,m,e 1m ~ m,e9" m~C 11\ til 9" t- 'e wr~I\- O.CJoYJ + 1\9" fDt C;t--rlD-
C;rlD-::
-I'oollll.e lICf?J"f: om,et- lICIP'"f oof]hA oYJl\fT fDtlf»"fA
A~~T 0.C;C9" l1C" 11Y.~"f 11-1\-19" fm,et- lICIP'"f m,et- 111\lD- ,e
mZ:r'PA:: vic ""11 011'e tl1 lD-f»1f' 'lOt,P'"f 01111Jf~lD- m1Jl,. m,et-C; ....
.,. m,et- 111\lD- ,et\~l1r'PA:: m1Jl,. m,et- OhC;:-I'~ (l;1'P'"f i\,e fDt'l~
It1f1 + 6liJ. t>lb1 ~ mA ,e C;l 'PA:: ,elJ9" 9"C;A Q:" ,'/IIL,P A,t0-C''C'' -I'JfoYJ
~ lICIlD- ''fl.II'C,I}~'' tt,elf1 l1,e<f>C9":: .....,. m,et- lI~-I'~ (l;1'P'"f f
Dt'l~ Itlf1 ...s. ~mA 1t\lD- ~lD-:: ,elJ9" 9"C;AQ:" ''/IIL,P IrC1fl.,1I" TJf
oYJ~ lICIlD- "l/'Q;II4;T6" tt,elf1 l1,e+C9"::
OY. n-n .,.,1 Y.C IfC;rlD- o» m,et-P'"f 1111- 'ttl. 0 hl1"'"f f-l'Ot\-
C;rlD-:: OlllJ 'ttl. f~ml\- ~CI> :"11i ,elf1C; h+tJ;).9" JfC;: ~mA ;JC ,e
ODf)i\A:: fOJ.e6- lIC,.fsP";fC; fOJ.e6- TtfoYJ~ »crr» fJ,e.1fJ«e f)9" ,.fY.C;
""It-A:: 111~1~ 'ttl. -I'JfoYJ~ lIC,.fP'"f lt1Y. 'PC; lICI+ 111~1'(- 1.tI. Y.
""lIfO It1 Y. -I'1\,.f~ lIC I P'"f -I'Y. C'llD- .em"'~I\-:: lb.{\.>"f Ol>th-c;: "'~llD- f
Dt'l"$ f)1fO"f ''/1. Jirj:61J1I+ /rllAqTr rv: AOJ-C''C 1(},1I lIC,P m,er
1L4 ,,e1'T/+ A. 'l!AOJ-T!f.Ji,e" lt1JlI1-9" lb.{\.>";f f-l'I\,.f~ plfO"f ~1~
T C;r lD- ::
aJ ~t-sP"f 1 000-1\- fDt.f1Il.cJ>At\dJ" f" if:t\ot- }.if: i\.Tf"t.-.f" 00-1\-

"T?" "()hOf:t'.,.?,, ~l() llt\oo- .fsP"f1 faJ~t- lIC.fsP"f1?" If~ faJ~t
1 0..,....11 OfIt\fT .f():fOJlcrA::
Uses. The wood chips and leaves of woira are often sold in markets
of towns such as Tilili and Injibara for making smoke for use as a fumigant.
The small sticks of woira are favored for brushing teeth, and are sold on the
streets of towns and cities such as Bahr Dar. It can be used to make
charcoal, has medicinal uses, and can be used for lumber.
Olea europaea is the same species as the olive that is grown in
Mediterranean areas. In Ethiopia, though, it does not produce the fleshy
tasty outer covering that is valued for food and oil.
There are other uses that were mentioned by the farmers in the
surveys, including the wood for carving priests' prayer beads and crosses,
the bark for fumigating beehives, and baking tela bread.
Woira is considered a merchantable hardwood .
..-;'fo'l" =Ii: faJ ~t- :"lIlAc; x QJ.T t\ 0fI1Il~ x ~ T t\,t\S '" ~llt
llfl. 10.fsP"f dJ"()1' ".01' ~:t'.fA:: .,.'"'i.'i!'1 faJ ~t- :"C1'"'i.c:."f t\1'C()
no4-et.f "'Jt.f1t\OJho .,.YOC1dJ" "'Yo llUC AC llho h"''l''"f Ono11p.."f A
C l\~ ~7illlho:: "1QJ.1: t\h"'A+ t\no~~tTc; t\1lldJ"l\?" ~lIl""OfIA::
'It IUIJ-C''C'' t\J\ lIC.f ".lf1 nOIt~Tt-t.f1 hf]llO, ~O""l\A::
O,lf1?" Oi\.Tf"t.-.f t\H~Tc; 9"OJl1 fDtY1t\OJA if:&. h~"'1'?"::
10&.sP"f f~1-r1 Ibt\o"f?" 1''''''l''"f hhoT:: "'QJ.1: t\~"""f no().,.
Ac; no~lIlt.f -: ""C~1: t\"'c:. OfIlIl~c; ""lIlho t\hl17it\o /fllll\ etlll/ no;11
tY ~lIl:"OfIA::
aJ~t- t\1OJ~ P't- fDtY1t\OJA 1Il1f]t- "'QJ.T ~dJ"::
Site. In our surveys with farmers in Awi dega areas, woira was one
of the most frequently asked for tree to be requested for planting in common
lands. It was frequently mentioned as a tree that is gone from the time when
they were children. And in fact, we have been unable to find it at all in the
dega forests of AwL It is present now only in a few church compounds,
Olea species/woira
though the older farmers say it was once quite common. The "seyt woira"
(see above) is seen in the forest out from Dinkara, which is on the border
between dega and woina dega. This kind is a different woira than what is
seen in the church compound at Old Injibara.
Though very rare now in dega Awi Zone, woira still abounds in parts
of North and South Gondar. It is often seen in farmers' fields, along
roadsides, in remnant forest patches, and in the SimienMountains.
Demel Teketay (l997b) found that most of the seedlings of Olea
were found in the shade, not in canopy gaps.
r"t1~R'" II:": Rh'e Y..,;J htJqo. h10t.sPT ,;JC '1y"C"~aJ- 'l'C;T

(lJ ~~ O,;J~ 00 t.'"T ,,~ oo"'hA 1'1\0'" Jlif: A")Y..lf~ 0.,.Y..,;J,;J"t ,em:"
T ~OC:: 10t.sPT A,,)Y..~1~,,) A~C"" A"P.-T O~O~ 1.11,. O{)~T r~Ol hVc")
-n rm~ Jlif: A,,)~lf~ ~,;J"?ooaJ- ~"?laJ-C;A:: OAC"?'I'SJU Oh'e ~,;J htJ'1
0. Y..'iT aJ-{)'I' UII"?'T hA;FA")SJU:: OhVc'1- 1.11,. 01''tT ro./h "?o.sPT
11;F ,e 1~ A -; o.lf")SJU hl-faJ-")T 10t.sPT Oh").(' (lJ+T O{)~T ~;t-(lJ+ A")
Y..~OC ~"?laJ-C;A:: .....,. (lJ,e~") /h",e ,eooAh1:/ hJt '}tJ~ 10") 0y",;JC; (lJ
,eC; Y..,;J .(''')OC ,,~ O"t'l~ Y..") aJ-{)'I' h,e.,.C;A:: ,eu '},e~1: (lJ,e~ OhC"
1.aJ- A,,)~'1~ /<t.-2/ 1.f-C1.{) o..,.hC{)-t1''') aJ-{)1' tJr~aJ- r.,.l\r ~aJ-::
Oh'e 1''') OfllSJU 1''tT ~Vc") A")~ 0Y..fl.11C; f'I-t") lo")Y..C 011J1T
~1~A:: WIOt.sPT UIIlt aJ-{)1'+ ooo,,)'lF-T ~C+ O+tT ~C;T aJ-{)'I'+ 0
f'I-t") "'~C"T 011JfT ~;t-1'A:: Y..SJUA "'h;t-~ /19971\) A,,)~l,;J'lmaJ- 11
". r(lJ~~ T"?7f"T r"t'l~T Ohet:T ll;t-sPT lt~lf,,) 01''' tu: ~aJ-::
Phenology, Propagation and Management. Study staff visited

several nurseries in South Gondar where they are growing woira for
distribution. Generally all of these nurseries sow the seed in beds without
pretreating the seed, except to crack off the outer seed coat. They generally
keep the seedlings in the nursery one full year from the time they sow the
seeds. They reported collecting seed from April into July, but this varied
greatly from area to area. Most nurseries sow the seed into a seedbed, and
then transplant them into poly tubes when they have three or four true
leaves.
Store seed in small bags made from cotton or well-perforated plastic
bags. It is recommended that the seeds not be stored for too long a time.
Demel and Granstrom found Olea species responded only to

treatment by mechanical scarification, by which they mean they cracked the
woody seed coat.
Roots of wild olive are sensitive to transplantation shock. Therefore,
the seedlings should not be allowed to grow too large in the nursery.
OLEA FRUIT COLLECTION: (from Legesse Negash)

* Collect ripe fruits that are violet or deep violet in color.
* Remove the soft flesh from the fruits by soaking in lukewarm
water. For fully ripe fruit, it may not be necessary to soak them.
* Wash using clean water.
*Air-dry for 2 to 3 days at room temperature
1.11.'} "'IOJ:" -;- "'I ~Q""C; oo'} h Qh11: f'l'C;"" fl..eoc;:f '} nxn-n .,..'}
~C tD-h'l' f-l't\.r~ fOJ.e~ :f..,7fo:f .rf\.Q:ftD- ~..,~ lllo..rsP:f'} -I'",ptD-c:
-).... ~;tA:: Ohm.+l'\.e Oh~~lJ :f..,~ lllo..rsP:f m'}"'~tD-'} fUChlm."" h
oohOC Oh-l'+C fUC "'Itftf.r :".eooo-ODch~ "'.e~l"'Q:ftD- OUC oo~ .... l'\
.e UC-I''P:f'PA:: :f..,7fo:f U~ h-l'u~o:" hhh~-I'hAO:" 'lit. .eolh t\h'}
.eo 0Dcf\. 'loo:,. O:f..,~ lllo..r tD-h'l'.e1P.rf\.:: f-l't\.r~ :f..,~ lllo..rsP:f U
C f~"'Ohfl.:" h~.rll.r hhh ~th"" ....tr'} hfl;f' fl;f' .et\.r.rA:: ....". :f..,
~ lllo..rsP:f ooo~oot.r U~'} OUC oo~fl. l'\.e .eU~f\.:: hlf..rr OJ~ Tl'\
h-th hlm.:" l1't\:" OJ.er ~h"" AtD-~-I'~ :"mA .....rlDm- .rtfr;f'f\.::
uc::f'} h'l''I' O-l''''~-;- OJ.er fhfC "'I... .,o..r +~~ /....h/ Qt\tD- fT
l'\h-th hlm.:" tD-h'l' "'1"4'00'1' .e~l'\A:: uc::f'} Olllr t\l'1:r tit "'Ih
+00'1' 'I'~ h.e~t\r:: ~rAC; "'~,}h:"c:r fOJ.e~ lIC.r uc::f A'}lJJ.:"
"'I ftr~tD-'} 7i~'} hoohOC Oh-l'+C r1r fUC "'Itftf.r :,.~oo-ODch~ h
.rh~A;J:ftD-r .el'\f\.::
fOJ.et-- pc::f :f..,~ O~tfoo~o"" 'lit O+l'\f\. .e-)~f\.:: :f..,7fo:f

n:f..,~ lllo..r tD-h'l' Olllr "'11...., f t\Q:ftD-r: :
fOJ.e~ UC "''''Q'''''''- hlt1n ~,:Jn
-rnnf\. thr~~ lD.er ~oo:,. .rf\. thr~~ ~~sP:f1 00"''''''''''''

Phytolacca dodecandralendod
-r~t.I&'} I\{)i\/t h~A /ri\~~I&'}/ 1\11 lll\ 1&1/ H~lIc:. "7{)I\++

~~i\A:: (JOel\- O(JOeI\- t\(UII\- ~t.sP"f ooH~H~ Itf{)L.A.., ~lJ'c;A::
-,}fJ.tJ 1&1/ "'m+qo "7mll
-Oh~A r(JOe+:" OOm') /22Jt.f1. ...,./ h2-3 .,.c;:,. oltrc "7.(-l+::
Olea species references

Demel Teketay and Anders Granstrom; 1997.
Fichtl, R. and Admasu AdL 1994.
Phytolacca dodecandra/endod
Scientific Name: Phytolacca dodecandra
Family: Phytolaccaceae
Vernacular names: endod (Amharic) sebeti (Awi)
Description: A scrambling, much-branched shrub with stems up to

9 m long, growing from a woody base. Sometimes it can be seen climbing,
with long hanging stems. Leaves dark green, alternate, simple and ovate.
Flowers are in long clusters 15 to 30 cm long, sweet- scented, white, and
without petals.
A 1/?,(-
00'" t\ "ii: Ibl\->"f lICflfe:"f '} .,.f....,e: rO?,f.(-'" 1111- +C'}6Iij,c:."f
f 1\-:" nil'') -n ~ h{)h 9 OIl. rO?,lll9" -T hh'},":"0'/ oo~if ~ 9"C' rCTfJ.f
.(-.., r<#!T*to lIC.P ~I&:: It'}W}.(- 1.H. Ol~OO- f~"'mt\mA f~"'~'(
+C'}6Iij,~ ooflA ..,'}.(- Olfe:"f i\~ ~:J' fA:: It'}~'}.(- 1.H. Ol~9" O.,.')
1Il1\1Il1\- "''}J',.:': 1t0'1I-J~~:" Olbi\ If~ i\~ ....rotl} ~:J' fA:: +mflo:': r.,.HO
~l+ It + "7001' fi\:fI&C; Olt'}.(- r+mA ..,'}.(- i\~ 1111- +ml\->"f ll'.(- i\
~ IJ'~I& r"7~rom-c; rh,}~i\A +C1l' fi\:fl& c;:fl&:: 1t0llsP:t: OltOll ..,'}
110 Phytolacca dodecandralendod
~ 'l..e ClI OD;r:fCD- h15-30Uf.OWL .... lf11'or OD'}tf yltCD- fhOq +lIlA .e
'l t--:ffJ'A::
Uses: Endod has attracted quite a bit of attention since it was

discovered that it can be used to kill the host and parasites of Bilharzia,
which causes schistosomiasis. The fruits make bubbles with water and are
widely used for washing clothes. It is also a medicinal plant, which is
notoriously poisonous to humans and animals. The commonest medicinal
use is for killing intestinal worms. It is also useful in birth control. The
leaves and roots are particularly poisonous. It should be used with great
care because an over dose of medicine can cause death. Sheep and cattle
have died from eating the leaves during times of drought. The juice can also
be used to kill mosquito larvae.
1'+'1":':: 'h1~~ fl1f1.sPl-1 ~Al1 f ...OCD- ClAYClf.Y1 fOlJ.YODffJ

CD-1 "hilA t\.1~A OD~he ~OC:: f-f'LaJ: Cf:~sPl- OCD-Y n,OlllOlll- hl4.
....'It--:fCD- .elJ hl4. Al1il ltlJl1l1l11 'h1~ ...oo-C; '"It"?ilA::'h1Jlo-r ltOD
~~)::,. fOlJ.Y1lt"?A -f'hA ....lf1 x 1~~ ltf'lsPl-r lf~ It'h 1il...:" ODCtflJl1
~CD-:: Oil4.:" f-f'ltOD~CD- fOD~Y)::"~:" 1'+00- fh1~r rA1 ltOD"'~A
~CD-:: x 1Jlo-r It(JJt\.~ OD~ffJlIltY~:" Y1lt"?ilA:: O-f'lt.er +lIlt\o:': OD
CtflJl1 c;:fCD-:: illtlf.lJr ltf'lsPl- ltOD~Y)::"~:" fOlJ.(JJf'l~CD- OD1Il1 hOIf'1"+
t\.YilhrA .el-ilAC; 1'1:J><k yifA:: 01ol-C; Ib/tol- 'h1......:,. :"lIlhe1 ....0
he:" .e'l" ;rhe:: h ...or (JJ.er h+ lIlhe fOlJ.""CD- 6J.l>1JI1-t (L'" If) f(JJq :"1~ x
1c11'lA1 f1~'lA::
Site: The species is widely distributed in tropical Africa and

Madagascar, and has been reported from Asia and tropical America as an
introduction. But it is native to east Africa. In Ethiopia it is commonly
found near streams, from 1500 to 3000 m asl.
f"t1~0:" (1;1': f'h1~~ -f'hA O:"C'''(t)A hCf:tt)C; 1JI1~,;J ...t)C f

OIJ."?~ 'h1~ODffJ .e~1t--A:: ~1C .." fOD
.... lf1 h'hilYC; :"C'''(IlA hOlltll
~ODtY OD1~CD- Orilt--+ hCf:tt) ~CD-:: 'A1P-t: 11". 'l..1f. f"tO:"t\aJ- hI5
00-3000OWL. hq.(JJ.O. h~;r q'l:fCD- 1I+-f'~ f~1 1f4.1 OOlJ..,~q:fCD- om
1f1l- ~C~ "liD"::
Phytolacca dodecandra/endod
Phenology, Propagation and Management: Flowering is after any

rain, but profusely from October to April. Demel and Granstrom found that
ended germinates at relatively high temperatures, doing best at 30 degrees in
their tests, but also doing well at 20 and 25 degrees. At those temperatures
the 'germination was around 10 days, or slightly longer. They also found
that light is necessary for the germination of endod.
~rtf&"} "7(1)-1-+ "7&-fJ-l-lj OD"}hfJh1J: hlllj~ (I)+-l- "71J'tY O:\~

fDtYlIlI O.lf")~ trr+~-l- Af)h DtYlIYfl~ 111 fDtYlIlIO:" 'lit ~f&:
: Y..~AS "1&-"}f)-l-c:~ Ooo-h&-Tf& (1)+0}- Oh~1'~ fOO-"'o}- ODm"} 1'-r
1I+110}- "7l1f-l:1 fl1'Il.e~ 030 -'t .n. ~.e 1'-r A1~~OC hC;J"1mcrt\:: ~
'IC "1"} 020 'AS 25 -'t.n. ~,e~ fl.""} 1'-r lI+ll"" YIIYA:: OA~lllJ fOO<'
.,...,. ODm"} ~.e lI+ll-l: 010 (I).e~ hllY~ O~.e fJl\- "'lj"" f&f)1' .e:J'Y
A:: A"}-tlJcS'" ll'b"}p..t; lI+ll"" lIC¥") hf)L~1. 'b"}~"~ h~;J"1mcrA::
Phytolacca dodecandra references

Adams, RP., et al.; 1989.
Fichtl, Rand Admasu Adi;1994.
Heyneman; 1997.
Shibru Tedla; 1997.
112 Pittosporum viridiflorumlelaho
Pittosporum viridijlorum/elaho
Scientific Name: Pittosporum viridiflorum Sims (1814).
Family: Pittosporaceae
Vernacular Names: h .... 1f elaho (Amharic); zhinkuti, tahtai (Awi)
There are many Amharic names in the literature for this species and for the very
closely related Pittosporum abyssinicum. These names include ahot 1'tlfT,
anqewallit h1"''I'/l..T, dengya-sebber 1..1"71 (\OC, sola ""\, and weyl 6Jf.IA.
Study staff have not confirmed any of these names in person, except for elaho.
Description mostly from Azene (1993): An evergreen shrub or tree
to 15 m, the mature bole may be 40 em. at the base. The bark is smooth,
dark grey, rough with age. It has leaves mostly at the end of branches, oval
or wider to the sharp tip, 4-15 ern long, base narrowed to a grooved stalk,
the midrib very clear below, 6-10 side veins, bright green in the sun light.
The flowers are on a branched head to 8 em long and across, each flower
with a stalk, about 1 em with 5 green-white petals, the calyx cup-like below.
The fruit are small brown-black capsules to 8 mm, and breaking into 2 parts.
The halves roll back to show a yellow ridged inside surface and 4-8 bright
red seeds. Both the seeds and the inside surface of the fruit are shiny with a
resin. The root of seedlings has a very spicy smell.
Similar species. Pittosporum abyssinicum is a smaller tree, often
shrubby, extending to altitudes of 3200 m asl. Some forms are difficult to
distinguish apart.
A4tr- A'1.
1r17j.'i;(77i7.e)- A1.
OD"1i~8i: lJ-A1.H. ill"):}.e.. fln ~1'*{ll C»~9" h{)h 14OWL. ftrt~
C{) ~ooT ~l\or TA~ Jf~ .......,") ftpc;or "'/")1: ()1.T 40Uf.OWL ftrt~C{) ~
or:: ~C~1: 0l\,;J~1: l\{)~"'c; lIl~C s« "'/~li6J. n,..,") Jf~ hYY-.1 n, ~f: "'/
") iil'J~ ~or::
~lIlt\o~ OilllJft;:or h~Cli6J.t.:~ ooQ;l,l?f 'l~ ..,~or (/Ll\y ~ ~T'l

A) hc»~ ~1Ilt\- li6J.~ o-s. C»~,,)9" A,,)~'lA oof"lA +C6 .....'i&-Tor h4-15
Uf.OWL ClI oo T il'l:forI h;t-T lIlqll ..,~or oo'/t\- 1of::}~ f"'~ f~lIlA "'/
")f: Y'l:for .......,.,. foo'/A OO{)oof:T O"'/A') ftrt;t-~T h;t-T Oil-A ~or::
Pittosporum viridiflorum/elaho
h6-1 0 fOWZ~C,,"
f9"..,ll oo:}:}.... ooitoo~"f ffJth,e llCV1 ....J'C~q:fl&
~"'I~ hl1:}J'.. ,elrCil\::
hOq?J:': 0~C1tili4- tili~ I\,e But. ~ h"'~9" C1Ioo:" fl.'i 6o:fl&

~J'1~1~ fhOq -rrs: 1ut.~ J'IJA 5 '1ffJ J'~ fhfiq ~1fl.(Il"f "'~:,.:: x
1fl.m-1 fOWZhllfl. fhOq h~l\<>"f h;1'"f Oll-A fll-qJ' ~Ct) "'I\:fl&::
if:.~?J:': T17i fl.Ci"'l +1\9" J'I\:fl& fUC hlm.-f"f 8OWZ.~ fOIl'"
4- ....If.,. ....~C~ CD~ IJ-I\T fOWZhL~ ~CJ fl&it1' n-s h~I\:fl& ~f;1'f
CD ~ :\1\ fOIl.,I\Om-CJOl&itffJ:fl&9" h4-8 fOWZ~C,," ~"'I~ +,e u~"f1 f
J'ft. CJ:fl&:: IJ-~9" 0l\J':fl& fOWZJ'1fJqC~ +1\9" J'1\l& fOWZJ'I\1'~ oo-tili
",I\q:fl&:: f"f..,7f:': »«: Ah ~1~ ~oo9" J'I\ oo'}tf "'I\l&::
-rootata.e lICfPJ"f: «T-filTl9" ho.fL"L.h9"» -r17i ...~ 0......;;:
~ "11 ~i'J'*(ll fO'l.lf1 fLlf1 hilh 32000'1.. hq.(I).O. 1:lil It1~
.e"fl\b\:: h1~1}'.$ I\tTCJI\fT hilT;J~ C;T~::
Uses. Elaho was rarely mentioned at all by the farmers in the
interviews. It is probably not a highly valuable tree to them. When it was
mentioned, it was named for tool handles. In the literature it is also
mentioned for local construction.
1'~IfD~: 0.cPI\-oom,e.cP"f1 CD~:'-' 0.,0t.?J"f 11ft. "l,.ft f"'l,em+it

tf~ '10C:: ,e1J9" 9"CJAqT 1\.,0t.?J"f h~"'~ m"'~;1' itl\"'I,e...1' ,elfCJA
:: .,.,C ..".,0t.?J"f l\~c7f oo'ltJ'?J"f ~1.;1' '1t1~OWZJ'''t\"1A ,em~,,"T 'I
OC:: O?ithcif:. ~..,qo I\(l.T oofltJ' ~1~OWZJ'''I\'''A "'m~!l.A::
Site. In Awi Zone this tree is in Acacia woodlands (at Chinchabar),

in mountainous remnant forests (Liwi Mountain, Huble Mountain, Kolele
Mountain, Agew Dur,) and shrubby heavily grazed land (Melach Mountain,
Jibli Mountain). We also saw it in the Simien Mountains, at about 3000 m
asl. Reportedly it is also in Menagesha. The literature reports that this tree
can be found from 1400 m asl to 3000 m asl, and that it is usually found in
the wetter locations, such as rain forests and near rivers, though it can also
be found in other forests as well.
fOIl .,=-fOT 11;1': ,e1J tfif:. Oh~ 111 l&fl1' ..,6oC OOWZO~AOT h ....qo.
(0:f1~qC)~1+ 0+6060 ~tT ~'i"f (I\.ce+ 'l-l1A+ ltl\I\+ "'''l& ~C)
114 Pittosporum viridiflorum/elaho
tD-{)1f'A")-\.,..'" hll:" O{)4,.:,. ODtfl",&-q:ftD- JltJqOJJJT ID~tr O"'~mO

~ Y.'iT (trl\6J!>c; ~1It\.) tD-{)1f' ~'~A:: 3000 III. hq.ID.O. O.,~tD- fI
III") ""&-C"T 1Ith.&-'e ;rct) tD-{)1f' Yf") .....,") o,)m.~ A") Y. .,..,,'OtD- Y....,
qu oooc;,?ftr ~1~A:: A")Y.')m.~ ",q h"~ ~tJ Jf~ 11". 'l.H. CIf'O:" 0
DtOJfq:ftD- 1f'r,.1f' ql\- y.c;"fc; OID")fI"f hm111 h1400-30001ll. hq.ID.O.
t\. 1~ .e;"fl\A::
Phenology and propagation. Fruit have been seen in Awi Zone

September to November, but not ripening until November and December,
and sometimes into January. The trees seem to be quite prolific. The fruits
can be picked while still looking green. When left in a dry place, the fruits
open, to reveal the very red seeds. These are covered with a sticky resin that
makes handling very difficult. To take off the resin from seeds we rubbed it
with dry dust many
times; it is time-
consuming work. Pittosporum
However, in early virridiflorum
ilaho
April we found
h/uf
non-sticky fruit in
abundance on the
ground. This seed
collected from the
forest floor 10
Chenchebar had
good germination,
and was easier to
handle than seed
collected earlier
that had the sticky
resin. When these
were planted, they
had very good
germination,
similar to those that Drawn by
Fruit Tafere Fentahun
had been picked
from the tree.
Pittosporum viridiflorumlelaho
We placed some seed in the refrigerator for a few weeks, and

obtained 92% germination for that set of 665 seed. However, whether
refrigeration enhanced the germination is difficult to determine, as there
were no control plantings of that set of seed. Seed planted in pots in the
nursery took about seven weeks to emerge, though some began earlier, at
about 4 weeks. There was still new emergence noted after nine weeks.
Overall germination in the nursery was good, but there can be seen
holes in some fruits where an insect has entered.
Pittosporum that are used as ornamentals in the West are propagated
through seed, with the sticky coating scrubbed off with coarse sand. It is
usually planted as soon as it is taken from the tree, but takes several months
to germinate. These ornamentals are also propagated with stem-tip cuttings
in midsummer, taking 6 to 8 weeks to root, or with semi-ripe cuttings taken
with a heel, 7.5 to 10 em long, placed in a propagator with gentle bottom
heat. Ten weeks to rooting; can be planted in the field in 12 to 24 months.
Whether this is also possible with this species of Pittosporum is unknown.
Demel and Granstrom found that the Pittosporum seed germinated
slowly in controlled laboratory conditions, taking about 34 days to .
germinate. They also found the seed to be relatively temperature sensitive,
needing to germinate in the 15 to 25 degree C range, with the best results at
20 degrees. They also found light somewhat, though not completely,
inhibits germination of Pittosporum; keep in shade to germinate.
In June (Sene), many seedlings are seen on forest floors in Awi.
However, we usually see only larger trees, without sapling-sized elaho in
the forest understory. There must therefore be an extremely high mortality
rate, probably due to grazing.
ID~1:,} ""IID~+ ""I~q:,.C; OD'}I]Qhl1: If:&.tD-'} h ooflhl9" hflh tJ

,qc llf\tD- 1.11. tD-fl1' ""?~-t-C;A; .,.,C "?1 OtJ,qCc; ;1'tJUffl "AOflf\~ .,OC
0"',(-
:: If';::': 1.11. il",. HC f\.flm- rOIl-f\. .eoofll\f\.:: If:~P':':1 "l1=l
Yo hYf\. ooflilflil .e~l\A:: h"~tJ Hc:l- 01-l~ (1;1' ....+oom- 1-C+tD- 1-
""I~ +.e HC:"f1 .efllllf\.:: f\00 YlI OOIJ'flT"?C rOIYl\1'~ ~6Ii. r-t-it4l..,.
c;TtD-:: h~ "?1 f\"Y YlI h1-'t ooT1 HC:"f1 0"9.~ tD-fl1' "itC;TtD-l.e
tJ~ Ire; f\".f YlI "flT:J1, .,o~:: .etJ o.1f1~ OOIYlIY IDC oo1.ool,Y l\
.e r~.rl\1''''tD- vic rlbf\o:" il",. He OOO&.:" l\.e ""?~-t-c;A:: OT1~O
116 Pittosporum viridiflorum/elaho
C Y... ') aJ-II1' Y1i.,aJ- .eO IIC hflO Oct.:" hflOfl1l.,aJ- tJDe6lf. t,1\0:" IIC .e
A-1- I\J\Y Y1I 0111"- ,.-:,: .,OC:: A"~O,)IIC'T IICrf',) 0111"- 1'';' 11:"1\:" J\
"7~rf'CJAI hlf4e l\.e rflOfl1lCJTaJ-,.- A')J;..o- 0111"- 1'';' 11:"1\:" "O~TaJ-:
Tot:" IIC'T') 0074>1I4>..,-(ttt:t~t.rf'C) aJ-II1' l\1'ot:" ""-');1':"

hll4>"-m') .,OCI h"flO 665 IIC'T') IICrf',) 92% 1I:"t\T h".e;tA:: .eo-')
A')~ I\flO htt:rf'~ r1l+I\T oom') oo')lIh IIC'T 00'14>114>"'- aJ-II1' .e
0-') h.e.o-') 07m:" hA~A ,)"-I,.-h').f-l:"- 00'14>114>"'- aJ-II1' t,~rCJTaJ-
r07."otY IIC'T') Qt\OOlI~;1'T') .,aJ-:: OT"7~ 1I10Y aJ-II1' OTl\h-th h
llll.T rrf'II~ "C'T 1\00114>A 7 ""-');1':" rm....(QTaJ- ....lf1 A,)~1p,.:,:
hfl.f 4>1:oot& 04 ""-');1'T t.lt. t&h1' 00114>A :l"-laJ- .,OC:: Allh II
m"~aJ- ",.-'):,. 1:ll1 hJ;..1I rO?o:"t\- IIC'T A').( .,O~ OO1I"70CJA:: Qm:J'
l\.e OT"7~ 1I11l.f r;1'raJ- 1I+I\T 1'~ .,OC::
.,tt:"T II~ ') 01lrf'aJ- r1o.OT') 4>~~ OllC'T l\.e 07rT .e~l\A:: A
')~O ",tt:":" Yl\Y....,.. rO?OOIlt\- TCJ')7i T~T CJTaJ-::
~')~Qee.f') t\'t1' fO?rf'ht\-T1 hAlf rO?.f~o.:" fO?.fl\1'4>l&1
7i~1 Oift,~ hif'P ~T1aJ- t,ht\+41 0:\«\ OOO1I~:" .,t&:: fO?II~t&,.- m
J;..YaJ- hlJ4- ",)y"'rf'flOfiO .,aJ-:: .,1C "71 I\OO1I4>A 11". m~T .emll~A::
A"~01 t\'t1' fO?rf'hi). TaJ-1 r"71~ 1 li6ltt: ~C{fI Ohl"-T J\:J"77i m-1-T
OOThA .e:Fl\A:: .eO"- FC 1\07aJ-II1T h6-8 u/"-':" .e~~O;1'A:: m.e
"J9D Ohet.A rn...t\ #C{fI 6If.4-11.lA 0071:l"7 h7.5-10U/.tII C1IOOT ~
t\dJ- 1ft; 1'~ ""'4>:" hll.;. Qt\t& 07~Il.f 11;1' 0'111+ 00 1':: .eO y"'.,qu FC
1\"7t&lJl+ Me "9"1;1':" YiI~A1'PA:: .e01')9" h12-24 m&-:,. ....qul\
ID- O"!~1\1dJ" 11;1' OOThA .e:Fl\A:: .eO IIY. I\flU ht,Qo. f'hAIf lICY
M&- J\.ell&- hc;aJ--1-9"::
rh.«\1f IIC I\ OD1I+ A 34 4>C;:" Al'("!~~OT ,.,.-1\'1 .,&-1h:"C'
,.- h:"TA OO!Y...l?O+ Il.T-ou.h&- t&II1' Wl9""'~ 1I:"I\T A"t~I\aJ- hl
?lm'PA:: IJ~~ 1\000-fi+A ...++ ~l\"l"T "')Y...If). ....Yl;J"7m- 15-25
Jl."".". A1Y..."!iI"7"7T4J- Orf't\.e 20Jl,...... ""1. l\.e 1'';' aJ-m.+ "'y"'''!'1'
C Ooo-h60Tt& h~,;J"m'PA:: A1JlO-"- OO-Ao O~fl.. A,ev.1 "'~ -fiC?1
11-1-1\"1:') A')Y...~.f:'TT Yt.,;J1m- f\1f') 1\11-1-1\~ 01'l\ aJ«hT o.lf1T~
A"tY...If., m'laODepl\::
OAIf 111 t&iM' Oll~ ec 1992 11". fh.l\1f 'f""1"" O.R, ID-n".
tlDt.+ l\.e a-1-t\t& l\.e1'c;A:: o.lf19" OY...t;'f t&ilT hlfC:'f O;1'T +l\A
-1- Ift::'f, A"t~ -l''i11f Ifc:T1h.erf'''t hC;t&-1-9":: ilAlN-9" T.,'1'=t: 11'"
'lit. Oht;:".1j= o-~;t- Af'm4- ",~t\- A'l~I\'::
Salix subserrata/ahaya
Pittosporum viridiflorum references

Hedberg, 1., and Edwards; S. 1989.,
Heuser; 19,97.
Salixsubserratalahaya
Scientific Name. Salix subserrata Willd. Synonym: S. mucronata Thunb
Family: Salicaceae
Vernacular Names: h'lY-f t,y ahaya, kaya (Amharic); tsutsui (Awi); wild
willow (English)
Description. A much- branched bush or small tree 2 to 10m high

with a rounded crown and sometimes with branches hanging to the ground.
The effects of floods often distort the shape. It has dark grey bark. Twigs
are often covered with hairs at first, becoming smooth and often red as they
become older. The leaf is very variable in size and shape, but always much
longer than wide, and usually pointed on the tip. The leaf is up to 16 ern
long, 3.5 ern wide, rather shining above, pale silver-grey below. Flowers in
slender spikes 4 to 5 em long; female flowers greenish, in shorter spikes.
Male flowers yellowish, and dropping as soon as they finish flowering. The
fruits are in upright heads about 3 cm long, with small capsule, 0.5 cm long,
opening to release very tiny plumed, wooly seed.
}, "i,P: IJ,P: "i,P- li"1cl7

lJ.lJ.lf- Ii 10J0
OD"7t\~: 41 OD rf: h2-1 O~. fOlJ.1.C"+ hll fife;: ~Ct) ft\aJ-+ "1'
Jl"'~ 11". CD 1. ;1' T f"'1' mt\mt\- ~C1'Ii6}.C: f t\-:t- :t-1'7i Ife;: CD ~~ 41...
(0 ~aJ-:: 11". til. .,..ce;:
~CfJ.1' fO'li'llft\:: m~C r«
hODf:U? ~C~:t- h
*
118 Salix subserratalahaya
I\(I}-:: ""0fll:': oo1..tY ~.e 001-C f"'nL'" I\.lf1 'hYl"lf. I\.~~ I\f)~ ...e;
.,..e 'hflr.,. .eooflJ~:: c"f>mf\o:': oome;T(I}-e; c"f>C'Tm- OflJ9" "'~'P'P6f!> 0.
1f19" hco.(. oobIJ.lif ht)4.;rTm- .eAc"f> C1I00;rTm- 'hfbIJ.ool 'h1.&;.0-9"
ti51.~T(I}- 'hfi"1\ fO?,.~~ e;T(I}-:: c"f>mh-- ql1tf~(I}- 'hf)h But.~ I\.lll9" 2
ut.~ .efl~AT 'h1.&;.0-9" h~.e OlrA ·fO?,.Y10qCeIl I\.lf1 h;rl- OlrA f
"lflJ COC+O'/-'16f!> "'1\9" ll~T(I}-:: llOqsP:': h4-5ut. ~ OO?,.lll9" f llfiq
",nt,O?,. -ns: ~.eT t\-t hnl]sPl- hmC ql\ fllOq ",nl]O?,. -ns: ~.e cof..
hl1~J.;,'1:" fO?,.Y'('~ e;Tm-:: co1J.;, hnqsPl- fhnq 'l.H.yT(I}-1 'h1f..QJ.
l(}' .y. f\o fO?,. CO f: ell T co.(. 0.ti51. fO?,.Yf.. ~ "'1\ 9" Y~ Tm- e;Tm- :: ~t.sP:':
co.(. ~.e 4>e; Y~T v«.OIJ. fO?,.l1l00-T If'l(l)- I\.hL:" nflJ9" "'6f!>1 ~q f
oofll\ 'h1'(' ().~ hC YI\ HC fO?,.flm- 1\.1f.,. O.5ut.OIJ. fO?,.lll9" fHC hl
m.:" h~T(I}-::
Uses. This species is useful for erosion control on riverbanks and in

gullies and ditches. The wood is also used for firewood, and the twigs for
tooth brushes. In traditional medicine the roots are used against rabies. In
the survey with farmers in Awi Zone, they reported that ahaya wood is
useful for the muqecha for grinding coffee. Honeybees collect pollen and
nectar from the flowers very frequently and this species plays an important
role for strengthening bee colonies after honey is harvested.
Ahaya was very rarely mentioned by farmers in the interviews that
were done by study staff in Awi Zone. However, the species is very
valuable for erosion control in ditches, and should be used for that purpose.
T+'JU:':: .eU tf~ nco1lfl- hl]Qo. x1'&;'0-9" O(l}-Y oof)ooel-e; 0(1}-

Y Ilr-l- lll]qo. fhLC1 'hTO:" 1\00h~hA .el~A:: 'h1QJ.i: f..""'JU 1\0'/"
",e; I\TCf) o-cli Y"I\""~A:: OqlJ~'e oof:~~:" Fer f{)l1f: (l}-if Oli;r')
1\00h~hA .emc"f>""IA:: nh'e If'} (l}-f)T "nt.sPl- 'h'}QJ.i: fo-e; 00-.,.1i6j. 1\
ooFt..:" 'h1.(.O?,.Y"I\...,A '1...,laJce;A:: 11ll- .,.floo-'}e; fhfiq ~eti:,) "H
(I}-:"l(l)- I\.4>f)00- .e;r YA; .eUS'" tf4-- h4>C: ""IC h"'flOflO O:\~ 11ll-'} 'h
'}.(."e; l\""Ime;hc hc;:"'~ O?,.e; x1,(,O?,.ti51.co:" oo",Hl1 .e~~A::
h"tiY fTe;:" o-f:e;l-1 h"Ot.sPl- ;JC :J"I\-oom,ec"f> 00?,.Yf..C"'10:"
'ut 01l19" llAC: hAC: .em"'f) '10C:: ,e0-1 'h,}~ tf4-- OaJcY llr-l- "I]qo.
fOLC 'hTO:"1 1\00h~hA fO?,.l~ hl\lf'l I\IlU ",...,qC o.(I}-A ooAI]9" 'I
(I}-"
Salixsubserrata
abaya
~'1f
Site. Ahaya is most frequently found along rivers and streams, at

elevations between approximately 1000 and 3000 m asl. The Kakis River in
the Agew Dur is lined with ahaya, some of them rather large for the species.
Farmers in the survey reported that the tree was once plentiful along streams
in Indoho Yohannes, but has been used to the point that it is now absent
from there.
In Europe and the United States, several species of Salix (willows)
are used as ornamentals. Ahaya is seen in some compounds in Debre
Berhan, where it is used as an ornamental. In Region Three it can be found
120 Salix subserrataJahaya
in Gonder, Gojam, Welo uplands, and Shewa uplands; It is widespread in

tropical Africa north to Egypt, and is also in tropical Arabia.
rDt.,~o:" (l;1': Jl"ti.f ..life 1."" hl000-30000ll. hll.CO.O. OCO,}t'T

Cj ~l.y.T Jll"JllO, ,e"~A:: OJl"~ ~C ~fl1' rl"Jhfl co1111 ..,..h:"t\o ,e;1'
.fA+ 1'4=,.y.:,: tfC:T :"4\A~T Cj:f~::
01'Cj;1' T1 co~:,. nx 1~~'/ Jll"JllO, Ofl~:" f~OlCj ....mttoo-O:,. r
~r ....'" JllJ-1 '11 hll.r Jll"JllO, h 1 ~m~ .,Ot,sPT ~'1l~CjA::
OJl~C';rCj JlDJt6t) ~{)1' 111fe fJl"ti,r lIC,rsPT t\'L1'~:" ,e..,..h4\f\..
:: O~l1l l1C'/1 ~fl1' nJl1~1~ '1O,sPT ~fl1' h1~ '1.1' ..,....,..ht\o Jl,e..,..
CjA:: OhAA ~fI:" ~fl1' n-)1~C+ -,..1f9"+ OCOt\oCj 01' hCJ:""'~ (I;1'sPT
,e"~A:: n:"C''(I"JA JlCJ:tl"J fl0Il1Cj 0'111,) h1JllJ-9" :"C''(I"JA hlO,.f Of)
~:,. ,e"~A::
Phenology, Propagation and Management. Reports in the

literature indicate that ahaya can be found flowering at any time of year, but
flowers are mostly found after the rains, from October to January. Study
staff found that in Awi, the flowers were most common in late October and
November. The study staff found it very difficult to collect the seed of
ahaya, because the capsules open on their own, releasing the tiny seeds in
fluffy cotton-like material that is easily dispersed by wind and rivers.
In November 2000 we successfully collected seed from the river
near Injibara by cutting off branches a few days before the fruits opened to
release their seed. These branches were then placed in a cloth bag to
prevent them from scattering the seed: Once the fruit open, the cottony
material around them makes it difficult to handle, as the slightest movement
of air carries off the seed. The fruits opened within a week.
Ahaya is easy to grow from cuttings. The GTZIBOA IFSP in South
Gondar is using various species of exotic willows for erosion control in
ditches. They are very successfully propagating them by cuttings. They
take cuttings that have three or four internodes, and put them into sand for a
few weeks. After they develop roots, which is usually only a couple of
weeks, they transfer them to common nursery poly tubes filled with
common nursery mix of soil, sand and compost. By this method Study staff
acheived 95% rooting of Salix subserrata.
t.lttD-'} ,,?m:,.+ "?6-QTCi ou'}hQhll: r()fh.ct: H"lQsPT h'}~utm~

OO-T h"ti, houi:'} OO-hc hll(l rut;r ~ Qlf'}9" hllCi9" m:"T O:\i\ hT
:"9"T h()h ;rlJtt() hOI] ~()IllA:: rTCiT o..('CiT') hOI]tD-'} hT:"9"T m
C OUatlif h()h lJ~C O()4,T h..,~:tA:: rTCiT o..('CiT'} rh"ti,'} HC ou
()11()11 h~,;JT lfe; h..,~.y.;rA; 9"tn,i:9" T:J":"')+ t\()i\tt+ TT rOU()t\
~+ O"'i\hc Om-"'Ci sse rutm()~+ HC'T'} rut()mar rHC hlm. T I]AT
mO.,. 'til. ruth.tT ()t\lf'l 'lar::
OlJ~C 1993 nx')~1]6- hm"lll 09"()~ m'}l1 ~C OTttl} l1"~;r HC'
T'} ()lI()OCi:: ~lJ'},}9" .r~l"''lar ct:~sP:': Thct:Tar HC hOU()m;rTar
O~T h'l:"C'}Ii6J.l::T oou~lT 'lar:: ct:~sP:': hTh.ti: O:\i\ OHC':': 11-6'
rhooar TT 01l:"r~ r'l4,() h '}:"():J"(). ()t\utm().(' t\ou,lI 01ll9" h()T,;J
6 'lar:: ct:~sP:': h'}.(' tt9"'}T I]Aqui\ 'til. tD-()T ,e.h.t;rhc::
h"til ~Cto oouThA O"'i\hc ~t-I]A:: :{.rt.II..('. nxn-n "lo,}~C
rrt\l~ rh"til lICIsPT'} I.tC'} hTOT t\ouhi\hA oar.,. ouarlJr (If-T
hl}I]Q 01llfT rh1..A:: OT~i\ l1"~;r O~llll h,6-o.9" Ci:far:: ~()T (I)
,e.9" ht-T r:"mA 69"o.toT I?Tar :"C')Ii6J.l::T'} ~m()~Ci Ohnff' i\~
Tht\ar t\T'tT tt9"'};rT 1~~h:fff'A:: »-c l}mm- O:\i\ Ort\ou~ar rh
01] hlm. T ar()T O.tC+hnff'Ci "'9"T()T quArar ~Th?TepA:: Olto
".eo f£f'CJr fi--1:CJT1 95% f1'-""r1 Oro:llt rr"l.:J' h"~;tt:\::
Salix subserrata references.

Breitenbach, Friedrich Von; 1963.
Friis, I.; 1992.
Hedberg, I., and Edwards, S.; 1989.
122 Acacia abyssinica and other acacias/grar
Acacia abyssinica and other acacias/grar

Scientific Name. Acacia abyssinica Hochst. ex Benth. (1846) Other species of Acacia are
included here in this discussion of"grar" .
Family: Fabaceae (Leguminosae) Mimosoideae subfamily
Vernacular Names: Note: these names apply to more than just Acacia abyssinica. bazra-
grar, dega grar, grar, nech grar, tqur grar, (Amharic). tsatsi (Awi)
Description. A. abyssinica has a reddish slash, with a yellow

powdery layer. Flat-topped crown, tree to 20 m. Flowers white, globose,
tinged with red. Straight oblong pods 6 to 10 em long, with 4 to 7 seeds.
Thorns are variable.
Similar species. There are at least thirteen indigenous Acacia in
Region Three that can be found above 2000 m asl. At least six different
species have bark that peels in thin flakes, either yellow or revealing a
yellow layer underneath. This causes confusion about their identity. This is
further confused by the many common names. In Awi, there are several
types of grar recognized by the farmers--tqur grar, bazra tqur grar, and nech
grar. Sometimes there is also mentioned "dega grar". Cheba (Acacia lahai)
is another type of Acacia in the area, but it is not known as a "grar." When
with a group of farmers, when asking them which type of grar is in front of
them, there is often heated debate among themselves, often with no
resolution. The study staff has identified that Acacia abyssinica and Acacia
negrii are present in the Awi Zone, and others. However, when talking with
farmers, it usually is difficult to know which grar they are talking about.
Therefore, all the information collected on "grar" will be included in this
section, even though some of the comments are more likely to be related to
A. negrii than to A. abyssinica. Study staff will continue to sort out the
characteristics of the different grar. Future editions of this manual should be
more complete on this subject.
'?6-C- A.".
't- M.
OP""/t\-L+ ()lI~ "J~C O~4:TOIJ "H1C-nC +f, h"J~tnJ. ooilooC
ffll& '1l&:: mthfll4. fifth "'Cf) ffll& I\.lf1 4:001: hilh 200'1..
ftnJ.~CiI Ifth '1l&:: hO()P'~ tI-n "'Cf) fl\Tl&: '16f]>C; O+f, +fl~
Acacia abyssinica and other acaciaslgrar
hA6: hA(;;1 r.,."i7D" (JTID-:: cf»~ fho rHC

hlm.",T fhoT f\.lf") h6-
lOUt.OIl.. ClIT 'f4\TlD"! OlD"illllTlD"r h4-7 HC'T"} r"'tf,1t c;TID-::
hi1'llTlD" r"""fr oom"} h4\TlD"::
"..oo""f, lICf,sn'f: flhAA Y'{)T fl20000ll. hll.CD.O. Otf.,. hhll
fl.P'T fl.f"){) 13 l},e~T ru-e 1fCfP'T "''''7T ,e~4\A:: fl.f"){).6 f}
,e~+ lICfP'T r~"1Il- -flC;ifT f\ c;t.-TaJ- h:J'T flh-A fl.tilic;:faJ-:: ,eu
flODtf.,. 1t",ltrTC; fht,llfl. P1OT") It",CD.... h{):f;J~ c;:fCD-:: flh'e fI")
CD-{)~ fl1f1&'P'T ..,rT f.,.ltf~ f},e~T ne-e hft.--~~C + 11llt.--~~CC;
~6lb ..,t.-C C;:fCD-:: h")~")'(- tlt.r f.(;J ..,t.-C.,.-fI/tv ,em+lIA:: aJ,1l .(
..,10 lb4\CD- flht,Ilfl.CD- r~;t-CD"" r..,t.-c lICf ~CD-I ~1C -n t.-....") f~1t
~ ") ~ noc: h,e.(ftlJO:: 1f1&.sPT") fl-fl{)fI") fI&.T It&.;t- TO' r r ;t-~T '?
s-c rT~dJ« f},e~T ~CD-? -flit") inm,e:J>:fCD- CD-lI~ lI,ec;c ~C{)flhClI:f
CD- OD{)",oy:r- flbltOT 10"" fit hChC i{)~lIft.:: r~C;T f)..(-c;l-") flh'e
fI") 111ft.- ..,t.-C+~~C ..,t.-CC; lb/tvTIJO f..,t.-C 1fCfP'T x "}~ft. hl;J"'m
CiA:: fl.lf")rh1f1&'P'T ;JC flr")tf,"T tit. ()ltfT~CD- ..,t.-C ~").(~~
..,~") oyCD.... }'():f..,l ~flC:: f~fllll-") ~".oy fI-fltfT f~f'(4\CD- CD.( 1111
t.-C; ~4iC -ie-c fl.tf")1JO Ohm.4'4\,e ()It '?t.-C fI~flmCD- ODA()hT CD-{)~
,elJ1.4'4\ft.:: r~c;:r- f).'(-CiT") fI+It.r~ f..,t.-C lICfP'T 4\,e fltCD-") A~~
:r- "'~1:") ItCD.(&,Tr ,e+~"A:: fOJ.(&.:r- ()"''''T") flllU C(){) 4\,e
00-"-' flOO-ft. f~f"'h-C ,eITCiA ::
111ft.- '?t-C x ")lJJ.1: f\fl~m"" +,e OD{)ODC nn, tili P,..ckT",")1tC-fI
C ,e;t-,efl;t-/A:: ru-e tf~ ~OD1: ~()h 200ll. f"!,'(C{) f\IT") + +C1r s:
..,10 h4\,e hhC;1: h-fl ~CD-:: hflllP':': ~..,...+ h-fl+ hAc:. hAc:. +,e +ltr
hltll:fCD-:: +~ fit 10"" r~&. hzm,T h6-1 Out.OIl f"!,llllJO+ flCD-{)m- .
r h4-7 "COT") ,e,etfA:: ~crn:': O'A1..1t. ~h-A h,e.(ft.IJO::
Uses. Grar is an extremely useful tree tothe farmers. In surveys grar

was the most commonly named fuel wood. The branches are used for
fencing, and the root is used. for making whips. The bark of some kinds is
an important source of rope for tying animals and in construction. It was
also mentioned by the farmers as useful for charcoal, tools, and fodder.
The wood of grar is used in construction. They say that the grar with
the strongest wood is the "dega" grar. However, they also say that the
young trees or the wood that is not allowed to dry first, are not strong. The
red center part of the tree, the heartwood, is used for construction, because it
will not rot, but the outer white part will rot. Some farmers say that the
wood of trees cut in Tiqmt (October) or Miyazya (April) will be eaten by

insects. Other farmers say that grarwood that \is cut should not be used until
after the following May and June (Ginbot and Sene).
The highland acacias in the grazing lands are very valuable to the
farmers. These stands, of acacia are protected for the use of cattle and
humans as .shelter from hail, rain, wind; .and sun. Animals seriously graze
the seedlings that come up under such stands. ., .
T:t-'I":t:.f "'~C' t\10t.?Jl- htt:""'~ m+OJL;I' ft\CD- 1fCf: ~CD-:: OT'I

;l'T1 OJ:"T 1\0"/1F. A1Q.l.T'I :"C11i6J.4- t\'hTC olllr m.+Of A1 glJ'~ rn
+()CD-A5:A: F-r f...,qu t\~~tt:"'C: ooll6f f1t\..,itA:: rT4:T ~.e~T ..,
~C A T'9"' A1Jll1" t\hll-f"f 0"/()6fCj,' i\o.T .."Q;I' fOflJ'11°O1:00/16
s '"t\..,itA:: A1-to-r t\h"'A~.rAci'f oolt6fCj t\hllT ooe; A1f.Off1
t\..,A ""'m:"!lA:: r..,~c Alai~t\f1T .."Q;I' f1t\..,itA:: m1t)~o1Q;1,
T ft\CD- es.» ..,~C A1f.lf~ hll". 10t.?J"f +~..,C:CjAi fi.lf1r «» 1ft.:
l- OJ1-r O:"1:OfY ..,...f.Cto fA1..l+ A1Q;l,T m1t)~ h.e1..t\r llt\CD-CjA
: fCD-Q;lCD- ~6fJ> rA1Q;l,1; htt:A r~a()llr) ....lf1 rCD-lim (Aa-{\() +'- .
hC;:A .." h.eO"'11llr~ Ft\lr~r t\{l.T ..,1Q;I' OIll9U T-r ~CD-:: h,}~11:
10t.?Jl- A11..Oft\-T 1f4- OT:,.r:,.e; Ofj~f h""'~lm :t-.1:"1 .eOit",A::
hlllf~?J:': 10t.?Jl- A1f.Oft\-T r..,~c A1Q.l.T h""'~lm O~it h11: f
11'19" OJ:"T ",ltt\tt: ht\OT::
a"'(fl"li oot.T ht)Qfi. ft\- f 1..;) ..,~c:"f t\10t.?Jl- OiJlr lQ:J"Of
?Jl- '1TCD-:: A~lf.tJ e-u:c ~.e~.T:y. t\hll-f"fr If~ t\()?J"f h~~lI+ hll
'111 hOlF.+ hOth.e oomt\f~T .em:""1t\-:: OA1f.lf.tJ ~.e~T .eHT pC
rO+t\- r..,~c "f..,i'f"f1 hll-f"f LA1CD- .e01.Ttpt\::'
Site. Grar and qoba (Maytenus obscura) are the most common trees
in grazing land in the dega areas of Awl. Often grazing lands have pure
stands ofgrar, or grar with an understory of qoba. Such stands can be seen
at Chenchebar, Koso Field, Ambi vMountain, Gwanzer Mountain and
Mehasta Forest. Grar is found in the remnant forests such as Agew Dur,
Dabkooli Mountain, Darkan Mountain, and others. It can also be seen in
churchyards, such as Ateta Abo. It was one of the rare trees that the farmers
did 'not mention as having decreased in number from the time when they
were young. Its prevalence may not have changed much, while othef trees
are disappearing. Several times farmers told us they had planted grar in the
past few years, Two nurseries in Fageta Lekoma werede had planted grar
seed thatthe farmers themselves had collected. Farmers say grar can be
planted on any.area thatis not too wet.
Literature reports that Acacia abyssinica can be found from 1500 to
2900 m asl. '
. rDY,1-Sa-l- (I:J'+ ah~ I',,) O'?{l1"lr Obt.-l- tD-ilT ,?&oct; ~fJ r1't\OD
~ IIC=T t;:ftJJe:: {l-oll~tJJe '?&,.C t\-o~m- lD~lJO hiler ~q -te a'?{l1"lr
Obt.T hl]l]o. .e'l~A:: ~,,}J.'..n..lJ '}.e~rI: .ell-l- O:f,,}~fJC J.'.."}+ta(t tII~+ h
lJOo. 1'&0&0+ :}"}lIC +&:-&0+ ~c; Obdt'l J.'.. "} tD-ilT .e:J' ~A:: '?&oC ""}~
h1tD- ~C ~"}+ ~1Ih-t\. +&0&0+ ~I]"} +&o&oC; Ib/toTlJO I)fl. +t-l- ~C;T
aJ..il1'.e'l~A:: ~"}-'lV-lJO ""}~ h+:J' h(l I]fl. ro.1'-hCll'1:~"} '?tl tD-il1'
.e1~A:: 'l0t.P'¥ OlDtll+~T IJ~Of.Y:ftD- h~OltD- ene-c IIC=T -oll-l- I]
.,..,. 1.rt. ~~'? ~f.p-;flc; Arm1. rootll "if: x"} J.'..lf~ ~c;·It-fl.:: tllf~lJO 10
t.P'T 1]t\4--l- Tt-l- '}oo:J'-l- r'?&oc "if: ~r+hfl. ~~,,}J.'..lf~ ~'?ltD-c;A::
01...,;1' t\taDIJ IDl~ IJ-(\T ?f'?-S tlltly 'lOt."T &ofl:ftD- rftOflfl.-l-"} IIC II
C+tD- ~OC:: '?&OC OtlllJO l+l+ -hlf~ (1;1' Oil++C fTlJO (1;1' t\.O-l-A"
"}~O?TA 'lOt."T ~'?ltD-c;A:: f6dt-if: WII] ~,,}O?YflftD- '?&OC h1500-2
900tll. hI]. ~.O. O~lf,,) (1;1' .e0+4A::
Phenology, Propagation and Management. In Injibara there is a

stand of Acacia (probably 'Acacia negrii) and Maytenus that is heavily
a
grazed. This past year, portion of that stand was fenced for a stadium, and
grazing excluded. The study staff chose a 20 m by 20 m section of the
newly fenced area and surveyed it for germinated Acacia seedlings. By
taking' sub samples, we. estimate there were about 700 to 900 seedlings of
about 5 em height in that 20 x 20 m plot in June 2000. There were
absolutely no signs of. any seedlings from the previous yem:,.. It can be
reasonably assumed that the previous year's' seedlings were ail ,grazed and
died. Just outside the fenced 'area, where there is still grazing, but under a
similar canopy of trees, there were found no seedlings, except where they
had been protected from grazing by the "kusha" plant, which has a stinging-
nettle effect. 'However; in the 'dry season, the "kusha" of (hat area is
generally cut'.and used for making rope, exposing the, young acacia. .The
study staff willbe continuing to monitor this plot. Judgingfrom the number
126 Acacia abyssinica and other.acacias/grar
of seedlings seen, it is reasonable to assume that simply fencing a .small area

under a canopy of acacia may be one way to allow acacia to-regenerate,
In Demers work, he considers the Acacia abyssinicaseed to be part
of the "persistent seed bank". Demel also reports A. abyssinica to be
favored by disturbances for regeneration.
Demel and Granstrom found that the best of the hot water treatments
.they tried for A. abyssinica was 5 minutes in 100 degree C water; though 10
minutes at the same temperature gave similar results. They also had good
results with mechanical scarification of the seed.
The government tree nursery in Debre Zeit, .Awi Zone, Fageta
Wereda plants seed they have collected themselves from grar, which they
say is A. abyssinica. They treat the seed by boiling for five minutes, then
transferring to cool water, soaking there for a time, and then drying in the
sun. .
In Chinchabar they said they sometimes put the grar fruit in a hole
with ashes in order to stimulate germination.
Acacia abyssinica Seed Treatment Procedure (from Legesse Negash):

Mechanical Scarification
* Wash the collected seeds by using clean water and a mild detergent. The
seeds should be clean from all dirt, as well as'from the detergent.
* Spread the seeds over a tray or on some blotting material and keep them in
a room or in the sun until they are dry.
* Hold each seed between your thumb and forefinger by the scar on the seed
and rub the bottom of the seed against sand paper until enough of the seed
coat is removed. It is important not to excessively rub the 'seed onto the
sandpaper such that the bottom is pitted.
* Spread the seeds on glass or plastic petri dishes or plastic trays or clay
pans overlaid with soft paper or any clean blotting material.
Chemical scarification .
* Pour the concentrated sulfuric acid (H2S04) (kept in a glass container)
such that the acid covers the seeds completely. (Protect your hands from the
corrosive action of the acid. Also, keep your bottle containing the
concentrated sulfuric acid closed; otherwise the acidwill not only release an
irritating fume --irritating to the eyes and the nose, as well as to the skin, but
will also absorb water from the air.)
* Shake or stir the content gently now and then for about 60-90 minutes.
This will ensure equal exposure of the seed surfaces to the acid. It will also
avoid the accumulation of the dark-resinous material, which is released from
the seed coat by the corrosive action of the acid.
* Pour off the acid (taking care not to burn your skin). You may keep the
acid for use at another time.
* Rinse the seeds thoroughly with clean water so that no acid remains on the
surface of the seeds.
* Germinate the treated seeds using a pan (it can be made from pottery clay)
or a plastic tray overlaid with moist ordinary toilet paper (soft).
After scarification
* Water the seeds such that about one third of the surface of the seeds is
covered with the film of the water. Ifpossible, it is good if initial watering
is made using warm water of about 40 Degrees C.
* Watering at subsequent times Gust enough to cover the lower surfaces of
the seeds) is performed as the seeds deplete their water.
Seeds will germinate within 5 days and, provided that the seeds are
healthy, germination is often close to 100%.
Using Boiling Water-

In this method seeds are prepared as described above and are put in
boiling water. The boiling water and contents are then removed from the
heat (or are allowed to boil for some 4-8 minutes, depending on the degree
of toughness of the seed coats that characterize the seeds under treatment).
They are then set aside to cool (usually overnight). The seeds are removed
from the water and are germinated using one of the methods described
above.
ALTERNATIVE APPROACH:
If direct sowing in potted soil in a greenhouse or in a prepared field is
desired the following procedure is recommended:
* Scarify or acids treat the seeds.
* Allow the seeds to imbibe water for 24 hrs.
* Plant the imbibed seeds directly into the potted soil or in the field.
It is also possible to propagate the species by directly planting out the seeds
without any treatment during the rainy season. However, one cannot be sure
of getting rapid, uniform and satisfactory level of germination through this
way.
dJ:"1:'} "7(1):"+ "7~Q:"C; 00'}hQh1H O",}~Q~ h ....Qfl ru-e If

~ (rC;AQ:,.r 1'~C "It-C) ~Q Oll~:" 01l-fT rOAT J!,1~A:: QI\LaJo
'00:" rlf.1J 'J!,~:" r..,t-c If~ fl\O:" 11;1' h~t\- I\ll;rC:" "7HaJortf +
hAf'.. ;1'mlI hll-fTr hJ!,1o-r:: r1'c;:" o-.e-C;T'} 20x20UJt. rlf~ /-P~
to rAh:" O"7.e-l.., ru-e T..,"ifT'} Oooh;1'1'A ItJ!, ~aJo:: 0 ...). 1992 '}
tJ.ll C;no-C;sPT'} OooaJo().e- 0lf.1J 20x20UJt OIf~aJo 11;1' h700-900 rO?If
~ 5ut.UJt. ~oo:" ,ltTaJo 'f"?"ifT "·}J.~HI-r 19"r'} ~OC:: Olf.f ll~~ L
?lIfO .... I\LaJo '00:" 9",}9" 'f..,"ifT ",}~A~O-r "C..,m"ifT ~'}:: rQI\~:" '}
00;1':" T..,"if T ,,'}f..m~ C; 0 h 1I-fT ,,'}f...,..Ot\- r .,..1C;HO "'9":" It'll'}
T"-.A::
Ah hll-t-'l r no- h 1'C +1'1\0 Oll.,..aJo6J!> "llh hlJ-'}9" hll-fTOO?
"'''7-r0:'' 11;1'+ Oh'}.e- rlf~ 1'It »«; Oh-if h.,..hl\l\aJo h ....nn, Oll1'+C r
'}r rQ 1\L (1)0 '00:" T'" 'if 'f h J!,;1' ~ 9":: fllf ,}9" OO;J 1,.1t h-if (1)0 1\100 .e-
/-P~ lll\O?~l1' "'~-r J!,;Jl\tTJA::
r1'c;:" o-.e-C;T ') J!,IJ'}'} 11;1' oo~tTJm-r '} 1\(1)f..~:"r J!,+ 1'ltA:: r
;1'~:" '} T"''if T 11If:" 0 0000A h:" h.., ~C 1fCf: 0;1' T :,. '}'1i 11;1' "7 mC 1\
..,t-C 11:"1\:" 1'<r t\,1f,} ",}f..O?TA :"hhl\~ "'9":" ",}f..If~ "C;llQI\'}::
Of..rA /-Pt- (I)oll1' rQ1It- ne-e HC r"7f*C1' rHC h9"T:" ",}f..If~ It
s-c» J!,(I)ll~A:: f..9"A(1998) f....,1fO QlI~ ..,~C 11:"1\1: hllT;Jt "'}f..1f
~ m:"~A::
f..r A C; ..,~ '}ll:"~9" 1'-r rno-:,. (1)0,/ no-h t- 1ft; f1~:" 1\5 s: et
:J" 0100-'l .n...,. ~OC :: flIT'}9" 10 f..et:J" O.,..oollllJ!, rno-4o:" oom') +
0011IIJ!, aJo m.:" h IIJ!,:t A:: r HC '1i ~~ '} ooollOC (I) J!,9" 0 oo()'}m:" f....,1fO
1'<r CD-m.:" ~O~TCD-:: ro?',f&e~OT "l1t9" 01'CC; "',}IlT lD~T oo ....hA
",}f..If~ m~ooepA::
OhIf JI'} f..lIlH J!,:" ~"';1' (l)l~ ooo'}..,ll:" T"'~ tTJfl,f aJoll1' t-
ilT') ...lIll0'} rH~~(I)o ~(I)o ,ft\-T QlI&- ns-c J!,1~A:: H-r') 1\5 f..et:J" f
IJA OIfO+ (1)0,/ (I)oll1' +:"I\CD- hlf.fr O+lI:J"1f aJo'/ I&ll1' l\1'et:" "lit "
,}f..H&eH~:"C; ",}~f..l~:" htlfr ",}f..H~:" ~"'ll&C;A::
OT'}~OC (hhll-C;) f....,qu f"'&-~'} HC 1\1l~1\:" I\DtJ~I)I):" (I\DtJH;JJ!:")

ct:&.m-'} hhoo.e- ;JC W,..e-~.e- m-lI'r A'}f..Dt "'1l~:" '1..,I.m-C;A::
On..r fI,;r ..,&-C'} I\h'rC ,e-f'hi\I\-::
fllC oo-h&- ""f..,.. -f'n-f'A - hll1n ~,:J7f:
ootJ'ktJA fHC oo-h~-
-f-f'...O...O' He"f'} O-f'OmOm I)oo-C;C; O'}fJ.U m-I/ DtJmll+ He:': hll-I\-,..
~ iTiT A'}~11-'" 1)00:C;t& 00 M',:" hl\Til t& I
-He"f'} O:"t lD,e,.. AC'rO:" 1\.001' O~"fA A:J' i\,e hh'r+ Ohct:A m-
h'r m,etr 08th,e i\,e Ahh.f..C~ DtJ~f:"I
-A.r'}~'}~'} HC Ohm-&- lfl:"C; Om*Dt a,:,. ootJhA h'1C'rO-l: ooo.fll f
HC hl.m.-I: Ahh.I\""~ .e-I.h H~'} h,;r"f Oil-A 01lC6J!>~ lDl..,.:" i\,e OD
L..,L..,+ H~ AhhDtfll.flC .e-I.h OOL..,L.., h.rhLA "'' '1
-He"f'} oooh,;rlD:" i\.e lD,e,.. OTi\h-th utU'} :"t i\,e lD,e,.. ani\ i\,e
,..ct::" lDI. <f>"" lD.e,.. C1'0:" I\.001' fDt"f A '11C 0 DtJ'}m ct: DtJhlfl:"I
O~DttJA f"C oo-h&--

- llC6J!>~ Olf'1 OD.r"lf t&h'r HeT'} ODtJh"'oo'r IIe"f Ahh.aL ~ .e-I.h ...
ALtn h ......e- (H2S04) ooQJ.ooC+ (A~lD:"'} 1\.1~ hDt"fI\m- fh ..... ~ m-
II-.e- .em,}"'~)I "'ALth hf\.e- f .rHm-'} mCoo-h .e1l"l-+ hl\.r ..,'} fDt.r
I)hh(fDtI\OAll) -f''} DtJm-lfl:" 1l~ I),elf'} h.e'}+ hct:'}QO).C; ~~ fDtI\O
A11 m-1 hhfC,.. I\.h11 ,e"fi\AI
-h60-90 r:4::J> .rIJA ,ell-t:'} nf.. '}11 oon'rWr .e1J,.. hf\~ no-I\-,.. lie
"f i\,e All-A A'}J;.f..Ch .rf..C;JA:: A'}J;.II-'" nm-o-~ hDtJtJ~'1:" hllC hI.
m. -I: flDlflm- 'r~C lIA..,A.., '11C A'}~.em&-"'''' I\DtJhlD1.e- ,e1.~AI
-~~'} A'}~.r:J''rA noom'}"'~ hf\~ '} DtJct:"'h+ hf\~ '} I\l\.i\ 1.11. I\ODm
.,.,.. DtJ....,.oo'r ,e~i\AI
- hf\~ nlle"f i\,e A'}~.e"'C 0'}fJ.1J m-I/ nf.. ,}1l DtJI\~I\""I
r
-OO-h&- f-f'f..1.1n:"'} IIC ODtJll... utU'}(.e-h:") lD,e,.. Ti\h-th :"t 4\,e fa
ct::" hC'rfl DtJll<f>A I
hll-I\~ oo-h&-sPT O:\i\-

-file:': 1/3 hct:A Ahh.aL'} .e-I.h m-I/ DtJmlfl:"+ h-f'~1\ fODJ!OOt.rm-
m-I/ f\mlfl 40J;........., 00-"':" .rl\m- oo-~ m-1 ODm"'''' 'r~ '1m-{
-O-f'h,;r,;r,e 1.1t.r:,. m-I/ DtJmlfl:" (fHe"f'} f,;r"f~ hct:A Ahh.at;:,}) r«
m-'} m-I/ ooaJ.l.h A'}J;.'f-1\- .rf..I.;JTcrA::
lie:': nh,..h:" <f>C;:" m-h'r I\.O~I\- .e"fi\I\-I A'}J;.o-", lIe"f m.'1
7f'f- ,elfC;I\-I 1l~1\-I:'" 100% hl]QIl. '1m-::
fLl\ tD-"/ oom+9"

x
flllU HJ!..( 0011Y:) hl\.e 1 1. .,."llUJtD- 1ft; H£:"f1 OLl\ tD-"/ tD-hT
00QJ.ooC '1tD-:: h IlY9" r L l\tD- tD-"/Ci .eH1: h9" Y:1ftD- ODtD-lfl:" hI\O:"(
ro.e9" h4-S 1..... :J> h1Jl+4'A ooTtD-! .eU h11. HC hlm.1: T11)t. .ero
"CiA::) hllY9" h1Jl4'H~1I ODTtD-(lbl\..1:1 00<0(\.):: hllY9" H£::ri1 htD-"/
tD- O"1tD-lfl:" hl\.e OTm4' ....:,. Oh1~ OD11Y: "1ll+A::
h "1 6- 6f!" 00 1 1 Y:
n£:"f1 04'T:t' OTl\h-th hlm.:" tD-hT OTH.?J: OLC 0"11\"1
001f (OO<oh6-) 0.:" tD-hT OJ.e9" OTII.?J: J1:t' l\.e 1\00116-:" hTLI\1 fot
h.,.l\tD- ~ 1.9" .,.hTA TOD6-6J!" 'lor:: .
- fH£:"f f h(lY: OO<oht-+
- ooH£:"f 1\24 lPf}:" 0tD-"/ h1JlC.... "1Y:l"?-t
- f6-"tD-1 He O+T:t' OTl\h-th OTH.?J: OLe ro,e19" (I:t' 001lt-:"::
Ohl9":" rot-:" YI\ 9"19" rHC "1tftfy OO<oh6- 0 00116-:" .eU1 11
CY "16-11:" .e~I\A:: 9"19" o.lf1 OIlU 0011Y: Llfl1-t h1Y: f}.e'l:"Ci h
T.?o. fll~l\:" l.l)f Oh 1C"?m"t'l:" "1"'7"" h.e~A9"::
Grar and Acacia abyssinica references.
Coo, Malcolm and Henk Beentje; 1991.
Demel Teketay; 1997a.
Fichtl, Rand Admasu Adi; 1994.
•
131
Table Five: The Indigenous Highland Acacias

The trees listed below are allfound in Region 3 and are found to at least 2100 m as!.
Name, locations, crown and bark, leaves glands thorns flowers other
altitudes size branchlets
Acacia abyssinica 20m, flat bark dark leaflets tiny; no petiole or light colored flowers round, buds pink-red
to 2800 m asl in topped brown, 15 to 40 pairs rachis glands stipular spines cream, tinged
Gondar, Gojam, fissured, hard; of pinnae, straight or with red red-brown pods
Shewa, Welo, distinctive differentiates nearly so, to 2 straight to 12cm
Tigray and other reddish slash it fromA. em (to 4 em and often
areas ofEthiopia of bark with bavazzanoi according to several arising
yellow Flora of from one stem
powdery Ethiopia, but
layer Acacias of lenticels present
underneath; Kenya book
branchlets says it is usually
longitudinally less than 3 em)
ridged; twigs
with lenticels
A. albida IS-30m, young twigs 2 to 10 pairs conspicuous light colored fragrant distinctive pods
to 2600 m asl in rounded or pale grey or of pinnae; rachis glands stipular spines flowers in bright orange
Welo, Gondar, rounded- whitish, and leaflets round between top 3 with light brown dense, creamy falcate and
Shewa, Tigray, flat- zigzag; bark tipped to 10 pirmae; tips, straight or yellow-white curved
and other areas topped; rough, dark no petiole nearly so to 2 or spikes to
of Ethiopia yOWlg brown or gland Scm lOcm;
trees can grayish;
have an
inverse
conical
crown
shape
132
A. lHwauanoi 6m bark of older leaflets tiny; 8 gland on stipuJ.ar spines in heads; involucel in
to 2400 m asl in branchlets to 14 pairs of petiole up to 1 or even involucels 1.2 lower 1/3 of
Gondar, Gojarn, flake off to pinnae between 3 em long t02 em long flower stem;
Shewa, Tigray, expose a lowest pinnae; found in
and Eritrea; not yellowish seems to be woodlands;
known powdery roundish, dark, Herbarium has
elsewhere inner layer; with light only one
this is true on colored ridge specimen,
stem and around the collected around
branches; the periphery 205 km marker
branchlets Qj.1theAA-
reddish brown, DM road, about
glabrous; 5 km S of the
smallest Abay river
branches very
naged.
A. doliclwcephala 310 13m branchlets 4 to 21 pair well very small dark bright yellow; pods purplish
to 2130 m in high often pinnae; (6 to developed straight stipular involucels at brown when
Gondar, Gojarn, longitudinally 14?) conspicuous spines seldom varying ripe; woodland
Shewa, and ridged; bark globular gland more than 5 mm heights on and grassland
other areas of dark brown to at petiole base long peduncle
Ethiopia black and
rough
A. lahai 15m, very dark trunk, leaves 6 to 15 conspicuous slender and flowers white, is said to grow
1700 to 2600 m nat topped; bark rough, pair pinnae small round stipular spines cream-or pale easily from
in Gondar, but can be grooved; ; gland present t07 cm yellow spikes. seed, without
Welo, Gojam, asa flowering on lower half pretreatments
Shewa, Tigray, shrubby branchlets of petiole;
and other areas thicket with red gland rachis glands
of Ethiopia dots' absent
brownish-
purple
pubescent
branchlets
.
, s y •
133
A. meUifera not flat smooth grey- only 2 pair usually small can have black cream-colored pods flat and
to 2500 m in topped, brown bark pinnae with round petiole tipped hooks hanging spikes papery, usually
Welo, Shewa, often a with white rather large gland; gland which are with 3 seeds
and other areas shrub lenticels leaflets, very between flattened
of Ethiopia untypical for leaflets in top laterally
Acacia pinnae
A. neg';; umbrella bark of older usually 6 to 10 one gland light colored sweetly pods somewhat
2000 to 3100 m crown, branchlets pairs of between two straight spine to scented cream- woody; similar
in Gondar, tips often flake off in pinnae; lowest pinnae, 8.5 em, with colored toA. pilispina
Welo, Gojam, drooping thin yellowish leaflets darker not as furrow above; flowers in
Shewa, and to touch flakes above, paler conspicuous as unlike most heads 12 to 18
Harege ground; exposing a beneath inA. other Acacias, mm diameter,
not known small tree non-powdery bavazzanoi; the spines seem
elsewhere often under layer, gland shape is uniformly
shrubby, trunk often oval colored
but can short,
reach 10m branching near
base
A.o,igena tree to 8 m flaking on 2 to I() pairs sti pular spines cream colored upland wooded
to 2600 m in older of pinnae 0.5 to 4.7 em flowers in grasslands
Welo, Eritrea, branchlets long, straight, heads 9 to 12
and Yemen not or scarcely mmin
furrowed above diameter,
. : peduncles 1.2
to 4.3 em long
with in volucel
near base of
peduncle
134
A. persicijlora flat topped, brown, dark 4 to 8 pair small basal small recurved fragrant pods are papery,
1700 to 2100 in commonly grey or pinnae petiole gland; hooks in pairs to spicate flowers persistent
Gondar, Gojam, to s m, yellowish- rachis glands 3 rom; grey- white with red
Shewa, and sometimes brownish bark between top 1 brown with or purple,
other areas of to 15 m flaking in to 2 pairs black tips; giving over all
Ethiopia vertical strips; sometimes appearance of
yOWlg hooks are absent pink; usuall y
branchlets appearing
covered with before the
soft fme hairs leaves
A. pilispina often a bark light usually more stipular spines whitish similar tc A.
to 3100 in shrub, brown, flaking than ten pairs to 5 cmand flowers in negrii
Gondar, Welo, usually to with powdery of pinnae on straight heads
Gojam, Shews, 5m;but ' layer leaves, but can
Tigrayand can reach underneath; be in the 8 to
Harege IS m with yOWlg 16 pair range
irregular branchlets
flat crown; brownish and
trunk densely
usually covered with
short, long grey to
sloping to yellowish
one side hairs.
and
forming
branches
near the
base
c
«
135
A. seyal flat topped distinctive 3 to 10 usually well strong white bright yellow may have
to 2100 in Welo, or shining pinnae? check developed thorns to 8cm; globose pseudo-galls in
Gondar, Gojam, umbrella greenish this petiole gland flowers> 1cm some varieties
Shewa, Tigray, shaped white, grayish and rachis
and other areas small to white or gland between
of Ethiopia medium reddish bark; top two pairs
tree to 17 but older trees of pinnae;
m have dark petiole gland
scales (ross) with a distinct
on bark rim
A. sieberian« 18m, bark papery; 20 to 30 pair well grey white flowers round, pods to 21cm x
to 2200 m in spreading, younger pinnae, or 10 developed stipular thorns cream-white; 3cm
Welo, Shewa, shady- branches to 25, or 8 to petiole gland to 12 em; in heads 0.5 to
Gondar, Tigray umbrella yellow-brown, 35, depending near lowest 1 cm in
and other areas crown, or flaking to on the source pinnae pair; diameter
of Ethiopia flat-topped reveal rachis glands
yellowish between top 1
under layer, to 6 pairs
bark strongly
fissured, scaly .
bark on older
trees; variety
sieberiana
with glabrous
twigs; twigs
bark is of
various colors,
and twigs can
have ridges
A. venosa small tree glabrous 3 to 6 pair of prickles in pairs, spicate flowers pods straight or
1900 to 2400 in branchlets pinnae, 6 to 14 sometimes before or with nearly so,
Gondar, Tigray pairs leaflets absent, curved new leaves, dehiscent, about
and Eritrea to 5 nun red or purplish 13.5 by 2.5 em
not known
elsewhere
136
Exotics:
Acacia decurrens: Unarmed exotic acacia species with bright yellow flowers. Very similar to A. mearnsii, but A.
decurrens has larger leaflets, generally not shorter than 6 mm, according to Flora of Ethiopia volume 3.
Acacia mearnsii: An unarmed acacia with yellow flowers. Is originally from Australia. Very similar to A.
decurrens, but the A. mearnsii has much smaller leaflets, not more than 4 mm long. Once one of the most
important sources worldwide for commercial tannins for leathers and hides. Planted in plantations around
Ethiopia, to at least 2600 m asl in Awi. Flowering in June in Awi Zone.
Acacia saligna. Unarmed exotic acacia which has phyllodic simple leaves with a single main longitudinal vein
Flowers.bright
yellow, pods slightly constricted between some seeds. Generally has a bushy habit, and is short lived Very
similar at first glance to A. melanoxylon, but A. saligna has' only one main longitudinal vein.
Acacia melanoxylon. Unarmed exotic acacia that has phyllodic simple leaves with 3 to 7 prominent longitudinal
veins. Flowers 'pale yellowish white. Pods not constricted between seed. Generally has a straight growth
form, relatively rapid grower. Can grow at least as high as 2500 m asl (Injibara). The phyllodic leaves are
very similar to those of A. saligna, but A. melanoxylon has 3 to 7 prominent veins running the length.
en . .
137
lP~m~T 5: tt'C-O+A r~;J DJ~C:";f

hlllJ O:rT rT"l"~"'" JfG:T IJ"fl.1JD OhAA 3 o..r'J'" fl21000ll.hll.ro.O. htt::r i\.e r~'n: c;:fl&::
/t,-... p;l' ... :"c.w :"C,,--r :"mA Am. A;rU hall ibft-T
h~;I' ODm1 :,.C1 ..... ~
A.Jin.IUIJ 20~.+ 10 :,.c,,-~ m~C fft T .. 1;r~ :,. flT ..17f r:"mA ~tJ] fft +ft?'" h(lll?'~ hl1+ o1rt-tnT .( 00:"
fl")1.(C +")1f ~tJ]4. rift;: fl...",+ r.,....~tJ]m mft-"T '1'.4':" "J1P-"T 0..:>10 f'VfaJo h:"m 7i~'" +M"+ 1ft- + f.+ + f.fl.
r+7ftpHDft- :,.C~ (h" ++ m1t,~+ otp..~ 1+ 15-40'1' "7J CDf.?" fl:" ft- :>C f"'lCD fl+ f. +ft?" P '100 PrlC hlm.....
"'T"J~f." ~) T +f. h"J~"'l r« 11:+ O:"mA lOA "J1~ t\f. en- +1' fft-+ .,.Iff")l ")?O 'f +1' I ft.'l 12
ibft-Tfh.T aJo" Mc fl..... ~ "J1~ t\f. r Am.' (A?"fl.'I') Af)h 2..,.~(h "I. tnt.. 1'M.IJo9"
e-,hAft-"T <k T'" 7i4.1 r ftaJo ; "'l'l"): fbft- ffbftaJo 1,( t;:ft-~ ilt;: 11". tn. Olf 11ft
Af)h 2600 T .. 1;r~ :,.C1..... 'f 'I'.4':"1 :,. h.Tf'.) ~1C aJo hh11: f)t;:~
~. M.w.O. e:. T w.( :" T r.,.... mft-"T ODe;' "J1 hh."lrff) r"'lCDm-+ ~mll
oo?o oof)OD~T fft ~:faJo hJiJ1 ilt;: 1l.1Y h3 tJ]fIT I ft-qrw-
~q:faJo+ +lO{lJT ~ ;rl/£f',e f.ftf rt, at 11"Af.
mlltJ]flT f"'l:,,~q tpA 1'1 A
raJo ..:flJ1-
Ji.JiAn..!J 0 15-30~. s» +10{IJT .(OD 2-10 '1'11: O"JA~ P"'l:" f. ~tJ] r« +ft?" '1':"'1':" 11ftaJo ftfT s«
lIC~t,
wft-+ .,.1.( hll w f.?" :,. s« "Jt-""1 w f. T ..17i f:" 10 om. OT.. vn f ft\raJo h:"m P"'l'l"$ 'I'?o 1'"1 file hltt\. T
C+ 7ftp+T"J hOll fft ?" ~"l"+ A1.a;.1Jo?" A "J1P-"T T :"mA "J1P-T t\- :>C f"'lw oo'ilf ft\raJo moo?" 1ft.. hO
. ~f.+ A.. mt;:tJ]4.; ft m OOll"'If(1f"JIf"J); ..,;r:,i o}>mft oot,hAflt\f. "f~ en- h;rl1T ""1 hOCJ?'T 7i~ 11 fft
J\.cT~hf) :> o}>C1..... :,.C""-." 7ft,~+ m~ wT .....4 .:fw- 3-10 'I''}P-T 4.raJo ~tJ] fft "'I tt.....- ~"l"
h 2600 e:."T)l1 fOO C f ft fl.'l"'l w~?" hOl1 s« ODt,hA O:"mA fl.'l"'1 + +1' Mh 1O"'.~ ,
~. M.w.o. M flf~ :,. "Jt- ....."'I "J1~:faJo t\f. iJ ft\- 2 w~?" f"'ll1f?" e-«
C~ fa. e;'~:f to. f fbM:faJo 5"',~ ht\:fW-
W- ~Tt\A
138
),. q qlfr-.e 6..". rOl"ll\- :"'I't7i..,.C't :"'I't7i ..,.mt\ O""m/\-:r- oo...h h""ml\- ;JC r OhOIleD" t-il Ou-t\1'l1'1:" raoz,
Ot\J\-T h ... 1~T l"I.llm- reD"il • T '" .4':"'t 8 A raoz,n::,. ~m O'7.OJm- 1.iI"1\ 1I.e 0l1"t\"'~'1 OJflJO>' Mil h:r
fll1.$J'T r"7 '" 11.Q.l, 7i4-'t .e'" -14 "''t~ :,. .sPT raoz, -n::" T 1.ilh 1 11t\ :,. r0'7.OJm- '" :r- 1ll/3l1eD" rhO
.e 1~'I O'l-)f flJl\-: .eu 0"1't~'I 'I't7i r:"mA O:t"Tl1sP~ ou... 9tJO 3"'1."" r OfJsPT h1.2- flO>' "1't~ lI.eof
tJO+ 'I-'t~C t\.t\-T :"C't1t::T "1'tP-T hA~ nl1 .eouil 0'7.~11-- 2"'1."" .e~11"'1 01.1Q.l,:" ou &,.,.
+ ifcp+ :"'7 lI.etJO h't~ ~.e'1:" III\- h1~ h"'fl I\- :r- raoz, 'I:S rtl~ 'I
t-.e'l hoC:" 'leD": :"'I'ti'l'~ ..,.C u, ",-IIc+ '1flJ J' --'I "711;J)f 0>' '"
t- Ailh 240 11~T +11 r« 0- t\ +t\tJO r .,.lfr1 .h-~."'1 20S h./
oc"L. M.OJ. '1"7+ e1-C rt\....:f -~'I-~O:" .." "''''110. hhll.e
0. eD" t\{)11...+ :"'I't7i OJ'}11 S h./OIl. OJ
:"C't1~T 1l~ 00 K. ~0-11 r.,.OJl"I~
il'1C'T J'l\-fJ:feD" h1~ '1--'1 11
;J= "'t\0>'::
)"AIl"d.4- 3-13"". :"'I'til"~ ""C11t:: 4-12 "'1~ 0~111 r1'm'lh otrJtJO :"'t7i + ~"'/..,. 0."'"1+ l"I.Oill\- rllc h~
" o.,.')~C+ T(D~ :t"T rf'tOO?- :"'I't7i r"" rn ?-'I O"1Ab raoz, '" J'I\- h:"ml\- Ou-t\1'l1'1:" r m. .,.:r- tit tJO t- ee
'I-)f tJO+ ifcp ouilouC'T raoz,:t" A "1'tP-T :t"f. t\{)1I1l ~m. ;JC r0'7.OJm- aoz,(Dnr xnfJ9J 0-'1"'/+ 01.'tQ.l,:"
'I t\.t\-T h f.fl:f(JJo+ :"c~~ '" sPT r:"mA .'7't 1.iI"1\ThAt:: T OhOIl .,.('it) 'I rllc oo&,:,. II
M-T Ailh -IIC (1.'1"7 OJ,etJO ~ oaoz,ltJOco:" hAt:: C11OD:t" aoz, "1't~ 1I.e .e raoz, 'I:S
2130..". M '" -IIC'I ift)t- 1I.e raoz, 'n: :f1P' hs0'7...." raoz,t\J'''
.(D.O .eOAIfJA
),.4Y.e O'l-'t IS..".+ h'l '7't~ I':~C r«
..,.C :"mt\-T 6-1 0"1Ab f0'7.:r" +"1'"'t'l h""m hOllsP~ '1"1'"+ J't\tJ01tJO rllc "'1
~C+ OJ/\-+ ~ l"I.:t".e 0 ~~ if"'t-+ r1'...'1 5 "''t~ :"'1 ~m.sP:r- O:rT~ I\- hm'll1 raoz, 7iC''''7 OJWJO i'fi'fJ' ""~oo---h
.,.)ftJO + if".
'I t\.t\-:r- r h
trJtJO m~flJ
4- '1'1C '7't
trJm++ rO'Ul1O-
:"'I't7i ""C1"'"1t::'f
17i NmA
"1'tP-'f h~:f
sP~ :"'I't7i r""
mA "1'tP-'f OD
(Dnr 1.i'I'1\'f
Mh 7"'1."" .e
r11.trJ hnll l'
('it}"'l. J'lI:fO>'
t- 0"'' 1\- OIlC ft..
t- fJ f>t7'l.:r- A
~ ........ nAt\- h 't s: -11",1': "'.e '1m11trJl1 J'II 0>' t}hAr"'l.1"):0:": 1.11"'/1\-
T h1700-2 (It m.i'f t\.. :f1P'+ Ml"sPT J'I\- O:"mA "1't~
600"1. M tnf<"l.T fl:feD"'I 0 :"'I't7i , 1I.e h:"'I't7i r:"
(D.O A ~T r.,.ifL'I- mA "1'tP-T 1I.e
... rl\.l\o:"
139
.},. ""%II..(..? m~m1- h /\Mtj "It-""ifl·Cj O"lt-C 1ICJ' 1111- 'l.u. :"'fli T~C ""i~ M oC"'! ooAh fliC hlm.""'f rn
om/\-+ iiepe; 'I:" I'/\,,/\m- "'! :,.Cs. :,.:,.C J..:" ... ?''f "I.e J'A hl1 n:"c;10 I' c;Tm- mJ,.C J' J'''ITm- hOfI ~tlJ1-c,'fIi'I 1111- 1
/\,,/\-'f hA .;. 1111- 1.u. ~ erlro- ~"1" ~m'fItIJ .,. /\ 00 ~ :,. "I :"TA "I1/l.'f h- ti'fll'f fl. .,. iil'J~m 'f CD ~u. Oro-iltIJTro- 3
l\-'f xon 2 ~'r*(I1 I'll' (I'f .e;rf.O:"A A:" fll'~ :,. ool'JhA fDt1lf er~:" .e 'f"lA f. :"1 fDt1 lIC'f1 fDt.e1l-
500"'t. M. ~ ml\-'f O:"m 6m. O"l.e?l'~ :,. m/\mh-
m.o. h- "I.e fDt1 '110 :"ml\-'f
mO:"c; V-/\ ool'JhA+ O"l.e~
:,. T 1.(' :"'1 o» '}17i f:"m
10f:"mA A "I'}.(' "I.e .e1
"I1/l.'f 11;r ~A
J'h-:"
},.l"'M}'.e 0 f:4'1m"l :,. I'OM· :"C166J.r;:"f· 1111- 1.u. 6- 1 O:"mA "I1~ "I ~tIJ J'/\ ooAh f.il fDt,f'l'Ilf fllC hlm.""'f t
1-:4'9"+ 1-1 C/) J'/\ro-+ :"C&,.",Tm- l\. "I'r o :"'110 1':" .e h1.(' 6m. h -: 4>'r J'h-hil ooAh Y"ITro- 1lJJ.:""'! fll'~: h
f..C+ m/\.+ ""i~ OD &,:,. 0.66J. fDtll'1 l\.ln mA "I1/l.'f :"'f ~~ Ov-/\:" h 8"i. o ,! rOIl. "lic"'! 4>1l9" h. 'Cfl.t'rCC; ;JC
ii'PC; tltlC1. t"'hDt~1'J hm-ilT ~4;'r"'l O:"mh- "I.e: :"c,"}o NmA l1lcn>o: M,t', J'''ITro- hOIl?, fDtODtjl'lh-
2000-3100 m f. OD &,:,. 7i1-1 fllro-9"; "11 :"c;1i'f~ :,. "I1/l.'f ODl'JhA Oh-A (I.e r« 'f 8~ 12"1."'t
"'t. M.m.o. f'"l.1mAm ~ 11'1- 1.ff. h6[LCf. mll·'f O"l.e i h'H~ h.Ilii'lfer IlTro--~ h/\,,/\- .e1'l1-h-
01\.1\-'f (I Ai :"10 If :"C161>J.~ f"?f..9" Oh-A m~C .e O"IA,) fOIl:" ~ r"lt-c 1IC
;r?''ff'''!.e ~ 11'1- 1.ff. lro- h;r'f ~ro-: J'h- h;r 'f 0 f. h,t',f.h-9"1 x J'?' 'f r 1'l\f'
;rm:,. "I14lT* h-A ~tIJ J' h- 14l"lA :"Ct} M ti'fll~ h1.('
(11 ~1C "11 c;Tm-: Tro- mT 4>119" J'''I
1o"'t, fl.f. Tro-~ .eoot'l"l
Cil fDt'fA A
140
It.A~~S" (I 1tllh goy, f rn...1\- :"C"J"Iit;':'T 2-10 'r')~ h:"tJ\j\."f ;JC 7i~" ooAh Ohlf:"'~ 'IC'1' '1.
mj\.+ 1\£:" "t~1W" :"Cce.:" f"t"'" (f :"<i'}7i f:"m fOOZ,mm- '1.fl' J''':far hWI9J '}Q;t:"" 00 t,+"f
~'1' rOD') A "tL1L"I) A "I'}P-"f 0 1l"f 5-4.7"'. "f toll 9-12 ".e fOOZ,1~
llh 2600"1. :"ml\- I'j.e "'l rOOZ,lll00< ooz'. "I fl4,.:,. J'
M.m.o. ~ +'" J'I\-+ h ...:far+ hOCl'1'
At;': hAt:: 0" :"mA 1I~ r
.e Oil-A (I.e OOZ,iihooar "I')
J'M:far m.e ~ 1.2-4.3"'.
'/" '/"'}'/" f/\,/1. "'l rOOZ, 1.1I'/"
Wfm- h'}!tv-,/" 0 ...
.e~ar fhOCl
hlf:A Ov-/I.1'~
~:,. rOOZ,mm-
hOCl9J"f mJ'.
hOCl'1' :""'A
1I;J= 1'iillOOZ,ar
"I,}~ rrm1-
It. rcao:« mlf:fIJ"i. h (l.'1O'J m4lC J'/I. "I 4-g "'')~ :,. :"'1''l7i O:,."}7i :"'1''l7i hmlf:( "'?- OO~tl J'''' rffC Mm.+"f II
11-6- 0.,..,J'. '1'-r1l". 1 toat m.e'/" oo.at <j''l7i r:"mA r:"mA "I.,F-"f "'0"') J'I\- hfl' :f~Cl9J"f 1l'1' "'/\.- rO'J.em
C+ .,.)J9"" _"" 9"1. h '1 oollhA J'll. :,.C "I.,P-"f 0:" oot-,hA fOOZ,n: 1l"f "''}~ "''} rooz'J'.lJ'.?-O:" 4-:
if'fCi" i\J\."f 'l~"~ l.ff ce.~ fooz''Imar mJ'. ml\- 'I.e {)m.9J"f: O:"m s: M'IY'" rOOZ, hM.ll J''':f
hAj\."f 17 ~ 15"'l ;J-"f ~ar: /I.;J :"'1 A "I'l~ ... .e r 1'1:+ 300Z,."I ar lY~ar ~"l'"
000-2100 'l7i :"C'}att::"f OJ'. OOZ,n: {)m.9J"f "1to~ (}''1''' O"'.e fr~'"
oy, hCl.m.o. :1':"'1 Il.Mlt nc» O;J-"f~:ri 1-2 ooAh o,Lf~:f l1-?- '1':far+
r1'iiL'" ",.,P-"f oollhA ar ~"':far '" Clm:1'''.e hlf:
<IlC:h"~"~ :,. +.e "'/1.9"
1."" hfl'p"f h h'l:far: 1111-
.eLf,..9" 1."" h:"mj\."f
Oce.:" .e;J-J'I\-
141
l't.7;llh7;S" rt1N;;:or -II +C,(.'I1 ~tlJ r« (I." 11". 1.u. h 1 h+mt\-;JC r ~"1" r hart &-1"1 hh. )'''16h.e ;JC
a"'·H~.C i- tD
h-+ .,.)f?"i-
*
l ' (IH
1.u.
1111-
~"1qu
""1+ M.e 1\"'1"''7
Mc ~41:""" 1f4-
o ntl.e 1",(,-
:"",If r+
'"t,tDtn- Atrl1
"T Ailh 5"'.
htl=for TOD.......e
if*f+ :""1&- 5"'t.+ ~1 , f"'"t,I"I1'':- 11..") :,. mA "1'1'."T "'t r"'l.~l100-

.ec; th~C1.
Ailh 3100
C "1' 15"'t
flY..Cft f!-."T
"'If . . C'oAill>:"T n
~c;...,,, ~~9" ~- 0"1
a....mt\- tl.ei-
'11C "1' 8~
" ""r fll·
"'t M.tD.a. tlA: tD1' f &-oAil tDWI" (W""I 16 1"Y.." fl1
Alf'1m~tl] 61e"T PTif'" ~ os .e"TtlA
4- h":" h
/\or "1'~
rtl1l!;;: 0>- h
"[bC'" ah'
Y: nh·A II
,aA J'/\"
-l>C'oAill>: "T
h;1'"T P"'l.
tD fTJ 'ltD·
1t.tt.fA
atDh-+ ".,
m~tl]4- rn
f!-.9" r;if11'
A ~ P"'l.f Y..~ 10>- m
Y.. h~'::JYD'1-}' P"'l.
3-10 :"",If
P....mA "1'
1111- 1.U. a~'l1
PTmS'h?o a:"
8"1."'t ClI OU
:,. ftl=fo>- hi'f
~...,-l> 0.oAil tr
11 hOfIP'"T >
ah,.';,y: 'Jf!-.H
"T "'f!-. -rtrtrt\;;:
~Ci- .,.;if9" tl ....C~" h s ~ tl '1"[b + "1t--oAil 1'."T a ....mt\- c;,1f P....mA "1 11"T m1t,t-- S' 1..,."'t fll.lf~ b11m-r-"T
+ if*f+ :""1 ilh 17"'t. ..., ~"1" tD f,?" ". f, tlf, P"'l.;1'.e '1'."Tc; a-l>mA =ffDo~ f, C;z:=fq>A ~
t--.eC; t\.A- P"'l.Y..Cft h +C,(...,. ouC;?o '1fDo ~ a:"; "11~ ll-l>mt\- tl
"T trAft-"T
Mh 2100
"",7i hilh
out,ht\;;: ~
'11C "11 Pllr'lt\- 1/
l>:"T O-l>c ,(.;1'=f0>-
.e O...,e;;:P':': 2
1'1Y: -rC;'11f P
"'t. M.tD.ll. ou:,. 1110>- tl.e m.fC r« '1m -l>mA "111'."T a
If~ 'l1tfJl1 f M-r ~+4- <}omt\- tl,e bm.
'to h tl=ffDo P'"T r"'l.'l"t:O:"
OV-II.:" ""c;,7i
r<}omA "1'1'."T
out,hA a-l>mt\-
tl.e P"'l.'l"t: bm.
P'"T /\r:" r«
mClI s.. =ffDo
142
Ji,tl.ftfl.6f 18"'l..~ f :"Ck'l: (}{)~ it,"') :,. 20-30 -r'i"} 0~111 f1'm'lh OJt·#i6]. "l"l" h hOq",:,: hll;- fHC -fllm."':': A
~ omc\-~ it "'l.1"l4- "'<'I C1'""lt.:1- /l.'""i- n.. 7i f<l-mA OJ <- ()m.'"1- O;t- OJmft.. ;JC f 7iC''''' "l"l"':- ilh 21x3"#."'l.
'P-t- "1~C~ YIltD-~ f)f 'I"" "'it9"" I"l.L 1L 1P.1- O<l-mit 1-~SV:P -r'l17i "'l.{J)m- A(I''fi 0.5-1"#."'l. f
-rOJIr f!,'I it 1m" :"CII OJ Il'""i fm'il'J' 7i4- ~ <'\f!,-t- OJf!,9" f:"mA OJ1t: '" 1-~ Mh 12 "I "'l.(\f-~
~c\-1- hAft. Y IItD- OJf!, 1 f"'l. <;'l tD- ~ :"C1 10-25 {J)J', 1,.,.1- fl:"mft.. <'\ ."'l. J',lll...,ft..;
1- Mh 220 9" m'f:tlj4- '""if- 01l1(-r f1'm<'\ 9" 8-35':- A J', hm 111 J',OJ~
O"'l.. M.m. h'l-r r« es. ODilODC ({}1'r 1~ I(f- o-~ ft..; fl;PmA OJ1
fl. tD- :,.) yitO-r fflr'tft.. I( ;t- esrs« ~ "y, f"'l.n:
t.:":f f"'l. "'t.L-r(f ()m. sv":f 0 <'\J',~
"'l.<'\or) :"Ck:" M "':P 1·6 "'1,v.
~ar~ 1"l.Y,(bt(~{ifl1 ":f ODt,hA J',1~
-c fMtD- "'1(1", ft..
hlltD- ~ f.,,10m- :,.
Ck-r "'it9" f1'itY
f "ltD- ~ "'10(11:': l'
l.,.C t\.<;'Ir~ar J',
1-<'\A~
J...n.1'4 -r17i I(t;: "1 itMft :"C1"'%C:1- 3-6 ",1t: '" -r'l17i A(I''fi hMA Yit~ fUC hlm.'"1- ."
0"1~C';' -r ar~ hft..-rJ :J><l-1 f<l-mA 1- or1t: If''ltD- tD- hOqSV1- h '" Yft..+Olrft~
OJIrf!,'1 xc OJ1,.,. 1- O<l- f"'l.{J)m- I"l.lf h"lil <l-mit- tD- L 1 f:1'tD- f
-r1r1900-2 mft.. "J', 6-1 1 h 1.&;1t: 1.U 1- ;JC OJJ',9" "'l.hL-I> 13.5x2.
400"'l..M. 4 "'1t: "':J> ~ fft..9"+ mOD Ok-r J',{J)tljft.. 5"#."'l.
m.o. f"'l.11 :"1:"mft.1- 9" lIittD- Ailh ."J', mJ',9" m
I"l.lf1 01\.<'\ O:"mft.. "J',-t- 5"'l.. "'l. ec» 9" Ir 'e ."it 9"
(1;t- hf!,;t- ...,ft..
m<l-9"
fm-~9':'::
llh..li.f Jlh~"}f): ~".,~ o.~ hOll .fllt&-C; Ail"li f~Ilt&- ft&-.fi1b -u-c lICY .,t&-:: hh. Ol~"}f\h,e. ;JC nllJ9" ,e.
uo.......l\A+ h. Jlh~"}'" n~lIlfl. l\,e. fOl.,~ :,oC;"}" ~lIll\ol- hh. Ol~"}f\h,e. ,e.A:t> :,ol\A~l- C;:ft&-I A"}
~lf:l\o/r }.If: J\.:,.:,or-*,y h1f:A-3 lllll.+l\,e. h6Ol.0Il. fOly"}.... h,e.~fl.9"1
tth..Ii.f "t~"}ilh.e: A1'li f~Ilt&- 0.~ hOll Yilt&- ft&-~ -,/rC lICY '1t&-:: Ouo~uo~.f fUOllJt&- hht&-,):,o/rll.
.f '1t&-:: hh. Jlh~"}'" ;JC OllJ9"Tuo.........e .,t&-I .,.,C -,"} h40?.0"l fO'/,e.OA'I' h'1,)T~ :,oC;"}" ~lIll\ol- y
143
n-,l- :,omA ilAtD-:: Oil'},e- m:,oT 0'lt\9" tD-~1' t\eJ~C; t\.(Il OWJI\lIQ.Y~T O{)4.T ,e.m~9" ~RC:: nil.Tr-A-
J~Q..f;'}n 2600~. hfl.m.o. 1J'e If'} T"'hflo ,e.1~A:: Oil'e If'} tD-{)1' Oft~ au; Yl1f1A::
iltb'ify fll\. .,C;: Aif" rt\.t\dJ'o rdJ'o"ll' '?t--C 1ICY f\.lY,} Thht\~ .fAlY'1-C4.,e.flo-\h) Oil'},e- r:"mA '?'}/: l\,e. il
'},e- lY~m. rotmffio OJJ?,. :"mn- ~ooT r+ftoo-r r9"'?l1 OWJ~~'lf OO{)oof:'f rot;1'~OT +mA .ft\tD- ~m
:: ilOflP':': J?,.OWJ:" Q. 6Ji1+ ruc hlm.1: OUf:'f ootjhA ftc.,.,/: .ft\ ~m-:: lJm'+l\,e. rcll1'*(Il~T lJlJC,e. .f
t\m-c; t\1''tT 'ttl. roteJ,e. ~tD-:: OC;::1'~T A'}J?,.;1'V hil.IJll\C;hf\.flo'} ~C +oottfl,e. ,e.OO{)ilAi ~1C '11
il. ttl\.'?c; mJ?,. :"ml\- cIlooT r+ftool il,},e- epc; V9"'?lIOWJ~~'lf OO{)qbC il.t\m-::
htb "ifY ~'lC;hf\I\-,}: 3-7 VDY.,J?,.Cft. mf.,. :"mn- cIlooT r+(tOO-r r9"'?l1 OWJ:J~'lf OO{)oof:'f .fll-TCJ Oil'}/: V:,.
lOA -n I: l\.e. it'} ,e- AVlY'" vot mill- :"mflo'f .ffl.T A'}-\11"9" Aif" r t\.t\ tD- r m-"lI' 1IC.f '? e-c ~tD-:: il
OflP':': '1lflJ' Q.~. ~~ +t\9" ill\:fm-:: ruc hlm.1: OUf:'f ootjhA r+(tl.,.,J?,. il,e.J?,.t\9":: 1J1Il.+l\,e. +
l ' Yt\ r{),e-1T :"CbC; fI,}'I-r9" LflJ'} (),e-1T Yt\m- tiC;:: ~tD-:: 25001Jl. M.m,n. CA,}~fI?) RlY~ root.
T hc;::;f' 'l,e. I\.O+A ,e.T4A::{)m-~+~ YAIT'1- :"mflo'f C~,e.flo-\h) hil. ttl\.'?c; ;:JC 0019" ,e.oottftilfl.I
vtc '?'} h. ~1tC;hf\.flo,} 3-7 rotJ?,.c,," OJJ?,. ~mfl. C1IooT r+ftoo~ r9"'?l1 "7~~'lf OPfloof:'f ilfl.T
Table Five References

Coe, Malcolm 3!J.dHenk Beentje; 1991.
Fichtl, Rand Admasu Adi; 1994.
Maydell, Hans-Jnrgen von; 1990.
Souane ThiI3kul; undated.
144 Allophylus abyssinicus/kanaberi
Allophylus abyssinicasA<anaberi.
Scientific Name. Al/ophylus abyssintcus
Family: Sapindaceae
Vernacular Names: kanaberi (Amharic): intatai, intahtai (Awi)
Description. Small to medium sized tree to 15 m high, possibly
higher, with rounded to umbrella-shaped crown. . The bark is smooth and
gray, with breathing pores. The trifoliate alternate leaves are on a stem that
is 2.5 to 10.5 em long. The leaves have prominent veins beneath and
obviously dentate margins, and tufts of hairs where the veins come together
on the underside of the leaflets: The fiuits -are nearly round and reddish
orange when ripe.
Similar species. There are two or three other species of Allophylus
that are found in Region 3 to 2000 m or higher. They are all Very similar,
and probably have similar uses. For most practical cases, it is probably not
necessary to distinguish between the species. There are also several Rhus
species (qmmo, kumini) with trifoliate leaves, as well as Teclea nobilis and
Vepris dainelli. For a comparisoIl of these species see the table labeled
"Three-leaved Highland Woody Plants".
l]~q6~liIlfCr:
A 1.:P1i.:P1l-A'e
n
00""11\1: )]11 CDf,9" jfl~'" +Ct} fll(J}- lf1 ~001: ~{)h 1501.
xC; h ff.J'9" 0It f, c#l00"" J'I\ tD- :""11i CD f, lJ.U oollh 1\~ rlf~ fI ct: ~tD-:: itc
&.1: Itf, r oo1'1Lif "'~~9'"f1 4Pff:" rO'l.~A+ I\{)"ttC;""I&-6I1. "(1)0:: Y'{)
:,.r-Ii r1'UO&-l+ "+0'1 001' f4TtD-·' t}>fN\.>"f fh·':" ....lf1 r+nti\co:,i9"
"+O'IoolJlTtD- 2.5- 10.5Uf.I1'i'OO'l.l1f9" ritmA ""I1~ Itf, f,'~ho:: +m
ho O""lAt} rO'l.;t-~ oo{)ooe"f J'hoO:"~ ,fi+mt\o:,i mC1f ".tf 0~111 fO'l.
;t- f, l'C{) f 1\0:':'+ ~ 1-\11-9" O:"mft. O{).,..l:CQ f:"mhooo{)ooe'f 0"t'C;
):0:" fI;t-"Itf, 11". o.,.e"f f"t:J'~O"" ~tD-:::c;:t.9':,i nll+ ....O{)ho lIC1:
1]10'1 .1\9" fItT,tD- C;TtD-:: .
Allophylus abyssinicuslkanaberi 145
TOU"".e lICf?J"f-: Oht\t\ 3 20000ll. hfl.(J).OShlf.f~ O'\.e

Olf~ (l;1'sP'f II-I\T (J).e1JU ~ilT rlf.LJ tflf: lICfsP'f .e1~t\-:: II-t\-IJU TOD
...,.,.e t'j":f(J).a I 1JUt'j" ~VI TIJU 1'oo.......e m"'~;1' .e -r&-:ffJ't \:: 1\1111· ."...,fI&-fJ'
~ 1I-).;1'JP'fhl~1 hJr\1J}. 1IC.P ODl\rT h.PilLA.,'r::
Iblto'f ~ilTr-7i .pillA .PltTtD- lIC.PsP'f r~qt\-:" illf.r"4J.-il" 11

C.PsP'f h-~~ /~qo/ A1-t1l-'r"1:h~.P c;o.lt.il" /il'!./ Ae; "nTtil S).lt.
h.e" .e11=O;1't\:: A"If.LJ1 1ICfsP':f I\.e.y. I\OWJ(J)ep ~ilTr-7i .pmt\ f'\T
(JJ- r~;J tft;:'f r~I\(JJ-1 ()1m~~ .eODt\hi:::
Uses. Farmers in the interviews reported that the wood can be used
for tools, house construction, and yokes. 'They said it is not damaged deeply
by insects, though termites may do some surface damage. In an interview
with ladies, study staff were told that the kanaberi wood is not a good fuel
because it quickly disappears.
Some older farmers say it has an edible fruit, but most younger ones
do not agree. Some farmers have said there are two types of kanaberi.
T+qo:,i: OTe;;1''f1 (J).pT 10t.sP'f A1 ~ 11\f).t\1 1\OWJ1p,. + t\a.:"

.."f1;1'e; t\+10C .em.pOWJt\:: .,If:,,,T OTt\+T h.eOt\-T'r+ o."''r 'ril
T .." h'\.e h'\.e It.O'\,''''' .e'f-'\t\ ilt\tD-St\:: hA.y.'f- ;JC O"041~t\ OD
m.e+ T~ rOWJ1p,. A1Q;l,.T h.e~t\'r+'rh1.Pi:'r If:tJOo. .y.lto .em~A ilt\
tD-e;t\::
h1S1~ htftD-1:" 10~sP'f roto'\ If:t. A1St\tD- .... tr1,;. (J)fflt 10
t.sP'f .." h.eilOWJtJOoO:"'r:: h1S1~ 10t.sP'f ~..,qn II-t\:" h.e'1:" ....e;qt
A1St\ .,..,ltD-e;A::
Site. Allophylus abyssinicus is found from about 1600 m asl to at

least 2800 m asl, possibly as high as 3300 m asl. It can be found in towns
along roads (Debre Tabor),' in churchyards (Sharata Giyorgis Church),
beside fields (near Zerehi Mountain) and in remnant forests (Kolele
Mountain, Ruble Mountain, Agew Dur, Darkan Mountain, Zerehi
Mountain) often along the edges. Farmers generally said it could be found
anywhere, except places that are water logged.
146 Allophylus abyssinicus/kanaberi
fDt1~fl'T(I;l': f]C;I]6 fDt1"f~ (l,,"}il h1600- 280001. hQ. OJ.

O.nIf'} ~C;Af}T~ "-ilh 330001. ~l.ilIl1~ ,e.ifl\A:: Oh-l''l''if+ 0 00
'}1~ ~C /" .. »-oct« Oo./h. "11l (Boil'l' /7fIr;l' l.f"C1.il/+ o,,-c7f oot»:"
hf]QIlI01fCrh. -I'lrlrhm111/+ "-'}JlO"~ O""t:" "c;if qJ-il'l' /fl,V\+ .,.
l1A+ ~l.f]")+ lICth. 1'1rr:if+ h1m- I',.C/ 01't\.e9" o~c;if mC1f hf]QQ
,e.1~A;: 1ot»,Pif Ohm:J"l\,e. tD-'/ hDt*'I'C (1;1' Oil-l'<f>C f:"~ '(I:J'1l0
""t\,e.if"A l1t\tD-C;A::
Phenology, Propagation and Management. Kanaberi flowers in

September and October. Study staff found the seed for kanaberi in
December and January, although the literature reports that it can be found as
early as October, But it is difficult to find ripe seeds, because strong winds
blow that time of year, so the seed falls down before fully ripe.
Demel Teketay found that most of the seedlings of this species were
found in the shade. Therefore the seedlings probably need shade in early
life, though many mature kanaberi trees. can be seen in the open areas.
Azene says the seed can be kept for about a year, and that no
treatment is necessary.
l..u.tD-'} "7(1):"+ ",trQ:".,. ou'}hQhl1: t}C;qt oooilhl.~C; 'I':"~:"

"l1qt\:: f'l'C;:" o..e-c;if'} "~'} O;l'O...ilC; 'l'C "17 ,e.0"'} "-'}~ Otlch-tt:
"1,} O'l':"~:" t\. 1~ "-'}"Dt ifA -I'""19.A:: .,1C "1,} fO(lt\ "C 0IJ"17:" htl
T;Jt 'ltD-I ~tJ'}"-f:~ .eO OJ"":" ~.et\~ '14.il fDt.,tt:ilO:" m:,.:,. tlt\If'l
tt:t»tD- hOOl1(1~
, 0&.-1' .el."14.A::
"~A -I'h;l'.e hl1tt~PJif ft}C;qt if"17fif fDtO:"t\-:" O'l'l\ ec "-
'}~If" hl.;J"1I!J.A:: tlt\If"~ if"17fif ooo~oot"tD- lJ~OI"TtD- 'I'll ..."
tlLA;JTtD- h.e"'C~I .eO"'} "-'}~ 1111- fh" .... ttc:if fDt;l''':'' 01"'" (I
:t' l\ .e .,tD- ::
h"" "~'} t\h'}~ '00:" 0IJ""'00'l' A'}~ Dt:rA C; 0"-;' ",e.tr ~'}~
f"C h""1f~T A'}~OIJilLA"? .eC;1trA::
Allophylus abyssinicus/kanaberi 147
Allophylus abyssinicus references.

Demel Teketay; 1997a.
FichtI, R. and Admasu Adi; 1994.
148
Table Six: Three-leaved Highland Woody Plants

The following species all have compound leaves, usually with three leaflets. Included are several groups of
plants that are very difficult to identify. There are several Allophylus in Region 3, and these are difficult to
differentiate, though for most non-botanists, the differences are irrelevant, and therefore we have include only one
of the most commonly found species, Allophylus abyssinicus. The Rhus are also difficult to identify one from
another, but because the farmers themselves differentiate among them with various names such as 'mbus, kumini,
and qmmo we have included four species that might be found in the highlands of Region 3. The Rubus are also
very difficult to distinguish and even trained botanists are at a loss to identify with confidence all the different
species, so we have here put them all together. Teclea nobilis and Vepris dainelli are also very similar, and difficult
to distinguish. This chart is offered as a starting point in learning to distinguish between the trifoliate trees and
shrubs of northern Ethiopia, but is by no means perfect.
The common names for some of these plants are very confusing. For instance, 'mbus can be used for
several of the Rhus, as well as Allophylus species.
Several of these species have edible fruits.
Species Altitude Leaf Fruit Flower Other

Allophylus 1600 to 2800, alternate leaves on a stem 2.5 to nearly ball-shaped and Small tlowers in tree with lenticels
abyssinicus possibly to 3300 10.5 em long have prominent veins reddish orange when clusters, having 4 on smooth gray
m asl; in most beneath and obviously teethed ripe, about 6 mm in petals and sepals; bark
areas of Region margins, and with small tufts of diameter green to white.
3 hairs in leaf-axils below
Erythrina 1300 to 2400 m The three leaflets are very irregular Pod to 16 cm long, Orange or red tree or shrub with
abyssinica asl in all areas of which is highly short but thick
Region 3 constricted between one thorns
to ten seeds; seeds red
with a black hilum
149
Erythrina 1400 to 2600 m The three leaflets are much more Pod to 15 em long and Orange, red, or tree with short but
brucei asl in most of regularly oval shaped than in contains two to four pale yellow thick thorns
Region 3, Erythrina abyssinica seeds which are red with
perha ps not in a white hilum
Gondar
Rhus glutinosa 1800-3300 m asl alternate leaves, leaflets usually fruit maximum size is Very small shrub or tree with
subspecies in Gondar and shiny and without toothed edges, 5.5 x 9 mm; bean-shaped flowers in stems dull
glutinosa Gojam, as well leaflets over 8 em long, leaflets clusters; flower brown; not
as Eritrea and sometimes nearly equal or side ones parts (petals, known elsewhere
Tigray slightly smaller; leaflets can be sepals, etc) are in
without teeth or having a few large fives
teeth; leaflets broadest above the
middle
Rhus glutinosa 1800-2700 m asl alternate leaves; leaflets over 8 em fruit maximum size is Very small shrub or small
subspecies in Shewa and long and having a reddish midrib; only 3.5 x 5 mm; bean- flowers in tree; stems shiny
neoglutinosa Welo, as well as leaflets sometimes nearly equal or shaped clusters; flower reddish brown,
other areas of • side ones slightly smaller; leaflets parts (petals, usually smooth
Ethiopia can be without teeth or having a few sepals, etc) are in and without hairs;
large teeth; leaflets broadest above fives not known
the middle elsewhere
Rhus 1200 to 2200, alternate leaves; middle leaflet 5 to 7 nun, red when Very small densely branched
natalensis possibly higher; usually 3 to 8 cm long, 1.5 to 3.5 ripe, can have a white flowers in shrub or small
in Gojam, Welo times as long as it is wide, widest at waxy coating, oblong to clusters; flower tree, sometimes
and Shewa or above the middle; side leaflets bean-shaped. parts (petals, climbing; stems
one third to three quarters the length sepals, etc) are in become gray,
of the center one; leaflets can be fives pale, almost
without any teeth, but some may white, but later
have very rounded indentations near becoming darker
the leaflet tip.. with age
150
Rhus 1450 to 2700 m alternate leaves; long narrow fragile glossy fruit Very small 2 to 6 m high
retinorrhoea asl in Welo and leaflets over 8 em long; middle maximum dimension 3.5 flowers in shrub or small
Shewa, as well leaflet 3.7 to 11 times as long as by 4.5 mm, can be pale clusters; flower tree; twigs
as other areas of wide, widest below the middle with some pink parts (petals, slender, usually
Ethiopia and sepals, etc) are in hanging down,
Eritrea fives reddish brown,
smooth and
without hairs;
young shoots are
especially shiny
Rhus vulgaris 1500 to 2800 m alternate leaves; relatively short, The round fruits dry Very small shrub or small
asl in Gondar, wide middle leaflet 2 to 9.2 em long very flat; red when ripe, flowers in tree; brownish
Welo, Gojam, and only 1.1 to 2.2 times as long as dull reddish brown when clusters; flower twigs sometimes
Shewa,and wide; widest point is at or ahove the dried parts (petals, forming blunt
other areas of middle; side leaflets are one half to sepals, etc) are in spines, and are
Ethiopia three quarters as long as the fives hairy
central leaflet, and hairy,
especially on the underside; the
leaves can be without teeth, or with
a few large teeth below the leatlet
tip
Ritchiea 1700-2200 m asl Can have three to five leaflets; leaf Berries 4 or 5 cm across, Large white shrub or small
albersii blades 5 to 15 cm long, without and smooth, containing flowers in groups tree; might not be
hairs on either top or bottom, central many seeds. of a few flowers in Region 3
leaflet the largest; no teeth on leaflet
edges
Rubus species 1500 to 3800 m Several species have more than three Fruit a collection of Flowers usually wild raspberries;
(at least four asl in most areas leaflets many one-seeded whitish, thorny
species above of Region 3 sections; can be black, sometimes pink or scrambling
2000m in red or orange colored purple; five petals shrub with edible
Region 3) depending on the species or petals absent fruit widely
known in
Ethiopia as 'njorie
151
Teclea nobilis 900 to 2800 m Alternate leaves, rarely nearly Fruit rarely two-lobed; 6 Flower groups shrub or
asl in all areas of opposite; have no hairs; leaf stem to 15 mm long and 5 to 8 may be on the understory tree 2
Region 3 1.5 to 8 em long; leaflets 5 to 18 by 1l1IQ. wide, without hairs, ends of branches to 12 m high;
1.5 to 5.5 em red'when ripe; some or not; tiny yellow twigs have no
forms have obvious oil or greenish yellow hairs
glands flowers
Vepris dainelli 1750 to 2000 m Opposite to nearly opposite leaves, Fruit usually two-lobed, Flower groups evergreen shrub
asl, possibly to leaflets rather large, 14 to 33 by 4.6 up to 17 mm long, 20 only on the ends or small tree 2 to
2500 m in to 10.5 em, and rather leathery; may mm wide and 8 mm of branches; 15 ill high; twigs
Gojam, Shewa, .have some hairs; leaf stem 6.5 to 12 thick; without hairs but whitish or pinkish may have some
and other areas "em long pitted with glands hairs
of Ethiopia
Table Six References

Fichtl, R and Admasu A,di; 1994.
-i

152
lP~mCT 6: ~n""'''7f :PmA .fi\:ftD- A~1D.""'''7 "'h~T

f"th+f\..T 1fC.tSP"f- 11"f\..9" ""mt\o~T(J)o lJ1'(- f.pmA "?1'(- 4\.e hi't1'(- 04\,e TC;1a .pmt\ol- !1.T(J)o
...."1 i't-otf~sP:': "'11 ~i)T TC;17i .pmt\o"f- Oi't1f.' .pmA i\.e !~Tar lj'T(J)o:: Ib.t\ol- h1~1 hi't1~ t\"'1tWT
f"t!i)T"'1"- l"ht\o"f-9" OfllJ (J)ollT +"'T+",A:: OhAA ~i)T (J)oi)T -Oil- f'i'tt\o4-.,et\i), lIC!sPl- i'tf\..-:- 1-~~lJ
IJO· t\"'1t\fT hilT,;J6sP"f- '1T(J)o:: A,,~.y.."f- o« +ht\o"f- h'r~sPl- i\Atr~ hhi\T i'ti)Li\"l i)i\A"'t- 'i'tt\o4-.,e"i)
i'tQ....thi)' f+Qt\(J)o11fC! -O~ 1-1m"""'''1:: 1-1JtI1"9" (""-ii' 1fC!SPl- i't1~1 hlb.i\(J)o ,,07t\fT hilT;MsPl-
'1TtD-1 ~1C '11 10t.sP"f- i't1~ 1 hlbi\tD- ""'1"'T f+t\!" i)qu1 ,em4''''1f\..:: "srnltlb.:- 1-srnllil-:- ..,.qu-:- h-"t~I
ilt\fllJlJO OhAA ~ilT ~,;J"'1 (I;1'sP"f- f~1"$ 5 1IC!SP"f-1 1-1m.p"'''1:: f'''-Oil' 1fC!sPl-srn fi'tThAT +oot.
076sP"f- (Oi)qu"f- i\.e) tIO-f\.. 00+"'1 OO11-ilh"'1,eC;t.TtD- Y:lfl i't1~1 hlb.i\(J}- "O"J"fT hllT,;J6sP"f- '1T(J)o! i)"
fllJ 11"f\..11JO ni't1.(-~T ''i-Oil' -0"1 hi)4'9"m'1T'PA:: 'oi:h"'! C;o.",iI''1 'ii.1MiI P,.e~fl.'srn "'JLIJ" OtlJlJO +00
ltlt.e'1 h1~1 hlb.4\(J}- t\"'1t\fT hilT,;J6sPl- '1T(J)o:: .elJ ~CT f4'lO(J)o Ofl°'lSlf:: h.Tr-A"! ~ilTr-7i ""mA !
i\:ftD-1 tfc:l-'1 4tT*tosPl- h1~1 hh1~ "'1t\fT1 "IP'Jw""
1-1~00~?f w.esrn 001. 006! 'rTll ~(J)o! ~1C "'11
tIO-f\.. h,e~,,9"::
fi't1P"P.:': 1fC.tsP"f- fhhlJo.(J)o ilqul- OtlJsrn f~.t~'1"?"- C;T(J)o:: "srnltlb.:- "srn.fli), "..,.,,!~ f'~i)' II
1fC!sPl- oom6.t~T (l.t1t\'?A 1-1JLI1"9" "'ht\o4-..et\i)' 1fCfsP"fJ oom6!~Tsrn !1A"'1itA:: .

h-otf~sP:': "~~lJ 1IC!SP"f- f"tOi\ ti:t. hitT(J)o::
1ICY fou&.-l- h~;t- ....m A ~~ h{lfl 1\."1
Jilt-1-,eA 01l1f~:,ifhAA f-rIlO.?-l.4' "'4'11700 .,.. 0"J1~ "I.e f?ll ....ClI fflare; I\. Ml(l·fl 11flar f"'l.'l If~ "Jt.~ :"C1""ilf: r«
II 3 ht,1I0JJJ T 1 OllA llC.p1'J1117 4'fl "}: :,·e;l1i h1.1:}.t'" ~m11t1J(l T
are; 111#- f f\.
600-2800"'l..+ 'r fOWZli .?-Tar 6"'l.. 4 fhOli :"mAe; h 0:" ~ar
Jifl.fl.th 're;NI-l-'r h f"lTar 2.5 -1 0.5"1."'l. f"'l.1.1I tJOo "'l. fUA ll4.-l-fOWZli Oll .1?."J1u :"mA M
II llh 3300"'l.. h e; .,.." llfl(J)o fOWZ:t'~ f"9""J1l 00 t.Tar Tar
OD"Ifl?i' ODllODC'T O:"mfl..~Tar
1I.OJ.O.
:lCli fOWZ;J-oMTar h '}-':.u-'r os:.
,}1l rowz;J-oOJ:" Omft-EFTar mC1I
IMf .,..Cll Y"ITar h '}-':.u-'r 0:"
mft-~Tar ~ClI oowzn: OOllOOC'
T "I.e flU: hfl lITar
153
1t.&f1'i OIJ-IW'" fh~~ Y'fl~?" :"<J,1f ....mft-7o ntIJr f flfC hllll. ~ 1,6..,. l1C~t-,'}"'/ OJf,?"4' OJr;:~?" hi\"li J'MI:" II
3 J\t-,lInJ')7o 1 tl7.ftJ'f. <JrOJo: OWL+nlfC'7o oot-,h~ fI f, 4'flV"' MlIrOJo .r;: OJWI" of!.1'* tn
}U1./U,fl 300-2400OWL.h C.,..f; J'fI 10lfC'"f.'}
".OJ.n. ftl7.f,lIlfC':': 4'f, M
<JrOJo 9"Ah-r J\fIIl
rOJo
1t.6f16'i 1400-2600OWL. Y'n~ -r<J'}If .... mft- 70 hh.. J\(llt flfC hllll.~ 15..,. l1C~t-,'}"'/ 4'f,+ OJ h6(.'"C '11C '7,} OJt;:~9"
hll.OJ.O. nl1l1- ~t-, .... C'r OJo OJ1' qoll~ J'ft ....C,) OWL f"'l.lll9"<J 2-4 f,9" '1"1 J'fI Q ""'l hi\"li .I'llOJ- 1ft;:
-flW/.A,e fh~~3 ",t-,IlQ J''\rOJo <JrOJo: h"ltj"rOJ- '16(.'" 9" ~h 4'fl9" hllOJ-
9'70 ftl7.1=S 0. -r.I'fIIlrOJo 4'f, nco
If'}9'' O'l-'~C 7o'} f,f,If~
hf,1=S9"
e-a 1800-3300OWL. f""lfn~l 4' h 4'''7 001' J''\rOJo .... ht;:.,..~OJo oom<JrOJo fll1Ml J'h- 0"19" fI"" (1;1' ru'l f,;toOJ .... m4\
.,It--/; s» M.OJ.n. O'l-,} mft-7o+ -rtj",i\":,: ....mft-7o lll1lf~ 5 .5 x 9"'l, ."'t Itll',} -rtj",7l' hallP'7o+ r C r« fl.<J"7 '7,} ~ .I'fIOJ-
""If"'/~ sc» 'l-K9"+-r 0J0 f"'l,J''}9llC<IItj'' 1'Cll rflArOJ- fh.,..C ....C,) MrOJ- hnll ht;:I\-T /hnll
'lICJ' '7~JW hoC:"";' + >8"'."'tf"7,.l'll-+ IJ-IW'" hfl.. J!.;J/.. :t>m~OJn"" ••
"A--/;'t' A OJf,'/" M,tj" "I'} J'h--r -rtj",1f ./5
t) ....mft-"f. Mfl J'h-+ 1''t,:'' :"'\~:t>
1'Ct\7o J''l.rOJo+ :"tj"'}i\":': :,omI\-
T hoo'I"trOJ- n:\"t r"'l,""~of!+
<;./) .,/1---1: 1800-2700OWL. r""lfn~l'" h4''''/OO1' J'''IrOJ- .... ht;:·,.~OOmtj"rOJo 3 ()11() -(I .I'h- n"l9" <111'*(Il OJf,9" Ift;:+ '71
s» .,.. 1f"7 M.OJ.n. j'f'P+ ml\-T+ :"tj"'}1f ....mft-T >8..,.OWL .5x5"'l.."'t 11~+ rh :"tj"'}7l' haflP'T+ r ~ r"'l,J''}9llC:t> 4'f,-fl.tj"
~ 'lICJ' mft-tj" fI.Il."f. h f"'l,l'll-<J 4'''1 J'fI OOflOOC n+ -ec :t>C,) J'''Ir OJo hall ht;:ft-T /hnll "'/+ -(111- 1.11. flM"<J 9'1-
,t".,/I-- Aft-T mft-7o OO'I~ J'fIIlrro-:;. ....mft-7o J!.;J/.. :t>mAOJIf.,.. .. C ffl./lOJof flA (1;1' r"7
es» lllllf~(l)o OJf,?" M'}tj" "I'} J'h-:" ./ 5 f,1=S
Mfl f"'l,h-: nmClfr(l)o IMJ' 1'C
II ffl.'\rOJo OJf,9" 1''t,-r J''\r OJo
+ :,omft-:': hOO"'h~ n:\'\ f'"'l.+A
of!
154
WJ SO;!"1t 1200-2200"1. f.,."Otol+ 1'1 +tryOD'f'+ fOD,/1\. 5-7"'l.. "1+ f\.Ohl\- .......1'111 J'I\- Otll9" 'f'-lo'f'-lo J'h- -loC1""it:.:'f
.m» M.aJ,n. '1"e;1\. -lomft.T ....". 1.."" 3-8"'."1 f"7.1 + .e-~~+ ~~ M'" :,.e;"Ht' hOllSJJT+ f J' ~ -II'f' * (It CD J'.'1" :"1
lI:"9" hff.,U 0<'1 1ItJOo+ 1.5-3.51.."" M ... +:ffD'1 f fODfll\. "ll'4-1 I\.trto hOlt Wf:ft.T IhOll 7i Iftt: + "'11~ "'1to""i fbft.
J'. 01-:q-'1"+ aJ/\ "'l.OI\.m-+ hODt,hl\. aJJ'.'1" 0<'lJ'. raJ' f"'l. 'fl\.e; ""<'1<'1 y";J~ -loml\.aJ,,"'.. 'f1 Ift:.:'f .,. Y.."'It:.: f"'l.J'
we; it'P w4- J'h-+ M1e; 11 J'~ 1/3-31 CDJ'.'1" h.,.C -loc6 .15 ~"'1 y"OD-lo J'll. ~~ l\."J'.
4 1..11, hODt,hll.~fD' f"'l.J'1.....: '1" f"'l.m41C
1'1" 'f'Ch fhAraJ' ~"lC "'11 h""i
tt: ht,qo.. hO -n r« 1I"'1If"'1 mC1I
J'<'IrfD'
-:..h C''tLf' 1450-2700"1. f.,."Otol-lo 1'1 +tryOD'f' J'll.raJ' -lo 04'1\1l.- fOlJ.fIOC fD1f. .......'H1 JJh- 01ll9" 2601J..fD1f.Y..Cll -r17i If
CI1',e OCDft.CJ i'i'P 1\1
.lll1"9'" ibft. T f
'f'ft.T+ l~'1" mll.... :,.e;17i -lom
ft.T >8..,."1 f"'l.l1l tJOo fODt,hll.
,n8ltcol' tt:t.htt:.,.~
aJ' ll4-~ 3.5x4.5D1f..
-rCJ1it hllfIPJ'f+ f
hOll htt:ft.'f IhOll
*
tt: rnr.9" 41 l ' (lH +10
(It:,i +""16l"1 tf~aJ' CD Y..
h.:,.r-. hl\.ft.T ~aJ' :"17i -loml\. 3.7-11 1.."" M "I "lCn, s« + 1l.'1" y";J~ -lom I\.m".,... .+'f f.,.1mll.mh-+ +<'1
e;nJl.C:"to 4-~ f"'l.OI\.'f' hODt,hh- O.+'f 1"14- tr~:,. 'f' 4:,:" Y..tryol' .15 ,f ll. 0.'1'" -:- 8K f MaJ'
J'ft. +1l.'1" I\.trlaJ' f"'l. T -:- 1l.;J 4'10{llT f"'l.J'18
I\. ItC-II
WJ ff.A,:J 1500-2800"1. f.,."Otol+ h4'try OD'f' J'<'IraJ' -lo hO -0 J'I\- tt:t.SJJ T 0 1"1........... J'ft. 01ll9" -II'f' * {ll 1-r17i 1ftt:/+ {).'l
6IJ 01-1Y..C+ aJAw mft.T+ h~C+ f1~ fODt,hl\. :,.e; 1ll'1" mtt:lll4-: f\.Oh :"'1'1i'i hOllSJJ'f+ f try + 10'f' {- j1..1\. fI.'1" r«
{- 1-)l'9"{- i'i'fUi' ,7i -lomft.T+ 2-9.2"'."1 f"'l.l'lf ft. +", f\.Y..C -II m'" hOll htt:ft.'f IMIt 1\(I'1h 81-t-'1"
ibft.'fhl\.ft.'f tJOo'1' fh4-.+raJ'1 1.1:-2.2 1.."" f C J'/\ 4'''' {).'ltry I Y..;J~ ol'mI\.CD""' ..
"'l.tf')-+ hOD'/1\- l\", aJJ'.'1" 0<'1'" .15
f1~+ f11e; " :,.e;,7i -loma\w'f f
ODt,h1\-1 I h - 3!4J'UI\. e;raJ'+ 0.,.
1l.J'.0,+TO~1\.8~'1"+-lomft.
T 'f'4:,:" :"l\ I\.-lo 'f'Ch f"'l. tr tor
aJ'
&lfYJiA 1700-2200"1. 3-5 :,.e;17i -lomft.TI f-lomft. C'If tt:t.SJJ:,i OD'/ I\. ll.OD'/ .......1"1.... J'I\- :,. <'II\.-lo 4l'P.*{ll 1:"17i 1ftt:/+ Oh
ncft M.m.o, OD:" th-l-ml\. "'11~ aJ'~1 5-15'" I\. 4 tO.e.r 5..,."1+' M1l1SJJ'f 1t.,Y.." 1'10 1\.1\.3 l\ '.llU <'IJ'.tf, .e'f
."1+ Ol\.er O'+Tr fJKfM ll.Mi'f+ ...." . n~'f' f q .,. itt,"'l. l\.e l\1\.
aJ'+ OD.,hll.~t& :".,7i -loml\. In "'l.J'.'If
'1" f"'l.ilt& f\.tf., mC". 'f'Ch fib
ll.t&
155
esaa» al1"h-9" fhl\l\ 11". 'lICf?J'T h3 all.e :,-c;-rtf :,. fi:t,ar 11". h 't.e- HC hall":,i 'tlf) A-+ f"'"it) 1.'t ~t."':f 1.i"''li...,
Cf"':f 3 hMo.,,':f 1 mh-':f .et;'&-:fCPI\ ffl:far Lt,,,"f o-n h't~'t.e- 1.0. F..oo + Oibll tlfi: 1"F.. "I Lar f
500-3800"'L. itl1 ~ 1.'}F.. '11 far I1"t :,. , A-(JJWJ" dt r 07.f .e-1-+ f07.011 fi:&' r«
, ;r 'I' 4&c 4>.e (JJ.er &-<e+ hrll:'- I'M :far + ~ 'I' <;I: (Il,,"f c;:far
l1C1>t)·}"'1 II :,.all\-"f (JJ.er
f fl.II:fID'
-t;l1tlf al1"A-r fhl\l\ f1"Ha.,;.t:.4> h4>...,oo'l'+ hl\c:. hl\ fi:&,ar h I\c:. h I\c:. hall":,i r'l11r'l11 11 ~'I'<;I:(Il Ihfl.II tlfi: O;r':f
sun» 3 ht)llo.,,"f 1 c:. 1":J>&-), h 4>""00'1' ll. 'i&-:far f' I1"fl:" hfi:I\/~C:1+ 6 flar f07.1't: h:"C't f07.1~ tlfi:j2-12"'L 4>""1
900-2800"'L. 07.':fl\ + O'J.C ffl.II:far+ f:"ml\ -150?. "'LC'lIoo:"C; ""14- "'?ofi: i\.tnr "1'" 't :"C 't""1c:.':f O'J.C f
'?'t~ 1.5-8"1."'L f'07.t.'lIr+ :,-C; 5 -80?. "'1 fl4.:"+ 0.,. II.etf'tr .e"f111\ I fl.II:far , ,
't"li :"mh-T 5-8xI.5-5.5"1.01/. C fibflarf\.OllA- 4>.e T:J>:"'t (JJ F.. ht:. 't~
a'? I\b f'07.;rf. H.e:" Y..'t:'- f07.f F..I\- • II
..., ()m..,,':f l ""1 Mll"':f
if..f16h I; O'l"){r + j"jcpc; .,..:J>&-), CfJ.e r (JJ 1. 1":J>&-), h 4>..., fi:&,ar },I\c:. hl\c:. 2 'tllJ (JJ.er F..oo:" r 2- 15"'L ftf't 11" 1\1.0. ht:.'t
,ettl fl.It. ':f h I\h-"f 00'1'+ O:"ml\ '?1~ I\.e fl\-' :,-... ~c: /'tIt:;:.1\j fflar+ A-hOll9':,i f0?1't: ~Y.. .'1'*0' (JJWI" tlfi:I ,.
1750-2000"'L. 't"li :"mh-':f OOm'l':far :'-1\:"+ 1 170?."'L C1foo :" + 2 :,- a:"c't""14- 00 4>""1"1"'t :"C't""1c:.':f 0.,.
S"'C;l\ll:"r 25 4-33x4.6-10.5ul."'L.f 1.'t"ll1"r OO'J.. "'L ll4.:'-C; 807.. Q;l.t:.?f II.e -O;f+ C ll. t;' .,;.:far .e"f 1\1\
OO"'L. .,.~..., ftf.,.. + 'I' -t:'- 01-f:':f ll. t;'-r "'L art:;:.t:.:'- 6'J.C I' fl.
. :,- f,':fllAI 1':"<;1:1\ "i't~ 6.5-12
"I. "'L
flar 't1C '?'t ()m.."
':f fMl:'-
.
-
156 Ekebergia capensis/lol
Ekebergia capensisAol
Scientific Name: Ekebergia capensis Sparrm,
Family: Meliaceae
Vernacular Names: 101 (Amharic); churl (Awi)
Description. Lol is a large tree. The young leafing branches of 101
are shiny, reddish-brown with some green tint, and many small light colored
lenticels. The rachis and petiole of the leaves have reddish coloring to them,
especially on the upper side. There are often three or four pairs of leaflets,
with a terminal one on the end, though sometimes the end .leaflet is fused
with one leaflet from the last pair. The fruit start out as a woody structure
with many lenticels. After several months on the tree, the fruit begin to tum
a lighter brown-
yellow, and
Ekebergill capensis
eventually a rust-red,
101
at which point they
ftoA
are soft, juicy and
fleshy.
Similar
species. Around
November in Awi
Zone, azamira
(Bersama abyssinica)
and 101 are both
putting out new
leaves, which were
reddish and
compound. Usually
azamira is found in
open areas, but both
;1 'i
can be found in the
; I
forests. Lol becomes
a larger tree than
. azamira, and the
azamira leaflets definitely have teeth, while the 101 does not.
Ekebergia capensis/lol
It-A -Jt, '1C~

;P6-A~
«»
00-,t\8I.: /\0/.\ -l-/.\:t Iflf: ~(J)o:: :tm/.\ .fmm- f/to/.\ :tC"}8I.t;:T
fDt.f"}OQC:t + ~ (l.Cj"7 0..-4:-l- hl"}=JY. +t\VOCj ..............lJ +t\VO r«
T
(J)o O:tml\- It~ fDt;te'- ~m""tIlflT h1.:f(J)o:: O-f't\~VO Olt~~(J)o "':f(J)o
f:tm/.\ "?"}PrCj :tml\- h"?"}Pr ;JC fDttllO:tO-l- fl;te t\:tml\-+ ~+t\VO ~
(tm-;te/.\:: OOD"l.l?f It~ Oh,,)~ OD~?f 3 m~vo 4 ..-"}~ i)i) :tm/\oT ~If
t-I\- I CUf"}VO fOD"l.l?f(J)o i)i) :tm/.\ h oo"l.l ?f9J:,i i)i) :tm/.\ ..-"}p.. T h
h "} Pr ;JC ~tIlO.4' /.\:: t;:~(J)o A"}"l.-l-"7 ~lI-l- Ifl(J)o O~~(J)o It~VO .......
~mOtllflT ~;te'-O;te/.\:: t;:~9J:,i Olf4- It~ t\ mt--l- h~'- O:\It ~tIl .f
I\- (l.Cj"7-ft"Ii lf~(J)o ~t\mtlll\-I A"}.c;.II-VO OODQ;Ll?f ...."Ii5::f(J)o Lllif f
Dtmtll:f(J)o+ t\nltll+ .... If')- ".,-l- fOD(tt\ + ~ +t\VO ~Ift-:f'l'/.\::
Uses. Farmers in Awi often mention it as a lumber tree. Lol is also

mentioned frequently when we ask which trees used to be present in
abundance but are now absent Fruit of Ekebergia is eaten by humans in
some parts of Africa (Peters, O'Brein, and Drummond; 1992). In fact, the
ripe fiuit is very attractive to the eye, and has a sweet taste. But the farmers
in the interviews never mentioned it as an edible fruit.
The Honeybee Flora recommends its planting to increase honey
production.
..-:t6fD:': :Oh'f JI"} .fl\- "O~"T ....... 1.11. fDtm:t....-l- ftll~It 1ft;:
""}~lf~ ~(JJo:: O~C' 1."" Oi)~-l- ~;tem4! f~O'" hII-") fm4- Ift;:T"} i)"}m
~:t hll(J)o-l-C' fDtm + (t(J)o /\0/.\ ~(JJo:: 0 b -rc« Oht;:tt) ht;:/\oT 1f:~(J)o"}
(t9JT A"}~DtOI\--l- -f'm:t!l./.\:: OAC"?..- fO(tt\(J)o t;:~ t\h~") OtIJVO "7t-
-n
Il. flf~Cj tIlLISJ.'> tIliJVO .ft\(J)o ~(J)o:: ~.,C O.4't\-ODm~.4'T"} 1."" .,o~
9JTO-f'L..-C' fDtOit t;:~ A,,}~lf~ h/.\m+....-l-VO::
~T/.\ 'hCj h~"7 ....- 1994 f"7C voc-l-"} t\ODQ;LODC ""}~Dt-f'h/.\
)'h'l'1"IlA: :
Site. Mostly this tree is seen in Awi in mountainous remnant forest

patches (Zerehi Mountain; Dabkooli Mountain, Koleta Mountain, Agew
158 Ekebergia capensis/lol
Dur, Darkan Mountain). At Zerehi it is found as a stand within a stand of

Prunus africana.
Fichtl and Admasu list altitude range as 1550 to 2700 m where
rainfall is over 750 mm per year
fDJL1~n+ fl;J':
.ell tf~ OJtlltf~(J}- oJtee tJ'} CD-{)1.' fOll.;t-f(J}- 1'IrIrOY' Otf'1- :"tT ~'}7i
f.( ') no~.y."f (J}-{)1' rx'),e.. 1fCth.,-T~1lh-t\.+ I'ttV\+ ~lh,}+1'lre"f.lj "'"
(J)- ~C) .~(J}-:: 01fCth., ,etJ JI~ f0ll.17(J)- h1'~C h'}QJ.T(}lOY) :Ie ~~::
hI 550-27000ll.. fnot.-l"- h~;t- 75 oOIl., OIl.~no:ree f1flj~ nom'}

OOlJ.1>tO:" Jtt)llrl ~A 7t'},e..0Il.1>t ~"fA 7t91l.f:tl1.... mol-(JPA:: h,}~l1"
tjU s.nn "f:":" f ll.(J)- c,' 0.,.1\ t\- 0 HC 011 Irll:" x'}~ 0Il.:f A .elj., Irt\-: : .el1"
'}lj 01'lj:" fi.f:lj"f'} OHe OYIrIl1:'} 4'I\A tfCJ JtI\"7~(J}-tjU::
Phenology, Propagation and Management. . Lol fruits can be seen

in Awi Zone in February, but take same months after that to become fully
ripe. It is a deciduous tree, with new leaves coming in October and
November in the Awi Zone. The fruit (about 1.5 em across) can be on the
tree in abundance without any leaves. The 101 fruit is sweet; because of this
it is eaten by wild animals, especially monkeys. Therefore it is difficult to
collect ripe fruit. Climbing to the tops of the trees to collect the ripe fruit is
not easy.
Fichtl and .Admasu say it is fairly fast growing, and grown easily
from seed. However, the study staff did not find germinating the seed to be
so simple.
Demel and Granstrom found the Ekebergia seed germinated best at
25 degrees C, at which temperature they achieved about 60% germination.
But it seemed sensitive to temperature, with much lower germination at 20
and 30 degrees. Seed took about 20 days to germinate in their laboratory
conditions. Demel found that the seed did not store long. After 24 months
of dry storage, he had 4% germination, while from the third to the twelfth
months he had about 20 to 25% germination.
The study staff had very little success with germinating this species
in the nursery. We achieved only about 2% of the seed germinating. This
Ekebergia capensis/lol
may be because fiuits were picked slightly before being totally ripe, in order
to get them before the monkeys and guereza.
Demel found that the Ekebergia seedlings in the shade had
significantly less mortality than those in the gaps, and had better height
growth, though not statistically significant. He also observed heavy insect
defoliation on several of the seedlings, causing some mortality.
1..fL aJo ., "'itD+c; "'i6-q..,.: fl\oA t;:t..:P"f Ofl]1:"" f,;J- f~ ! '11C

-n f,lJ 0~"1I t\oollflA 1'et"" tD6-"" f,tD"'~A:: f,lJ :"ol~" O.,.tDfl'l tD
1''
:,...,. fO? f 6-..,t;: fl.lf., Oh If h Jl'" :,.Oll\o"f fO? tDm-"" 01'+~""C; Om
~C tDt-"" '1aJo:: 1IJ1.. t;:t..:P"f Cl.5Uf.0? rv« h"'/:~) Otft;: i\f, :"mA Uf
esc f,1~~+ o..lf"~ :'>t\- t;:t..aJo1 t\oollflA 1IJ1.. tDt-"" f,tD"'~A:: fl\o
A t;:t.. tfl~6f.b flt\lf'l f ~C A.,,.......,.CA., ~ 1-t..tfc; (flltJ foo"'fl~"") f,0~
;J-A:: "'t\lf'l~ fOlPt\ t;:t.. t\ ODflllflll h,..:f;Jt, '1m.:: t\1'et"" tD6-"" hOlO
+., O:\i\ fOflt\ t;:t.. "'i"'7"" f,,ri\A + '1"C -n Otft;: -n/: tD ~ i\f, oom.
tfl""C; HC oDfll1fll1 hfl:f;Jt, '10C:: ~~Ac; "'6-.,,..e~ fl\oA lfC 025Jl.
.... fOlJc"'' ' OOol" i\f, 60 0 00'" 11:"t\"" A"~O?fUff, hl;J"'Ol'l'A:: '11C
-n 0IJc"'' ' 0"'i\1\o fO?flO1J:fm. f,00"'i\1\o+ 020 Ac; 030 Jl.i\f, 1I+"'~
11+t\"" h"'f,"''l'Ac;:: 00."" OIJch6- V-).;J-:P"f H~ t\ooll"'A 20 .,.C;..,. f,
tD,../:q:f'l'A:: ~~A H?- t\l~~ 1.11.. 00"'001' A"~"'if,"fA f,c;16-A:: h
24 tDt-"" O~l:"~ h",,,,oom O:\i\ 4 0 00'" 1I+t\"" '10 ltD. + h1'et"" 1.11.. 0
:\i\ h3~' A,..h 12~ CDt-..,.h20-25 TCfl.,,,,, 11:"t\"" '10lm.::
f1'C;-l- fl./:c;"f., O"f..,~ tflo..f m.,..1' """'ii He"f., hl1:"l\ohA:: h
v-t\"" CD6-"" O:\i\ fHCO"f" h"}/: 'TCfl"}"" rv« 11:" 11t\m. h",~",c;A::
f,1J ~c;Aq..,. HCO"f f.,.flOflfl.T h(fltflC; h1-t..tf:P"f Ooo:,.~~ o..tr"}~ 1'et
..,. 1.11.. h oollfli\:fm. .,. ~~ 111\0 "'f,lf., hf,"'C~:: ~..,qu ( fl.Jl"'" 7T
lb'ii") Ac; t,~'1t.. 'ii"} 1997) es-« 'f..,7f"f h1i\tIJ (I;J- f,A:" 01'i\ FC f'l
fl 1':Jo"" A.,~O?~C,..q:fm. f17 fl.lf., A"JlV-~ f.,.i'ft\ f4!oo"" A/:1""
f,lf6-:f'l'A+ o..lf")~ O~mt- ".,...f"" h,..Li\1. '1m.:: A"-'tv-~ :"ol~" t\
0lJ11i\"" fO!fOlIJ. ""i\A+ '1t;:.....,. A"}~~ ",ooAtJ.,.c;A::
, f(\oA "}JlC Ofl]1:"" CDC 00lJc~ 01/"'7"" f,rA., fl.lf., ft\oA t;:t..
CD ~"9"' ruc hlm. 1: fllct.6f.b "'t\lf~ r ~Ch .,........,. (h" s: 1-t..tfC; tOfll fOD
"'fl~"") flt\O?O~""·lJf,cIJ"" ft\aJo HC oDflllflll h~;J"f '1aJo:: h"~"~ 1.
II.. ~..,qo HC fO?fl1'O"" 1.11.. flt\O?6-H~ 01.lI..aJo H?-" o,"'"i""h~:f;Jt, 'I
aJo:: ~'-'tV-~l OtflJ. ..,,/: i\f, tDKi\f, t\ooaJotIJ""c; HC· t\OOflll...l1 fh:f
..,6-A::
160 Schefflera abyssinica/getem
Ekebergia References
Fichtl, R and. Adrnasu Adi; 1994.
Hedberg, L, and Edwards, S; 1989.
Peters, C.R, O'Brein, E.M., and Drummond, RB; 1992.
Schefjlera abyssinica/getem
Name: -Schefflera abyssinica (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Harms (1894)
Family: Araliaceae
,
Common names: getem 11''''' (Amharic); pimpini '(ODTt (Awi). Another Amharic
name found in the literature but not verified by the study staff is qustya 41 it l'f. .
Description. Large tree to 30 m high and 150 cm in diameter. Bark

on large trees is thick and soft. Compound digitate leaves on long petiole,
clustered at end of twigs. Flowers are umbels clustered into racemes up to
35 em long.with small flowers to about 0.2 em in diameter.' Fruits are small
subglobose drupes 0.3 to 0.5 em in diameter, ribbed, red, glabrous. Each
getem fruit contains within the juicy pulp 1-7 flattened white seeds of about
4 mmlong.
1Tr-Jt~?;t
xrX~-A~
ou-,.v.,.: 30 ~. ~ODT+ 150 Uf.~. P'4.T ~Il(JJo -l'-ttclo tft;: ~(JJo:
: OclomA "'~ i\.e h(()~ '"'itt: hll rtr~ 11". ~mt\oT(5 roy,~c:,,") Olt1
~ r ....mA "'~i\.e .eC;-r;rA:: hOq,,:,: r1fl1'i\ cloc,) ~i\:f(JJo+flTODtt
tt.e C+T i\.e lr~(JJo Anh 35Uf. OIl. ClIODT ~'l:f(JJoCi TCi1lr ItOq"T O.
2 Uf.~. P'4.T roy,ett-o:f(JJo Ci:f(JJoI tnlf'J&. rtr~ A1.«\A ~C,) 1t'l:f(JJoI
m1f'Jt-o(J)o htt:i\:f(JJo 0.3~0.5 Uf.~.P'4.T h11Ci 11 m1f'Jt-o+ + y,+ ,,1-
t-olJD lJ:f(l)e:: A~"}W}~ r.,.,.lJD tt:t, 4oy,.01l. roy,lll 00c hl-7 ~Qij,6fl> tiC:
T1 roy,.ell ~(JJo::
Schefllera abyssinicalgetem
Shefflera abyssinica
getem 1rf·~
162 Scheftlera abyssinica/getem
Uses. In the interviews, getem was, the most commonly mentioned

fodder tree. It was the third most mentioned lumber tree. Getem was also
mentioned for fuel, and that it should be planted in common lands. It was
very frequently mentioned that is much disappeared from the time when
they were children. Though ranked as an important tree it was not
mentioned as having been planted by farmers in the past three years. This
may be in part because of unusual and difficult propagation.
T;r.".,~: 0.4'1\ -oom,e..J 'f1, ro;r.T 10tosPT ~ fh-oT oot; "1 ~

lT~ hlltD-TltD- ,em:,.....T ~Oc:: I\tlltD-~ h1/.\ "~T oY'n",,~ ~lJ{ ~.e
,eoo.(-f).;1'/.\:: ~ .,,,.,lJO Tor fDfl1 P. "1t;u. T "1 ~ar~c; II,;J~ 00toT ~.e
oo""h/.\ "1~I\OT ,e~.,or1 ~OC:: rotll-f-T O~O-r ~It 01l"T f~Ol hv-1
.,1 fm4. tf~ "1~lT~ llroTC ,em;r.....A1 ~OC:: OtlllJO m:J»"! tft;:lJO "1
~lT~ ,em4lDflI\-; ~1C .,1 ClI\4eT Tot+ f}oo;1'T "A+hIJ.T tft;: ~tD-:: ,e
II ~.,,,., lJOc;AQT ooTh/.\ f/.\I\Of!~Tc; hnT:Jt nl\tr~ l),elT1 h,e+C
au ••
7 ••
Site. Getem may be found in many locations in Awi Zone. It can be

seen at times in grazing land such as in Chenchebar and Melach Mountain
but also in the mountainous remnant forests of Awi, such as Dabkooli,
Huble, Gimbeha, Kolela, Jibli,. Liwi, Darkan, Asera Mountain and Agew
Dur. Getem can occasionally be found in churchyards, such as Indoha
Yohannes Church. It is also present around Zengena' Lake. Literature
reviews indicate the tree can be found from as low as 15'00 m asl, and up to
2500 m. asl, and possibly even to 3500 m asl. study staff have seen it
present to at least 2700 m asl.
The leaf litter under a large getem is very heavy. There is a
significant stand of Schefflera on DarkanMountain near Kesa. However,
there seemed to be no young under the getem canopy. This may be due to
tendency for young getem trees to begin as an epiphyte on other trees.
f"! 1'J0+ fI;1': """'I'tD-l1 "1~""ool\hT~d)o 1""lJO Oh'l: "1 01111

- fI;1'sPT f"!1'J tft;: ~tD-:: hll-f-T O"!flDfI-rO+ ro,e1lJO Q/.\""hOl 11;1'"
Schetllera abyssinica/getem 163
1111-1.Jf. .e;t-fAIOh'C,,1 O~t:,.'~tfl- m.r)T1- :f1~IlC ~1C; ~/l"lb'"

&-&-..- "1Jl~~ n~l1h-~+ 1-11A+ "1~OU+ }1/l.... + J!11t\. + t\. 'e+~Ct)1C;
/tflt. -te~c-l- "1JtlJc~ O/t.,m. J;..CC; 0111., u.e~ /tt)llfl .e"~A:: 00..,.
.,:tlcft1:f,}"10l"1~"1~aJ-" r-ih1r) aJ-r)T~ .e"~A:: f,)tft..t;: lI.,q "1
~otm4&OOaJ- h1500~. hll.m.n. 1I~ l1/lo t\.1~fDtl-A 1ft;: .... tr1 "it
h 25000ll. hll.OJ.tL "'JllJc~ "r)h 3500~. hll.aJ.O. Y:t.ir t\."~ "1~
Dt":fA rm:"~A:: nTc;;t-":f1 m:":" o.J'1r) 02700~ hlJ~(J).O. ODttr1 (J
;t- /l.e /t"1~-tC;A::
(lTAcl> f1T~ 1ft;: ('IC oot.T/l.e M 17aJ- f:"mA 7f~1 Otlf~
1111- ~:c Ohfl/tm?l1 O~cf1") i'~&- Tor /t*~ fllat .,.,.~ .e;t-fA::
o.tr1~ hp"'i- Ib/lo":f f""'~ l-"?7fl- 0:"1laJ- /t.e;t-~~:: .eu S"'C;AIJ+
/tJl(a:': f1.,.S'" Ifc:l- t\.0:"fl. fDt~fl.T Olb/lol- Ifc::r-/l.e OOOOootr). 'r
tnJ'Tut.elM /t",."CS"'::
Phenology, propagation and management. We saw it begin

flowering in March, and fruit were ripe in Awi by early June. This more or
less agrees with other published literature.
Young getem are often seen starting off on other trees' as an
epiphyte, most commonly on qoba (May tenus obscura), though it can be on
ashkwar (Buddleja polystacha) or grar (Acacia). Getem wildlings, though
searched for, were only found in one location. These were in an unlikely
location under the very low branches of young yeferenj tid trees, among
moss, where they were well protected. This was observed on Sarkan
Mountain, in August 2000. \
Study staff, in an effort to try propagating getem from seed, put fresh
getem seed in a medium of dried moss collected locally. The moss was then
wetted, and the seed placed on top. Germination was observed within a
couple weeks. But when these seedlings were transplanted to 'poly tubes
filled with a pommon l1ursery soil, they survived for only a couple weeks.
The Honeybee Flora of Ethiopia reports' it can be grown easily from
cuttings placed' at the end ofthe rainy season. . "
iP'/m-l-+"7&-lJ-l-C; OO1hllhllr Olttt 000.;.00. :"mc !/tOQ 1J70

1JI~'f:'
11 J!~C' ff1 ....trJ n()); ec ooJ!OO~f ~"1qo 1I'i- OOl1()fl.1 .,.OOAtl.,.C;
A:: .eu Ooom). hlb/loT h;t-.,.oo. ,)tft..c:l- ;JC .er)"7"7A::
164 Justicia schimperiana/smiza
:,..11i'I:': f11'9" fl..... f?J"f II.... ,,~ ro. ItJ,J:1;1':fro.1 fDt~ 9"';":'" Ot\.
"'''if: . .
.e ~(&:: Oh"""~(& Oh If....cs O~ll ... ,e fDtO""A ....lf1 O""1t-C ...
.e9" 01'''l.''7t oo""+A fDt"fA "if: ~(&:: :",c;11f f11'9" "f..,7f"f1 0~1
t&{)T 0 00' -:'" ... ,e. TooAh1'c;A:: .eU1 f17~(& h1J,J: 'tit. ....,: ~(J)o:: A
~~U "f.,7f"f f~O';":'" 01ll9" 01''''f P'if:t-. ~(&:: O~ , -n hDtm0410:'" {l;1'
0"19" 11:" t)A. h"';J fLl1~ TJ,J: :"C1ti51G:"f 0;1''f ~.;..:: .eU f;1'f(&
O~th"" 1992 0...lt]1 1't-t- ... ,e ~OC::
fJ,J:1;J.e {i0:'" (I ....{)01 t]~l:"1 0:\... :"'11-{) f11'9" m~"f1 0 0011

t-:'" OIlC "'''7t-ll:'" lfUh C1:: f J,J:1;J.e If 0"1:1 O~.... hJ,J:C11 (&1/ hmlll~
(&(hlm""~(&) O"'~ IlCO"f1 lit- 1 OrN\:'" "'9"1:'" (J)o{)T -n:,.",:,.. hf1 ~ ~.,
C .,~ A~tlu "f.,7f";f. h "f.,~ Illo.f hLC 01'lfUl\ f hOll hlm.:"'. (J)o{)T h
1'it;J1';" 0:\... tw""':'" "'9"1:'" n... .e hA~~9":: lit 0. if:1\ot- "if:
h.:,..r-*
f (~"fAC; hJ,J:try.... 1994 ) O~llll 01lC;.... OJ:":'" try~Dtf 'tit. ooQJ,lif l\
.e ~C (Il oo:"'hAc; "7 t-ll:'" It1 s: try':A ,em:"'"A::
Schefflera abyssinica references

Azene; 1993.
Fichtl and Admasu; 1994.
Hedberg and Edwards; 1989.
Souane; undated.
Justicia schimperiana/smiza
Scientific Name. Justicia schimperiana (Hoehst.ex Nees.) TAnders, It is also known as
Adhatoda schimperiana
Family: Acanthaceae
Vernacular Names: sensel, smiza (Amharic). lili (Awi)
Description. A leafy shrub up to 4 m tall, the stem is brittle and
breaks easily. Leaves are simple and opposite, to 3 byAcm, tip pointed,
narrowed at a short stalk. Flowers are in heads on long stalks at the ends of
branches and seen clearly above the leaves, each small flower lies inside a
green-yellow leafy bract. The flowers are white or yellow-white, with dark
purple throat or lines on the lip. The fruit isa capsule containing 4 seeds.
Justicia schimperiana/smiza 165
IIOZ If;- 11111A -),'7c'7

Illl-),~
00"7h6ll: 1.flh 4~. fOfJ.f.Cr) 4&00;" li~+ "71~ m,,"'t- YIA.,'1
0.,."1\. f02,"'OCC; 1111· ~mlA fhm- .,.hA '1m-:: ~mt\o'T Oh1.e- ~C161l
c;:".e'''',} h,..'}1',}.e- 1.f.,'1- fOfJ.aJm- "'1l& 304"".~ r)4.+ .... lit-rm-
6Il4.rm- ;fA fl\.+ Oh6J.bC h1~ ",e f0fJ.1;: mOl1 fl\. C;rm-:: hOIl,.,:':
Ol~r fh1~ s« ",e "'1m- O+C'}-LG:'T ooQ;l.lif ",e h~mt\o'T Ohl'
l1hm- O"7AIt ,e:r fl\.:: 1.f'~1~ +C;'}lf hOfl Ohl,}~.f..- 0.66J.fhOIl ~
lOlA m-r)1' ,e1~1\.:: hOIl,.,:': '16J.b aJ,eoo 0."'i '16J.b n,.,'1- m~C r«
aJ,e'}
m~ (dtrt-lf,) oor)ooc O"'i~ ",e hhO+:: tt:t.m- 0aJ-r)m- 4 n~'T'} f f
" '1aJ-::
Uses. Smiza is widely used in many places, especially Gojam and

Awi Zone,for live fences around houses and fields,
The crushed, strong-smelling leaves are used to clean tela pots. It
has many medicinal uses: leaves for the treatment of malaria and relieving
asthma, roots against Leishmaniasis.
Honeybees collect pollen and nectar from the flower. However,
honey from smiza is not valued.
T~IfD$: r)0fJ.1J 011.... (J:,"?'f O+h,er o,..~r h-e I',) 0r)4.+ f

OfJ.f1h"7hm- h*OfJ. hTC Oo..y.'Tc; 07ft,.,'T fl.tf '1m-::
hO.e- r« "ii:r f,,:fm-.)mt\o'f "''''T.)maJ- fro" ;J,}h07lOl1 ri
h""I\.:: hllH- q,e'1"" oo.e-~"1.·"''1''''r f1h..,"A:: ~ml\. haHlC; hr)r+ r)~
·/b,elf07"1.f n, r)''} hooh"hlA ,el~A:: '}(I'T fhOfl ~etrf:,}C; .,. ...(IO-o') ,e ...
Oflfll\.I 1.C;r .,.hl\. 1'-1- f07C oo1~ 1.'}f."'1 .,.n"79./A:: ,e11"'} 1.'}~ fr)
0fJ.1J 07C 1'-1- h,ef.hr::
Site. This shrub is usually found in hedgerows as a live fence.

However, it can be found in natural areas such as scrublands, forests and
forest edges at altitudes between 1400 and 2700 m. Study staff saw smiza
in Gojam, Gondar, and North Shewa, and is probably found elsewhere. It is
also known to be in southern Ethiopia.
166 Justicia schimperiana/smiza
feJt1'f0'-" P;1': .eU 4l1'~fIl 01'hA 111'C ".tl 'h'" WeJt 111'C
"'i .e1~A:: 11..,'9" O.,.t.m{f" 4&1'*-tn OO?OtfO'-" (1;1'+ 0'" aril1''i ".
t.fI+ 01400 'he; 2700Ott. h ll.(I).O .. hlf:;1' not,hA IL11 .e"fi\A:: f1''i'-''
(l.~e;"f1 ilO?tf1 01o)f9"+ 101,,ce; (lOtt1 (itp .,.ooAh.,.e;A:: 5P''iAQ'-''
9"/bi\9" 11;1' 1).e'11 1t.e4>C9":: 'h 1!'tlJ-9" (1.(11·11 h.-rf''''''' .e;1'Cfl:J'A::
Phenology, Propagation and Management. Most -commonly

propagated by cuttings for fencerows. .This is one indigenous shrub that is
Widely planted by farmers in Gojam.
The literature reports that smiza can be found flowering throughout
the year, but most profusely after the big rains. In dega Awi, it was
observed to be flowering beginning in November.
Seed pods, when collected and placed in a warm place, .open with a
loud popping sound, sending the seed a couple meters.
t.u..ar1 "7ro-l-+ "7&.0-re; oo1hQhll: 01tlltf~ar 01tTC ooiloric:

"f i\.e .Jet" (loo-rhA .e&.llA:: .eu hN1C- (l+A chT*fIlsP"f 01oJf9" 1
O~sP~ 01ltf-r fot.,.hA .,.tlA~ar:: ..
06th-if:. 'h1"1'H10ar ilO?tf '001:1 OO-h- 11111A+ ~1C .." 0111111
~ar hhlf:1'~ f'H'i9" (1):"'-" O~i\ 11111A:: 011lf ":JD? 11t,IJII.sP"f O;1'tlU/
iI 11ll(llf1 ....." , 01'0;1''''''' 4l1''ktf'sP"f --1t1' h1'f9"'-" J!rC:i 11~""
fife hlm. -r-:,: 'hilh H~ 1'(llliloar 6fU-l- Qf\ (I;1' ... .e . . .4'00m. flf:
'~;1' ~~6 11.wu1'm- .eht.1:'i HC"i-1 ~-l- (1;1' .eOT'if'l.::
Justicia schimperiana referenees

Edwards, S.; 1976.
Fichtl, RandAdmasu Adi; 1994.
Apodytes dimidiataldong
·Apodytes·dimidiata/dong
SCientific name: Apodytes dimidiata E. MeY. ex Am. Two varietie~ are recogniz~d of this
species-acutifolia, which is found in Ethiopia and dimidiata, whichis found in
tropical Africa and into Asia.
Family: Icacinaceae
Vernacular names: J!,. "t'? J!,.1? dong, donga (Amharic); zindi (Awi).
,;g,t\c}oi\.+.cbeleqleqqa is another Amharic name found in the literature but not
confirmedby the' study staff,
Description. 'A tall tree with simple, shiny, tough, dark green leaves
that have wavy edges. The fruit of the dong is odd shaped, like a flattened
American football or rugby ball, with-something that looks like a hat on one
end. "Inside is one seed in the shape of a saucer-s-rcund and flattened, but
curved ,up like.a plate or dish. Some of the dong .trees have diameters that
approach oIJ.e meter.
Similar species.' !'D()Ug can be confused withtqur-'ncet (Prunus
africana). Both are
large trees, andboth'ccin'have-reddish coloring in the
petiole and in the midrib. Both have dark green, somewhat shiny, simple
alternate leaves ofabout the' same size, But the leaves of the tqur-'ncet have
small rounded 'teeth on the leaf edges. The leaves ofdong are usually less
than twice as long as wide, while.the leaves of tqur-'ncet are almost always
more than twice as long as they are wide. The leaves oftqur-'ncet are also
almost always symmetrical, while those of dong are often not. The dong
leaves are shinier and darker than those of tqur- 'neet. The veins of the
leaves of the tqur-'ncet are raised, while those of the dong are sunken. On
the smallest branches of dong there are many conspicuous raised spots that
are absent from the .tqur-'ncet,
~ 1~-nlllJ.
tL 1Jt-h'l~
IJoA-l- 1ICY1P'f. A"MA--l- ~:,.,jJ~A h"J~ oh.-l-r-Iry r"t1~ 1\."" 1Jot\.,..~OJ
,..,IfO O+~-r:t)A J\~~t)'i' 01l.lty ~1~A::
168 Apodytes dimidiata/dong
fl.'}"? CDf,'}9" fl.'};J/htryC"i'f/~ tl'}!tlh1CD-/ fDtQI\- itCfD"f f\.'i-r."f

I QJ."'-"":J"9" tb'\CD- f ho<JC~ rtJO. f\.lf'} o~c;."f o..e-c;"f'} 7tithhl1"'} h
A1'179":: .eur9" f1'17CD- O')th-~ ~CD-:: .
00""81- h,}1lQ6-et O".tJ':fCD- ~Cit f oo",,, ftb"C]:fCD- m'}hC J'
I\- m~C J'I\- nl,}~~ cl>mt\o"f J'I\-."f ."fAcl> IJ~ ~CD-:: ffl.'"? ~&. f1'it1'
t)h" '-"ClJ f"CD-9"~ Ah 7t'}Y.. htlltt)'} lIC"?7t"?C fJ-it h,}~,}.e- 1..11. Rh'}
~ 81~ OJ\c;1: '\f, QC~ll} f oo",,, ~1C J'''O."f ~CD-:: OeD-illn·9" f"'~ try...
+oolilil fDtoo"'A m~ll}4. hll flf~ J\'}.e- IIC f,1"i'fA:: ~1C -n CDY.. '\.e
7t'}Y.. tu}'} f1'hOO ~CD-:: ~et-l' er: '}"? 1Jt::"f 1"I. fDtJ'.C ««~:,. J\'\:feD-
..
1'oo""f lICf?J":f: fl.'}"? ~4&C 7t'}aJ.."f "'''DtooitA t\oo"f."f f
~"?;1'IAIl1""1:9" ."fA:" 1Jt::"f c;:feD-:: 7t'!tl1"r l1""1:9" f:"mA "'}~:f
CD-c; fc}>mt\o~:fCD- ooVA +f, ~CD- v.-"1:9" OhlllJ~CD- 7th-A DUm'} f'\:f
eD- J\'}.e- hf"~ fDtCDm- 00;J1I f oo ",,, OmCIJ:feD- ".tJ" fl\.'\:fCD-m~C
J'fl. ht.'}~"'" cl>mt\o"f hI).. :fCD-:: ~1C -n ~41C 7t'}QJ.."f c}>mfl. ,T'}7f h
11 ~C'" ncl>ml\- mClI h"O."f:: f&:'}.., c}>mt\o"f QlI"~eD- ClIoo;1':flD- f
r~;1':fm-'} l1""."f 1.11. fDtJ''}.... ....lf~ t~41 C x'}QJ.."f :"mt\o"f ClIDU
;1':fCD- tr4.;1':fCD-'} l1""."f 1.11. fDtOAtn- c;:fCD-:: f~41C 7t'}QJ.."f c}>m"
..."fhoDvA 04l 00."f .... ;1'm~ l1""1:~ 1,} 7th-A .... lf~ er. '}"? -n OhlllJ~
CD- .... ;1'm~ 7th-A nf,Y..I\-~:: f fl. '}"? cl>mt\o"f h~41C 7t'}lJJ,."f '-"mt\o"f
f,A'-" h,}fJQ6-et c;:fCD-:: O~41C 7t'}lJJ,."f :"mt\o"f '\f, fDt:rfCD- 00"'00
C CDll} J'fl. .... lf~ O~'}"? cl>mt\o"f '\f, -n 1.e-1.e- J'I\- c;:feD-:: 0."fC;'}"6
f fl. '}"? cl>C'}IiIilt::"f '\ f, n~ 41C 7t'}lJJ,."f '\ f, ftry f, 17. nll}9" 11". 0 +'\1\- "
'If,'} fDt;1'~ ~mlllll(l"f hfl.."f ::
Uses. Dong rated highly in the survey with the farmers. It was the
second most mentioned tree for lumber. and also second most commonly
mentioned tree as being gone from when they were young. It was among
the most frequently mentioned fodder trees. and is commonly found in
grazing land. It was also mentioned as useful for construction. tools. center
poles of houses. for fuel. and helping soil fertility. Several groups
mentioned it as one of the faster growing dega trees. Several groups also
said it should be planted in common lands or elsewhere.
Dong is considereda merchantable hardwood.
Apodytes dimidiata/dong
T-1--'- h'lOt.jP'f ;JC O~Ol,} f:J>t\- ODm.e:" 1.11. fl.'}" h~""~

~l1f fDtflmm- ~m-:: }\ltm-'}T 'lOt.jP'f CDtfJT O~O..;. 1.11. f~Ol Jrtl1"'} .,
'} fm4.c;Ol1"t\rf'~ ~l1f f~m+{) t\"...;. tfJm-i\ fDtO''} tt~ ~,}~~Ol ~.,
lm-CiA:: Oh....-f-'f ".,fI".,t.f F~t:.""~ 1.11. fDt'l~Ci t\h -n -f-'f ODC;9" x
'}~Dtm:"9" UCDTC fDtm:,.....T tt~ ~m-:: ~'}"tl1"9" ~.,qu t\~cif ODutt
f ~1..;J-Ci t\fl.T 9"fI('+ t\".,'l fl. + x'}"tl1"9" f JrtLC'} t\ 9"~T t\OD mO-1- ~ '}
~Dtm:"9" ,S'lt:.f\.:: .... ~ :J>t\- ODm.e:,. .f~l",}i\Tm- fljP'f es» ttC:
'f LtfJ'} ~.f:'lT ~'}~t\.i\Tm- ~"lm-CiA:: O;Jt:. ODt.-f-'f CD.e9" Ot\.i\9"
(1;J- ODrf'hA .ft\OT tt~ x,}~O'~ ""~jP:r: 'lOt.jP'f ~"lm-CiA::
fl.')" "fl.f"".f{)'l~ t\'}.,.f: {)t:. 'fDtm-A ~,}~l1'~ rf'~C'" .eCDfI~A
Site. In Awi Zone, dong is seen to at least 2700 m asl, probably

higher. Often it is on sloping land with" volcanic soil. Frequently it is found
in grazing land (Kolele Mountain, Melach Mountain, Gwanzer Mountain,
Asra Mountain). It is also found in remnant forests (Agew Dur, Zerehi
Mountain, Darkan Mountain, Jibli Mountain, Guble Mountain). Can also
sometimes be seen along roads, as in 1<wari kebele or in churchyards such
as Sharata Giyorgis Church It is present in Kahtasa Forest Often seen near
Prunus africana (Darkan, Zerehi, Kahtasa, Gwanzer, Guble), This tree can
be .planted in high altitudes, in high rainfall areas, but should be protected
from grazing when YOJJng.
fDt"~OT (1;J--- OJrt«e f'') fl..f'}{) 2700~ hfl.CD.09"LJAflT9" hll

f 1Ii\.e .e'I~A:: IIJrt"'ltt~aJ- nrf'~4,.T ODt.TCi Oi'itli\"., JrtLC i\.e .e'l~A:
: O-l'~;J;JDtfDt 'l1'm- O"fIlfi' OIit.T (lJt\i\+ 9"i\6£b+ ~'}lIC+ Jrtflt:.-I't:.
co'f) i\.e ~(J)o:: ~'}"tl1"9" O:"tT ~C;'fm-{)T(Jrt'll& ~C+ lIC'l+ ~Cl)'}
T ~ .... t\.T 1-....A 1'~co'f ) m-{)T .e1~Al Orf'lJJ.".,t9" ~.,qu Jrt'}~'}.f: 1.
II. (lOD'}'lfl. 'f ~C (Ot\t +Ot\. m-{)T) Ofl./tl "fl. m-{)T (ift:.;J- l.f-C'l.{))
Jrt.e-l'CiA:: Ol)lJ;J-ut ~ '} m-iM' .e'l~A:: .... ~ 1.11. hlJ"., tf~ Jrtm'l"" (1-""A
T ~Cl)'}T l)lJ;J-lI-T~,}lIC) .e'l~A:: .elJ'} tt~ h~rf'~ fllCi9" ODm'} fli\T
m- h~1'~ (I;1"?''f OIJ,l-hA .e~i\A:: .,.,C -n 01\,;7.,1: (0""'}"li~1:) h ....-f-
'f ~ '}~.eOf\.T ODmO:" .f{)LA;JA::
Phenology, Propagation and Management. The literature varies
on reporting flowering time of dong. For instance one book says it flowers
from December to March, while another reports it flowering September to
170 Apodytes dimidiata/dong
OCtober. In Awi Zone, we saw dong flowering in March: For fruiting, one
reference in the literature reports it to fruit from September to November,
but in Awi Zone in March we were able to- collect seed. Leaves fall in
September with added new reddish leaves appearing in November. .
_j I •
A high percentage of the dong seed we collected from the ground

h~~ insect-holes in the seed coat. The outer seed coat can be easily broken.
Inside-is one-seed in the shape of.a saucer-round and flattened,. but with
curved up edges like a plate or dish.
Study staff planted seed gathered from the Awi Zone, bot failed to
remove the seed coat. We had very little germination. The seed coat may
inhibit germination.
Several groups of farmers mentioned dong as .one of the faster
growing dega trees, .but the Honeybee Flora of Ethiopia says it is slow
growing. Study staff have no direct information by which to judge this.
m+~"} D'/m++ D'/~q:,.c;"OD"}hqhll- O')th-~f.,..t\Yf fA"}., fltO

q 1.ItY"-"+H,?O«rA:: t\9"utlb 1l1f:OD~"'~ h;t.lJutp h()h OD;JIlT ItO
q JJmfllA f\~\I lbi\m- f..,lfO OD()hl~CJ 1'cl>9"TMltl ,e.flfllA .ei\A:: n
1t~ If"} OJ-()1' A"}'? nOD;JQ:" (DC "0(1 ".e""CJA:~ ~"f: 9""}6£b hODflh
1.9" h()h lJ~C f LirA .ei\A; '11C .,") nx'e .,,"} OOD,;JQT HCfI...()W; A:
: +mfto:t: hlf4-- .,..1r.,Lm- f01£~~:" Ofll9" t\lt6J!>C1.u. lIEF .,m-:: ItJlt'T
~ cl> mfto T ODm-fll T f\.~ 9" ~ <f>.e <f> t\ 9" h i\Tm-: :
, h~t.T hflOflllCJrm- f s: "}'7 flCOT hlllf~,9':t: OHC blm.1: i\.e
O'1~'IT r.,..o~ <f>~~,9'T .e:t'~q~m- ~OC:: fm-~ flfC 7i4."} O<f>ill\-
t\.MC .eTilA::Om-()fllTm-9"ffl~·"7(l"'OD66}.f01£OP{)A ~tIl4. hll
flr'1f1C~.';. It"}f: HC .e'l~A:: '11C .,j (D~ i\.e' h',g 'Iv") (i:{}T).f.,..hfl
n '1~:: f~CJ:" fl:f:CJT") hlt'e;.""}"f':l'Mr,fl: HCOT'l:HC'" '10C~ '11C'''''}
fHC hlm.1'1 "7()(D'lf: hArA "}~::.elJ9" 1~1ll9" 1'~+ 'Ocl>t\-l- '11]l!Th::
~C;At):" fHe hlm.-I: 11:t>l\1(}'hAtU\":" f.,.lYC;/;\:: .
' -n". 10t.?';f A"}., LtrJ' hf."1Tyt\m- f f.jJ ..~ x '}f.tr'1 lIlc}>flm-
ACJA:: '11C -n 1i~ ~fto~ ,,~ 1t.Tf-~.f:if.lt- f07·,f:., 1t.,~tr., .eCJ1~
A f1'CJT fl:f:CJT"} flllJ,,} ODf.9"f.O?llloo{M1T "'1'''''~ ODl!)ft","'::
Croton macrostachyuslmsana
Apodytes dimidiata references

Souane Thirakui; undated.
Croton macrostachyus/msana
Scientific Name. Croton macrostachyus'Hochst. Ex Del.
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Vernacular Names: bsana, msana (Amharic) asisi (Awi)
Note: With regard to the Amharicnames, "bsana" is usedin Welo, "msana" is used
in Gojam and "psana" is used in Wolaitta.
Description. Msana is a shrub in open areas (3' - 8m). In close
forests it becomes a tree (25m tall or more). The bark is pale grey, fairly
smooth when young and longitudinally fissured when old. The alternate
leaves are large and heart-shaped, to 15 x 1Oem, crowded at the end of
branchlets on long stalks to 10 em, veins prominent, and 2 stalked glands
visible at the leaf base. The leaf edge may have a few widely spaced teeth.
The leaf is paler below due to soft hairs. Usually it is seen with a few
yellowed leaves scattered at various places on the tree. Flowers are
beautiful white or creamy-yellow, sweet scented in spikes to 25cm, at the
ends of branches. The flowers appear only briefly. The flower spikes stand
erect, but tum downward as the fruits become ripe. The fruits are 9 to 12
mm across, and split open to release 3 shiny grey seeds.
Similar species. The leaves of msana and wulkfa (Dombeya torrida)
are similar, and without experience they may be difficult to distinguish one
from. the other. Both of them often have a few yellow leaves on the tree
with the healthy green ones. Both .of them may have some teeth along the
leaf edges. But the msana has .two glands where' the leaf blade connects to
the leaf stem. The wulkfa leaf usually has longer, and more hairs on the leaf
172 Croton macrostachyus/msana
stem than the msana. -The wulkfa is seen. at higher altitudes than msana,
usually, but their ranges can overlap. Both of these have leaf shapes and
sizes that are similar to wanza (Cordia africana), but wanza does not have
teeth on the leaf edges. .
Phragmanthera regularis is a partly parasitic shrub found on
Croton, Ficus and Rhus, sometimes dominating the host tree; from 1500 to
2800 m asl in Gondar, Gojam, and Shewa, as well as other areas of Ethiopia
and Kenya.
PUt)~-Jt'7cr;:
" )'IlVl.-Af
llile; -ID/t-+ 9"ile; -'loJl'9"+ Tile; -1D"":1"
tID.,
l\ -&: Wll\fll
(I;rsP"f l\,e h3-801l.
fDt.(Cr) ~OD-r fl\CD-
~".* (Il Ittr") ".:,.".:,.
lJ f\. s: e;""f CD-il1' Y.."1'l"
2501l.CJ htlf ftA\,e f
0fJ.Y.. Cr)' .08:" f l\ t»" If
tt:~CD-:: hlM:Z hlAC: f1
If4-- l\,e It"'i ftf.,.:" rn
/\co"f ,e;rJ'f\.::+Cd.~
1f4-- «» xr« l\il4lte;
"'&'6li ~~! 'hf I.'" n
ODfll "1"} tD Y.. -ilIA M
fOfJ.tDtI} ODhODC hAt»"
:: fT"f1~.l"'h"'o;OD
l' fl\TaJ. /h,i: xr«
4-- fDttDm-/' +m/\co"f
OD me; TID- .-rl\IA:" tfe;"
1A1l :"e-It It e;" &Tt»"
'hhh 15 fUOUf.C1Iftf
.,.,.c; 0:"C.'81C::'; OD,;g.
l fTc l\.e "hh 1()';1.0I
Croton maorostachyus/msana
O~lll~ r+mA. "J~ il.e (111(11' l1ftaJ- r~1): c;:faJ-:: Ocl-ml\- il.e r
~:t'" ooflooe:"f O.,Atl r~:t''' fl.lfJ +ml\- r+mA .,JP,..C; +ml\- O~
1C;):0-l- fl:t' il.e V-ft-l- lfl--l- r~oofll\- "J(l.tfl"f /"m.?J"f/ hl\--l-:: rcl-m:
I\- mClI (14. YI\- TC(I"f hl\-O-l-:: hT.++J 01-e:"f r1'~1t rcl-ml\- l!CIJ
~11lflf /r1lfll/ ooAh hftaJ-:: hOIJ?J:': ~6J.b (JJ,eJ~ 7ie:"1, It ~ fl.lf). 'I'
~ OOfJlf Yil:faJ- c;:faJ-:: rhOIJ ."P,.. h+C161>J.C:"f oo,;g.li'f If'i "flh 25
~.ort f~~C('- ClIoo-l- t'illf'A:: hOIJ?J:': Olf4- il.e r~~"-l- fthlif.bC 1
1ft ~aJ-:: rhOIJ .,,/'."f (JJ~ il.e +'1' YIl- c;:faJ-:: ~1C ." ~t.aJ- AOItA
(JJ~ :t'if 11+ .eilA:: c;;t,?J:': h9-12~. CI.I fl4.-l- Yil:faJ- fl.lf1 c;;t,?J:': (I
1hLrf: r~Y10IJC~ 3 .,&-,.."."e:"f1,e(lflll\-:: lie::': rh1'C +Ctl hil:faJ-
1'OOt'\t'\.e lICfPJ'f: r~ltc;c; aJ-Ah4. +mfto"f 1'ooltfJ,e flftlf). r

+Cl1 TaJ-m-+ rt\.ftaJ- (laJ- h1P,.. 1 ht\.ilm- III/ftr-l- YfI"f1t.'I'A:: V-ftrf:~
lfC:"f Olf4- il.e Ohl1:}~ m.~~ +mfto"f oot,hA Tet-l- It ~ +mfto"f
h~:faJ-:: V-ftrf:~ OmClf:faJ- il,e TCfI ft.'i&-:faJ- ,e"filA:: ~1C ." f9"
fJC; cl-mA v-t\rf: r+mA mCfI"f h+mA .,JP,.. O~ 1C;):0-l- fl:t' il,e v-ft
-l- lfl--l- roo(ll\- "m.?J"f h","O-l-:: raJ-Ah4. +mA h~fJC; +mA .eA+
1111- 1.1" l~~+ "'JtV-~ 1111- 01-e:"f >,ft·-l-:: aJ-Ah4. h~fJC; ,eA+ h~
1'~ fl:t'?J"f il,e r~.,~ .ev-'t "'}~ h1~1~ l.ft V-ftrf:~ OhJ~ ht,IJIt
ft.1): ,e"fill\-:: V-ftrf:~ 1'ooltlt,e cl-Ctl Yil:faJ- fl.lf1 oomS':fm- h'l'1Jf
+mA ,;JC 1'oofllfll~ ~m-! ~1C ." 'I''}lf O+ml\- mClI TCfI rftaJ-~::
"f:?.,,,,1!1? t:1-4t:h" O~fJC;+ (iilC; .+qo lfC:"f il,e h,}~1~ 'I."
'l'C;aJ-1 "'}~ hTC;;.y. r~(JJfll 1'+tlil ~T*tfl ~m-! h1500-2800ort. 01
:.0
-o1~C+ 1o~~C; ittp"'JtIJ!~ nil. '}Y.e1~A::
Uses. The farmers in our dega area survey mentioned-msana very

frequently, though it is found in the lower areas of dega only. . Our
experience in the nurseries, and the experience of others, is that when msana
seedlings are available, farmers are eager to take it. They like it because it
regrows when cut, and is not eaten by the animals, so protection is not as
necessary. A couple groups mentioned the tree as one that should be
planted more frequently. Many thought of this tree as one of the faster
growing indigenous dega trees.
The wood is cream colored and very soft. It is suitable for ordinary
furniture and tool handles. Sometimes it is used in house construction, but
farmers in the surveys considered this wood to be not strong and susceptible
to insect damage.
The tree is recommended for planting in soil conservation measures.
Fruit, root, leaves and bark are all reportedly used for medicinal
uses. Farmers in the surveys in dega Awi reported using the leaf in treating
malaria. (Literature reports the use of the root in other areas of the world for
malaria.) It is also used to treat hemorrhoids, and parasites.
It is used for shade for people and animal. When protecting crops
from birds, farmers build temporary shade on raised platforms with the
pruned branches.
The leaves are used as a bed for the crops when the harvest is
temporarily stored on a farm before threshing. Sometimes women wrap
butter in themsana leaves when taking it to-market to sell.
Even though the wood is not good for firewood, because it has a bad
smell and gives smoke when burned, it is commonly used for that purpose.
Fichtl and Admasu recommend that this tree be planted to increase
honey production.
Msana can also be used as a coffee shade tree.
T~"":':: 'f'C;;r"f11 orc;t,t.e-o:,. f "''e Y..,;J ",t,QQ ~fl. 10&.PJT

rl)C;1 01'y",;J,;J0Il fO?,mel-f\.:" Qlf1r 1Iel-1'~ Olf.,. fY..,;J ",t,QOQPJ"f
.e'l~A:: 0"f"1~ illQ~ h1~f~~C; /bf\t."fr h1Y..0Il~~~:" frl)C; "f"1'J
....'l'J 'lO&.PJ"f I\OP~(l.e- Oillr t;:""..-t: "'''T~:: ....$l'f' ".,.Y..1C; ()Il"t
r $m ~ 'f' h 11~"fr r)1\.,.,.eOfl.:" Y.. "1""r 'f'0'+ r)Il07~r)LA 'ltD- Rillr .e
OJ,l}.;rA:: 1111- 'lH&.PJ"f Hl1lf-l- OP1'hA ~I\O:" If~ h1Y..lf~ ~"1l~C;A::
l111-PJ"f h"''lC-O+A f"",;J Ifl::"f ~r)'f' Lill.,. h.e-'l:" ~I\~ 1ft;: ""'Y..lf~
CjO .er)0700-0:1'A::
""'' l.1:7h~07 OPAh ~Il~C; Il{)1I\1) ~aJo:: I\o.c- 411)41{)Ci I\Acif

OPUft~""f h~;r 1'OP~6J}> ~~:: "'.,..-s.,..e- 1.lI.r 1\0.:" "1.,.Q;1' J'11\"1I1\A
:: ~'lC "1'" O'f'Ci;r"f'" OJel--l- 10&.PJ"f ""'al.~ m"'t,&. A"'~Alf~C;Il1'Q.e
'f''+:'' f1',;JIlm ""'Y..lf~ ~"1l~CiA:: 114- IlOLC 'f'O'+ Q1'hA 1'~ ".,.~
lf~ . . .e;1'C1J'+A::
Croton macrostachyus/msana
t;:t,m--;- iI-r+ +mt\.c; +CtL-f: ~OD.e-~~T~T m ....Dt, A'H~lf~ en

?-A:: 'f'.cIT q.(l.,'fl:fm- fh'e .(;J 1tt,flo.1Pr fDt,,"$ 'Ot,1Pr +mfl.. ~
aJfl OJi:t'Or).e-~~T ~'.(Dt,lf' 'A9m-ACJ~;: (fbthct;:, "'fl .(.,qu Ot\.~
r'}~~ h~A(I-r ~aJfl ODh~hJJ A'.(Dt,lf' ~'A'A::) ~lf.e- T~Tt\or 0
7i:t'CJ ~h. ':J'C:T~ OD~;;~T ~lfCJA::
tf4- ~hll-frCJ f'l1Pr 'f'~~T Y'~"~A:: 'Ot,1Pr Of'lllA 0tJ1't m-iI
'f' 1tllOD?-m-, haJt;: ~mO+ tf4- h~.e h"'~lm O:\~ ODt,aJm- +C'~C:
r ODI'JhA faJt;: ODlIlO4:Y UllII7 ~f'l?-fl..:: '
+mt\o:': 1tllOD?- 00tJ1't m-ll'f' f\aOf'lll hODOJ....-I: OtLT A'~ ,lfJ
t;: Y'~"~fl..:: 1t,~,.e- 1.lI. ,ot, (l.-fr +0. aJ.( 'Oy I\OJf'l~ O~I'tCJ +
'f'A m+A~m- .e.etffl..::
A~(JJ. -f: ft0tJ1fl.. 'f'-r 1t.eg, ~ ~; ~tn Y-f:~ A'lJJ.-f: 1\~.e- 6J.b.... OD
1'C:7i:t' iI~ftm-~m-:: ~1C ." ftllU .,..,qC OtJ,A,fl.. f"'~OD.( ~m-::
Site. Msana.is found throughout Region 3 in altitudes between 1300

and 2700 m asl. It is common at forest edges, in and around compounds.
Its rainfall range is from 750 to 2000 mm per year. .
It is found throughout sub-Saharan and southern Africa.
, '
foy,,~O"'" (1;1': 01300 ACJ 27000lL. hfl.OJ.O. fODt,T ht;::t' .q~:f

m- fnAA 3 1tI'Jqo.1Pr v-fl.. ~I'tCJ' 0tJ"7T .e~~A:: 0,(' ~C ~C.:;- 0
.,o.1Pr tP-il'f'CJ lI-tY. OtJfT frf'ftOD Y,... f\lf' ftfl.CJ rf'nA 1'~~T~ fDt,m
+~ tft;: ~m-:: h750-2000Dt,:0IL lICJ~ ,O'}ODT .eilOtJOtJCf'A::
JlhtLA IW?-CJ .(o,fl'e 1tt;:tI'J OOO-fl.. .e'~A::
Phenology, Propagation and Management. In Ethiopia it flowers

from April toAugust and is an important source of honey. The young
I seedlings are not browsed. It is usually a fast growing tree under good
conditions,
The Debre Zeit government tree nursery [Awi Zone, Fageta wereda)
has been planting, the Croton seed for several years. The fanners are said to
accept the seedlings eagerly. They collect the seed in March and sow it
immediately, with, no, pretreatment,and report it takes about three weeks to
germinate.
Demel and Granstrom (1997) found the best germination of Croton
was at about 25 degrees C. They found in their laboratory conditions it took
about 25 days until germination. Seeds they treated with hot water and
sulphuric acid failed to germinate. Toke· only useful treatment they found
was to remove the whole seed coat. .
Seed is often damaged by insects while still on the tree. Seed can be
stored for some months if kept cool and free of insects. If seed is dried
down to less than 8% moisture content, and kept in less than 20 degree C,
the seed can' be kept for up to two years. There are about 16,000to 27,000
seed in one kilogram.
Many crop fields in western Gojam have msana growing in them.
Farmers seem content that the tree is not harming the productivity of nearby
crops, and some believe it actually helps the crop to grow. The farmers
generally cut back the tree severely before the crop emerges, and the mature
trees seem to fully recover year after year. In this indigenous agroforestry
system some wood is therefore produced on the same land as crops.
1,.1Lm-"} "7dJ~+ "7~q+Ci OD"}hQh... : O",-+r-A-.f m-il'l' hDt.f1l.f

l\ilh '1th"- fowz..fl1l1 ...cr f"7C OO1~ 9",6JJ> fIT'1 tI~ '1aJ-:: It;J
"f'1tr"f' h ......."f h.eO~TaJ-9":: O...cr 11").;I'sP"f aJ-...... Ltfl' iJ~1+ r«
aJ- tit;: '1aJ-::
O.(l1l tI.e+ Iher.. 1" 4-'1;1' dJlJ!,1 f OO''1il+ "f'1~ tflR.f aJ-il'l'
f9""'Ci tlC:"f 1\...". '00;1'+ f\1'ht\- of..e1''l'A:: 10t.sP"f "f'1tr"f' OtJOc~
t;:l\1+ l\'.(owz.dJ"'~TaJ- '1.,laJ-CiA:: tlC:"f, OOO;JR.+ ...1100(& 9"'9"
ftlC "7~.f ~~oo-tJOch~ ... .e1-l'1 dJJl.faJ- tlC1'aJ-+ I\OO...+A ~il+ ...
9"'+ dJ....(O+ 111\aJ- '1'1laJ-CiA::
'(9"ACi '1~'il+C:9" 119971 ...cr f9""'Ci 11~1l+ fDtljllD- 025Jl.
..... ll.e ""}1-If'1 fl,;J1m- ....If") Olll1t:-.y.6!TaJ- IlOD -n.,.A 25 .,.C;:" s»
A l\'.(Dt.filLA1aJ- hl;J'1m'l'A:: OtJOc~ aJ-'1Ci O"'AL&h hf\.(- flfDh
Z:Tm- tlC:"f aJ-m.:" hi\"'~9":: fDtfilLA'1 ftlC "7~.f R.IjC ftlC hl..
-1:,
til. "7ildJ1~ "'r '1aJ-::
trr::,:
Otf~ ll.e l\"} J!,fl. 11". 'Ltf. 01'q.e .em.+t\-:: tlcr' h1'qr-"f .,
, OIT'1Ci 0+1I.+tI 11;1' Il...et+ tD~+ "7... .,.00... .erl\A:: tlcr' 1tilh 8%
t:lil l\C'I'Oo}- ql\t& '(l:t- Il:f''i h20 Jl.t\. 1I:f'"f fIT., tJOc++ ql\aJ- n .
Croton macrostachyuslmsana
;J- h"'mO+ tUN\:" f}OD;J-:" ",it+~T .e~'lA:: Oh'}.e- h.."7 IIC tD-itT
h1600-2700 "~T .e'l~h-::
Orb&-ll 1)fr 011". ffllIA II7ItP'T tD-h1' frltlJ If~ .e;J- YA::
'I()~P'T Ohm'lo. fh- fllIt\->T'} A,}~1I7.e1~ r"'l~ .eoPit'lfl.I h,}~,}p..
lor fllIt\->T'} YItt:;JA 1lt\tD- frlJfl.:: fllIt\->T h oDlI+4:ftD- 04C.:" 'I
O~P'T ~;J"7ODtD- .e",Clflo;J-AI A'}Jll1"r :"A4I If~ h'iODT f}oP:" o~'}
11 AfO+t\/AY",m",m/ f0'7.ODIIJ .eoPh'lA:: ht\lllJr OA'}J;.IJ f}.e~:" fh
'IC tD-h1' "7llCC; w; 1'~:" A'}Q;i.-f. T Oh'}.(- (I;t- 'l.e .eODl;t-h-::
Croton macrostachyus references

Edwards, S., Mesfin Tadesse, and Hedberg, 1; 1995.
Fichtl. R. and Admasu Adi; 1994.
Hedberg, I and Edwards, S.; 1989.
Salim, A.S. et al; 1998.
178 Erythrina species/kerch
,
ErythrinaspeeiesAi.orch .
There are two species of Erythrina present in dega areas that are
known as.lIkorch". As far as the study staff could determine, the farmers do
not differentiate between the species. They are both widely used and
popular for fencing by the farmers .
./Ie :r-J'J"1C~
fl.6-J'J'I!.
0~,;J"1 h"'tlo. ttc"f +11t\tD- fot;t'aJ~ ~t\:" f "1t.6h6~" 1IC.fSP
"f hl\-:: f1'CJ:" o-.e-.,.. hilhot.f aJ+tD- .e-lil 10&'9'"f h'A., - l),A. hf.t\
~-l-9":: 11"t\-I:9" lIC.fsP"f t\1n&,p'"f t\h1'C nh4.:" .f1t\..,,.1\-::
Scientific Name. Erythrina brucei Schweinf. (1868); andErythrina abyssinica Lam. ex

DC. (1825)
Family: Fabaceae (Leguminosae), Papilionoideae subfamily
Vernacular Names: korch (Amharic). burl (Awi)
Descriptions:
Erythrina abyssinica: A tree that loses its leaves during part of the
year (deciduous). Bark deeply grooved, brown, thick and corky, with or
without spines. Leaves compound with 3 leaflets often of irregular shape.
Branchlets and under leaves covered with grey-brown hairs. The veins and
stalks are sometimes prickly. Flowers are in orange-red heads, often
appearing on the bare tree. Each flower is to Scm long. Fruit are woody
pods, 4 to 16 cm long, hairy, strongly narrowed between seeds, opening to
set free 1 to 10 shiny red seeds with a grey-black patch.
00""11\1:
, Jb61l6~ Jifl.lI..t!J' f.lJ fttC"f 'f.~:" Oh'.e- aJ+-l- ~m1\-1 fillY
6-..,t;: tit;: ~tD-:: +C ~-I: x if u I\}i ltD-9" l\f. tj l tD-9" f. "fl\A I ml\ ~ Y1\
ooitooC , t\ tD-{- o-CJ"1 aJt;:6-9"CJ t\it,. It ~tD-:: ~ mho f (1)1' ftr~ :"C,) fA.
,.:':tD-{- ~it-l- -l-CJ17i ~mho"f Oh'~ f+mA ..,,~ "f. fIll1~0+ ~m-::
-l-C;1"li ~C'1c:"fCJ f~mt\o"f :letl 0""16-1-o-CJ"7 6"'~"f f1'iiL). Ij:':
Erythrina species/korch
()}-:: O""mt\- I'\,e fDt;f'~ OOiloo~"fS' J\"~P'"f J\,}~'}.e- 1.11. 'It."(i,/try S':f
()}-:: hOQsP:t: -oC1:I1'}-+,e &-il hl'\:f())-+ -0", 1.11. OOJ,}~ I'\,e CD,eIJU OQ
,,()}- ilt;:(J't\ +mA) f,OJflJt\-:: hJ''}~'}~ JlOQ 'It.ilh 5""O?, ,ellltryA:: t;:
~P':t: 'It.'}QJ.Ttry+ 4-6"',o?' fDtlll tJOc+ 01-&-1JU+ ou~"f oollhA flC1o.e-
J't\+ OOJ&-66).-.,.4lC 7i4-.'} f""'i'iL~ 1-10 fDt~C"""~"f'}t\ooilmTf
DthLT fUC hll1l, T J\t\()}-::
Erythrina bruce; A tree that loses its leaves during part of the year
(deciduous). The bark is thick and corky, branches prickly. Leaves are
compound, with a 3 oval leaflets, more regularly shaped than in Erythrina
abyssinica, not hairy, the middle one stalked and largest. Flowers are in big
heads on the leafless tree, orange-red, occasionally pale yellow. Fruits are
long leathery pods to 15 em, splitting open along both sides, with 2 to 4 red
seeds with white patches. It is Erythrina brucei that is most commonly
found in dega Awi Zone.
For most practical purposes, it is unnecessary to differentiate
between the species. If necessary, though, the following more technical
comments may be helpful in comparing Erythrina abyssinica with Erythrina
brucei: The calyx on the E abyssinica is in five parts, while on the E. brucei
it is in a single part. The flowers of both may be red or orange, but the E.
brucei is sometimes a pale yellow. The standard of the flower on E. brucei
is about twice as long as the keel, while on the E. abyssinica it is at least
four times as long.
'A61J6~ -aca»: ,eu f}1C"f fl,e'lTIJU 'It. '}-'tv- nx '}.e- CD""T ""mt\
...'} fDtI&-OJ~ tit;: '1()}-:: ""C~1: CDt;:&-IJUS' t\ill'\'" '1()}-:: ""mc\- ~ilT TS'
'}7i ""mlP"f If\.T+ h'h.tiltS' xn,.... ~I1' f..,..i{t\ CD.,. ""Ct) J'I'\:f()}-+ 01-&-
IJU J'A"'~+ fqo'/t\~()}- lU~ It\ h"~ It\()}-S' lJ:9" ""mA ht\()}-:: hOQ
P':t:""mA Ot\.t\ro- tit;:' I'\,e OTA+ 6-il I'\,e ,e"~f\.+ lIC1:I1'}-+,e hAC:
JlAC: wir« 0.66). S':f()}-:: t;:&.P':t: 'It.ilh 15""OIl fDtlll9" lJ:IJU fUC
hll1l,T+ cDf.. V-t\T ..,..ht;:lP fDthLT+ O'l6lb 7i4-.'} ()}-il.,. f""'i'iL~ h2-4
u~"f') fIn fnc hll1l,T hl'\:fro-:: ,eU 1ft;: 011", fh'e s:» hI1QO,P'"f f
O?..,~ '1ro-::
t\J\,}~,}~':""'OJQ6-T t\oom+9" v-t\1:'} lICIP'"f ll,e-fo tryCD4l Jll'\

ilLI'\'l '1ro-::.,.,eOJ'} hilLI'\1. h..,'1 fDtti..,..f\.T .,..y.tryP''.f .~t\1:,} t\tryt\f
T ,el~f\.:: O'h., xn,.... ~l1t I'\,e hOQP''.f'} fhOfl. ""mlP"f Oh9"ilT ht;:A
180 Erythrina specieslkorch
fl.tr.,. n'x, lIcrf\.e' i\.e .." 01t"}.(' h~A CJTf&:: f.,./\1:9" ,1tOI1 +/\
9" +.e lD.e9" lIC1:1]1 t\.tr1 .eTi\AI v«: .." 'h.. lIcrf\.e' i\.e 1t1~1.('
"lit""1 Y/\ 0. 6l>1. .etrC;A:: OltOI19'T '~l)f 'h.. lIcrf\.e' 1tOI1lD- hltOI1
lD- ~CI1 Y/\tp"1 OD{lODC 2 "lit YUA fl.lll9"+ nx. lto.fl.~I]' 4\.e 0..f1
{I 1t&--T "lit YUA .elllOfl A::
Uses. The most widely seen use of korch by farmers is for living
fences. In the survey conducted by the Study staff, when asked whether
they preferred yeferenj tid (Cupressus lusitanica) or korch for fencing, all
farmers said korch.
The wood is light and commonly used for making mortars as well as
tool handles. It is also used in local house construction. Korch is a very
good boundary marker. The wood is very soft and hollowed-out branches
are used for making traditional beehives. It is used for firewood,. carving,
and the leaves provide valuable fodder. Children use the bright red seeds
for making necklaces.
The flowering period of these trees comes at the timeof harvesting
honey and is helpful for strengthening bee colonies. Crushed seeds of
korch, dissolved in water, can be used for feeding bee.
In traditional medicine the roots and bark are used iri the treatment of
elephantiasis.
A brown dye can be extracted from the bark.
The tree is recommended for soil conservation programs and erosion
control measures.
... -l-'I"~: 1111- "lit fllCT ....-,.9" O"O~jPT 11'1: fP'J.:;t-lD+t& /\*
Dt 1t...C 0fl1A1/l- '1lD-:: O'f'C;T (l.1:CJT") O-f'~l"l& ,+/\-ODm.e-l- hLl,,)
~ 'f'~C; h)lCT l\lt'f'C h'}~DttfA f'l1'f'.e.+:fl& .,./l-9" )lCT .etf4\A 11
/\l&C;A::
x1 Q;L1: + 4\A 0. tr19" 1111- 'lit 9" tJOo + Qj, /\ODiI&--T /\" c'if ODl)6
YjPT "~;t-C; /\.."I1;t- Y1/\..,4\A:: /\il4\lIC; h~T -l-C"}Qj,C=~ I1U4\'e +c=
l\ODilt-T .f1l\..,4\/l-+ '-"mt\o:,$ hhll:" ODe;" + A'}Q;L1: /\""C"'-"C6+ /\071
'" Y1l\..,4\A:: /.\~T ~oy..,. .,..e IIC:~1 A,,}~ "'.+ OhC f"lh-f'l& Olt11;t-
Tl& fl..fil'io f,;t- Y/l-::
Erythrina species/korch 181
f1t'lfu 1fG:1- fhOq 1."" o".,c 9"CT 00...110o..f OJ""T f"}{l1-"} 00

'};J I\""m'i"hC .e~~""+ rf'L~rf'CD- OCD-'/ frf'I\OJ.... UC'1- f'}{l1-'} 00'};J
1\0000111 ,em"""""":: .
oq Ul\'Coo.e-;)tT ltC'i" ..,. lOt\- 1\111ft. 0 7i;t-oo.e-;)tT .em""""A: :
fl..'i""" ".,..,.1\fTIJ...f h..,.C 4t1: t\.1"f .e1-l\A ::
1f4- I\OLC T,(l""~ roz,c "TOT'} 1\:00.f.lfJmC ffTIJ..~~ 1t,}~If'1 ;t-
CD-*A::
Site. Usually. this tree is seen in fencerows where it has been

planted. However, several naturally occurring large specimens exist in the
Agew Dur as of November 1999.
Erythrina brucei: is found in elevations to 2800 m asl in most
sections of 'the country, but not known outside Ethiopia. Erythrina
abyssinica is found to 2400 m asl, in most areas' of the country, and is
widespread in eastern tropical Africa.
The two species occur in similar habitat and at similar elevations.
ffTIJ..1"fOT {l;t-: ql1lf~CD- .eU Iftt: rf'rf'ht\ofut;t-fCD- OhTC 00'"

00C'1- l\,e'1CD-:: (llf'}9" Orf'L1'C' fO.,.I\ Oh1CD- ~C CD-lt1' OU~C 1992
rf'ooAhrf''i''A::
'lb. ·-!l-:.tl,e' 011". fh.Tr-*,.f htt:t\o1- 1tlth 2800011.. hq.OJ.O. f
ut1"f ....If") hh. Tr-*,.f CD-6J.b h.e;t-OJ""9":: 'lb. Jin.n.~fJ' 1tlth 2400011..
hq.CD .0. htt:;t- ql\:fCD- 011". f h. Tr-*,.f ht}qo.PJ1- fut1"f ....If'} O?"lt
I....+'C TC' 'Ct}A h tt:t t} Olt4.T .e;t-CD""A: :
0-1\1:9" fttC1- lIC.fPJ1- Orf'ooltlt.e frf'L1'C' ht}qo. 'i" foot.,T h
tt:;t- l\.e .e
1~""::
Phenology, Propagation and Management. Korchwas one

species that farmers commonly propagate on their own. It is established by
cuttings of a meter or more in length.
Korch was seen flowering around Awi December through April.
Korch seed is available in Awi Zone in May and June.
182 Erythrina specieslkorch
Study stafffound that korchseed (Erythrina brucei) germinated

quickly without pretreatment. However, in the literature there are several
treatments for Erythrina abyssinica listed. The best treatment listed is to
immerse the seed in 100 degree C water for one minute and then allowing it
to cool in the water for six hours; , Or they can be allowed to sit as the water
cools for twenty-four hours, but this will bring a slightly slower
germination. Study staff has not attempted these treatments. Young trees
need to have protection from heavy frost.
There is a problem ofbruchid beetles (Specularius impressithorax)
on theErythrinq seed. However, this particular type ofbeetle is very host
specific, and storage of Erythrina seed with other seed will not infect the
other seed. If seed is stored at 4 degrees C, it will kill the young developing
beetles.
l.lI.tD-"} O7OJ++ "7~q:,.'1 oo"}hQh-ll: ttc'f 'lOt-PJ'f O~"'TtD- 00

to:" i\,e "'0.,."TaP tfC:~ i't"}~ ~OJ-:: i't"}f: o>t:"C'I htl.f Oi\,e ~oo:" .f
t\aP ~C1'~6f.l> ~C(Il ooo:"hA "7~q:,. ,e~i\A::
ttc~ Oi't'e i't...on, h;1'UUf'" "'flh 0?.f1l.f i't-llfl i't,e+'IA:: II~,,}
Y.OJqo OOJ"}fl:"'I fI~ 07'~rf:" ~t\'IA::
f1''I:'' fl.f:'I~,} fttC~ IIC .ft\9",}9" rllc "7?f?f.f +f:00 tJOoh~
LlJI"} -II+t\:" "''}~t\aP i'tl;JOJI!J.A:: o.lI",,}9" 'J\.. xn,....t ...' IIC O,)m-~ ....
If. +f: OO tJOoh~PJ~ +IIOJO'PA:: fttC~ IIC"} f-ll-l't\:" "'~;1' t\"7?f?rA 0
1oo-t. f\. fqo.,. aP'/ aP"'1' t\i't"} s: "et.:1»' hllLII~ O:\i\ 0"'1I:1»1f aP'/ tD-'"
'l.
l ' t\6 1P'i:hT ODIlt;:IIt;: f~~A ....lI"'} OJ-,/tD- tD-"'1' t\24 1P'i;1'T OO+aP
,e~i\AI ~1C OJ'} .eU "'19"+~ -II-l't\:"'} .foolJl .e'fl\A:: 01''IT fl.f:'I
~1 "'~If.U tJOoh~PJ~ i'tA.,.qoh~9":: s» fll"~ tfc:'f hhqf: tD-C~ ODh
l\h.f ,eLA;J~::
ottc~ IIC l\,e rn, '}If.tf /,"'1:f}.i\6Y'" h.9"Tto....t\~h ...1 i't"'T;J6 ~
aP:: o.lI",}9" ,eU i't,e~:,. rn,'}If.tf f~OD10aP f+OJfI~ "CYPJ~,} .... ~ ...tl
+
lI"~ fttC'f IIC h ~t\<o 'f 1Ir:'f ;JC .,..,. i\ t\<o 0.'" 001'9" '""}'J. til."}1f.1ftD- f
ttc'f 1Ir:~'} _-II~ ODC(Il "'t\"!. OO1-11 lbfl..'f'} h.e""~~:: II~ 045-t.f\. i\
,e h+"'OOlIl "'~~U'} m, '}If.tfPJ'f h"7Y.;JTaP O~T ,e1f:i\T'I'A::
Podocarpus falcatus/zegba
E!Ythrina species references.

Azene Bekele-Tesemrna; 1993.
Fichti, R. and Admasu Adi; 1994.
l' • i ~ .
Laurent, N.; Chamshama, S.~O;)987.

.,
.-~
'Podocarp~sfqlcatus/z~gba .:
Scientific namet, Podocarpus'falcatus (Thunb.) Mirb.; synonym: Podocarpus graciltor
Pilger 1903. The genus of thiS species' is sometimes known as Afrocarpus
. F3IPilyfo Podocarpaceae
Vernacular names; zegba, (Amhliric)legba~is anotherAmharic namefound in the ,.
.' literature but not confirmedby the study staff. podo, east African yellow-wood."
(English)
De~<;riptiOri. Evergreen tree"attairiingheightsiof
,..... c''C· ',....
.
45 m.
..,.'.
Stem .. , 'C'
mostly straight. 'Very old trees 'are deeply grooved.and ,sometimes twisted
when isolated. The hark.is.pale grey to pale brown; horizontally anq'
longitudinally' fissured, scaling.in squares...{.teaves mirfow ~.. and much longer
than wide, two to five em long, and about 3 to 5 mm wide. They are
confined t&-the'ends of branchlets. Leaves are very resistant to insect attack.
It hasmale and female trees.' Fruit, a~greenish"'.blue drupe ;~n a stalk, t, .
becoming yellow 'to purplish when ripe, 'about 1 1.5 to em
in diameter, in the
a
shape of ball; and containihg a single seed with ~ hard Zegba bas a snell.."
typiC~1 taproof sysiem,'with~$w~lingsonthc'mainand side roots, thought to
be caused~~.a .fuq~& and ~ay~.a wvtyal b"eriefi~ to bOththe:Jr~e ro~t ahd iJ1,e
fungus (mycorrhizaI)~"Repor:tedly
. :
slow gfowi,n.g.
~ .
'.'
. . ,;
F ' ·
The wood js~creamy white, sometimeswith an irregularpale.brown

zone in the 'center of the trunk; soft when. green, harder whensea~~ne4. It is
comparatively light with a density of 0.521. The wood is odorless, tastele~,~l
straight-grained, fine and even textured, easily worked, staining patchily,
184 Podocarpus falcatuslzegba
but taking paint satisfactorily, and polishing well. It tends to split when
nailed at the ends. Very perishabledecays in the ground in 3 - 5 years.
Diaphananthe rohrii is an epiphyte frequently found on Podocarpus
above 2100 m asl, though can be on other species of tree.
Generally zegba is resistant to insect attack. In the laboratory,
insects fed the zegba leaf did not choose to eat it, and those that' did eat'it
generally died (Kubo, Matsumoto, Klocke; 1984).
lI"q
OU"7ll81: ~oui: 4502.. fDt~C'" lJcA'l.IL hl1=lY. flf~ tf~ ~aJ-::
"71~ lJl1tf;;:aJ- +T III ~aJ-:: OtIJ9"ll"K. tft::f mlle) II\- .,...e-=l~ (I;1'sP
f Il\-lJ:faJ- f\lf1 h1~1.e- 'ltt.f\h4.LI\- foy,n,OoOO- fj":faJ-:: +CtLi: ~
l1N1I fll "7t-6Ili h1"L1Jc9" ~11"1I III (l.fj"o"/ +ll9" hllaJ-! Oht-+ o"/{)'"
fDth4.LA CD~ ""fj" CD1.. ;t-f f"'m...llf. ou",ouf:"f 11\-0+ ~aJ-:: +m
I\u:': mOl1 II\- f\lf1 h2-511f.02. flf~fj" h1"L1Jc9"h3-5Dt~"I·"'4.+ I ...:f
aJ- fj":faJ-:: +ml\u:': 0....c161lit::f 0I!~i'f ... .e 1f~aJ- 1'l111111·11llaJ- .e'1;;:
I\-::+ml\uf f.,.lJf"f1 T:J>+ fouww9" ~.e1A h ...:faJ-:: ""7lJ CD1Y.Cj ....
1: tffi: hllaJ-:: 0+C161lif. /\.e O.eOAT hl1=lY. flf~ 1'l0"//~ f\OhlA CD1..
o.6Ili-CD.e1m~ fDtllCDT+ ni-i.s 1If. 02. foy,l'l4.+ h1~ 1).... hll flf~+
m,t)t- if4.1 IllCD- ~m/\ IIC OCD-"'m- f III ~t. hllCD-:: ""7lJ Olle;. /\.e II
L 1'1....9"(oy,fI~IIA) If~ ll...e;. fDtI'1It'1A OL1'1'" 9"h1,+ .etffj"A .,.1Ill
... foy,;1'(Jl1 hOTfll "'~t- IllOT cD)'. ;1'ffDty.e-"7 CPfj" "'ChllCD-:: 11
"7W L"" {).e-'1T x1~lbllCD- II'1lJsPf foullh;tcl\-:: ." ..
~1Q;l"of: CDtf/ll ~6£b 1ft;" hAt:: hAt:: fh1Q;l,,-f: ou'/ll?f,CD- h~A/\
.e fllaJ- ....C6 .etJ ~CD- fO"/..elJlA~l1"lI III (l.Cjo"/ +ll9" foy,;1'.eOT f\
1f1 hCTl1 sr« ""'/\I) l-}1..l~T O:\l'\ "71 m11-}t- ~CD-:: ,hlbl\of ;JC f\
CD~~C hl1~-f: +/\/ACj fhl1~T oum"'?" 0.521 ~CD-:: h1aJ.of:7i;1' fl\.ll
CD-+ "'{)9"fl\.llCD-+ +T III II'lt-.C .e"+J'lltiJ.+ ~?""Cj hh-IA flf~f
hCDa,T .ell+; fACD-+ 0+/\1\- oO"'t-+ fO?fil"fA+ O.,.llff ouAh fO?+
t\~+ +111 fi~l)t) 1Jc~;1' fDt+OA+ h')"LlJc9" 0.(111 oulDACDlAfO?fA
~CD-:: oout.T CD-"'T h3-5 'lOOT h~f 0:\/\ .eOl'll1I)A::
""7lJ lJm:J>l'\.e f.,.lJf"f1 T:J>+ f07.WW9" +hlA ~CD-:: fi"'(lt-"'~

aJ-",1' +mlA roy,ou'1(l. ~~I)T fll"7fl' ....TIA hIA ODlm-T9" ~OCI fO~+
h~lf.f ." lJm:J>....e qo.,.CPIA::
Podocarpus fafcatus/zegba 185
Uses. Zegba was once one of the main woods on the Ethiopian
lumber market. It was used for interior carpentry, floors, furniture, boxes,
veneers, and shutters. If used outside it must be treated with preservatives.
Breitenbach reported that if the wood is coated each year with nug oil, zegba
wood will last at least 30 years. In eastern Ethiopia, the wood is commonly
used to make household utensils. Oil extracted from the fiuits has been used
as gonorrhea medicine; trees with extremely drooping branches are known
as producers' of more and of better quality oil. Legesse Negash (1995)
reports that in the area of Assela, farmers use the oil from zegba as an edible
oil. Zegba is'a very attractive tree. In the U. S.A. this tree is used as an
indoor ornamental.
1':,0".,:,:: lI'1q Oi't"} ~ OJ:,.-t O~ -tr-*,Y fflJm-~ 'lOY i\.e htpc;?':r:

h"}~ ~Oc:: t\m-lI1' fi'tc;m.. lIP- Y+ t\rot\A FIr+ t\0.C' ~1t~lI+ t\lt1''i
".f+ t\4'6J!""} Aq(hTc; t\~m4't\ft.c; t\~1It..,. fooll...-tc;OC FIr?'".f ri
t\'1i\A:: Om-tiJ!> h1'm"'~~O-t s: '1"" OD(IOOll"} f~hi\hft. f1't\Y~ :,oq-f-
".f oom"'~ i'tt\11"}:: i't"}~ 8m&. i't"}Y..'Lm- lI'1Q 0).'1 1I.e-t Ofi'tOO-l: h
1'.,.Q AlIh 30 'loo-t ~~lI n.Y'lt\'1A .e".f'i\A:: O~hlr:" ~-tr-*,y A"}QJ.
-I: 011,,-t f~m:"oom- fo.-t ~It~,....,."} Il oolllr-t ~m-:: hif:&.~ f~'l7
m- H.e-t t\m1l1' Olf;r oo~~~-t.,+ fl.f1t\'1A+ :"C"}Ii6}.c::r: ro~ oo&.-t
0Y.."}11 f1'''}mt\tm\ tffj: 1'';' fH.e-t i't~~".f A"}~ln ~;rro~A::-'
t\'lfi~,;J7i(1995)A"}~tJt".,Om-Oi't...ia f~'l}: 'l0&.?'".f flll'1Q f
~'l7m-"} H.e-t t\~'111 H.e-t.,:,. .em"'{IOc;rA:: lI'1Q O"l~ oo{UJll~:':'
yt\m- tfif: ~'m-:: O~.i't.lI ..i't.. .eu tf~ t\"L1'~f 0'10. m-lI1' f~1'hA -tA
:'" tfif: ~OJ":: . .
Site. Z~gba prefers loose, volcanic soils. Krezdom (1985b)

recommends planting the species in areas of 1600 - 2200 m in elevation, and
1000 - 1600 mm annual rainfall, with free-draining soils, preferably deep
volcanic soil.
Zegba is shade tolerant.
Zegba's dense shade is not regarded as compatible with crops. It
does tend to suppress undergrowth, which mayindicate it would be harmful
to crops.
Usually found between 1600 - 2800 m in elevation, but in the upper
126
.', I
ranges on warm humid sites only. Generally found at elevations below tid
(Juniperus procera), but sometime's these species are mixed. Often found in
pure stands, suppressing competition. Zegba forests once covered large
areas of southern and western Ethiopia. These have mostly been cut, It is
found in Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania. In Region Three, study
staff have seen this tree very rarely. One area where it can be seen is about
5 'kilometers north ofBure, along the road towards Bahr Dar. Another is on
Melach Mountain near Debre Zeit in Awi Zone, It is also in Welo.
f"!.1~0"'"
fI;1': lI""1Q AA f" ...T1'l"&- i\LC ':e~AA:: ht:.lIp..C"}(
1985b) ,eU"} lICY h1600-22000ll. htt:;1'+ ""}Jllt'r 1000-1600"!..0Il
'}ou;1''f fllc;r OOlll"}+ arl/ 001J y~c OLC i\,e+ OTfl,er 0"...T1'l"&-
i\LC i\,e IlThA Toot-6J!''':'' ""}Aflar ,em~01JA::
lI""1Q 'f'+'f'+ Yfl 'f'i\ Yfll&' OU I1-" h~t\o T 1P1lt\o ~ ;JC Q"} ~.,:,.
1t.Jlsc i\'iI~Ar:: hiler fOci'/\. (lllt\o~") ilfl"!.'f..A lilfl"!.Q;L~"}1 ,eu'"
fl(lllt\o~ 'f'er ""}AAI1., ""1AiJ .,1&::
lI.,Q 'f'i\ f01J,e 'f..p,ar Jftt:.,m-::
QllJf~1& h 1600-28000ll. hlt.OJ.0. htt:;1'. Qi\:fOJ& fI;J-sP~ il1~
,e~i\A+ .,1C -nOhtt:T~ fI;1'sP~ 'l"+ Qfl. i\t)QllsP~ i\.e 11~ .e1~1A::
QlIl'+i\,eiJ~ fl.1~0:" h"!. ~flar htt:;1' 0;1'~ fl.1~ .e.:fi\A + ""lC .,"} i\
e
"}A1 ~ 1,.u. It'fl1:9" Jf ~ TcI'i\ +fl tD- Oi\1 ~ fI;1' fl.11= ,e ~i\fl.:: 1l".tD-"}
1,.u. f1MQ Jftt: ~t\o~ "iJcr....."} Or""1llC;I&I/ 'If''!.Y O"''f'~:'' flll~tD
,e'i&.A:: fll""1q Jftt: 0i\1.e- ~+:,. f~o.llc; r"t-ll 1\.:,.r-A-Y1 (14. fI;1'
n4:'i .,OC:: i\1t''') -n ,eu q.fiJf~ar T$C(Il hA!\'A:: 01\.:,.r-A-Y+ '-;J"}A.
+ h.. 1Yc; ;1'1Jf~Y ,e1~A:: OhAA ~iI:" tD-il'f' ,eu Jftt: f"!.1;tD-'·0Illr·
i\AC: i\AC: .,ar:: Y1;10:" i\1p,. fI;1' hfl.t:. hT01J 5 h..0Il OJy.. (l0ll1 0
QUC AC ou11.e- AC A'- iI(I04 tD-1.e-1,. O"!.QA A1:" i\,e "1It':: ~i\tD- y...,
'l" Oi\'f Jf1 Y..lllH,e:" O"!.QA oo1Y..C i\1Il11l Ori\6J!' Tt-&- i\,e ....111
oOJt\or ,e1~A::
Phenology, Propagation and Management. Because there are

male and female zegba trees, seed from a tree that is isolated from other
zegba trees will not give seed that will germinate. It is very important to get
seed from trees that are in the area ofmale trees. .
Podocarpus falcarus/zegba
Early November 1999 fiuits wen: beginning to ripen near Bure.Jn

West Gojam Zone but they were not ripe untilMay. This agrees with what
is reported by Demel and Granstrom, who sayit extends flowering and seed
dispersal into the rainy season, with fruits collected between March and
July.
It is possible under proper circumstances to vegetatively propagate
small cuttings. See detailed procedures outlined below. Cuttings are best
taken from young trees less than three years old.
One kilogram of seed contains about 1900 kernels, according to
Breitenbach (1963). . x,
Zegba seed is notoriously difficult to germinate. Normal
germination is often only 20%. This is true 'even though there is not thought
to be any seed dormancy in Podocarpus. Some studies have shown that low
germination.rates are dueto poor handling of the seed from collection until
planting. Seed viability also varies greatly according to provenance. Seed
may take up to 2 years to germinate. Treatments that increase germination
include soaking in salt water for 24 t048 hours, or cracking the seed coat.
The best results seem to be. from breaking the seed coat by a hammer, stone,
or vice. Seed loses viability rapidly, but germination may be achieved in
two-year-old seed if kept cool and dry. Germination in the nursery may take
six to eightweeks. . , '
" Literature reports state that the species.is very shade tolerant and the
seedlings should be kept in shade in the nursery. However, Demel (1997b)
found that in a natural settingzegba seedlings in the shade grew less and had
poorer survival than those in the forest gaps. . , '
Seed and newly germinated seed are attacked and killed by a fungus.
The seed are sometimes washed frequently in scientific experiments, even
after germination, to prevent the fungal growth. This fungal growth may
attack even larger seedlings planted in the field.
Seedlings should not be planted out from the nursery until they are
one to.two years old. At that time seedlings should be planted three meters
apart
188 Podocwpusfwcatu~zegba
ROOTING CUTTINGS PROCEDURE (from LegesseNegash):

* Prepare sieved sand and wash away all debris.
* Prepare a convenient area in a greenhouse, preferably 1 m X 2 m, and
'fenced' with bricks or rectangular planks or with any other
convenient material.
* Fillthis area with washed sand to aheight of about IS-em and provide
partial shading.
* Make firm [primary branch] cuttings of about 15-20 em length and 0.5
ern in diameter using a new razor blade or a scalpel knife. Note that
better rooting responses can be obtained if cuttings are collected
from plants that are 3-5 years old.
• Place the cuttings into clean water in a clean container immediately after
the cuttings have been made. It is helpful if cuttings are kept
overnight in a greenhouse or in a warm room.
• Wet the soil well. Insert 5-6 em ofthe cuttings into the sand at an angle.
• Sprinkle (mist) the system with water at least twice a day so there is high
. humidity in the air within the greenhouse.
• Transplant the rooted cuttings using the same soil mixture used for
maintaining seedlings. This should be done carefully, because the
roots will be many. Also, the roots are somewhat fragile (or brittle).
Roots should develop within 3-4 months, or earlier. There may be
some disease problems with the young stecklings (rooted cuttings), but they
grow faster than seedlings.
FRUIT COLLECTION (from Legesse Negash)

• Collect P. falcatus fruits, with either completely yellow skin or with 60-
70% yellow skin
• If possible, avoid collecting fruits whose skin has been rotting on the
ground for a long period of time after dropping from the tree.
• Soak the fruits in water (if necessary) for just a short while and remove the
yellow and the fleshy pulps (the skin) by rubbing the fruits between
Podocarpus falcatus/zegba 189
a smoothconcrete .surface and a pieceof'basaltic rock. (Note that for

completelyripe fruits, soaking in watermay not pe necessary.) For
, partially ween fruits, store them under moist conditions so the skin
is made tender through fungus or microbial actions.
* Wasb-with.clean water.. ; "
* Airdry atJpo~ tem~eratur~ fo(2-3 days, Drying the .seeds ip. directsun ,
.,.
, ,lighf,
J ..' . .'
and fora long
~ ,. .
time '
way
.
requc~ the viability.
" ,'
. . -.'. '... _,'_
~
* Store at about 22 Degree Celsius (room temperature) or, if possible, at 5-

,1 0 Degree C until they are.used. IUs best to store them in a place
"that is not.toodry, Butthey should not be stored-under too wet ;
. conditions, .or stpred wpere these.isnot any airflow. They.should be
used as quickly as possible.
SEED COAT CRACKING AND SEED

MANIPULATION (fromLegesse.Negash)
,/~ ,.I!~r. "-, , . ' ~':_ ., - '
* Remove the s~edsfi;q1J1 th€fir hard seed-coats by cracking !hemusing 6"

>, •• piece ofclean basalt rock (about;S.o.O-60ng) and a smooth, clean
~ concr~te surface. Cracking would 'be easier,if the seedsare .' '
moistened.~;i£h clean water.
~ ~ " -. ;c_
" ,
* Keep theseeds'inarrioist and clean plastic, glass, 'clay orother-clean -
. container that is protected from drying or contamination.
. "
* Wash the seeds gently ~ith a Iiquid detergent.and ri~se!.'several,tiRleswitb
cleanwater.Jf'the.seeds are clean.enough, this.step may.be skipped.
* Surface disinfect the seeds first using 5% calcium hypo chlorite for 1O'min
and-then using O.15%·mercury chloride forl Omin. Otis also
possibleto simply wash the seeds with a dilute solution of-a·simple-
, ' detergent'{e.g. atdilute solutioa.of Omo)'and prepare them for use in .
the subsequent steps of germina:tion)i'\ ;
'*Rinse the' seeds with clean'sterile waterseveral times so thatthe
disinfectant ,is completely removed. ,.~,:
.., .. ~.~ '
190 Podoearpus falcatuslzegba
·1.ILdJ-~
"71D+1- "7~II:"~ ""'''tbllh-O: dJ~~Ci t\-f: f".,1) tit;: floo
'r~ 9"hl1++ h~l\-~ f".,11 tlla':~ +I\~'" fot'flC f""q tiff: Itfl+A f
ot~AIIC A.eAT9":: ill\lLlJ (J}!J~ tI';:T h"t'~fl+ 1ttJqfl IIC;OOdJ-ftY:
m.+ot ~I1'CiA::
fl1992 :J'lJutil Al]llfl n9"6&.11 ""~9" t'~ fl.'" hi''''' Atn1-R «t.
JP"f 00llM ~9"ldJ- f~nc .... 11'~ Ailh "~II+. Y:lil ng111 AAflM--9" ~
flC:: '~IJ9" fAflllCillC 1.lI. dJo Afth "Ci9" 1Dt?-+ ~t?-II"7A+ ncr
Ooftll
ft-o fot~l\dJ- flOO;Jfl+Ci th9"~ ID&.+ ool]hA ~dJ-hotl\dJ-f~9"ACi .,
t?-'II+~9" 11'11 ;JC ~il0707A::
IIC ooftllftll Il\n+ hlD~1. ..~ n+Cil C+~+ "\.e
hot'~ fL-f: tI
t;: "\.e 0011~ Al\fl+:: iJ.~:J'JP~ i'il"7ot hl1'~ fl$llll "7&.lJ+ ~':"\A::
hltU fl'+~ fi'ftm dJo') ol-g,.. i'hi'A ,eoolthi:::;f.C{I1l\ou+hA h3 ,
000}- fl:J''f hl1'~ I\;J tit;: fllDftY: T~ ~dJo::
lIt.~i'')llh (1963) A~~II'fldJo A')Y: fL." f".,11 IIC 1900 II~
'f, .e.etlA::
f1MWJ lie lie... 0711+A RIll9" AltT;J1, ~dJ-:: hllC fot,"dJ- iI
+1\+ 1I11t1'i'dJ- 21% ~dJo:: f".,11 IIC l~9" fAlt;:+ 1.& Al\dJo fotA th
...11 fl\9":: A')~')Y: TCi"'~ "ol-i''i' 1I-l"a\+ fotoonjdJo II~1hooftllflii
1.& l,.~ Ailh tiC 1.11. Y:lil /1\dJ- All" T~ ilt\AI1'~ A,gl1'~ '1...
:: fll~'f flti.elD+ foo"'f+ ~1\-:J'TdJ- A'~ oom-fl+(i""fll+) A"1I1t
'1l-
IJ-Ao 01ll9" .el\/IA:: tI~ 1\001l+A u- 1\ + '011+ .em.COO:J"A:: IIC'
A,,,,O+A hotl~ Allt'~ oo"hA Q,l,1IJ." Il~O+dJo'l dJ-il1' .h24-48 ft,
+ ODtlt;:tlt;: ID~'''' ftlC 7f~~1 ooilOC .em"'...I\-:: ~~ dJom.+ /1\dJ- f
"!""'ili\dJo fllC 7f~~1 flOD~if+ Y:1;J.e 1D.e9" "1:'' '
("'m+) ooilflC ~dJ
:: ilCO:,i "-lI+A rl\-:J'r dJo1 "'1\-It./m- f,"fAI\-+ ~1C ." fl~l+Ci
+,,~tI 1I:J' I\u-I\+ f}OD+ fi'+ODm- tI~'f 11+1\+ It/"''' f,"f,,\f\.:: tI~
'f Or"~ "7t;:/ 11:1" 1\0011+A h6-8 """':1"+ .elDil~IIT"A::
f"","t;: II'II"f A1gotIODl\h"'h+ "CI"" 1'''\ ""7.e-).I5"" hi\l1'~ 0
"f.,~ "Yt;:,"" dJoilT ~.,7f~ n'l'fl oc 0011'1 l\I\IITdJ-::
1997b) Ri'LTL:" nT4\ he .. ~.,.+ ~A:" fig") ht;:i''''~ ""'IJhA M'~
Il"'"
~9"A(
+ fi'ifl\ f6~'+ u-~:1" A1.-sflTdJ- l\l;J"tn.A::

llCO'fCi A-til OODlI+A .J\.e. ,Ill- IIcrT Oif;J:J' It"'iJCi~,,", .e"f
,,\1\-:: "if;J:J' A.t-,:", I\OD+~il II~"f 0011+1\ hlOD~ O:\fl All).
0....e,...1: -'h&. fli'g;J;Jot It:1"mfl. .e'f41\-:: .e.U'L'1n 6.t-1:" 0"1
It",
.4 f.,..,.hl\- o}-A+ "f.,""'f1 ....e+C l\.J'm.+ .e':f4A:: "f.,'1''f h2-3 f}OD
:,. hilltlJDi\:fa>- f:lil h'f.,~ flJfl.! (Q'f'.,.a>-oo+hA (it\Q:fa>-r:: Oil!

'r "trt 'f.,7f'f OY'il:" OIl.:"C fC<f>:" A~":" oo"'hA ht\Q:f(J}-::
O-'lflJ f'''7&-Q:'' +~~ .,.h.,.A:-
- f.,..,4.(f.,.Ollll)hi'itp "7H;J-'::"c; "711l1l+
- fOl/.oo'f 01t\01°oT{ 0.:" 0111;J-'::"+ 1OIl.x1 ~ fl.tf"}H~oolflJA:-
f:"ml .. Om-ll+ OmCll+(lJf,9" n011~a>-'r 007.00'f .,1C I\..tf1 f,loi\

AI
~ f,lf} (l:J' If'A<f>1: 15..... 0Il.. Otf., hi'i'P ootJOei\:"c; hA-A 'f'i\ O1f:l.,(OO
ilm:")+
- h15~20Uf.0Il.. ClI ooT h1"tV-'r 0.5Uf.0Il.. il4.T J'i\:far1 m1f]&- foo
'"00 t! +C16ri.C:'f Oh "til 'r i\ 6I" (IJ f, 1'r <f>'f' ! t\ .,. i\A fl.t\lPO00 m'"
'r oo-l1l'f'+ *-'lflJID- .... f]~f: fllC::': lJf:OIl. -h3-5 f}m.-r htf.,1\t\-> FC
1\..!(lJm- h 1~ 07.'fl\- !il.,.arl\-:: '
- -'lflJar h.,.f]th.,~ O~i\ f.,.-'lm-T1 +C1'"'"lC:'f 01fJ. fa>-Y OO!-.r lJ:J'
aril... n.,.<f>oom 1fJ.lJID-Y aril -r 1\t\•• oolJJ.ooC; f.,.",lm- +C1'""lC:'f
.e
0011 t\ 01oo:q' 0. T(IJ ,,}'r 'l"+ Qt\ tllf:A a>-il... t\h 1 f: o: 1\..:" fl. -'~ m:J'
07. '1a>-::
- f'Nf;J~a>-1 hi'itp O~ 111 hC'f'O:" 2\'}"t li leD- O1f:l.,+ f"'~lllla>-1
+C'""llf: Oh1.,A Se-6Uf.0Il.. (IJ~hi'itpID- O1il1Q:,.+
- ().Y;1:1 0.,.1 0.!1il V-t\T"trt ·Oa>-., O1Chlf:hlf:("7ClIlll)+ OlllJ'l..rth
If:1'~ fhfC hC'f'O~ 001t\O'J00:q' 0.1: a>-il'f' I\.. sc f,'fi\A::
- T",Cmar .,..,.tlt\QJ- pC Y(lJm- .,.tlt\->'f1-"f.,7f'f1 t\01.... ~., (IJ ,e'}r
t\ 001h Qh 11 f "'m<f> tJOeO:,.1 0&'C -t-rn+'l" -t-tI t\->'f1 0111 00 T + f,O ~.,
QC 0 ...1:J><k oohC;(lJ1 ht\O:"; 'rtl1 !1:'r PC':': 1l1fe I\..tf.,. f, 'fi\I\-; x
1~ 1c;'r 0+i\1\- .,....Qt(IJ'f c;:fa>-::
PC''f h3-4 (IJ&--r (lJf,r Itll-! Q'1'" "trt 01~" ht\Q:far; FC f]
(lJm- -I1C'f'&-6I" :"C1'"'"lC:'f o» -ns: i\f, fOa:"l-.,c:'f fl.:"f, ,f07."fA
fl.tf1'r h11). h'f.,7f'f f,A+ s....'1ar f07.!f:1- ootf.,. ';t-)?,;tA::
If:t,. 00 ...11...11
- tJOe I\- 0 tJOe I\- 0.'"'"l ftf.,. (IJ f, 'r 60 70% (l'"'"l ftf.,. Cj:&,(IJ'f1 001111...11+
- O.,.PFt\ oom1 If:t,a>- OOt,T i\f, (lJf:", ooo",f1: 'rtl1!:" 1t\&.1: "'~
a>- rn...O... HC ht\oo...ll...ll+
- t\h6I"C "trt If:t,.(IJ'f1 Oa>-Y Hlf:lIC:(hil&.i\"t htf'1) 0:"1a 'f'-I1C ilt\:"c;
Ot\ili\ .... J't1t1t:" oof]hA Ooo~... 0.'"'"l ftf'1a>-1 fCj:t,.a>-1 hf]A O1il(IJ1f:
+ (O~ 111 t\0...t\ Cj:t,. oary OOHCj:Hlf: i\fll&.A., 00:F1\-1 f,11Hfi.::) tJOel\-
192 Podocarpusf~catu~zegba
0""'1\.0 .r;,\01"l1\.o IIC"T1 bCIJ'O-l- ql\o-l- IN~:J' 1\{)+lJUtn "~T(I)<o Oet.11{)

tD~IJU OQhi:&.r .,.l1l\A.,. 0+l\1\.o A1-t1\-l- 1ITIY:t...,::
- 018-1J (I)<o¥ IITIml1+
- 01\1Y: fh~A oo-+-l- OOm1 h2-3 +C;-l- OhfC ~1-t~CcfI 1ITIY:t...,+ II
C"T1 O+IJ':J' 08~.e l1CV1 IITIY:t.:"C; 1\t.~IJU1.11. OIlTl"f-l- IITIY:t.:" fll
C"T1 OIJ.etD-l- fOOt;"C lJ"~:J' 1\.+1{) .eTl\A::
- ~hh"tll';" Y:l{) 022 -t ........,. (fh~A oo-+-l- oom1) tD.eIJU h"'rl\ h5
-1 OJL ........,. foo-+-l- OOm1 QI\O-l- lJ"~:J' "7{)+oolJ'+ IIC"T OillIJU ~t.:"
Olf~ 1I:J' q.e+OOm- OOAt-,IJU ~(I)<o:: OillIJU ~C1'O-l- QI\O-l- 1I:J' tD.eIJU 1JU1
,.. fhfC ~1:"{)'+"" 0~1\0-l- 1I:J' OO+OOIJ' fI\QT(I)<oIJU:: O"'rl\ OOm1 .,.
flo OOm+IJU OOrA 1\1\111::
fJlC hlm.+ OU{)RC(ouet.A+:") ~C; IIC hm.++IJU

- -l-17f TcflC I\{)l\,., 1\1\-l-c; 1\1"Il\,., 18-lJ flht-l- Ooum+IJU fllC ht.cn.",T
1 RouhRC IITIhtD1Y:+ IIC"T R(I)<oV t.ml1 fll\.o I"IR6o(I)<o +l\A .elfC;A::
- IIC"T1 ~CIJ'R-l- QI\(I)<oC; 018-1J Tl\I"I1:h+ l1C..,..."+ ifhl\ tD.eIJU ~l\ h
l1hl\-l- ~, Otr~C; OillIJU ~t.-l- QAtr~ A.+ (I)<o{)1J' 1ITI{)+oo1'!
- IIC"T1 et.,.,7f lITI~jf (~1~ ,.,oo-C;) Roum+IJU R~111 IITIml1C;R(I)<oV 1111-
1.11. "71\:"1\:"+ IIC":': 1~1J htr~ .e1J ~t.jf I\.:J'I\~ .e:fl\A::
- ou1.. OU&.r 5% t-,A....fIJU hflo6o.e-l- 1\10 ~+..+C; hll.,IJU 0.15% tIIch-
t hflo6o.ey: 1\ 10 ~ +..+ OOOm+'" fllC"T1 1\t-,A IITI~~-l-+ (~1JLlJ"IJU ~
1~ }.~ QI\.o lITI~jfP'T IIC"T1 0+l\1\.o IITIml1 hll.rIJU l\"'h:J'~ 11-l-1\-l- "7
II;J1..-l- .erl\A::)
- f.,.Q.e ouhl\h.r 00 Y:~~'"T1 000-1\- 1\"7{)tD1Y: 1111- 1.11. ~;J"'~ "71\:"
1\:"+
Podocarpus falcatus references

Azene Bekele-Tesemma; 1993
Bhatnagar, S. P. and Alok Moitra; 1996.
Breitenbach; 1963
Chalk, Davy, and Desch; 1932
Demel and Granstrom; 1997.
FAO; 1981
Krezdom; 1985b
ACacia lahailcheba 193
--------------------------
Kubo, Matsumoto, Klocke; 1984
Magini and Tulstrup; 1955
Parry; '1956
Poschen-Eiche; 1987
Teel; 1984
Acacia ltihailcheba
Scientific Name: Acacia lahai Steud & Hoohst. ex Benth (1842)
, Family: Fabaceae (Leguminosae) Mimosoideae sub family
Vernacular Names: cheba (Amharic), tsivi (Awi). Acacia lahai is said to be known as
tqurgrar in Welo (Mesfin Tadesse, et al., 1987).
5
Description. Cheba is an Acacia species with' very tiny leaflets.

The dark trunk hoids up avery flat-topped tree to 15m tall, The bark is gray
to dark brown, rough, and grooved, It has very little or no flaking of hark.
Very often in open places cheba forms low' thickets of many bushes in a
SIn,all area.,Whenth~t·is the case, they may beonly 0.5 to lm.high. Thoms
usually are straight, gray-brown, and small; to icm. There is some ridging
on th¢ young twigs, with leaves arising from ~~ ridges. The leav~s are like
a typical acacia, compound.Ieaf stalk 2 to gcm with 6 to15 pairs of pinnae,
leaflets.tinyjabout Lto 4 mmJ.ong). The leafstem usua\ly has: a ,~nd on
the lower half Flowers are ill cream-yellow .spikes, .to 7 em, Fruits. are
short pods, strait or curved, up to 7. em long by 3 em wide, shiny brown,
splitting-on the tree to set'the seed free. The ,seed a~e about 4 to '6 mm long,
, . ',. ~ ';:~: . - ,,\ j < - •
.' Cheba trees Q.ftenhave some-type of gall-like .growths that are

probably caused by insects: ,They are balkshaped;l to 2.5 em aeress.
These-growths.seem prickly, with many 'sWnted leaves coming out of them;
Study staff has seen this'nnmarry cheba in dege Awi, ,butunti1 the writing of
this, ha.v:~ pe¥er seen.them p~.:()th~~. Acacia species, :' ,
Similar species. Itcan be diffiGtilt.to distinguishthis speciesfrom
the' other: acacias ,"or 'grar. ';The. tips 'of cheba thorns carl' have reddish
coloring, "which is 'true ofmany.other typ>esof acacia. Gheba gerlera~ nas
194 Acacia lahailcheba
little or no furrow on the thoms, but many other highland acacias have
furrowed thorns. Not many other highland acacias have spike flowers like
cheba. Cheba also does not have lots of peeling bark, as in the case of
Acacia abyssinica and other species. Cheba is not as likely to .have thorns
on the main trunk of the tree as in some other acacias. The thorns of cheba
tend to be of a darker coloring than other acacias, but not necessarily "dark".
m.1/-Ji'7C~
til-At:
OU~I\81: Q;l,1) 1f':J"tl-l tl-mt\-T J'f\.-}- ru-e 1ICJ' ~tD-:: 0+11'\1\-
r"7.e1l'\1f' tl-c~-}- 1\1\tD-:: rtJJ.1) tlif: "7,}Y: 4& oo i: 1501. rDt~c"'tD-'} rlf4-
'} "'~Cj ~A~4\ tl-Ctl J'4\T(I}-'} tl-C'}81t::'f.eith"7A:: :tC~i: "7t.tilIij, CD~
IJO ().Cj"7 .... If') nl]t.Cj ncnc CD.e1JO ""Y:=J~ ooiloo~'f J'I\-O-}- ~tD-:: If'
O:J" O"7.e~~"7A\TtD- fl:J'11''f .fl\-. fQ;l,1) .,.hl\:co'fif)Y:1:J'TtD- hO.5-10l.
4&ou-}- J'II'\TtD- 4&If'!I:{011''f lf~tD- .e:J'J'I\-:: A;'r1i:': -On. 'til. +If' J'I\-+ .,
t.1iIIi-fl.Cj"7 + A'} JlI1"IJO TCj'}"Ii + Ailh 7Uf.OI f~~ 11000 t;TtD-:: 01\.7 -}-
Cj'}7f :tC'}IiIIit::'f 4\.e tl-lIll\:co'f. rDtCDm-o-}- If'el:-}- .,.l.,.C CD.e1JO -}-AIJO .e
:J' J'A:: :tllll\c>:': h.,t.c tl-lIlA .7C .,.oo.......e .... lf~ :tml\c>'f'} fDtith ou
tD- ,:tlllA .,'}Y: h2-8Uf.0I C1Ioo-}- .eCf'llf'AI 01\'}.(' ttl-mA .,'}Y: 1I'\.e
h6-15 T'}Y: +~6f.",} tl-lIll\:co'f .et;"~:J'/.\:: AJ'1~,}~"'~"J}-'} :tlll/.\ h
1-4"t.0I C1Ioo-}- .e7lCf'A:: rtl-lIlA .,'}~ 1In. 'tu. 0:J''f~tD- ""771'''1)
6f." f -...I\- ~1~'f 1\I\-OT:: 1\01)11':': Ailh 7Uf.0I ODtl1l1JO 7f~"7 0.81
+I\IJO I)II'\TtD- r1\OI) "np..'f ile .e1~t\-:: t;:&.sP:': +If' CD,e.1JO mODIJO .fl\
." 1\6f."C fflC hllll,,-}- ....C;t.TtD- 7Uf.ott C1Ioo-}-+3Uf.0I il4.-}- .f4\TtD-
lf~tD- +1\"7TtD- h'}OI)t.el: fl.q", f\lf'} HCO:': ~C+(I}- r"tCDm--}- Olf4- 4\
,e. A'}}JI\- ~tD-:: fie:': h4-6Dt.0I il4.-}- hIl'\Tdl-::
r,;g.1) Ift::'f 01\-otl~(I}- O"'}}5TtD- 1I'\.e r.,.otIJ f"tooilA )1C 1\1\1).
Tro-I .e1J1JO h~if:"'-}- If':J"T r.,.~'" ....elf'} 1\.e+ CIJO .,.iM- .e1oo;rA:: A
~~u fl:J'sP7f ....:J'~ rl.\il tl-CIl 1\1I'\TtD-:: ou'/A I\tID'/lA 1-=2.5Uf."I il4.-}-
h4\.=fcD-:: f)~ 1i: llli"IJ"7 ,e.ouMIA+ 'IJ'~ 'tCIl fl\.lI'\=fdl- -on. 'tllll\c>'f hit.
U ~tlJl\-:: .eU'}'} 6tfl.if: A...h ,~n-}- 1.11. Y:lil 0,;g.1) 4\.e -OfF A'}~ 0
1\.1\c>"f f~t.C 1IC.fSP"f 4\.e .eU''} hA-ftODl\h+,,.::
.,.ou.. . .
,e lICfPJ"f: ,e1J'}' "if:'hl\.l\c>~ flft;: lIC/IP'f /\.ef&I\"7
CD:" hilT:Jt 1\11'1 .e 'f4\A I o/t.l\o:,ir.,&.c 1ICJ'IPl- 1I'\.e ,,'} .("l;l-'.
ft&lol) +'}O,- +.e +I\IJO 1\1\tD-:: tal) lJ",}lJ"CD.er 'T17f,P,e OAi'"'lJ. 4\.e
i\.t;"ldJ-· A.1\c>:rif~:J .,t.C 1ICJ'sP'f mll-o fl,e OAi'""tiTeJJ- 4\.e.e1IifA::
Acacia lahai/cheba
:A.i\->'f r1.;J '1t-C:"f,' ",,1..

~Il l"~ III fhOIl '1,}~ r4TdJe9":: "l.1l
",}1. 111ft- '1t,..C'1 A./lo"f msc
fte~T'f 01ltl:" fDt~1~'1 /fDt4T/ :,.
C~"" flldJer~: ~" "1K. ll»1!o'f ene-c '}.e.~T'f Oq'S'dJe '1'}1;, «\~, ~,
tIJ4 "i\"li,~I\(D-9'!~: "~~C;" hf,1..llr~'}~' hll»"r'f r.,6-C qf,~T'f ,.
A~ m"C 11\ Ai\"1i hlldJe::
". . .. - ., .
Uses. "The wood of cheba is as much greater than other woods as

God is greater than the angels (or spirits):" Twice farmers .told us this
during the surveys. The-farmers consider the wood of cheba to be very hard
and of good quality. They use it for tools, coffee grinding equipment, and in
house construction. Termites do not eat it. In the surveys, it was the most
frequently mentioned tree for the making of charcoal.
, . I
The literature. basically .confirms what the. farmers . are saying.

Acacia lahai issaid.to.be strong.and durable in.thesoil, with insects and
termites ne~r damaging the wood. It is suitable for.fenee"posts, bridge
timber .andheavy-construction work: The literature also confirms that it
makes.a very gcod.fuelwoodand charcoal; ~
Another use of cheba wood chips is for making smoke that is valued
in the, horne for"fumigating pots' and other uses.' The'cheba wood chips can
be found sold in marketplaces such as Tilili, Injibara, and Dangla. .;
!
T:"".. =Ii: 0 TCJ :J' 'f') m..,.:,. 10t.sP'f illl til'} Ilt-ID- f "l.1l "'}"l.:"
11ft. f,CJ1~ ffiC:: IJ-ll+ 'UL 1nt.S"'f'''''JltJ 1IAID-'} ~OC:: "1t'1rtJl1lth.
C hou'1C;:h:" !OII ftlJh:"/ IJ-I\o "'}1..DtflAT Q;l.q-:h1t'}Q;l.T 'f ..,.1\0 ~flA iJl
A::" It'1\o~ 111''1:':1D- '10t.-PJ'f fQ;l.1l "'''l.:''
tIl'}t:,t- ",}1..tr~ >f,iI"7OY
1\0:: raJA'} h~Q;l.+ ll"c7f"ou~61+ 1l01k+~<; ,llaT '1'Il;h f,m+~n
:J'A:: 10;t.?'f (;Q,1l,,) llhflAh1A.".,.:" R1--1..:J;JDtfDtm:,.....:,. tiC;: ~OC
:: 0,)tf1..C;: f1--"'01D-~ fDtl4;J'1mlD- 10t.sP'fll\o:"'} ~ID-:: Q;),q 111lfl.
1.tI. OO'LCilJ.ilT f,~IArDtllll(J)e~ ;9':'ilTC; :,.'}..,.'} ...~l1ft(J)e '~aJ..:: 0"'-
Q;l...,t9D··f')tf1..~ "111 ft"''1~C; h(aA h1A'1/lo:"·m:J>ot. ",}1..lf~ !l.;J"'rq"
A::O i'::'!' ;; ~. . .. ,'" I
r~C1 chc;1'·t-~. h'rf:r- On.T l&il~h'ilt- t\~cn1Cj t\t\llSJU

n1/;\~lrt g.(J)-"tr:~· .h'1:t;U~ nTI\.l\. : h'}~C1~lJ,: ~'""1". 10"fSU:r-,
oYJ-ri+ ~!Fi\/;\::'
, ". <«:
. . . .
196 Acacia lahai/cheba
• Sife.' Cheba is often seen in open scrubland, where it forms thickets

that are waist to head high.· Examples of this.can be seen at placesalong.the
road between Bahr Dar and Injibara. 'It can also be-found in remnant forests,
where it can form a flat-topped tree {Liwi Mountain, Agew Our, Kolele
Mountain, etc). It can survive on fairly rocky- places such as thetops of
Asera and Sarkan Mountains.
. In Ethiopia, Acacia lahai is found in altitudes from. 1700;to 2600 m
asl in Gondar, Welo, Gojam, and Shewa in Region 3;;3S well as Tigray,
Harege, and Kefa. Elsewhere it is found in Eritrea, 'Kenya, Uganda and
Tanzania.
f"t 1~ 0..... P:J': (J;l,l] ItQij,tif!>C 1'ht\o ~ O"t1):0 -l- P:J' 11". 'lila ~
:J'~A:: Olt.lJ9" (I:J' ~f)h h oo :J'mef:.f iD1',9" &-f); ~l.f) f"t~Cf) .00.....
,,,ID- ~'P /Qij,t,/ ~L 'J'&-A:: ~lJ,},}9"OlJlJC ~CC; x'}~lJ&-oot,hA 01\-\
f) +~"IC; ~,}""1'" oot,hA 11t\ID- 00,}1'(- ...~ "7f..... ~:F ... A:: ~"t-\V-,. 0+
~ ..... ~«;"f ID-f)'J'+ h1l mtt:tll4. +Ctl ~"ID- 1f~:"C"'(t\.ff 1'&-&-+' "1m-
~C+ J'lt\... 1'&-&-... ID-f)1') ~1~A:: "'}~ Itfl&-i)l.t" T&-t.. lJ~ 1\":J'
"7 Olf.,. P:J'SP~ t\. 1~ ~~"'A::
Q;l,lJ Ok.....V-A-.f h 1700-2600"l. hlJ.w.o. foo~+ h~:J' q... :r:aJ-
01o,}~C+ 1oJf9"+ iDt\oC; ncr
hAA 3 ID-f)'J'+ ~'}-\lI'9" +""1&-~+e ml.C.",
C; h4. ~1~A:: t\A9" 01bC.....&-+ h. '}.f+ ";J'}~C; :J''}lft.f ~1r;A::
Pben()logy, Propagation and Management. Farmers frequently

said cheba should be planted, but they that themselves have not planted it.
Many said the tree is found much less' now than when they were younger.
One farmer was so enthusiastic about the need to plant this tree, he said if
someone sold seedlings of cheba for 5 Birr each, he would become rich.
Cheba seems to regenerate naturally by sending out root runners
under the surface of the ground, especially in thickets in. open scrubland.
Small plants that come up from these root runners can be found in August
and September. It seems possible to dig these up and transplant them. (The
one' plant that the study staff tried 'this with did survive, but having
succeeded with one plant is not enough evidence to make a broad
recommendation.) Some farmers in the interviews said that it can be
propagated by using the roots.
Acacia lahai/cheba 197
--~----------------------
Cheba flowers from April to October,' according to the litetature. In

AwiZone we saw it.floweringin April and May; However, trees large
enough to flower and fruit were not common. '
In Awi Zone, we began seeing fruit on the trees in August, but they
don't ripen until late November or December. According -to the literature,
many of the seeds are damaged 'while in their 'pods. Immersing them in
water can separate these. The damaged seed will float, while the others will
not.
According to the literature, this species is thought to not need seed
pretreatment before sowing, although other acacias do. However, Study
staff was finding less than ten percent of the seeds were germinating, so we
tried several seed treatments. By boiling for one minute weacheived 75%
germination. Boiling- two minutes was also effective, giving 62%
germination. Scratching the seed on sand paper was very time consumin,
but it also gave 68% germination. We recommend that seed be boiled one
minute prior to planting. Given suchtreament, cheba seed will begin
germinating within one week, but will still be emerging after two weeks.
Young seedlings need protecting from goats and other browsing animals.
, 1..fl.tD-'} "7ID++ "76-Q-l-C; ou'}hQhll: A~C"" t..... TtD- h~-l-hl\-:"

A'~ OOThA YhO-l- ttif: A'''''''~10t.?'l- OT"";J;JO?>~~"'or'} }fiC:: 11
n.?'l- 10t.9'l- A"!.l- ,,~tD- hotYtD-4I-l- 'lH. ~A+ h~,} "rlll'f.·A,}""~
"" fS1t..A-:: h'f: 10t. .eU""if: t\oo+hA Qt\aJ- hif:T~;{}"I+,. h'}f:
(&(1)- rtJJ.Q, l-..,>S 05 -nc hoori'l' o..fH;J~ 01\"" thll;r9" .e"c;A 11""
'} ~OC::' ' . ..' .
.' Q;l.O OT4.e9" 'l'ifQt\Q:ftD- tlif:+.P;J'9'l- POor'} ·OTL'l'C" /CVAl-/

CDy" oot.:f 111 Ooo{}""f: rDt6-Q f..oo{}ltA:: h"~ILU{}eT rOVJJ,m- :"C;,
l(i Th~l-.O~th(&S OOilhl9" A.1i: .el-lt~:: . A~H:.tJ1 ~if:C" OtiotD-(&~i'
ou+hA r~:J=A .eoo{}ltl\::· (r'l'C;~ {leg-C;l-1 rlJDhltD-h'f: .,.tlA poC
hOJ-."";t:AI S1C .." rh".(- ,l'tlA 0011'+ 11;;:(1}-' 04: oijl;J1~ ·It.e,,,
9"::l '-:.
, ,
. A''''' 1lth-if:lI1Q hfl'~ Q;l.Q rDt.f1l0(l}-:hov..-Y1IY A{}h 'l'+9"."t.~
(I}-::A~ ""11nh'C II') O"'t.fllYC; ""1,}P+ hllfl h.eTCiA:; .e.,..'}' A,}~ t\
"701lC; t\"7if:6--l- 1141 r,,"" ..c;l- 1111-9" It.e1"}:9"::
198 Albizia species/sesa
IIh~ ,.., lI~th""X",~ t;:& "7,:,.. l-ACiA:: ~1C'"'' A...h :J'

m- ",
0 ...... me ~~"'hAII "r ~lIe:: A"~ C)dt!~ "1Q h"~ "c-:r: '''t'''~:'''11
Jle hzm, of: m-...", A~f\. Xrc- ~m-::".;.., IIOJ-? 1&"'", OIJh.,.:'" A~'o.,
""7",:,.. .em+"7A:: ,,,...,..~:,.. ....""'L4- m.~~:r: .enrtIJf\.::
.eo 1Ie., 'Jle "7ifif.r +~ou oo-ht. A"~"7""'LA1m- .e:J'",QA::
.e.,.., A"~ t\,t\oT '"?t.e1le~sPT 'JlC"7ifif., +.('ou-oo-h6- .,...LA;J
:r:'I'A:: I\;J l-"?7fl-" ht;:,t\ol-'J t\,t\ol- A.,......:,.. oumll+ ~"'LA;JA::
Acacia takai references.

Coe, Malcolm and Henk Beentje; 1991.
Hedberg, 1" and Edwards, S.; 1989.
Mesfin Tadesse, Beyene Sebeko, and Andeers Tivell; 1987.
Albizla species/sesa
Scientific Name: Albizia gummifera (1. F. Gmel.) C.A. Sm. (1930), A/bizia schimpe"iana
Oliv., andA/bizia isenbergiana (A. Rich.) Fourn. (1860)
Family: Fabaceae (Leguminosae) Mimosoideae subfamily "
Vernacular Names: sesa (Amharic); kansini (Awi)
DeScription. There are at least three different Albizia species that
are found in Region 3 above 2000 m asl. These are listed above. The trees
are ·similar enough in appearance and uses that it is probably nor necessary .
to distingUish between them for most practical .purposes. . For detailed
descriptions of the different species, see the Flora of Ethiopia, Volume 3
(Hedberg and Edwards, 1989). Generally, theyall go by the same Aniharic
name, sesa. Sesa are trees'with compound leaves, and pale yellow or white
flowers in heads. Leaf color is usually very dark green on the upper surface.
Sesa trees are withoutthorns. They generally have smooth hIrk, with spots
or lenticels. The crown of sesa is generally flat,·though it can be rounded,
especially in Albizia schimperiana. The fruit ofsesaare long pods, at lout
Albizia specieslsesa
I 10 em long, and in the case of A/bizia schimpertana, up to 34 cm long.

Albizia species in general have extensive surface root systems.
Phragmanthera macroso/en is' a partly parasitic shrub that is found
1300 to 2500 m asl in Gojam, Gondar and Shewa, almost always growing
on Acacia or A/bizia·species.
dl)-A"IC'/
7j,ltt jAt:
OIJ..,I\8i: OhAA 3 (J}-hT h20000%. hll~tP.O. 'OD~-l- ht;:;f' flil.e.
Oll''I- (I;f'S""f fl..f1h ~hT ''''''J'~ ,,,1\ 1ICyjP"f "ft.:: OODA"':f(J)-~
T:t-",:f(J}- ".OD.......e. t;:f(J}-+ ""'~'~ "...,llC9"' "'~' h"'~ OD"'T
"ltLil'l. h.e.Y.l\lJD:: llm.+il.e. iJ«ft.9"' O"'~ ''''''C~ h9"' fl~ -e-n ,,(J}- .e.
m~ft.:: It''S''"f O:t-mA ..,.,~ il.e. ".. Tt;1"'1i :tomho"f+ 'III) .f" fl.8i (J)
.e.9"' ~~ "Oll .fi\:f(J}- t;:fm-:: ,,, tfc:"f A;'ru ,i\:ft&sro:: llm.+i\.e. h....
~mllll)(I"f .fft.OT "hit" :t-Cd,oT "i\:fm-::llm'+i\.etf~ ,,«;~ mt;:l1)~ "
1l1'1 O".".e "},Afl.lI.f h:er"C6f~'h :toC,) ""m-:: ,:t-mA .,."",:f(J}-
Olt.e.(Od,o~)m"C r« "l1=JF. ~m-:: ' t;:~ fl..f1h 1001.0% 'Dtl1l9"'
l~""IfC hllll.T+ A')-\O"9"' n '1;. h:er"C6f~"i\.e. Ahh 3401.0% C
1IODT .f"m-~CIJo~:.f"'" 1IC.fsP"f llm.+i\.e. OOlJ~T i\.e. ,Dt~~ ~C ""
Tm-:,
"f:t1--'''1'I1t1- "1111:"/111.'" O"A'ltL 1300-25000%. hll.(O.O: ht;:
;f' lli\Tm- .,.,1{9"'+ ""'~CC; if", ODtO:toft. ..,~CC;
(Oil) "''''')il ".hA ~m-::'
"I)1ICJ'S""f i\,e tDt
Uses. Sesa is generally not considered a dega zone tree.

Nevertheless; the farmers in the dega areas mentioned this tree frequently in
the surveys. It was often mentioned as' a wood useful for tools and lumber.
Some farmers felt it should be planted on common lands. . ,. .
Sesa has medicinal uses, and the leaves are useful for fodder. Sesa is
an attractive tree and could be used as an· 'ornamental. It is used in some
areas for shade.
The plantingof sesa is recommended to increase honey production.
200 Albizia species/sesa
The wood of Albizia gummifera makesa good timber that is used in

Europe as a substitute for oak.
Several species of Albizia are known to be nitrogen fixing. Albizia
species,are used as shade trees for gesho and coffee.. In some areas of the
world various Albizia species have been used to reclaim damaged land and
to improve soil conditions.
....... IfD~: til) llm:J>4,ef~~ ~~ A1~Atr~ ,e1 OD;rA:: ftr~aJ- trt;"

O~~ ht,lln. f~1"$ 10t.?','f 'O?I\-ODm,e:J>~1 CD:""" 1\1'I\'~ 1'..,flt--
..,. ~~"'ODaJ- ,em:"fI.""f~Ol tfif:"~aJ-:: 1UI- 1.11. 1\1l1aJ-4C; I\ACi'f ODUfty
X~:"+1P.lt·tIl~r.rt A1~tr~ ,em....""..,. ~OC:: h1~1~ 10t.?''f,.. O~t-
OD~"'T ",e o.1'hA ~ A1~tr~ .rhf]I\-::'
• 0
..n1 t\'"1~1~ OD~~~+'fC; rnl\-,.. t\hl1.,.'f oot;)..)- '1./t"'''A;:

til) ODhUll~~y IttJJ- tfif: hit If;' 1\'I. ;,.). t\.mc).,.. ,e ~~\t\:: OJ!.'l~ ,'(- (I
~'-''f
:j
~ .
1t1'4~'-"
.
Y11t..,,,t\:: . .
,til) tfif:01ltf'-" Oot;"C ft17C "'C'-"'ItDDQJ.orJC"'~r.rtl~ ;rtlJ..
.Of i'JI. ~~t(.?" ~aJ-" fllh-1'1tfif:..,.h.,. tlhOJ"C".T Y1t\..,4A::

". .. .. -. . ••.. .. . - .••~ . .. ., <
11"..'n..., lIC'?,~ 1tC;,e""C"~1' ~u~..,. m:J>~PJT 'A"~If~ J',:J'

CD:J>A:: ftll) tft:.:'f 1\(l.C;C; 'loll 1'hA "'4~"" ,11\..,41\-:: Oh1~1~ ffJl\'61J
'f1 ht:I\o'f 11'" ftllt lIC'?''frT1~ ODt."''f1 ItODODt\fIC; fOt.eC lJc~
:t'sP.'f1 (l"7h1't,hA ~.m:"OYI\-::' .'
Site. The species listed above generally are found between 1400 and
260Q m asl, though sometimes to 28.00. Sesa was seen on two mountains in
degaAwi, one as high as 2800 m asl,a~'Yell as along the road fromJpjibara
to Dinkara at about 2500 m asl. It is, very common at lower altitudes;
especially near Dinkara. n',
¥"t-"l'fO:"'II;r:.h4,e f*m"'fl.lICYsP~ fJm'+",e rot1"$'-" 140

0-2600tll. hll.CD.O. (ltr1'" h1~1~ til. Ahh 2800tll. ,e.(CltA:: " ...
Oh'e s» ht,lln. O~1"$ ~I\"" 1"-t--t--sP'f ",eh,e1'C;/.\I 1\1.~~f& 1't--
t-- 280QDi&'. hif::t'fI.t;"lCD- I\AaJ- ~"'1fD hA'~llt--CD~"'l1ft~ 0IJ11~ h
Albizia species/sesa .
. 1Il.,1I 250011I. h~;1' Jlt\ID-:: lI:"1'~roo~:" h~;1' q"TID- Jlf'JI]II.P»~ 0

11..:" rot.,~ ~ID-::
Phenology, Propagation and Management. According to the

literature, Albizia gummifera germinates quickly and grows to seedlings
ready for planting out with in 4 months. Transplantation must be made in
the very beginning of the rains, as moth larvae frequently attack the
seedlings in the nursery during the rains. Local information collected by
government workers in Banja werede of Awi Zone. suggested that the best
time to sow sesa seed in dega Awi is in "earlyJanuary (Tir).
Sesa was seen flowering at Terba Lake (Awi Zone) in March
(Megabit), while at the same lake a different kind of sesa (the same type that
can be seen on Kolela Mountain) was without leaves and without flowers.
Unripe fruit were seen in Katasa Forest, near Dabkooli Mountain
and Dinkara in late November. The Manual "ofDendrology (Soune,
undated) says Albiziaschimperiana fruits are found in October and
November: .'
1..&tD-1 "'1m+.. "'1~q:,.Ci OD'}hQh1l: A1Y. ')th-£f: ""1]hlf~ 'j\. 1

-Of4?" "~"'t\or"tO:"AC; 'f..,~:r: 04 m~:" ID-h'J' Jlt:.,1D- t\1'h4\ r
otOcII C;TID-::'f"~'fl "'1a:J1C .,1\111 .,Ci rllCi"- m+:,. f\~"C ODlf
1 Jlt\O:".. 'f.,~'f 0'f'"1~ IIJQJA.rA- 1IIf. 'UL 01lC;,,- mc1-:" 01l.~1I.C"
:"A(A~) .e1ll:J'A-:: hJlf]QII.1D- r'f'"1~ 1IJII..r ... ~1'~'f~1Y. ..."'1~1D- r ......
tIC oo"~:" .rt\0:" O'J'C mc oo~oot.r ".e ~ID-::
...... O'J'Cl]th.e-tCJl'e I'l)OOO;JII.:" mc Jl1lfl Jl.e1'CiA:: A1-\1I-
,.- OIL'" th.e+ t\A l}.e~:" ...... COI1t\".,..~~ rot .,jlD- l}.e~:") .rt\ JlQqCi
c1-lIlA ~ot::
.rAO"'A- £f:~P»'f1 Of'Jn;1'''' ~1 OlJ~C ec oo~oot.r ".e Jl'"1"S1'
"B'f.,."A llt;: s: 1t:c:t\o~"

r "Ji.h~r7:6f7" ~1D",l- O'J':,.,.-:,.t;
lJ~C tD~:" A1Y.ot.,1: .elllcll"'1A::
202 Millettia ferruginea/brbrra
Albizia references.
Fichtl. R. and Admasu Adi; 1994.
Hedberg, I., and Edwards, S~ 1989.
NAS; 1979.
Millettia ferrugineOlbrbrra
Scientific name: Millettia ferruginea (Hochst.) Bak (1871)
Family: Fabaceae (a legume); P~pilionoideae~subfamily
Vernacular names: brbrra (Amharic)
Description. Brbrra is a;tr~ tQ. 25 min bejght or SO,. The trunk of

brbrra is mostly straight, with smooth grey bark.· o Short brown or golden
hairs cover some sunaces of the flowers, fruits and leaves. Compound
leaves up to 40 em long; leaflets up to 9 x 2.5 em; but smaller ones maybe,
as small as 3 x 1 em. Leaflets generally are larger towards the end of the
leaf Flowers in groups up to 30 em long including a stem of 5 - 10 em.
-Tbe-flowers 0811 be white to pink Of1:ese incolor., The~bfthebrbrraare
large asd sometimes open with a loud popping sound. Pod'flat,' up -to 27 x 3
em,' W.itho~ to 10 seeds. The seed is dark red to orange colered-flattened '
and somewhatround like a flat disk, 'but"sometimes almost square with •
rounded corners. They are about tb about 1.3 to f7~macros~. This species
is possibly found only in Ethiopia. ' . , '," .
~imilar species. Brbrrais often umbr~na-shaped ot't1attopped like ,
, o"
some-acacias or sesa~(Albizia), but without thornsand W1thbiggerU~afletS '
than acacias or sesa. Sesa generally have darker, smaller leaves tha:irbrbri~.
There.are two subspecies of Millettia ferruginea.: ;The range of subspecies
ferruginea is found more to the north, in Tigre, Gondar, Gojam, Shewa,
Welega~.!Iarege, and Ilubabor. It is found in \l'plandJqrests 1oqo ~. 2500 m
above sea level, and has many hairs on the lower surface of4heJ~ets;; '~.
hairs on the flowers are lighter in color than the other subspecies', a golden' .
brown. Subspecies darassana is found more in southern Ethiopia, butis
found north to Shewa. This subspecies has only a few hairs on the leaflets.
Millettia ferruginealbrbrra
Hairs on the flowers in this subspecies are darker, blackish brown.
'f/C'f/If.
OU""1I\~: l1Cl1&- 25P1.to~tr hff..f~ Ol\~ <JtODT t\.liltD- rot
"fA JI~ Itlf' 11". 1..11,.0"'1. ""1&-C to"". ...... rJl'1'l\ +C,) .f/ltD- tf~l1'
'i Ai""V ." rt\.l\tD- Itlf' h...... to~'" -'&-C "A+ Tl\A+ +1'f\.>"f .ft\-:"
~tD-:: ...... qm'+l\~ hl1Cl1&- .eA+ .f""'C; m~C .f/l +mA hl\tD-:: r-nc
11&- .,,1: 11". 'ttl. +1' .f/lC;/l{)l\... .,&-6Ii +CfLT .f1\tD- '~tD-:: rl1Cl1&-
fHC hzm,-f"f l"1:~ Itlf.,. l.C+tD- Ith~-f: r~~~~ 1:~') .fflU7fl.::
h~C o-C;U7 to"IJY toC+II7 ".,.,C:"f rhOqtD-,+ r+ffih-'c; r~&»tD-' htJA
.eif~c;t\-:: 11". TC;,lf +tpf\.>"f f~"~OT r+mA .,,1: /l +mA/ ClI
OD-f: ,,()h 40ut.~ rqy,1.C{) It." TC;,i'r,:,: +mf\.>'f O+mA"'~ l\,e I'
~1~T +mf\.>"f A{)h 902.5ut.~ r~If'" C;:ftD-I .,.,C ."
ODmC;:ftD- h
, ... A{)h 30Iut.~ fltoC~ ~"fl\t\-:: O+mA .,,~ l\" r~"~T Tc;,lf
+mf\.>"fqm'+l\~ h:"mA .,,~ es: ODQ;I,l7f ODmC;:ftD- AratODl ~ou
lfIA:: +mf\.>"f 00-1:' /q,1: l\.e/ 30ut.~ ClIODT .fl\"ftD- Itlf' ...,,1:
ClI OD:J':ftD- h5-10ut.t7IJ. ~lfC;A:: rhOqPJ:':+/l~ ~~ .,lfI .fl\ +" to
~~ to~'m"1: fllf' ~"fl\A:: rHe htm.-f: m~lfI4- "ilh 2703ut.~ I'
qy,lr,C; h5-10 nc:'f, OtD-",lJlc "~JlA:: nor m~C .f/l +" to"r
4JCor
til +/l,.. fl 'itD- ~"fl\A:: mt;:lfI4- "'-'tl1"~ hOl1 .fl\ -'t{)h .eOD{)l\AI .,
.,C ." "'~'1: 'ttl. hfll1.ft\ U7lJ"' .f/ltD- h&-T U7lJH' ~O'D{)l\f\..:: ClI
OD-f: ODIJA I\ODIJA hI.3-I.7ut.ott .fVA flflf. ~"fl\t\-:: ,e1J »cs rot1
~tD- 0"'.Tf"A-.f 11;P ~tD-::
.,.oollll.e lICf?J'f: l1"t\T .,.00.. . ." /.,.JlU7"1:/ lIC.fsP'f h(\-T::

fl1Cll&- -I'JlU7"1: lIC.fPJ'f (1{)4-T rqy,"~T 11". 'ttl. O{).,.flott, Itlf' 0
T"&-~+ .,..,,,.C+ o)JI~+ if,,+ w/l.?+ thlC1S "'.t\-qOC tD-h1'~ ,e1"l:f
A:: hIOOO-2500~. hlJ.to.O. ht;::J' Q'l:f(o. ht;:-I""l:f O:J'SP.'f 1., tD-Il1'
,e1t;A:: ",-'t.,.~ o+c;,lf +1Ilf\.>'fl\.e :J''f"l:ftD- ht;:'l:ftD- 11... O'l-c:'f
,e;1'~O:J'A:: OhOqtD- l\,e r~:J',e fl..C;U7-«D.C+U7 ,,1-C:'f ht\.'ltD- -I"OD'"
...,e lICf ,eA+ O"'/l.,,:ftD- .,lfI Jlt\- c;:ftD-:: "~&-"'c;" r-l"qt\tD- -I"ou...... .e
1ICY 011J1T O{).,.1.fl.ll r~"~ 1\1f' w1. ... "-l,,..
A{)h if" 1:1.... ~1"l:f
A::,eV 1ICY OTc;,lf +.ffif\.>'f l\,e OfrJ?" 1'~T ,,1-C ~:J'~fI;t'A:: Off.
V 1IC.f hOq l\,e rqy,.,~ ,,1-C:'f Olfl~ 1'<JtC to,e~ m~C .ft\- o-C;U7 c;
:f. .
Uses. Brbrra, a nitrogen-fixing species, has been integrated with

crops and coffee growing for centuries in some areas of Ethiopia. Now
scientific studies are showing the benefits of this, tree to soil properties and
crop yields. In a study done near Wendo-Ghenet College of Forestry,
nutrients in the soil were shown to be significantly higher near brbrra tree
trunks than away from them (Hailu, T., L. Negash and M. Olsson, 2000).
Maize.growing in soil taken from plots near the trees had better growth rates
than maize grown in soil from control plots. . ~
.The pulverized seed are used for fish poisoning. The seed are
crushed and thrown, into the water" after which the dead fish float to the
surface where they are easily collected. "
The.white wood is semi-hard and semi-heavy (0:721 density), tough,
strong; it is used for tool handles and other household utensils. ' It could
potentially have commercial uses.
Brbrra wood is a superior fuel., especially since itdoes not require' as
long a drying period as, other woods. The pods themselves can also be used
as fuel after they,have opened.
Theflowers- of this tree are considered useful for strengthening bee
colonies during the time of year when other flowers are not abundant.
~.~' .
Othe~'uses mentioned in th~lj,terature.includefodder, e~osion,
control, and shade.
~:"1":':: llC11t. C;,e~C;(-11f'ot.f'PIJ.(''lIC.r ....1f1 'l1'ND{J~ h'l

Qa. flN.+r-*,JI (l}--{)T/llllf. nODc;~ nrilll\oft; (1.t; -thl\of (l}--{)1' Ohl
.('~+ imC;t;;. X{)~..'lt If~ lfCf C;;::A:: nh~~ 'tit ,.,.e1,.,CC Tt;.y. f /loic
.en:,..t;t\()llA sToc.y.f .rlllD-') mCF'l.;1' ~f"'~~lD-::' OdJ1~ 1~~ "1llC
t; f1t\.~hth'11lf'''''f'I?n"}~ Tc;~'h1~oJif,.,rm-/~"'fl.-t.T "'lA. '~;J'
7ft; haCJU., }.Afl'}: 2000/ hllCllt~tf~ OC4>T h~17(J}- O&'C .eAcl> nx..
m1~ it\lD- rOLC"}Tl-"J'lC h~+~ 1\~~tf~~,.,jA:: h1JCll~ If~ /till
11l~ f'O+1l9- Ib,\' '1'0.4" /(lhCh1/ h~~l"A:" fl:J. r04>1\ (t$l\o :1't.y. hi.
llCll~ ;ltif: Am11l f'04>IllD- f'oitinaj..in.~~O·lm-:: ,', " . "
r-tLaJ: rllCllt. ncf t\it,.,"~()1('f~~.e1llcl>07fl.:: r1"LQJ"l&rJ:,
lie tDy" 1&'/ I&{)T ODaJ.ODC hlf.fCJU rlfD1"lD- h,., tDy" i\.e .... ~,.,Llf: 04>i\
fl. OD()ll()ll .e:Fi\t\::
Millettia ferruginea/brbrra
~QJ: h "}Q;l,-l- h&.A m"}t,~+ "'}Jlv-9" h&.A hQ'('" fftlll~-l- 00

m~ 0.721fT th.el\~ .... IT'} I\h~:J'Ci t\.fl..T fo.-l- l&{)1' 001A1,f ODl)t
,f?'TCi h'}JlV-9" f'lfl 9"'}6£'>"} 1\"7~OC .e.mcl>"7A::
h "} lJJ.rf: Tor f"71 P. h"}QJ,-l- ~(J)- T I\IltJ9" h"}~ t\.fl..T h '}(;1;1.'" T
O~ ,}1I h{)h"!~Ccl> oomOcl> h,f{)LA1l&9":: fllC hlm.."':': ~IJTl& ~
C"'l& h1'hLrf: 0~4 1\"71P.~-l- ,f11\""141\.:: flltJ 1ft;: hOQ?'T ft\.t\oT If
C:T hOQ?'T 0{)4.-l- 0"7.e11=0-l- 1.~ ,)IIT'} l\"7mCihC .el~A::
t\.4l& Otlth-t;: f1'11\8 111Q h'}~,,!,flJfl& I\hll-l- oocrT 1\1'4+ 1\
OLC ,)1'O-l- ooh4h,fCi I\"7C 9"c-l- .emcl>"7A::
Site. This species is not a classic "dega" tree. For this reason the
dega farmers in our survey rarely mentioned it. However, it can be found in
elevations to 2500 m asl, and possibly higher. Often it is at much lower
altitudes, such as in Bahr Dar, Zege Peninsula on Lake Tana, or Chagni.
Brbrra is commonly found in areas where water is accessible, such as near
streams or in rain forests. It is sometimes seen in grassland, or in upland
forests such as seen on Dabkooli Mountain in Awi Zone. It needs a rainfall
range of 1000 to· 2000 mm per year. It is often seen with Albizia, but also
with Podocarpus, Ekebergia, Scheff/era and other forest types.
f"! 1~0-l- 1I;r: .etJ lIC,f «}.e~1'~ f~;J 1ft;: h.e~I\9":: OlltJ9" 9"
tl'},f-l- 1'Ci-l- 09"Ci.(C""IO-l- ht,Qfl ,fl\. 10t,?'T Ofll9" hALl& hALl&
.em:,.....-l- ~OC:: fllT'}9" 02500"1. hQ.m.o. 4.et; hll,f9" 04.e 1\.1~ .e
T4A:: 11".. 1.~ h,)'( II", QtJl-111 oot,-l- m.e9" ~""It QI\. 1I:"1'~ 1I;r?'
T .e1~A:: lIClIt- 01l1f-l- f"!11:l& l&" 0,(,}1I 0,,!1~0-}- 1I;r "71\-}-
s:
9" m'}l1 ~C QI\. f1lCi9" crT; l&{)1' ~(J}-:: h ')~ '}.(." 1.~ OIJC oot,"'"f
l&{)1' m.e9" Oh«e If') h,}~ ~1Ih-1\.1'~~ QI\. Oht;:1'~ 1I:J'?'T ~crT
CD-{)1' .e1~A:: h1000~2000"!."1 f1lCi9" oom"} o«}oo-l- .e.t;:A;JA,:: QlI
If~ (J)- f"!:J'fCD- hfllJ ;JC ....IT"} 01l""lQ + 11'9"Ci t\.fl..T ~ crT (J}-{)1' .e.1
~A::
Phenology, Propagation and Management. Seed ofbrbrra should

not be dried in direct sunlight, but at room temperature. The seed will give
best results when sown fresh. They may be kept a few months, but at room
temperature they should not be stored for longer than that.
Seedlings of this species can easily be grown from seed. It is not

necessary to pretreat the seed in anyway. Legesse Negash advises that root
pruning of this species be avoided, because it may decrease the ability of the
seedling to fix nitrogen, and may hinder root development. Root pruning
can be avoided by careful planning of the timing of seed sowing and
planting. Because the seedlings of this species grow so quickly, they can be
ready for planting out in three to four months. Legesse Negash also reports
that it is possible to plant brbrra seed directly in the field, but care should be
taken of fast-growing weeds, and poor soil conditions if the land has long
been deforested or otherwise degraded.
Brbrra also coppices very well, coming up from the stumps. It is one
of the faster growing indigenous trees. .
In Awi we have seen wide range of flowering and fruiting times,
with ripening fruit seen in May near Chagni and in November in Katasa
forest (Dabkooli Mountain). The literature also reports a very wide range of
flowering and fruiting times, but most profusely November to March (Hi dar
to Megabit).
1.1t.tD-~ DlJOJ-l-+ DIJ~Q+e; oo~hQh1l: f1lC1I~ lfe"f OO~l-l- Y/l

l]:ftD- 0+1';1' 08th.e 1IC'/~ ta.etf~ Oh~A fUO-++ oom~ /22Jl.1.fL./
~tD-:: lfe:,: "~~-t-()O()(l. OJ!tytD- O+h-..... fllfot- 1'ot- tD-m.+ .eC;&.:fCf'A :
: /l1'<t:" 1.11. Oh~A fUO-"''''' OOm~ 1\,$'- .e"fi\fl.+ ~1C"',}/ll~r 1.lf
~ OO"'PQ.1'fl\Q:ftD-r::
flllJlICY "f"?7f"f O+i\fl. hlle I\,O-l-fl. .e:fi\n-:: olle"f i\.e :,.~

00 file "'Iifify uo-h&. hiMJtt.hf.t:./lr:: /l1() ~;Jli f"f"?"ifa"f~ fpC IJ
~1"" ilIl0?.1;1'e; e;,.e""c:~~~ fOO+fC 'fAP;f'tD-~{)/lO?.+,}iI »«: OO"?l
If. Ili''I'Li\t. It.e~Ilr n,A .eODh~A:: FC "7ltf "~J5.eC;C fOOlIt.ytD-~e;
f""hi\ (J):"1:~ 00ii1Q OOllOJ:" "?ltftD-'} ''''IiI+l:'' .e!FIiA:: f~tf lIC.r "f
"?7f':"fOt;:1'~:" fDt.P J?:.,. lllltf~ oY'{i~e; lt~:" tD&.:"· dJ-il'f" Il+hi\ esc
Il1() ~,;Jli 0+1';1' not~ tD-il1' IIe"f~ 0011&.:" .e!Fi\A ....A .ell"?
1Ie; tfc:r "?~ LffJ~ "J?:1:"I')i\T~ fltlr lICJ'sP'f "~!t.,.r. 1lr~1:1
I')tfJ hLC i\.e hOOlI~"" 1'~.4'-t ootD-()J?: ltll1l1 .ei\A::
/_ " I' .,
1IClI&. h+$lm n~i\ h"'''''tD- '0~'1IY$m"'ffJA:: LfJl~ ,,-.eo1+

1')i\:ftD- h1C-0+A tfC='f h~~ ~tD-::
Cordia africana/wanza
RJlff 1" 1111- fJlRIJ'i t;:~1.IL'''''' Jlf,"''iAl fa"''''' t;:~,,'f 0.,

'IlT R;J=.,t, Jlm111'i OV4C. R'lV.,+'" y., (-'51llJ.t\. ..,.~~) Jl~~c; A:: 06
"...t;:~ A')-\II" ... ~ fJlRIJ'i t;:~ l.&J'T .,.".,."Al OJl'~ 8thd. A'~"'"
t\8lD- JlOO1:, 00«1\« fO"J.:r ~ ,,-If' R,eRA l ' ." hlJ-'5C Allh oo;JR. T JlR
IJ f,()"lA::
Millettia/oruginea references
Breitenbach; 196~.
Hailu, T", L. Negash and~. Olsson; 2000..

Hedberg and Edwards; 1989
Edwards; 1976
Soune Thirakul; undated.
Thulin: 1983.
Scientific Name: Cordia africana Lam. 1792
Family: Boraginaceae -
Vernacular Names: wanza (Amharic). bugitsi (Awi)
Description. Wanza is a.tree up to 30 m in the,forest, but smaller
and with a crooked stem when grown in the open. The bark is dark brown.
The leaves are alternate and slightly heart shaped or nearly round. The
leaves are 7 to 18 em long and 3 to 10 em wide, rough above, with some
hairs beneath. The leaf stem is 2.5 to 7.5 em long. The flowers are
attractive, white and in tightly packed clusters. The fiuit is ball shaped, up
to 1 em in diameter, yellow, with a sweet edible flesh covering one~.
Similar species. The similar leaves may make wanza, Croton
macrostachyus (bsana) and Dombeya torrida (wulkfa) difficult to
distinguish without experience. The. wulkfa and bsana leaves, have small
teeth along the edges, but the wanza does not. For more details on telling
20S Cordiaafricana/wanza
them apa~,. see the section on Croton macrostachyus.

;, .The- sapwood is light colored, and perishable.. The heartwoodis
brown, soft and light, but strong, and dbrable: .
0.1.., t;.), if! " ,.
OD"7t\lIilil: tp'}tf 0,('} t&ft'l' 30DJL. fO?.(Cft cJioo'-"'~l't.aia f\.1f'} 01

lttll fl:J' J'.."7qu hlf.lJ Y~(} <#?,oo,-",c; 100'1' s« "7,}~ ht\t&:: ~C4L-f: (Il4C
r« o.c;oy ~t&:: +mfto:': f1'HOt-l+ 'h+OYOO'l' flt:ft& /h')!: 'hY/l~f
O?tDtn-/C; AlI fOO(}/l tD~'J" OhllJl~t& hll +C,) hlt:ft&:: 'fl7-18ut.DJL
rO?l1f(lDc+ x '}JlIJ-'J" h3-1 Out.OIl rO?(}~+ hlt~ n~A itfJb-+ fl:J':f Ofl..'
A oom~~ fJ1-c-:f rO?:J'~ll:ft& c;:ft&:: r+mA "7,}~ h2.5-7.5ut.DJL·" ,
l1fOYA:: hOllsP:': OYlh. + ~6f1"C; 1'm;J"71't& r0?1): c;:ft&:: ~t.t& r~()
+Ctl Jlt\t&+ 1ut.UJt rO?(}~+ Il~+ Ot&ftm- h'}~ HC r~.e1f+ rO?tIl
~'I' "li~ '} fllt& ~t&:: .
1'oo"",e lICffD"f: A'J"~ rll.llt& (}t& ll.Ylly:f01" rUcJ'f,:f~ ","
'}tf+ 'J"1tC;C; t&Ah~ l'
ODItIt~ +mfto:f hl).'ft& Cordia africana
:: rt&Ah~c; 'J"ItCJ +mt\- wanza- Amharic bugitsi-AWi
'P11f
...:f OmCtf:ft& ".tY 'l'C f1'7.tt
ft f\. tj t- :ft&+ tp'}tf "7'} ", .' -'-I' Drawn by
r t\ aJo'J":: ll~'" II OYtD+ .~->': /",. ,>. Tafere Fentahun
ft/l 'J"1tC; r"""LaJo'} h~

, / . . -.._' / . \ •. not toothed
A ~ODAhlI . /-('" .~
r:«: /
. h+C4L-f: ftc: Yll . I~ I
I - ,
ah 1.'}lJJ,,~ . ~tJ] YII +(\ .... ,-/ . .'"' /
!-----""
'J" yt\CJlaC; n+lt~rO?Olt _ /
"li~t&::r'h,}lJJ.~ t,\11 /
Ali lJiJ/ t\ftlt,..C;.,.ltA+ ~ ,
1C "7,)' 1I11fJt-C; 11". til.
rO?", ~;~t& :;: 'h1lJJ.-f:'}
--...,'~ ···---lJ
. - i'l
'--:~
n"'lt~ OD{)t.'-'" f"t~A

/t:.-/
C; +q.-,.. O'l'~, IJ-)':J' fO?
+OA n.1f"J+ t\'hC'I'O'-'"
h""';JJ\tn/lfll\ti,e 'fltA: LJ'oc:;...o.._ tiny !'lairs
,.,
..
Cordia africana/wanza 209
--------------------------
. t\R.c- ~1t~h+"'J'lSJUTAIt~'c; It"., ~I,. "'ODI,.~ ~m-::
Uses. Wanza is highly valued for its lumber. In some areas of the
country,' wanza is the primary wood used for furniture making. The wood
works easily and takes a good polish, but' may to warp if exposed to
dampness. It is suitable for furniture, plywood and boxes.' Because of over
cutting, it is endangered, and law now restricts the cutting of wanza trees. .
In some areas, suchas Sudan, Wolaitta, South Gondar, and Harege
highlands, wanza is allowed to grow in fields with crops. A study done in
Tadissa in Wolaitta, revealed near unanimity among the farmers for the
benefits of Cordia' in their fields. This is in contrast to a similar survey in
the Harege Highlands, where farmers held highly divergent views. For
instance, in that survey, nine percent said Cordia africana has a negative
effect on crops, while 24% claimed it has a positive effect (Poschen-Eiche,
1987) However, as noted above, the Tadisa 0.' farmers were nearly
unanimous, with 96% naming it as helpful for the 'soil, and none mentioning
it as harmful.
According to the Honeybee Flora of Ethiopia (Fichtl and Admasu,
1994), wanza is one of the major honey producing flowers of Ethiopia,
especially in western parts. Crushed seeds, dissolved in water, can be used
for feeding bees in dry "periods. It is recommended planting to increase
honey production.
In some areas, wanza is a very important browse or forage tree,
especially since it can have leaves during the dry season. It can also serve
as an ornamental, for it is attractive with its showy white clusters of flowers.
Its wood is a preferred fuel, and is useful in erosion control. It can be used
as a shade tree in coffee plantations.
The fruits can be eaten. The pulp of the fruits are mixed with honey
to make a sweetmeat. In Wolaitta, young children are sometimes seen
eating the ripe yellow fruit.
".:t-'I"=ti: '1'111 nllJSJU fDtL".,m- "1lJm-~ hI,. ~m-:: nh1~1'(- f'h.,

~1: h ...lln.sPT nh.,&,m- hc;'l.sPT f'Dtf"lcr ~1t~"T h"'11 f.,.f"Icr c;:fm-::
nhv-.,. m:,.:,. nh""1Q(l. 1t1Jl~l'" f~~~"7""1 """1 n.c;CSJU nh.(.,;;: v-~~
~.e j,.,;;:A:: .
210 Cordia africana/wanza
Oh,,}~,,}'(- hl)qfl.sPTO,,"~~+ w... .e,r+ ~(1.1J ""'~C+

fthlC1. ~;J"7 (I;1'sPT+ fJ'''}tt 0",... 'rD-hlJ' nn-flf\..T ;JC .en~...A::n:t'
"'Jl"''''
Jl"'f1J~kJ'" rD-hlJ' f.,..nt- h"}.(-'f'Cj'T ".,~otyoahh""rD- "'"0'PJT "7'"
I.O-h'f' .rG7.,nmrD-1 m+lPl;1' h ....e-f 10&PJT~ .,../t"7,.,.,..tD-(l;1'A:: .eU
~flth~ ... htt:4'~ (I;1'sP"f r·N..t-fD't"}·4'oo.......e If"":" hhoaAh.,. 010'
P'"f N"}g: r~OlrD-1 UJ~ fhhTlli\rf1 A~~-l- y~"fJl ~OC:; h~"'I\..·Ulfl1
h oa.,. 'P'tt O(l11f\.."f ....e "'~-l- A!\fJ)" .,ltt\- 24 h oo", ~~'I" .,.~:,. fh~~
-ohfJ'A (7ii")- h.h 1987):: fl.l1',,}~ h ....e ""}.(-..,.1hfJrD- f;1'Jl'"
r
10t.PJ
"f q~ ..?lm- 96 h oo", hOLC in.+dt "i~1f~'n.'lAfJ. iJ.JH:1 . ,"} hA1h
-. h1~, '"lit fl. tf:f\..t- /ltt: ~ +r-* Y'(~f.Aif 1tt:~"" 1,994) «Pl~, 0
""h.e~ 0~6~-o h.-l-r-*y«pCj r"7C rC:f'Oo"~ ~Q)-:: O'(-C~ 1.... f~
LQ;t' f~l'~' NCO"f Oro-.,. .,..O...'OmrD- 1ei"f1 hoooo1-o'.el~t\-:: r"7C 9"C
:to1. hOPp;tOPC;,O-ott-l- fl..,..hA 1'~ ,""}~y:~r .e~1t-A::
: -. _.
' '".
flh1~,,}'(- fl;1'sPT ... .e

O+h.e O~tcl' 'ttl. q>lIlA.h...hrD- ,«P")" m.+
"t rhil+ OPC; .,..tJA ~ar:: "76-h..rl1'~ O.,.... t\- f"t;1'.e, ~~hoqht}-Aar
h.,fl. l....~:,.r Y1h., ...A:: "'tJJ.1:
h"7'lP- .,..L... 1.+ "'Jl"'9';'rOLCt)
...o-l-"} hooh...hhA m.+OIl. ..tt: ~ro-:: O(1.Cj .,..tJA arh... h ...t}~-l-r Y1h.,
tt:4ro-"} OP-o...-l- .e~l\A::hh"''''ro- rtt:t.ar tJtt:A hOllC' ;JC.,...,....

~f\.. llJ~6J.b r~-o hODilt-:'-' Yil"f...A::OW....e;1' rD-il;r A~":f h"}~,,}'(- 1.
... fonh n-s
tt:~ n.0t\c .e;1'Yt\c::
J ... ..i.\
Site. Wanza is found as an ornamental (Dinkara Nursery,Chagni,

Dangla), in remnant forests '(Tiskee Falls), and in cropland (Ayu, north of
Bahr Dar, and up the Wereta-Weldiya Road), Wanza. is found at the edges
of forests or in scrubland. Generally it is. found in altitudes between 1600
and 2200 m asl, though it can be found as high as 2600 masl.. It naturally
o.ccllrs In. areas where rainfall is 700 to 2000 mm per year. 'It cannot resist
frost. Although it can live in various soils, it does best in deep, free draining
soil& ' . ,
. . " - ~ ~~ ~",. .~~
.,·,r0?.1~0:'-'(I;1':lf',,}J.l A'i~ 1.~()J.,"}l)t- "f"~ fflfl..rj; :F"~T~"}~"

)+ Ot}-t:'-' ~C;T aril'J'C:'-'ilh. ~~~)+ Onllf\.."f;"7'" <ro-ri~(hr-+ tltlUC;
~C Oil..,. r'llPl,,}+ wl;r-WAJlY oD'J"~) ~1~A:: fJ''JtI O~'l';f mL;;lI, iv
.er hQ;j.6J.bC tlt::T 00ll.1]:0:'-' (1;1' .e1~fA:: Ohm.+....e 01600-2200ot
• hQ.(I).O. fOD&,+ hfi:;1' Qi\T(IJ- htJQIl$Plo f0?1~ 1l1T'}9" Af)h 2600

01. hQ.(I).O. ODt,(C,," fOD&'T hfi:;l'$Plo9" l\.e 6J.I>9"C l\. 1~ .eloi\A:: h
700-20000?.0I ~OD;1''e f1lC;9" ODtn'} 00?.f1~ (a;1'$Plo i\.e .e1~A::
(lJ-C6J.I> OD**9" h.eloA9":: O..,..t\.f~ fOLC lJ.e'1-f-lo i\.e ODl1+A IlloA
9" TAel>C; (IJ-,/ f"7.e*TC OLC Ofll9" .ef)"7"7tpA::
Phenology, Propagation and Management. This is a fast growing

tree, often reaching heights of 6 to 8 m within 7 years. Wanza begins
flowering when it is three to five years old. The heaviest time of flowering
in Ethiopia is September (Meskerem) to March (Megabit). Birds that eat the
fruits disperse wanza seed. It can often be found growing in gardens where
seed has been dropped by birds.
It can be raised from seed in the nursery, or direct seeded. Ripe fruit
(yellow) should be collected, and the flesh removed. Air-dry them in a
well-ventilated room for about 3 to 5 days. If there is too much moisture,
fungus will grow. When ready to plant, soak the seed 6 hours in cold water.
Be sure the seed are planted on a well-drained seedbed. They may take 40
to 60 days to germinate.
1.II. (IJ- ') "7(l)el> T "7&-Q +C; OD') h Qh 11: 11". 'til. 0 7 ~OD;1'T (lJ-f)T
h6-801. fO?~Cf) <laODT l\. C;l.(IJ- fO? loA Lfll'} lJf;1T .ft\(IJ- ..fi: '1(IJ-::
tp'} .. h3-5 ~ODT f\qui\(IJ- "7011 .e"f..9"&-A:: nx. Tr-A-.f fhOQ(IJ- 011..
T fO?"~ 0 T 1.11. hODf)hl. 9" Af)h OD"?1lT '1(IJ-:: fi:&,(IJ- '} fO?OI\- (l)C:lo
Utr') h(l;1' (1),( (1;1' .e(l)(}~;1'A:: (l)C:lo OO?TI\-OT fhThAT f)fi:&- l1U
... 1.11. f\O+A .e;1'.fA::
Olo""1~ fllll.f (lJ-f)T uc OOD1I&-+ ht\tl.f9" 00?Lt\1(IJ- (1;1' Utr')
OOD1I&-Tl\.0el>A .eloi\A:: fO(}t\ (Il"'i.) fi:&, ""'(}11f)(I t\f)i\l)(IJ- ffi:&,(J)o
htJA OD(I)11; ht\OT:: O~ ,}11 xec 00?.f1~ hfi:A (lJ-f)T h3-S +C;+ Oh
rc "'I1;l.el>:: 1111- ACTO+ tJt\ L ,}""1f)(i'f,.?:J") l\..e1l .e.loi\A:: UC:lo t\ODd
&-+ 11""1~ f\tr)- t\6 IP~:J"+ .ftJA 0+11.+.. (J)o'/ ODUfi:dfi: ..,..Li\1. ""'""1QC
'1(IJ-:: (IJ-,/ O"7.e*TC fUC OD'(l1 i\.e ""'UC""'(IJ- A'},(IT'1 .fl.,.?""1cn-:: t\OD
ll+A h40-60 +C;+ l\.(I)f)~ .eTi\I\-::
212 Cordia africana/wanza
Cordia africana references

Azene Bekele-Tesemma; ·1993
Breitenbach, Friedrich Von; 1963
FAO; 1981
Fichtl, R. and Admasu Adi; 1994
Krezdom, R.; 1985b.
Macl.achlan, M.; 1999.
Miehe, S.; 1986.
Poschen-Eiche, P.; 1987
Salim, A.S., et a1; 1998.
Souane; undated.
Viswanthan, r.v., 1986.
Warfa A.M.; 1988.
Wo1aitta Kale Heywot Development Program; 1997
'';."
Embelia schimperi...
Other Indigenous Highland Trees and Shrubs

Embelia schimperi:..
... is a tree or vine known as enqoqo in Amharic and enkoki in Awi.
The fruit are commonly used as a medicine for worms, sometimes
with koso. The fruit do not seem to ripenall at.the same time, with
fruits in various stages of ripeness seen together on the same branch.
These are found in September, October and NovemberinAwi Zone.
It is often found in remnant forests such as Agew Dur, Ruble
Mountain, Jibli Mountain, Liwi Mountain, Darkan Mountain and
many others. Simple leaf to 8 em long, with a red midrib and stalk.
c
0" Thefruit has a single-seeded.
"Arallf h:':r1:~f~" tfif: CD~~;thl'? ....If'} Oh'"1C;;:lt'}$$ Oh'l

o l&"'1/her.1 ",}"'h.~l]'\A:: if:&,PJ:': htt(l;JC CD~tr 1\1l:Frl& I\-}-,\
-}-A im.("~~-}- ~lfC;h-::. IJ-h-tr ~&'PJ"f OJr.'}.(" 'l~ rotOf)h- Jr.~
o oher.
eD-::
",1).
ODf)h-r:: Oh'}.(" -l>C'}65}.if: '\~ rTl\yr YOt,,"A ~l1f Jr.'\r
fI'} t;:&,l&'} OODf)hC~*. ,,--l>tr-}-C; U~C '"1'?7-}- ~:F'\
lA:: ,,'} 1. h'll& ~C -;- 1--0" Tt-t-+ ~1lft. T~t--;-ft.l£ ....t-t--;-
~C~,} Tt-t·-;- ttl\'\ Tt-t-c; Ib.lto"f (I;J-PJ"f '1h- :,.~-}- ~c;"f l&f)
T·.e.1~A:: O-l>mh- OD'/A YI\l& ODf)ODCC; r-l>mA '?'}~.,.~ ~l&:
,: if:&,l& O(l)cf)m- h '}.(" He 1l:F ~,etfA::
Euphorbia abyssinica and Euphorbia ampliphylla:..

...are very similar trees that can grow up to 12 m high, or higher,
and are known as qulqual.in Amharic and kulkuli in Awi.
Euphorbia candelabrum is also similar and has the same Amharic
name, but is found only to about 01900 m asl, and not likelyto be
found in dega areas. The tree is commonly seen in remnant forests
such as Kolele Mountain, Zerehi Mountain, Liwi Mountain, Agew
Dur, and Jibli Mountain, and along roadsides and fencerows. It is
214 Maesa lanceolata ...
. also commonly seenin chutchYards~Ithas a woody trunk Mth

edges and angles. The mass of upturned green branches have leaves
along the edges. The branches have three to five edges or angles ail
the-way to the tip. These branches have thorns, which grow in pairs.
The farmers report it is used for timber, erosion control, and in house
if construction for the roof as well asmatchsticks. 'The-wood is light
and durable. It can grow on well-drainedsoils. .Propagation is done
by cuttings mostly, but sometimesby seed. .
I
"
''A~G:CfLf''fLtlllJ're; "A..f/!-G1CfLf ArTA..t/.~4" OIfJ?" +ooltlt.e r

If). h()h 1201l.. (JJ.eer hll..f Olt~··cIIODo}- .f4:faJ- Ifc:·...,. .... tr). IN\
1:er Oh'e fI' Oh07C;;: cIIA*A Oh1tD-;;:/h'e/ h-Ah-ll .eQlth-:: "
A~G:CfLf 1J'.e.4~~r" Y.."1qu 1'ODItIt.eC; Oh"7C;;: cIIA*A r
o.tA (ler ·.frAaJ- Iffj: ~-;- ..,1C "1' ~Y..~07·"t]hQo.1Pf¥1~?"I
rDt1~tD- h()h 19000lt:hQ.aJ.0. 1l:r ~tD-:: 1f4- A'Y.. lI"lt-;- II'e
-;- ~1111 -;- lICdt" 1'&--c"f-;- h1aJ- ~C Qh- +to}- Y..c;"f tD-()1'C; A
'-".o.-er Ooo11p..r ~f:C; 01.t1'C oo(looClt.e Qlllf-l:..e1~A:: A1
-".0-,.. 00.1' hC()rt.f"}"1Cl. dJ.tt1-r .e1~A::o·1iJU' .f/ltD- ~,t;Q.
+07 "1,1: h/ltD-:: oJY..It.e +1' '.fh-l111- +Clti5J.c:t r O"7()UC;;J=T »
tD- It,e :';triflo"f h'-TtD-:~ ~C'tiliC::': h3-5. rotY..C,l. .'?()1fC;0}- A

tm tilifj: 1:I..() h'-TaJ-::1..)~U +C'tilit.':;fT'1.t- 1'1~' Arlf). raJ
" - - -~ - • - J _ -_ ,'- - - " • :, 'i $ .
(I). Ai'fll"fOmClfTaJ- "4\.e .e1;;:~;:10~1P"f A'Y...""", cIIf.\*A

"'1~ lllaJ-lt+ ro&..c ()1'O:"ooht\h.f+ oiL~ .."i):t:i~ /l'tr,t.f
mClI .f1/l"1"A:: h1~lt9" /lhllto}- h1Q;l,0}- h'Y.."lJ'1(\"1A 06
Ja.1f: 1'U"19)\:: h1Q;l,1:+ltAC; OOLC ~()~ I.J!-cr in. r~.,.e
.,tD-:: tD-"/ 007.e*1'C OLC It.e 0Y..'11 .eO+~A:: .. 4- n11If0}- rDt
&--QtD- ~C(O oooO}-hA ....If' oucer "7&--Qo}- .e;J=ltA::
Maesa lanceolata ...

...is known as qilabo or qelabo in Amharic and askimbi inAwi in
the Awi area. It has toothed leaves; 'to 25 cm long, with smooth bark
. with spots. The arrangement of the leaves' varies on the same plant.
bis a shrub or small treetoto m high. Maesa flowers are very
small, yellow-white in groups~MaesafiiIit is 1 to 1.5 cm long.by
about 0:5 em wide, yellowish green, without hairs. It is found up to
.about 2800 m in altitudethroughout much of Ethiopia. It seems to
Myrica salicifolia .,. 215
prefer wet locations, although if rainfall is high it is found on slopes

and mountain, usually among other trees and rarely by itself. Not
much known about propagating or managing this species. In Awi
Zone qilabo flowers from August to October. Ripe fruits can be
seen in November. When the stem is cut, it will grow back from the
roots. In the surveys conducted in dega Awi it was sometimes
mentioned by the farmers as useful for fuel and fodder.
"Ofr4 41ttr-4"r" nJler. JlttClQ nJlO1JC~ ~It(t nJl'lar~ /JlCf./ ,p'..,qu h.9"
Q.eClltA:: r~mt\- mCl1 'J'C{) Jl/\ar+ ~mt\- h{)h 25ut. U? .elll
O1JA; ~mllll]nl- yt\-n:,. t\{)lttt ~C&.:" Jl/\ar:: r~mt\- Jl<P01Joo'J'
ln~· tflt: It.e h11), rr/\yr ~CIfo:: h{)h IOU?. r01£ll19" :"1n tf
It: OJ.e9" ~'J'*{o ~ar:: r~ltn JlnCl?Jl- (111(111 l1/\ar r01£'l~ ~6J.1>
-Q6l>J.lJ :"lJ1n c;:far:: r~ltn CJ:t. 1-1.5ut.U? r01£lll(JOoolJ O.5ut.
U? r01£(I~+ Q 6l>J. Jll1:},e..+ <P/\9" Y/\r OJ' lf~ar 01-C r~ltrar
lJrro-:: .(11111- rh.:"r-A'y Jll'JllO.?Jl- h{)h 2800U?. hCl.OJ.n. roo
t.:" hCJ:;1' f:l{) .e'l~A:: c'J'n:" yltr ar1 Jll'JlUl?Jl- r01£OJ~ .e
OO{)ltA; rl1lJ9" oom'" hCJ:r~ hlf~ JlAr::. JlAr::. /\l1~ar 11'" 1.11.
"..,qu h~t\ol- tfr::.l- ;JC nr~C'l-lJ ~A~t\:" n;1'?Jl- It.e .e'l~
A:: ()/\ JllClfl.lJ nl1l'JC1ar 1111- Jl.e;1'OJ~9":: nJler. 1'1 ar{)'J' ~ltn
r01£Yllnar h~dl"" h{)h 'J'~9":" f:l{) ~ar:: rn(lt\- CJ:t.?Jl-1 nu
~C O1J..,i:" .e~ltA:: "''},l}. fI.~l'J' h1-.y.ar rODA"Y~m~ll]A::
nJlee I',} ,p.;J01J JlI'JClQ n~nt.,} mt;:" ~ltn t\OY'lI'.lJ rhll:" ooc;~
:,. h'},p.01£,r7t\"'A JlAr::. JlAr::. .em<P{) ~nc::
Myrica salicifolia ...

...is known as chinet orshinetin the Awi area. The leaves are
alternate, and four to 14 em long. Shinet is found from 2000 to 3300
m asl. It was once common, but is now very rarely found in dega
Awi. In former times in Awi-it was used for cultural drums, mortars,
and for roof construction-twogagera). The leaves ate spicy smelling,
and it is reported in the literature to be useful for medicine. iIi Awi it
grows to a large tree, but literature reports indicate it is more
commonly a small shrub. According to the literature, it can be
propagated by cuttings or seedlings, the seed needing to be soaked
for twenty-four hours before planting. In the surveys, one farmer
said that it can be propagated by cuttings taken in the month of June
216 Myrtus communis...
(Sene). Study staff did succeed in rooting one cutting, but others
dried. Further work is being done on rooting this species at the time
of this writing.
"Of.&fJ t)1l1l.6:llf" 01l'e If"} 6J!>~:" CD~er "lf~:" +11"" ~:J'YJ:J"A:: +01t\
...:,: f+1I0&-l+ ll+OfIODT ""TCD- /1l"}~ 'h.,t\~ fUOf.CDm-/ e;TCD-+
h4-14Uf.0Il ~lllOflI\-:: "lf~:" fUOf.1"fCD- h2000-33000ll. hQ.CD.O
. ~CD-:: 0+,",,00-:" 1.f1..,:" 01l'e If"} 0{)4.:" ~.,~ f~Ole; 1l~"} "?"}
AtlJer OTet1: fUOf.1~ ~CD-:: Qt\~:" 1.n..,:,. 01l'e If"} t\hOC»+ 00-+
6Ii 'h"}Jl~er CD,;J"?&- .,1t\"?A ~OC:: +01"":': f~ODer ''If:J' Y"T
CD- f\tf"} O')thc~ l\OD~~~:"~:" 'h"}f.UOf..,1l\"?1\- +01+!l.A:: 01l'e
If"} CD-{)T :"A~ Jf~ ~tfe;A~ ~1C -n O')thc~ f+1I10CD- 1Iff. 1.11.
cIIT!l:tn 'h"}f.UOf.tf"} ~CD-:: 'h"}f. ')thc~ 1I1Q htf~ OIlCe; cf.Ctn OOD
:"hA I\.&-Q ~ 'f"A+ IIC»:': t\24 lP'}:J':" OCD-V ODII~II~ llt\QTCD-
:: OTe;:J''f"} CD~T 1l"}~ 10t. O"'~ CDC +cf.Ctn 'h"},""UOf.O~A ~"?
c»e;A:: fTe;:" (l.~e;'f") cf.Ctn OOD:"hA IfUhc> lIff.YJ'f f\f.CcIz 1l
"}~ {)C llCD-T;l:A:: ~tJ"}"} C)thc~ oere;II;J~n:" 1.11. /blto'f +tJ;).
OfIt oo-h&-YJ'f"} 'h.,f.l"?"} ~OC::
Myrtus communis...
...Known in much of Ethiopia as "ades", and in English as "myrtle",
this shrub has been cultivated in Ethiopia since ancient times. It is
widely used for perfuming and flavoring, and the smoke to give
scent to a room. The leaves are commonly sold in mral markets.
The shrub is found in gardens to at least 2550m asl.
«Of.,C4-h /l0f.,1!1h». hoTr-,..., 11ff. (I:J'YJ'f hf.{) +111\0 fUOf.:J'CD+ ....tf
, nx '''1\.1I~ 'UOf.CTA' +111\0 ~01~A I ~tJ rIIT!l:tn Oho:"V-A- Y
hT':" ~ere ....t\0fI cf.~;l:A:: Oh4.T 'h"}f.UOf.:J'fCD- flf..tJ +hA 01
+0Il;1' t\T';' ''If;1' 'h"}~ "lfof-e; h~l'" Oo.T CO-hT T';' O1l' t\OD
~o1C OIL:" CD-{)T OfIQ;I,,{) ~CD-:: 0101C hl]qo. ql\- 10YPJ'f f\ifT
OfIfT f1't\OD~ ~CD-:: o.Y"}{) 25500ll. hQ.CD.O. Otf~ hl]qo.PJ'f
O~C» ODt.:" f\t\0fI OfIf:" ~':"A::
Ricinus communis...
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -217
Ricinus communis...
...is known as chakma in Amharic and chakmi in Awi in the dega
Awi area. In other Amharic speaking areas it is often known as
gulo. In Gojam as a whole, chakma refers to a variety grown in the
highlands, and gulo to a variety in the lowlands that is favored for
tanning leather. In English it is known as castor, the source of castor
oil. It is widely used throughout the world as an oil producing plant.
In some areas of Ethiopia the seed are used in greasing the mitad, or
pan for cooking injera. It also has medicinal uses, and in some areas
of the world the oil has been used for lighting. In Gojam and Awi
the seeds themselves are burned as a source oflight. It has large
leaves up to 50 em across, with five to eleven pointed "fingers". The
stems are often hollow. The seed of the plant is very poisonous by
itself, and only a few seed can kill a person if they are chewed.
When the oil is produced for medicine it is heated to neutralize the
poison. This probably happens when the seed is used on a hot mitad
as well.. The leaves are poisonous to animals. Although Ricinus
communis is probably from the Ethiopian area, the plant is now
found throughout Africa and the warmer regions of the world, except
where it is too dry, too wet, or too high. It can be found in Ethiopia
commonly to about 2400 m asl. Above that it can be seen to about
3000 m asl, but is not common.
"6n.~h /lOfl!th" Ohre r:» hl]flo. OhtryC~ 66I.:"try Oh1CD-~/hre/ ~1iut

.eflA:: Otbt\uT htryC~ OutO'i1CflrCD- hl]flo.9lT f..OJqo 1-t\u f!,
fll\A:: O.,.,JfS'" Ohm~l\.e 66I.:"try futflt\CD- Of..;J hl]flo. futO:"t\
CD- fl.lf1 1-t\u futflt\CD- r:OJqo t\~~ Fir r oo lr6f!''iT ft\CD-Ci O~
l\ hl]flo. futO:"t\CD- 'iCD-:: 01t1OJI\.1I~ "1]()rC" .efll\AI f1-t\u H
.eT S"'16f!' t)t\lf'i:: OJ\.Tl"'*"f Oh1~1.e- (I;r9lT t\S"'"I.e- try(t?f
.em:"o>JA:: t\oo.e-~~T'iTS'" .em:"tryAI Otbt\uT f}t\tryT Oh1~1
s: (l;r9lT H.e-t: t\oolllrT .em:"tryA:: flhre fl1Ci tbt\uT fJ\. T
l"'*"J' hl]flo.9lT He'~ lr'»rCD- t\oolllrT .em:"f17I\.:: oolJA t\oo
IJA so-r, O'f. fut(t4. TA:" :"mA ht\CD-:: h5-11 f~lf)' O:"mft.
tlctJ' l\f!, '"IT' foo(tl\. 'i1e'T hI\.OT:: OJ1~ CD-llm.- hlf:T 'iCD-::
f66l.:"try He'T OIr'»TCD- OOClJtry CirCD-:: h;rih- O"lS'" -retT He'
T h1.e-1 (tCD- 1\.1.e-1\. .eTl\I\.:: H.e-t: t\oo.e-~~T fl.H;J~ ooCtlc1
t\ trylltD1.e- ooqo:,. ht\OT:: .eUS'" f..OJqo S"'CiA fI T 000<0"" S"'"I.e- l\
218 Teclea nobilis ...
J!, .... ~l"1 J!,"'6- .elrlJA:: +mt\->:': "'-tv- t\"'{)It-l- 00010'1 lJT
tD- :: 0 f}t\ 0'1 r 1 0 iJl9" ~ l+ + (JJ J!, 9" 0 iJl9" CIf' 11+ (JJ f!,9" 0 iJl9" h
If:1'~ hlr.,. fl;1'!Pr O{)1'+C "lJ ocwlttD- hlf:tt) fDJt'l~ .... Lf1 9"
lJAtl-l-9" Ooo~ootf f1''l~tD- OJ\.-l-r-A-.f ItJ!,Lf1 hJ!,+C9":: OJ\.
-l-r-A-f 011J1-l- fDJt'litD- 024000ll. htl.(JJ.O. ht}tlo. ~tD-:: hfllJ
9" 01tJ!, "()h 300Ql~. ~l{) t\.1~ J!,rItA:: ~1C "11 f1't\oo~ h
J!,~t\9": :
Teclea nobilis ...

...is known by the name s'ni in Amharic and sila in Awi in the Awi
areas. It is a shrub or tree to 10m high, which is commonly seen
around Zengena Lake and Zengena Kibeb forest. Most of those are
shrubs, though farmers say it can grow to 20 m high and can be used
in house construction (wogagara), farm tools (yokes) and firewood.
The farmers say it is propagated by seed. The compound alternate
leaf has three leaflets. The bark is smooth and gray. The literature
reports it can be found in elevations to 2600 m asl. See Table Six:
Three-leaved Highland Woody Plants for a comparison with other
three-leaved trees and shrubs.
"4;l1llf sttn.a: Oh~ ht}Oo. {)1I./hO'lC~1 "lJ .... ltlh~1 OooQA f!,:J'(JJ~
A:: 1'ht\- "()h io-s. ~l{) fDJtf~"1 ~If'*{o ~tD-:: OH11lJ thf!,
+ fl.tflJ OH11lJ hOl1 ~ 1 tD-{)1' 011J1-l- f!,1~A:: "{)h hv-1 ff~
tD- ()). '" ~ ~If'*{o Lfli ....Lf1 10t.!Pr "11 "()h 200ll. ~l{) t\.
f~"? "'~DJtrAlJ Oo.-l- "?1tl;1' 1.tI. t\(JJ;J"?6-+ "'-'lV-9" t\"cif
oolttf!Pr f{l1't\J!, +10CI t\0'I1P- "'QJ.-l-9" "'Y..DJtf1t\"1A ~
"?ltD-lJA:: 'lOt.!Pr "'~~'l'f.,} OUC f!,t-QA:: +mt\- Oh1~ f+m
A "11~ Itf!, YJiI:'" "fLf'" O+C16li.~ Itf!, h"'~ "f~ fDJt(JJm- If
1'H06-l+ h + 0'1 00 If' f" TtD-I lJTtD-:: x -tv-9" "?t-6li. t\{)" It +
c~-l- ht\tD-:: Ot)th-lf: '" Y...,..H10tD- 26000ll. fout.-l- ht;::J' ~l
() A.1~ J!,TItA::
Vernonia amygdalina ...

...is known as grawa in Amharic and khokhitsi in Awi. The leafis
very commonly used for pot washing, and sometimes fodder. The
wood is also used for fuel and building. Grawa is planted frequently
Vernonia amygdalina ...~ 219
as a live fence. It also has medicinal uses, and is recommended for

planting to increase honey production. In West Africa the leaves are
eaten like cabbage, but itrequiresboiling several times and throwing
out the water between' each boiling' It is a shrub or small tree to 10
m high found to 3000m'a$l; .!lle'leaveg,are simple and alternate
with toothed margins and silvery hairy surfaces. Flowers are found
in large clusters at the end of branches. The flowers themselves are
small white, and sweetly scented in the night. Farmers commonly
is
plant this tree from see(f' 'Ver~bnia seed relatively temperature
insensitive, germinating in less than ten days 'at a range of .'c'',.
temperatures at least as broad as from 10 to 30 degrees C.
'nc'rt,r A Of,,?)Jil ~"O"''laJ-~/''''e/;ta1i.~ O"'OYC~ "'&-'1' .efl4\f.\:: ....ml\

.. 011'1:" I\Al,.&- "7mo.Y5~Ah·i1:" ooC;-i,:" Y'lI\..,4\A:: All.1J. l: Y.. r
..,,,., (\0.:" .."fl;t-c¢ ""'·11'-

rJll..,"A:: ..,Mf 01l1f-l-. fOWZrl'hi\ID""
~" ,"i\Wilf",.p.t.,~ ~liJ.::~;:;1tlJt.,.~ "oo,(o~~:"":"fOWZm+9"t; r"fi:
9"C-l-l I\OII_DPC 1l1l"-l; 'flrf'hA 1'... A1Y..lY~fOWZ.+uu·'0:" i,aJ-
:: 09"()&-1l hlt:6t) h 'Y..1o oo l rf:++ft.. fOWZfMr\.lf1."i" ~,;J;JOWZ
0aJ-? '1..yLA:;"7lt:flii .r....L A,;JA:f'.llilh 3noo~.-root.¥·h¢;l'4\
.e t\. 'l?J fO?":fACi '1..ilh f()f/l. f"t.«',(o"7."",11.J11t: tD.e9" 411'*(11
.,aJ-:: +mfl..:': 0"",(0 f+IIlA ..,.,l';
A\,ttt1,(o~+ ct+c.,6514- it.e/f
rf'IfO?l+ "'+OYOD1' .ritTaJ-1 '1.. l~'1...rI\4-~mm-+ OmCtJT If.
er sc« foofll\ "'lCY":faJ--It '1.."}-t.,.~, lICOY +1\9" .ritTaJ-Ci
TaJ-:: "'Oil?':': :"Cil7i.f "6lbc;~Ot\at\.:,. }p.... oof}tJ fOWZflm-CiTaJ-::
'l0t.?'":f .ell'JlIt: f"t1fhI\-T 011'1:" hlfC .,aJ-:: f..,&-'I' tiC:":f f
tJO.+rt: lJot.;t-c rf'A'I''I'6p Illfl9" f'''''.e''''~+ hI0-30Jl.I\. f'tJO.+
,:" oo(lll t;c: 010 'tCi:" m-il1' fl7l0+t\-CiTaJ-:: -
'....':. Other Indigenous Highland-Trees and' Shrubs References

~ .
Azene Bekele-Tesemma; 199'3"..

Breitenbach, Friedrich von; 1963.
. ,
Demel Teketay~d An<rers ~m; 1997.
ij(lWafc;l$, S,."Mesfin Tadesse, and Hedberg, I.; 1995. ~.
Fichtl, R. and Admasu Adi;1994.

Seegeler, C.J.P.; 1983.
220 Rosa aby.ssinica/qega
Dega Fruit Tre~s! ~,

--Indigenous..• , ,;
1. <_
~
~--
'-' -
...'
Rosa abyssinicri(iega
SCientific Name. Rosa abyssinica Lindley(l820) : .,
Family:RQsaceae
Vernacular Names: qega (Amharic). gmsi (Awi)
Description. Qega is a scrambling shrub 'with 'thorns, 'btit cai{lulve a main

stem that is thicker than a man's arm, and can stand to seven or so meters.
This is theonly native rose in Africa,aD.d.~ white blQ~OJIls.:1:he smaller
stems can be bright green with bright red thorns. '{he,leaves are compound
with toothed leaflets. The many seeded fruits tum orange:"
The pink rose that is commonly seen in graveyards and growing wild
through out the Ethiopian Highlands is the hybrid·Rosa x. richardii, which;
has been present in Ethiopia foreenmries.. It;isaisG a highland speciesc
capable of growing well to altitudes of at least 2500m,,~I. ,
'I . ..' ~.~
"
'. P " " ...' . +~I~'1£:.'?f
4;"
"Irt-At:
, OO..,I\8J.; .,.:> t\.!lo?f'Jlt.:T -l'1,."?": r,.~f.:" Ai\"tJ.r4~,. 411'*
tn.~ID"I '1'[: '?-} r&-~ flf~tpCj .,,~ .rl\arc; h"'lD"hl~ rLPZmr;:'c A(th
7iil,. hlf..r~nl\.e ~"'-rlli\o t\.~?"ro:tTA "?,t;"J,'hl&:: ~IJ .,.j'llh~
&fJ 11~ rotl~ 1\0" '1tiff. hOil '!lID" ~~::-"I'c;,cr:,: "'",:r: '11ll .rll- hI.
'}:}~ .,.I\~ .rl\ TID" O''l1D'' 'III] .rll- "'.e ~;r1il- t\.cr &-TID" .e l-l\Il-:: clom
Ao'ff;f.1 ~4Tt&i'l':J»+'+mA-~ hlW-:: OID"{)tfle lIW Ifc:l-'} r.r1f1D" r;:t.
-} flO{)/.\. llC1:t}l'+t\~ r~'i"1.1D" '11&:: .'d
" ••• r : flOOJ»'dD:J>llC llf'JfJft oitJl-"l' foy,,"j't»- ACj 0110. h~+~ (l;t-sP'
"f~ '}.c!ft. o&-"-'ltt·iJ; roy, rl\1D" ~t~~ 1\1111-' IfchJCj-"l' nit.-"1''')\-1' 1\0:"
A 'i";::A'1:A"f.ltV-~A{)h· 250~.~l.it DiJlI+/,v r~~A r Y..;J, +hA "'1",
~:: ' . , "
Uses. Qega has an edible fruit. The smoke fromqega is also! used to
fumigate various containers, Flowers are said to be used to treat eye
infections of cattle, and flowers and roots are said to have various medicinal
U$es. for hU~(1n&. '. '. . ..' .
.", ,.\ '. "~ , "
+:> rutM
r;:t.hl\aM:f+:> ~f.Ir-tI\.f'~ A~1PT') 1\
1'-I''fU:'::
"7m'·'.e(J)+"7~V: hlll1sP:r: rhllT h~' I\OO:J' /O~l\IOP.('~t:"~+. rLPZ
.r'1I\"?/A ltV''} JtOqPJ:r:S:·F~Lt\"'sP:f~ hll-li'f 1\1'1\.r., 00 ~~t"'l::..e
tnit"7/.\.::,:' . ,f . " r .
Site. The altitude range is approximately 'I 900 'tb3300':masl. It is

often found in rocky places, highland forest, dry grassland, margins, and
cle,arin~~; '~aIl;Y .times1\ it .fan?~ :~~~n)n 0J'~Q~ RJ~.9.es ~n~F~un~~ntPFs, near
Erica ~p9fe~ ffi1d If~~~f!¥/1l· Sp~~lrS.tt ~,":~~a be f~uP9fnf,rcer?~s:o... "i'
1'.,":
~22 Rosa ~yssinica/qega
11". 'ttL htt:-r-:" q"Tl& (I:I"PJ"f O-r-t.t. 1\'1+ il.e h1\h:f'c; A,.
Jr ,;JC O-r-=l""~ .e1~1A:: Oll...C ODhooC il.e,. ilO~1A .e"filA::
Phenology, Propagation and Management. The literature says

there is some flowering year round.. Farmers in the interviews agreed, but
said the flowering that produces the most abundant fruit occurs in January
(Tir), with fruits ripening in March (Megabit).
Farmers in the surveys in Awi Zone' generally said qega can be
propagated by cuttings or seed, and some added that it can be propagated
through roots. Study staff did succeed inrooting.qega cuttings.. Farmers
were very united in saying that the best time of year.to start qega c~itings is
in June (Sene). Some farmers reported placing the cuttings .horizontally OJl
the ground and then covering these with dirt. Others reported good results
from cuttings placed vertically in the 'soil, which is how the Study staff did
it. One farmer reported that the main steni should not be used for cuttings,
but the branches. Once planted, it should be protected from trampling by
people and animals.
Demel Teketay found that storing seed moist at 3 degrees C for six
months greatly enhanced germination. Some of the seed thus stored began
germinating during such storage.
Given that .most ornamental roses'can be 'Cultivated' through cuttings,
probably-this one 'could be too. Farmers have said they propagate through
planting 'seed, roots' and cuttings. Those that use cuttings use the fresh
branches, and lay them Oft the soil, and cover them with soil. They typically-
do this in Ginbot (May).
Azenereports the seed stores well.
,',
'l......~") "7dJ~{- "7t.IJ-l-C; oo"}hIJhl1: O-r-t\f¢ 6tf1.t::"f 'iIJD-Il,

ao-I\- ilfl1l1 A"} f. Dt"f1A -r-11A~:: 1.ll.PJ"f 0d.1J thltl1 .eh"'''7A-1 ~1
C -,"} ooo,;Jo.:" fDtOhlA tt:tr.c; 11". ,,~"f' f"'t,h1OYl& 1\Oq O...C '11
q~ .eill\-~: rlth-tt: "1(1"f A'}F.. "'tm~ao-+ ,O+t\'~ -..... ,+ ......,AOq il
...... .e~i\A:: ' .
01\'e 1" o~a, r ...c;+ -.)+
"Od.,,~qm~.e ,+ :J', r"t&ql& ",
C(ft Ooo+hlAC; O"C A"}F..lf~ ....h",ao- 1\,.t5,~=ti F...,,,.
OhC ilt.q A'F..
Rubus species/'njorie
UOf."TA Yht\-O;rA:: fTlJ:" fl..(-ci"T1 <f.C{O O:"hA T~ tD-m.:" 11"1>ii;tA

:: 'l0t.$P"T <f.l{O I\UP:"hA T~tD- 1.11. .U.
~1~tf~ 0111'(-~:" f,fllI1l11t\-::
111~1'(- 'l0t.$P"T ~1.e.."I\fJ.A1 f.,.<f.lmtD-1 +C16h1.~ OUPt.:" I'\f, 111;1
~'rlJ O~C II1AOfl 1'~ ~tD- n,t\- 111~1~:r: ~"I'l" f"''''lmtD-1 +1' 11,(-
C10 UP:"hA ~tD- f,1'\t\-:: l1"1\"'~tD- thll-o ~~ ~1~'l"hC~tD- ~tD-:: 111,(-
'lOt. ~1~~'ll1 htf'l O<f.llJl UP"'hA YI\O:" eplJtD- "11,(- lIf,tf1 +C16h1.
4- ~tD- -ot\olJA:: h.,..,.hl\ 0:\1'\ h-o.y."TlJ "'$P"T ~ 1~f,l"lm-:" upmO+ 11
1\0:"::
~'rA .,.h;r f, HCO"T1 3J;. .n.
cw.<f>:" 1l1\tD- 11;r 1\6 CDC 1I1... +UP
T HCO"T .y.t\o ~1J;.0+t\- ~1~UOf.l~ 11l;J"lf!J.A:: ~1"1J;.U 0+1\tD- f'rlJ'l
~:ftD- HCO"T f.,.<f>UPm-:" O"'~TCO 0?1I:ftD- f,l1"1 ~1~ OH.lJ l}.e~:" UP
vts: ~tD- 1111\:" ~tD-::
-0". I\'I.T~:" fUOf.m+cw. f+;1 l}.e~.y.:f·

ef.C{O OUP:"hA J~t·{ll\·::
011CC 1f1 fUOf.'lltD- 1ICY fUOf.?lltD-. OH.U l}f,~;" I}·).;r lIf,tf1 11.p,<,>(.''r::
'l0t.$P"T OFC+ <f.C{O OUP:"hAlJ nHC 1I1?1l:" ~1~:rt\- ~"llCD'(iA:: x
~H.U fUOf..,.ht\- ~CT?~".f Orl1-.... CD"tftD- null/..·} o'?;J.e..'rc,' 11&.C UP
Aoa 111\1l:ftD-:: 011-otf~tD- f,U1 fUOf.Y ~C1-:" 0"1111:" ~tD-::
f 11H'1 UP')th~ x1 s: UOf.Yfl1~1I0tD- HCO".f1 1\-0". 1.11. 1I1f1<f>up<r f,:r
Rosa abyssinica references.

Demel Teketay; 1997c.
Edwards, S.; 1976.
Edwards, S., Mesfin Tadesse, and Hedberg, I.; 1995.
Ledetu Alemu; 1993.
Rubus species/'njorie ~
Scientific Name: Rubus volkensii Engl. (1894), R. steudneri Schweinf. (1868), and R.
ape/a/us Poir. (1804) are most likely to be seen in the higher altitudes of Region 3.
Family: Rosaceae
Vernacular Names: 'njorie (Amharic; Awi)
Description. Rubus species are scrambling thorny shrubs usually
known as 'njorie in Amharic and as wild raspberries in English. There are at
224 Rubus species/'njorie
least four species of'njorie above 2000 m asl in Region 3, and probably
more. Rubus species are known to be difficult to distinguish one from
another. In Awi Zone, the dega farmers generally distinguish between two
types-one that is found on the mountainous sites with trifoliate leaves and
can grow a much longer stern, and one that is found near streams with five
or more leaflets that are shiny.
A1~6
00"t\"Il: f ".;.flh" 1IC!9'"f iU,. 1.11. Oil"1C;;: l\'~t 1'lIt\m- f
ut:t'm~ ....lY, O~t\o"f Jlc.:"f i\.e 1'Y...,Lm- fut!1:1- c;:fm-:: 0l\,.,t\.11
;;: "er.eA1: t--1ITn.t" .elli\t\c:: OtlAA 3 h2000DJL. hll.m.o. o.,'h ilt--
:,. m.elJO hff.! Oi\.e f~lY'1- fl\'~t 1IC!9'"f ilt\c:: fl\'~t lIC!9'"f
il'~' h~i\m- t\"1t\f:" ilh:f;Jt l\,Y..lY'1- .e:t'm:J'A:: Oil'e m-h1' 'lOt.
9'"f Oillll:J'i\.e o-t\:" '}.e~;" fl\'~t lIC!9'"f l\'~t\c !m-:J't\c ... il'Y..;;:
m- 0 l't--t--"1 (I:t' 9'"f i\.e f~O ~ t\m-c; ~h:"r-7i ~ lIlt\o"f .ft\c:" l\,-to-
IJO lHIJO r« .,,1: !t\m- ....lY, ~i\m- ".,qo om'fI"fC; IJO'(lW"f ilt,qo. f
~O~Ac; ~h:"r-7i m.elJO illJOh:" ~lIlt\o"f Oil'~ f~lIlA .,,1: i\.e !t\c
:,.c; il'Ollt--et ~lIlt\oT ,t\CD- ~CD-::
Uses. Several farmers in the surveys conducted in Awi Zone said

that 'njorie is very good for the soil and can restore fertility. One farmer
commented that if 'njorie is near crops, and the leaves fall on the young
crop, the leaf is not heavy and curls up in such a way as to not damage the
crop. Leaffall of some trees with large leaves (such as wulkfa and koso) are
thought to damage young emerging grain crops, but 'njorie does not.
1'-1-qo:,:: 1'c;:" ll"l"'O:" fil'e ";J"1 ilt,llo. h~'l): 'l0t.9'"f 11

11-9':': l\, ~t t\OLC 1't;. x1 Y..lY~c; fOLC' t\IJO~:" x'" utlllll-1- ~'llm-c;
A:: il'1: 'lOt. x1 Y..1Il$OO1 x1 ~t 0"'111\0>T illll'lll 0.'l~c; ~1Ilt\c 0"'11
I\o>T i\.e o.m1:~ ~1Ilt\c ....Y.C~ f~lIl+t\AC; tllIY..rf: +i\A ht\lY~ "'lIt\o
T1 il.e')~IJO lIt\oc;A:: ~t\oT -1-1Ili\:fm- :,....A-1- flY'1- Im-AtI~t; J'tf\l -1-
lIlt\o~:fm- oooll+A ... .e .ft\c ...lIt\o"f, fut.,.,~ .... lY, l\'~t ." il.e""~
IJO::
Rubus species/'njorie
Phenology, Propagation and Management. In Awi Zone the

flowers of 'njorie are generally seen October to December (Tiqmt to
Tahsas). Fruits are seen November to March (Hidar to Megabit).
Demel (1998) reports from previously unpublished work that Rubus
seed are difficult to germinate in the laboratory, even after several
treatments including sulphuric acid scarification; However, at the Fetam
Nursery site in
Banja werede, Awi
Zone, they tried
planting 'njorie from Rubus
seed gathered injorie
locally, and found
h1~t
about 50%
germination. They
think they could
have had better
germination if the
seed had been
uniformly ripe.
Study staff
also attempted to
germinate 'njorie
seed in the nursery.
We planted many
seed in poly' tubes,
but after a couple
months none had Drawn by
Tatere Femahun
germinated. We
concluded that none
would germinate and
planted other seedlings in those pots. However, after a few more weeks,
'njorie seed that we had thought dead began germinating. It is possible to
germinate the seed--but it takes several months.
Commercial Rubus species in the West are sometimes propagated by
suckers that voluntarily come up near the parent plant. Or they are planted
by cuttings (in the dormant time) 20 to 25 em long, taking six to 9 months to
226 Rubus speciesl'njorie
root, and 12 to 24 months until time to be planted out. Study statT have
succeeded in rooting a few cuttings of 'njorie.
Some farmers in casual conversation said they planted 'njorie by
planting the roots.
"lfLtIJa"} ",dJ++ ",6-q+'I OD"}hqhll: Ohl1l:J'4\.e Oh'e JI"} fA"};(

/, h 0 q fooz.1l m- h'l'+9":" A()h :1'UIJ{) q 1\m- 'ttl. m-{)'I' ~m-:: If:t.m- 1.
"lqu hU~C A{)h 00;J0.:,. ql\-:" 'ttl..r:" 1\.11 .e'f4\A::
1.9"A -f'h:1'.e /1998/- A"}1.H10m- fflALth h ..... ~C; fHC hll1l/t·
"} oo{)OC fooIJfll\-+"} fHC lI"1~'" 'f tJJ.9"e: hll". oo-h6-jJJ'f 0:\4\ A"}I).
fA"};(t He:'f"} 04\1l~"'t 1I111+A h{)T;Jt ~m-:: Oh'e JI"}+ q"}~ dJl~+
L"l9" 'f"l1 "lo..r m-{)'I' He:'f"} A"}Jt". OHA 111 ~ flll{)OtIJa HC-f'tIJa 50
% .rUA 11+1\:" hIJ.e;tA:: 0H..r .rh- fl6--f'cr'f He::r: Ah-A ftr~ 11+1\+
o.If~TaJ- sc f-f'ifl\ 11+1\+ A"}1.ooz.If~Tm- .r{)qh-::
rA1;(t1 HC 0'f"l1 "lo..r m-{)'I' 1\1I11l+A quhl1 ~OC:: 11". He:
'f1 OhOq hll1l.:" m-{)'I' H6-1:: ~1C "11 hdJ6-+ 0:\4\ A"}I). 9"19" 11+1\
..,. hA:1'f9" ~OC:: {)1\H.U9" OT4\{)1:h hll1l..,.:r: m-{)'I' 1\.4\ He:'f1 1\0011
6-+ dJfl11:: .e".1 A1~ l1llf:-f'lf'A 111\1 .rflll'lTm- He:'f h'l''t:'' -f'~
",1, IJ9"1:1':" 0:\4\ 0+1\-:: A1~t1 OHC ",lI+A .e:J=4\A--- 'ttl."} .e11l.e
:J'A A1~::
09"6~(l. c}1\9" I\J"'~ rooz.tr'l- rA1~t C}.e~"''f fl6-IJTm- hAC;:"
..Hll\- h11l111 h{)~ oooaNT,:" ,et~ql\-:: dJ,e9" h20-25Uf.o-t ClI oo+ 4\
.e ~C(n /-rht\o:,5 {M~~:" I\.e fl.lr'l--hhOqC; If:t./ ooo:"hA lI16-q+ .e:J=
4\AI .eU9" {)C 1\1I1m-"l:" 9 dJ6-:"+ 1\",,,00:" h12-24 dJ6-+ .edJ{)~A::
h1~1~ 10t.?J'f A1Jt". ......r1iliJ.aJ-i:1 A1;(t1 h ....;. ~+t\aJ- OOD
+hA lI1~q+ A1.(:J=1\- ""llm-C;A::
Rubus species references

Heuser, C. W.; 1997.
Dovyalis species/koshim
Scientific name: Dovyalis abyssinica (A. Rich.) Warb. and D. caffra (Hook.f. & Harv.)
Family: Flacourtiaceae
Vernacular names: koshim, koshim-agam (Amharic); aguami (Awi); Abyssinian
gooseberry, kei apple (English) Known in Addis Abeba as koshim, but as agam or
koshim-agam in Awi Zone. This use of agam as a common name causes its to be
confused with Carissa edulis, also a thorny shrub with edible fruit.
Description. Dovyalis species (including D. abyssinica and D.

caffra) are thorny trees or shrubs. They have simple shiny tough leaves, and
thorns. These species bear an edible fruit that is pulpy, sour but pleasant,
and yellow to orange in color, and about 2 to 3 ern across.
/lor
OD"'1t\Qj,: fh7i~ lIC.fJP"f (ft.iiftllJ Jln.fI.~fJ A7" ft.. fJr;:?) "if
n07 Jft::"f (JJ~~ ~1J'*{nJP"f C;r(JJe:: V-"i:~ fOlJ.,.f'}(JlJC~ m'}hC JIll-
cl'mt\o"fC; "erlJ
"'ltr(JJe:: "~~lJ lIC.fJP"f h~mlJ' fOlJ.,A "'1,) fOlJ.,J'()Y../)T
T Cltili (JJ~~ lIC-f:"''}'''''~ J'ltr(JJe lf~(JJe h2-3Uf.~ nul/A "nul/A f
OIJ.,...~ fOlJ.,Oll- ~t.JP"f ') fOlJ.,flm- C; r(JJe ::
Uses. Koshim is used extensively in some areas of Ethiopia, such as

Addis Abeba, for live fencing. The fruit of koshim is widely eaten by
children. They can be made into jams and jellies, but the fruit are sour and
so the jellies require a high amount of sugar.
In Ethiopia koshim is most commonly propagated as a live fence, not
as a fruit tree. It is well suited to this because it becomes a thick thorny
hedge. In the literature it is reported that koshim has medicirial uses.
The planting of koshim is recommended to increase honey
production.
lJ'cl'qu:,:: h7i~ ,,'}Y.. h.';.{) hOlJ CIt\- h'}~'}~ hrqu"f "*OIJ., hlJ'C
~T ~mcl'07A:: fh7i~ ~t. A'!."f fl/)4J.T ....flt\-T ~;r .fA:: Ott:t.P':': 07
C07lt;r nu{)?T ~~ltAI ~.,C "'1'} ~t.(JJe h9"fflffl {)"lf~ -Off. {)t\C ~LA
;JIA::
228 Dovyalis species/koshim
OJ\...,.r-)\'.r CD-ll'l' tta 9" f01J.'" h t\ CD- t\ t;:t,CD- .,.111\0 l) .elY'} t\!l:01J.
h1'Cf\QA ~CD-:: 9"tn .r~9" 'l'el-'I'el- .rt\ hi'"lilltl f h..,.hA"" h'l'C llt\01J....
t-- "CD-:: 06ch-t;: CD-ll'l' t\ OD .e-~)."" x '}s: O1J.m el-9" .,.H'1QA::
ftt7i9" 0'0""" OD.,.hA enc 9"C""') t\OD(JJ,ODC .el~A::
Site. Dovyalis is seen at least as high as 2900 m asl (Mt Asera).

Dovyalis is seen in Awi Zone in a variety of locations, including around
churches (Ateta Abo, Endoha Yohannes), Acacia woodlands (Chenchabar),
mountainous remnant forests (Kolele Mountain, Jibli Mountain, Huble
Mountain, Agew Dur, Darkan Mountain), and on mountain tops (Asera
Mountain, Liwi Mountain). Usually it is seen as separate individuals, never
prominent or common, usually only one or two specimens rarely close to
other Dovyalis. An exception to this was on the top of Asera Mountain,
where it is found in groups that seem to be propagating by sending out
lateral roots that sprout.
f01J.1'f0"" P:": tta9" 2900~. fODt,..,. ht;:;t- Qt\CD- p;t- /h"'t-- .,.
~.e h.e.,.C;A:: tta9" Oh«e fJ'} 0-0....,. f01J.1"fm- O.,.t\.r~ P;t-S"if ~
t--t--/
.e ~m-:: Oo./h ht}Qo. (h.,.;t- hP+ h'}~m-~ f"th,}ll)+ '1t--C n-o'l"" 001J.1
'f QTm- Il;t-S"if h t}Q0. (T'):rQC)+ 0.,. t--t--1Itl el- t"" ,(
C; if m-ll'l' (ttt\ ~ +
~-o~ + 1-11A+ ~Ct)'}+ h 1m- ~C)+ h '}-tIJ"9" O.,.t--t-- hC;"" ~.e .e1"'1A
:: hllt}1J"'} x '}~f~m- 011....,. f01J.1"f m- hh1.e- CD.e1JO 1J"t\"" p;t-S" 'f Oll.,.
.,.C hA6: hA6: t\11:rm- h1~ Oh1.e- p;t- ...-0...-0 -01\0 h.e,(t\IJO:: hn.o
O.,.t\f IJ"~:" .rf~m- Oh"'t, .,.t--t-- ~.e "nc:: nh1.e- ~.e ...-0...11 -ot\m- CD
1.. 101 h01J.CDm- ll~if fCDm- .eODll~ ~OC::
Phenology, Propagation and Management. Demel Teketay found

that most of the seedlings of this species were found in the shade, not
canopy gaps. Nevertheless, when koshim is planted as fence in Addis
Abeba and other places it often is planted in sunlight and seems to succeed
quite well. In Addis Abeba it is common to grow the seedlings in a bare
root nursery, from which they are then lifted and planted in the same day.
The seedlings themselves are sold privately for fencerow planting.
To encourage thick growth in a koshim hedge, the uppermost shoots

can be bent down and twisted back into the hedge. This should be done
wearing thick gloves to protect from the thorns.
In other parts of the world various Dovyalis species are propagated
by cuttings or air layering, like other fruit trees.
The literature says fruit can be found year round depending on
location, but in Awi dega areas, June (Sene) is the best time to find them.
We did collect mature fruits in September (Meskerem) from Askuna kebele.
Some of the trees seen on mountaintops are quite prolific with fruit
crowding together on the branches.
Propagation in the two species of Dovyalis is easily done through
seeds. If mature and yellow fruit are collected, germination is easy and fast.
Once the seedlings have developed the first 6-8 leaves, their growth is
relatively fast and few seedlings die.
Procedure for seedling propagation from Legesse Negash:

* Collect mature, yellow fruit directly from the branches, or by shaking the
tree, or by light beating at fruits with a stick. Mature berries that have
already fallen on the ground may be collected as long as the flesh is not
excessively rotten.
* Soak the fruits in lukewarm water (or even in cold water) until the flesh
becomes tender and then separate the seeds from the flesh.
* Wash the seeds and separate them from all debris.
* Air-dry the seeds at room temperature for about 3-5 days.
* Store the seeds in dry, clean mesh bags (that are made of cotton fabric) or
in polyethylene plastic bags that have many holes poked in them, or in any
other non-airtight bags. It is good if the seeds are stored at about 5 Degree
C.However, it is also possible to store the seeds at room temperature, if
they are not kept for toSqoIlg a time.' .
, . " - . "~
If conditions are favorable, seedlings, which have beenestablished
in plastic pots and transferred to, the nurs,ef);' bed develop quickly. The only
drawback wlfen in the' nursery is tn,at they tend to producelong roots that
rapidly penetrate the nursery bed.. 'Therefore, root 'pruning may become
necessary. However, sinceroot-pruned -seedlings 'are,nor as vigorous as the
un-pruned onesduring .e~abljshmellt in ~he field,. root- pruning should be
avoided as much as possible. One way of doing this is to plan the
230 Dovyalis species/koshim
germination and the transplantation work in such a way that seedlings are
ready for planting out in the field before their taproots have penetrated into
the nursery bed.
1..~tD-"} "7lD-l-+ "7~Q""Cj oo"}hQhl1: Y..erA rf'h;r~ fttu 1ICS-

"f"'l"if"f fot1~"" 01''\ ~C ""}~ Wl'\lll ~~~ "'~~Y..l\ ~l;J"'II!l.A:: ~
~1 "'~ O~Jl~ ~Oqci Ibt\o"f (I;r9'"f l\~1'C~"" .... rf'hA 08th~ l1Cth1
'\~ ....lf1 "'Y..ot~"7"7aJe "Cj !l\1:: O~Jl~ ~OQ 000Y..11 '\~ IIC.,. "711
~A htt!er ~-1>t\o (IJ~f!.. oo....hA frf'l\ooy" ~aJe:: "f"'l"if:r:er O"'ll\"'(I"f l\~
1'C "'6! rf'h'\ wm.p '\~ ~7illlf\.::
1'-1>1'-l- r« ~1'C
""'Jl"'or f'\~~aJe1 ~101' 11-1> O"7~l"'l ~1~1
h~1~ ~lIl'\A4-;rA:: ~uer OotY..l"'lO.... 1.11. h"i'lli l\"7erl\1' lD~~er
f"~ ~1"" ooolll~er .P~~A;JA::
Olbt\o"f ff}l\er h~t\o"f 11". fll7ier lIC!9'"f fot~o-"" "'Y..lbt\o
"f f~~~t. rf'ht\o"f ~C(O noo....hA lD~er h"'l1~ o 0011Ill"". ~aJe::
ft)th-~ 1111) ".,. Y.. ot'pool\hrf'aJe x Y.. (I;raJe ~).;r flllier1 ~t. f}
001:1 DO-f\. "7"'17.... ~:F'\A:: ~1C .." O~'e Y..;J"7 ~hQfl flllier ~t. It
"7"'17.... ...). 1'or 1.11. ~aJe:: noo~hler rn... f\. ~t.9'"f1 h~~h.c; ~Olb ...11
~OCjA:: Orf'~~ ~Cj"" '\~ fot1~ JlC:"f Olller 11". ~t.9'"f1 0-1>C1&j.
c:"f '\~ ~Q;IS1~aJe fot"'lfle Cj:ftD-::
~l\1:1er f}~~"" 1IC!9'"f O~'\f\. OIlC "7~Q"" ~:F'\A::' OY..,,}11 f
O...f\.Cj flli6l. flf'1- ~t.9'"f hrf''''O'''O- file 11-1>l\1: ~'\ACj ~1ll1 ~tD-:: "f"'l
"if:r: foo~006!9':r:1 h6-8 -1>lIlt\o"f1 t,lDlfle O~'\ "~1;r:ftD- ~1ll1 ....If
"} 1''t.... "f"'l"if"f ~qo;rf\.(~Y..C:1»f\.):: "'Jl~er ~l\1:er 1IC!9'"f l1CV
l' ~lD~f\.:: ~l\ttu l\ "f"'l"if";f1''\ oo~~.... ~~~'\1. ~~Y..l\er::
f"f"7'f ~1I11f~""- h1l1{) ~,?"d
- O~1';r h-1>C11i61.C:"f fO"'f\. n,&j. ~t.9'"f1 00"'11"'11+ (IJ ~'r JI
4-1 O"7~:1»~-l- lD~er O~~;r ~t.tD-") O~CQJ:17I (a ....C) oooer;r.... ~~1
If:~ Ooot. '\.e (f}~~cD- fDt1"}: rn...f\. C;:&'(f}";f1 fC;:&,OJ-- ~t,A .PAOf"lOf"l
htf~ 00 11...11 ~:F'\A::
- fll~ Ii 4.1 "~h.l\"'AfICj hll~hhh.l\~ ~lh ~t.0J"1 :""}Ii qo-l-

("'y" 8th~ aJeV) Ql\ aJeV aJe~1' «(IJ~er 0+1I:1»JI tD-V aJe~T) 00"~1I~-I-
-lIco".);1 "7l1l11Cj hllc 1i4.1.-l-&T OD/tf-l-+
- Oh~A OJ"~1' h3-5 ~Cj"" !UA O~fC A1JlY..C4I "'~I."7-1-
Ficus species/shola
- HC'"f"} hfC Ilf{)1q O~"fA ~l~ "}fJ.tJ hllll.:" C&{)IJO OWJ{)"'oo

IJO+ hlJOlJO f-l'(a6o (IJ~er Tl\{)-th tfe; fhfC OWJ{)10.f 1111- "'~~JP"f f~
:,. Iltf") ~"fl\A~ (IJ~er OOWJ"}~C&5JO hfC Ilf{)1q O~TA hllll.:" C&{)
IJO:: HC'T 05 -'t. fL. fOO-"':" OOm1 0.",oom- lJOo;.. ~C&:: o.tf15JO OtlJ5JO
t\l~er 1.1t 'I~tf"} HC'"f"} 022-'t.fL. (fh~A 00-"':" oom"}) OWJ{)",oolJO
~EFl\A::
s:
v-~;1'JP"f er:,: htf). "f..,7f"f OTl\{)-th C&{)IJO f .,.:,.C; lDy" "f..,~
00 ~ 11 f-l'Jfoo1::" "'1\0
f t: ;J~:: 0 "f..,~ -I'hl\ 1.1t h{):f ;J{,C»- ~1C f"f..,
~ oo~(l."} HA~ f~'lt: l~er »c
OWJC&tlJ:" ooEFl\:fC& lIEF ~C&:: {)t\lf.
tJer P6o:fC&"} oo~llJO h{)Ll\1. ~tfc;A:: o.tf"}5JO ooo{)h lJt:1:" 1.1t p
6o:fC& f-l'~lm-:" ",,}~A-I'~lm-:" m"}t)6o ,,()t)Atf). t:l{) pC ~ltlJC&
H1'EFt\ OOm1 t}~t)'lt: lJOo;.. ~C&:: ~tJ,,} t\OWJt:l.., h1~~C& HJ.'.. fllcFt\;1'
:fC&"} 1.1t OWJ'" t:c; f"f..,~ OWJJfOOrJ:"} p 60 01.1tC& 0 00 p 60:" ":f..,7f":f f
oo1. oo{,fC& f P6o:fC& tol>}.~ f":f..,~ oo~(l."} h ooll'lrJ: O~:,. 'H..,1t .... tf).
lJOo;.. ~C&::
Dovyalis references
Fichtl, Rand Adrnasu Adi; 1994.
Legesse Negash, 1995.
Morton, 1.; 1987.
Ficus species/shola
Scientific Name. F. sur Forssk. (1775), andF. vasta (Forssk.) (1775)
Family: Moraceae
Vernacular Names: shola, werka, warka (Amharic). imwi; mwi (Awi)
Descriptions.
I,. Ficus sur. Medium sized to large tree to 28m high, often with
massive branches. Bark gray to dark gray, rather rough, with prominent
lenticels, flaking off in more or less rounded scales, leaving lighter brown-
colored bark Simple alternate lea.ves, which may be without teeth on the
edges, or with some widely spaced teeth in the upper part of the leaf The
232 Ficus species/shola
flowers are in clusters (panicles) on the main stem or thick branches, small
greenish flowers. The fruit are figs 1.5 to 3 ern in diameter, yellow-red
when ripe. They contain many tiny seeds, and are often full of insects.
no"111 tii6J. :
"4..f.hll flC": -}-,\t\+ +C"}66J.c.:".f J'fl.-}-+ ~noi: hllh. 28~. fO?,.
f..Ci)-}-A+ (IJf,lJU ODl')ht\~ If~ ~(IJo:: +C~i: "1t.-66J. (IJf,lJU lIl~C s« "1
a
t.-66J. <f>lllJU Cj ~ -)- I')t.- n.IY1 .,.,'\ J' fl. ~1Il1ltll(l".f J' fl.-}- IYCj llllllll J' fl.
nll ~+~t?J".f J'fl.-}-C; ~tll J'll o-C;OIl <f>lllJU t\. Cjl(IJo fO?,.fA ~(IJo:: Oh1
s: f+lIlA "11~ '\f, h1~ hfIY~ fo?"(IJlflo+ o+C66J.4- '\f, fHOt.-l<f> h<f>
OIlODT J''\T(IJo /h1~ hJ't\4- f~(IJlflo/ OlllCIfT(IJo H-tJ' TCll f/b'\T(IJo+
(IJ f, lJU (IJ!!.. 66J. ~ ... ~ ... ~ J' fl. TCfa".f J' fl.Q T(IJo +1Il1'\o".f hfl.-}-:: hOQ?J:t:
(IJ&'C Qll +C166J.~ (IJ f, 1lJU 0"11~ '\f, hOll lI11(IJo fO?,.1): -}-C;17i ....11"
~ (IJ!!.. hl1:}.e..~-)- fO?,.J'!!..'\ <f>lllJU J''\T(IJo C;T(IJo:: ~~?J:': h1.5-3vt.~
fO?,....4--> n.Of)fl. .,.'\ J't\ 0.6l>}. <f> t\ lJU .fi'\ T(IJo :: n(IJo f)tllT(IJo 1IH- H~".f ") f
0?,.f,fl.C; 1If1. l.lt n""11 r-".f f..,.lJOfl. C; T(IJo ::
Ficus vasta. This is one of the largest trees in Ethiopia, growing to a

height of 20 m tall or more, with a crown spreading to 30m or more in
diameter. The bark on the main trunk is smooth gray, but on younger
branches brown with soft hairs. The alternate leaves are rough to feel. The
fruits hang in large clusters." They are about 1 to 1.5 em in diameter,
sometimes to 2 em, and contain many seeds.
" 4..hII "ijll:t" ": f, U If ~ OJ\.:"r-A-J'1')fl. :",\A+ Iff::".f. .fi1 A- .....,.}'

~ODi: hf)h 20~. «s.c« f,".f,\A:: +C"}66J.c.:".f (IJ!!.. -)1 ..,.HC"1:i'(IJo fO?,.
f,fl.T fl:t" f)4..i: 30~. hllJ' O'\f, t\.IY") f,".f,\A:: +C"}66J.4- O'PC;(IJo "11
~ I\f, llf)'\'t+ "1&'-66J. ~1C "1"} Ot\.? +C1'"'i.C:".f''\f,fl.C;OIl''IY~I&'llllllf)
J'll- fJ'l-c-T J'fl.:" ~(IJo:: f..,.HOt.-l+h<f>OIl001'!,\Tro- /.fi1Y: hfll~ -'f
O?,.CJJm-/ itinflP".f .... ~fI .... i'it,t.-c;:f(IJo:'=~d.?J:':O.fi,,}.e-~"" OOJl."f /hlJU·+1
h~1LlltuJJe f1;-"}llll\lIlfl. <;~OJ-:: 1-1.5u.t. ~ .~...~ .fi,,)~,,}~ 1.lt Allh
2Uf.~ fO?,.... +o .... If.lflOJ-llllJT.... ·1IK- HC'"".fl f.P.lf. 'i":'?OJ-::
Ficus species/shola
Similar species. In Region 3 the species of indigenous Ficus that are

found above 2100 m include Ficus palmata, F. capreaefolia, F. sur, F.
salicifolia, F. vasta, and F. thonningii, but the large trees above 2000 m
known as shola in the Region are F. sur, and F. vasta. Ficus sycomorus is a
similar tree common in Ethiopia, which is more drought resistant. However,
it cannot endure frost, and is found at lower altitudes. It is one of the
longest living trees in Africa,
Tooqq,e 1/C,PJV:r: OnAA 3 h21000il. hll.lD.O. Oi\,e fDt1"$ f

il1C-O~A i'ii\ lICfsP';f fDtfm....A/\--r:- "4.. 7A "'l;r+ IJLi&6:llf+ a
C+ qlt.n.6:It.,P:- ifll,+-: {1~11.Jr,e'~ .rm.pA/\-:: '11C ..,~ h200000t. Oil
,e fDt1J: -ri\A:" tlG:';f nnA/\- i'ii\ ,elli\/\-:: "4.. n../l9"'({II" ~C:"~ fDt*
*9" t\.i\ro- ..,..uo,..,...e
t1~ ~lD':: Qlr"}9" ro-C6J!'''} f07,e**9"Ci .Oll:"""'~ (l
;rsP';f /lD,eCi f..?/ ilt)llQ fDt'11 ~ro-:: Oil~tt) t\l~9" 1.tI. h'i~ tfG:';f
il~~ ~ro-::
Uses. : Farmers in the survey frequently mentioned shola as a source

of fruit. Shola fruits are sold in some markets around Awi Zone, such as in
Tilili and Debre Zeit (Fageta wereda) in March. The farmers also named it
frequently as a tree that should be planted in common lands. It is a very
important shade tree.
In the surveys in dega Awi Zone, farmers almost all said the shola
wood is weak. But they are using it often for bowls, and doors, and
sometimes for mortars, lumber, and cultural drums.
Ficus wood has been used since ancient times for coffins, especially
for the Pharaohs of Egypt. In Ethiopia today the wood is sometimes used
for timber, tools or in house construction.
Honeybees suck the juice of the ripe fruits and in the dry season a
solution of crushed fruits and water are a valuable bee food.
Some types of shola and warka are useful for soil improvement
through the use of the leaves as mulch. Many of the farmers surveyed in
dega Awi said the tree was good for the soil, but the leaf fall may harm
234 Ficus species/shola
young developing crops. In Wolaitta, forest soil for tree nurseries is usually
collected from the base ofwarka trees.
l ' ~ '1":':: 0 l' CJ :J' l- '} CD~:" (\'i\ m:J>O? c;:~ ,,'} ~t\ CD- 10~PJ l- 0 l'
f..;J;J0? mep()CD-:J'A:: Oh~ l''} f(\'i\ C;:~PJl- Oh'}~'}~ 10.fPJl- ooo;JQ
:,. CDC ....nm- h~1'CJA:: t\9""'1\. 0:"1\.1\.CJ x-nz Hf,:"('f."?;rCDl~) hf,1'
'} ~OC:: "'}-tIl-9" 10~PJl- 01'f..;J;J0? 0;Jt-- oo~..y."f i\f, Q1'hA fO?L
A.,.:" tiC;: ,,'} f..tf~ f,m~().;rA:: t\hl1..y."f9" tf~ t\()PJ"f oomt\.f~:" m«
"?i\A::
Oh~ l''} s:» hl']qQ O~Ol,} 1'CJ:" 10~PJ"f 1I-fi.9" "7t\:" f,:J=i\A
f(\'i\ "'}t;Ll,:" *'}I']t-- hf,f..t\9" l1t\CD-CJA:: ~1C -n t\10;r+ OCCJ h,}~,}
~ t.1I. t\ 00--'"
ti6J. + t\ 1l1CD-i\ ,,'} -t1l-9" t\ q lJi\~ hOCO f,m'" OO--O;rA: :
01''}:'' t.1I. 01't\f,9" t\"?11t) LCP'} t\hr)h~'} lt1''}~:'' .f1t\"?A ~O
C:: Ohll-'" CD~:" nx,:,.r-*,.f t\1l1CD-i\+ f"cif ooltt.fCJ t\o.:" "?'}q;r9" .f
1 t\ "?i\A :: '}(I"f fO()t\ CD-'} C;:~ L '"7i fO? 00ffi.:" .... tf'} OO;J 1..11. r1'Lt;Ll,
f(\' i\ C;:~ hm-¥;JC 1''''i\~fl.. 1'-;' f'}(I"f 9""?11 ~CD-::
h'}~'}~ f(\'i\CJ tpll'] l1C.fPJ"f O~mi\TCD- l1r)q7i h"7I']~~:" fhL
C'} ~H:" t\"7ififA ~m.p"7fi.:: :J>t\ - oomf,~ .ff..l"?'}i\TCD- 10t,PJ"f l1H
~PJ:,$ t\hLC 1'~ ~OC:: ~1C -n :"i\A~ fO?CD~4! ~mfl..:,$ 1CJ fO?Oepfi.
()11fl.. "f '} .f m'f.fi. 11t\ CD-CJA: :
OCDi\~;r t\ l-"?~ ll1Q.f fO?tf'} fti6J.1'] OLC 11".. t.1I. hlfll'] tic;: r)
C ~CD()~A::
Site. Shola and warka trees are commonly seen in market places
(such as Old Injibara) and other meeting places throughout the highlands.
Farmers surveyed in dega Awi noted that shola trees are often found at the
edges of streams and rivers. They are left in farmland in some areas, or are
found beside streams, in forest clearings, and in rocky land.
Ficus vasta is found in elevation from 1000 to 2400 m asl, in
Gondar, Gojam, Shewa and other areas of Ethiopia. Ficus sur is found in
elevation from 1400 to 2800 m asl in Gondar, Gojam, Shewa, and Welo, as
well as most other areas of Ethiopia.
Ficus species/shola
roy, 1~0-l- {I:J': 0~;1 It''IJllsPlo ""}~r~CD- 'PCC" roy,:J'~-l- 010

J' CD-ft-r/""}~IJ&.-2/ "e; Ofbl\.>lo r ooft1UIIl.r (I:J'sPlo ~CD-::
Olt'e ~;1 It''IJIl J'~ 10&,sP:" r~il tfC:lo 011tf:'" r~11::'" om")"
loe; OCD-~ 9""}fJi"lo It''IJIl ""}~lf~ ~"?lCD-e;A:: 0-r4::'" (I;J-sPlo il,e. nxc
if oo&,-l- CD-ft-r+ Orf'OO~mcr ~ lilo il,e.+ ""}J;."'9" ltl\:J'try Olf). (I:J'sPlo
CD-ft-r ,e.1~~::
"1-. qh;r" hI000-24000ll. hIJ.m.o. hti:;J- IJilTCD- ""~9"-} .,.."}~
C+ if'Pe; fbl\.>lo (I;J-sP'f ,e.1~A:: "1-. nc: hI400-28000ll. hfl.m.o. h
ti:;1" IJil TCD- o.,..")~ C + .,..Jf 9" + if tp + mI\.>e; fbI\.> T r 1t.:"'r-*,.r (I;J-sP lo ,e.
1~A::
Phenology, Propagation and Management. Various Ficus trees

often begin as epiphytic plants growing on other trees. Wasps, not bees,
pollinate figs trees.
Fruiting and flowering times listed in the different literature are
unclear. It is assumed that the times of flowering or fruiting vary greatly
from place to place. However, in dega Awi Zone shola fruits are most
commonly found in the markets in the month of March (Megabit).
Demel (1998) reports from previously unpublished work that Ficus
seed germinate only in light after dry storage.
Most Ficus species that are used in the West as ornamentals or for
food are propagated by hardwood cuttings. Azene also reports that cuttings
from Ficus sycomorus take easily. It may be best to take these cuttings at or
just prior to leaf fall.
'lrtCD-'} "7m++ "7&.IJ:,..e; oo'}hIJhl1: 11". r~il tfC:lo ooo~ootJ'
A,}~ -r1~ lf~CD- Ofbil tfti: rf'm"?rf'CD- try1.."? ,e.~9"&.~:: r~il rltOIJ ~ef:
-l- r~~"CD- O'}(Ilo ,..,e.lf"} Orf'Cl1 /rf'e;~1u ~ti:"'-l-/ lttry",e.~-l- ~CD-::
0rf'l\J'~ r6tf1.ti: "1f1sPlo il,e. roy,1': rltOfle; ti:&, 'l1f.J'-l- "?A6 It
,e.~~9":: r ltOfle; ~&, 1.If.CD- h(l;J- (I;J- ,,") 1.. oy,l\J',e. ,e.1 00 :J'A:: Illf"}9"
Olt'e 1..;1 ltI"Jflo.sPT ri'fil fi:&,sPT 0 00;10.:'" mc 010J' il,e. ,e.iflJl~::
~9"A /1998/ ""}1.."10CD- rtril ti:&,sPlo O~l+ (I:J' rf'+9"mCD- h~
~ O:\il l1C~,} fll\O:'" {I;1" ,e.O+il~::
236 Carissa edulis/agam
t\ 9""711 ro ~ 9" t\ 1.1J' rozIf'l-T 1111- ri'll\ lIC Y1P"f 09" ~b-(1. '}t\ 9"
rOZb-(1.T 1I11tJb-eD-1 nlf:A 4'>Cto OODThA ~eD-:: llH~ Y.."7Cf" "1-. t1/lf"
~h'1 4'>lto OODThA lJWlb-llT 'h1Y..OZ;F-A H"7Qt\:: 4'>ltlJeD- rozro(tY..eD-
~ml\o"f .... ro.e-~ ro~9" T17i .,.Y..9" 111\0 O,lf1 IJ''I- ~eD-::
Ficus references

Condit, U; 1969.
Galil, J; 1986.
Goor, A.Y., Barney, C.W; 1968.
Souane Thirakul: undated.
Carissa edulis/agam
Scientific Name: Carissa edulis (Forssk.) Vahl
Family: Apocynaceae
Vernacular names: agam (Amharic) NOTE: The common name "agam" is used in
Amharic in western Gojam not only for this species but also for Dovyalis
abyssinica.
Description Carissa edulis is a shrub or small tree, up to 5 m

(sometimes 8 m) in height, with green, straggly branches. Bark grey,
smooth, young branchlets with.or without hairs; spines simple, strait, 2-5 cm
long, usually single. The leaves are opposite, short stalked, leathery, smooth
or softly hairy. They are widest about the middle. Leaves are 3.5 to 8 em
long and 2.5 to 5 em broad. The flowers are white and pink, fragrant,
tubular, and about 18 mm long, crowded in the leafaxils on short-stalks.
The fruits are edible paired berries, round, about 1 em long, and are waxy,
Carissa edulis/agam
turning purplish-black when ripe, with milky red sweet pulp. Seeds are
fairly flat.
Ji~r
Oh"'1l~ h;J1JD r~t\m. fllJD 01JD~t-1I 1)f1JD t\ ....lflJD 6J,bIJDC f1t\'?
00,?t\8J,: h;J1JD .001: ~flh hlJDflT OFtTC (h1~1'(- l.fI. SOFt.) r

.'1'*(0
UfJ.Y..CfI lD~1JD 1ft;: f\lY1 hl1~.e.. + r1'o:J'1'~ h"''''1 ooT .fi\:f
(J)< +C165J.t::'f .f~T ~m.:: +C~1: '?t-65J. t\;J(J}< t\fli\'" f\lY1 +C165J.t::'f
Y.. ,?qo 01-C f i\:fm. lD~ IJD r t\. i\:f(J}< ll.lY)' ~ 'f i\~! cl>mt\o:': OmCIf:f(J}<
II-t.f 'I'CfI r t\. i\:f(J}< f\ lY)' .,.'I' .f ~+ 2-5 -t. OFt r~ll1~ 1111- l.fI. Y..'?
qo ~mi\ (h1~ 1I:f) c;:f(J}<:: cl>mt\o:,: 01'.4't-t hcl>flJ65J. r1'Y..lY..cr f\lY).
+ rcl>mA '?1~:f(J}< };6J,bC+ ~~~T .fi\:fm.+ t\flt\fI .ft\ 01-C .fi\:f(J}< c;:f
(J}<:: hoo~A h21ll(l ()~ c;:f(J}<:: cl>mt\o'f ClI oo:J':f(J)< h3-S ....0Ft. ~1-'lO
IJD fl4.:J':f(J}< y",?qo 2.5-5Uf.0Ft. ~lYC;A:: hOll9':': ~6J,bC; ~flJ .f~ .,.~ .,.
r
t\ IJD C;;:::f(J}< 'I'cr 00 h If i\ :f(J}<C; r 1: (l cl>c 0 .f i\:fm. x1 -to-IJD ~flh IS
UfJ..0Ft. rUfJ.lll~ h6J,bC '?1~ C;C'h:fm. Ocl>m~C; 0'?1~ oo21hA 1'4.t;:
1m. r~1): c;:fm.:: t;:t.9':': rUfJ.O~ t\fli\Uf OT1~ 0'l'1~ lY~(J}< 1-t, OFt •
.fUA rUfJ.lll~ h1l c;:f(J}<! ~1-'tO-IJD ()IJD rUfJ.ooflA ~1C .f'\:fm.+ nn
fI~ Y.. ,?qo m~C .ft\ lD~1m~ "'t\1JD ~C; t-:f(J}<C; .,. ~ flJ4.6J,b L ...lf rUfJ.
lDflJ:f(J)< c;:f(J}<:: ftC''f 0 ~ 111 m t;:flJ4. c;:fm.::
Uses. The fruit are sweet and pleasant to eat. Nutritive analysis of
the fruits reveal them to be mostly water, but rich in sugars and a good
source of calcium and phosphorus. Vinegar can be made from the fruits by
fermentation. In Sudan and Kenya they are made into a jam. In some parts
of Africa the roots are put in water gourds to give an agreeable taste, and are
also added to soups and stews. In the literature, there are reports that it can
be used as a fodder for goats and camels, and fuel wood. Roots contain an
active ingredient called carissin that may be useful in the treatment of
cancer. The twigs contain chemicals that are useful against tapeworm.
Roots are used in some parts of Africa against snakebite, toothache, and
stomachache. Dried branches are commonly used for fencing. It can be
used as a protective hedge. Considered by some to be attractive as an

ornamental.
-r+IfUl-: ~t:.?'l- I\ OO11i\:" f..fI fOll.t\- llJ~6f!' c;:f~:: f~t:.?'l-'

hfAOIl. 9""1l~:" l\urtOJ~ OOll.f..l1ro. -rc;:" hll"~~ f.n;1':f~ ~., ",f..
tr.,. ;1'ro. *Cf' fA:: ~1C ." Ofll).C fOI\01-c; -r-r ft,fAflf9"c; fc:.flLlfi 9'"
f.5I-l- c;:f~+ OLcoo,-t:o' tr9"llJm. h~t:.ro. ooF~:" fOll.~fA n,tr, 0
(\.~'c; Oh." ~fI-r urtCurti\;1' f. ...-rO;1'fA:: O-rt,:" fh~tt, h1C'l- FC'
:,: 'l' -r llJ" 9" ",Itc;~:fro. 0ro.O ~ l\ol- f.'" 00 m-c; f h:"tl fA:"c; F;J (l C
Q f.lJJ.ooCO;1'fA:: ~1Ilt\- I\~fl\ol-c; ".,ool\ol- 9""ll~:"c; "'lJJ.i: "urt1
'" f.lIl+urtfA:: FC'l- 1\t" ... C oot:th~:"~:" fOll.lIl~9" t,~Il' f1'Q" +
009" f.nCf'fA:: :"c;'o ~C'Iili~:': f00111l~ :"fA, "oohi\hfA fOll.lIl~9"
-r'1' ''l'C f.nCf'fA+ O'l't,:" fh~tt, h1C'l- ~fI'l' FC':': OAQll ooo~f..
~ fOll.oollJ tJ oo9"' + f'l'CfI ihoo 9"' + flJJ.~~ 00;1" urtfl;1'1F f.1Il+
urtt\-:: ff..lcll +C'Iilic:.l- Ohll"~f.D. I\h-rC fOll.lIl~OO- .... tr, Oh'~''''
:':9" n,t: "1,.'l'~:" urt~h.?'l- ",f..tr.,. 1'f..C1~ f.OJ"'~t\-::
Site. C.
edulis is adapted to Carissa edulis
most soils, except
the wettest. It can
be found in areas
where the
temperature ranges
from 14 to 22
degrees C. It is not
very common in
Awi Zone at the
highest altitudes,
though it can be
found on Bateria
Mountain, at about
2700 m asl. It is
also found in the
heavily grazed lands
around Melach
Carissa:edulislagam
Mountain, at about 2100 mast.

It is found from Senegal across western and central Africa to Sudan,
Egypt, and southwards from Ethiopia to South Africa. In Ethiopia it is
found. from ,'5S0 m asl to 2700 in asl, but is most common in scrub between
1500 and 2500 m. Tolerates dry conditions and most soils including black
cotton soils; is sometimes found on rocky soils.
,"!, 'I'II~ fI:J': h;)'r AC'I'O~ hDtOlfO+ ('hLC 'l~"+ Oh.,..+C

....... h.e"~hLCr"th"''''(J)o f\tr, ,--++ ODIIlt;:f(J)o h14-22 -t.I\..
"1 Otr., ,h...qo.1Pl- f\.e, ~1~A:: 2700"1. hlJ.(I).O. fOD~~ htt:;1" IJh(J)o II
-rcr .,..t.~ I\~,f~"~ eo-» "'~ W\'e,htt:.,..~ fI:t-sPl- fll1lf+ h~'l'1
'1":: ",,-t.,.'r 2100"1. hlJ.(I).O. htt::t- IJh(J)o 111\0'1" hl1-fT Oil4.+ RDt
(t",<;.0+ O'rl\~ .,..~~ I\~ ~'l~A::
01U.?A O'r,,~....t; OD"hh~m. htt:&"" h*C(Il Ahhfl.-',,+ .,....
lit; O(t"lt;'e, h.+~*.f h~C'" Ahh (till' htt:&'" 1Jt\-+ h'lCOT' fDt'l'1' f\
tJ" Oh.+tl*,~ h550-2600"l. h.lJ.dJ.O ~"~Al .,.,C
"1' Oh....If~tD. lilt
8l~C If~l- ll.,..itL"OD~~ I\.e, 01500 At; 2500 "I. OD"h~ ~"~A:':
~l"" "'),.:J'"l-, fDt**'r f\tr, l1""hLCh~"-fl-'I'~C f'l''I', hLC
, Q;L'rC" rDth0707(J)o f\tr, h'~'.t.' 1.lf.Ohh:t-"7 hLC I\.'I' ~l-I\A::
Phenology, Propagation and Management According to the

literature, agam can flower year round, but is more abundant in March to
May. In Awi we saw fruits and flower in April. It can coppice. Demel
Teketay found that growth from stumps cleared in Gara Ades forest was. to
3.0 m in about 3 years. It is said to be difficult to establish, but can be
grown from seed. Pretreatment is not necessary, and germination of fresh
seed is said to be good. Study staff bought agam fruit in Debre Berhan
market, and planted fifty in a bare root bed in Injibara eight months later.
Within a few weeks 34 had germinated. These transferred easily into
polytubes without any loss.
According to Morton, propagation of various Carissa species can be
done through cuttings of shoot tips. The cuttings root poorly, though, unless
the tip of a young branch is cut half way through and left attached to the
plant for two months. After removal and planting in sand, it will root in
about 30 days.
It responds well to pruning.

'k
_~-f:~ ,,?(IJ~-} "?~Q""'" Ob~hqh"':1l~~'~th-~tI'QPJT htr~ h

;JlJO hOD1:~ no-h- J'1l11Ar~1C"" llhlltt~~hOD;'n.+ A~h' "'~Il+n
~~+J'l1QA:: nh'e W} ~~If' hllQt; tt:t, OtJt.rllJ' hf,TC;A:: hTeJ~in
ll:\l\ h"''''~ fDtJ'eJm~1f' ttt;:<~(J)o:: ~9"A''''''h:J''' (1997) ll:Jt. h~il '
~ ~ cn..~1f' hTeJlm- .,.-f-sP"f l\.e A~h 301. ll3 h OD cn..~1f' A~ s: h~ 1 +
hl2..,A::, Thh-~"?~Q+h~T:J6~cn.. .eQ'\~+ ~1C:"'~ O'l.~ ~~f-ll"" .e
~l\A:: :".("OD f IIC"??f?fA hi»t.lt'l.h.ett\?"';- .lfC'."f: .,.(tllhO~' ...II- ...
~.~" TIICrf:tP- . 17m. llol-i\.f' If'? ~~. ,eq«\~:: 1t;J~,l;:.4t11t1l~ 11
fot 'f
C'/1.'111Tl 50 '1fC:"f~ nne OOKil lt~. (l~~~q~ fiT'" ~~T ttt~ ~nc
~t-ib7n.1 O~.("i1L~1-} fT~4dt'It-'l~o,~;(frf;,fg~M~Q'6J',tJ?
al.T) i1J.1~(1}-:: h1'<t:" tr9"1,+:"'O:\4..J4 n"'(l-:.:'~~~IJ~ (JJ~' T.,.~-th
hlal.+ h1A-9" ... .e1~ httOD+t;:f~::-\X1~ t;:';:-l-ii">:ti: tr'ctJ'i lJ".eat+
m(9"c-trt 1997)+ 11". f J'\,,?9" 'h.e~"'l:; lv~..~.h(D~ ifoC')1~ l\.e sc
Ri1uTh~'"?M1+.e:Fi\A::~l41f~ThA-"" OY.i~-o PC f-TJ'(JJm..
{IIi
~,}:A~~~h-,flqo..h- tr.elf' "7111Jit't*CtnhThh- ;JC"flU-t\:'" '(DC of?
~11" ll'~.e "?t:G..,t; hlf.l9" eJC(ll b(D(VkO~l\ M1i9' iJ)eP'1' n.~
hA\,,030 4''1+ p'C't\..J'(JJtTI .e"f~~~ O'h
iioiJ~lll 1'~ dJcm.+ i"'Y~:: . '.
" ':;, ~
Carissa idlulis referell'ces:
Agr~estree Database : j
Breitenbach, 1963
Demel Teketay;'1997b.
Edwards,
. . ;
1976
- . ~
FAQ,1988
MOttoR;19S7. '
.;Pt I
'~ ,
Syzygiumgl,lineense/doqma
';". " ,S;yzygium guineense/duqma

Scientific Nanre.SytJgiumguiheen;e(Willd.) nt~ (1828)'
\1 . FamHy: Myrtaceae ' . " ' ','
ve~~~~~r'~llD,)eS;'d~riti.,(~c):.,~a~oostiefAwi>,,:\,.· e' ;.' t~.
Description. Shrub or tree to 35 m high and 30 cmm diameter.
Leayes simple,.opposite,.witharomatic.,odQf when crushed. Y~>ung shoots
greenish .violet in :color.":l&¥.4 t().12! em long. . ~II13l1 white ',01" yellowi~
~owers.i!lgiQl,Ip~ (pa.nicl~), o~·.are edible; 2 to 4 c\u, long; glabrous,
re4..violet,to p~rple;pIack'\Vllep ripe, with,i' single,s~ed., ., . _
Korthalsella japonica is very small shrubby parasite onSfzygium
guineense in die altitude range of 1800 to 2200 m asl in Gondar, Tigray,
Gojam, and Wellega.
.. ~' ,~ , " • , c
v • Similar species. Threesubspecies are recognized in-Ethiopia, all of

which can be found above 2000 m aslin Region 3. In May 2000, two, types
ofdoqmawere seensoldin tJ,1e Ghagntrnarket by the same vendor. bt some
areas, more than threetypes are recognized.. ·F0f instance, the WQlaitta of
southern Ethiopia recognize six types of doqma.
The tree Mimusops. kumme1 ('she .in Amharic) . is. found in similar
locatiorts and has aMmilar ''leMand' ediblefrvlt\;r sinular"size. However,
thedoqm~h~'oppos~t~"l~a~es~d'she~~~ al~~mate)eaves. the I,~he'fiuit is
orange col()r~9" and ha,s' a,single seed, but the frait has a point on ooe end.'
~"''7
nu.,A4Iil: 'It;: lD~" 4i..r!l:{Il ~tr""'.A·""l1'1.{)h 35"1. • '
OU:"fJ30Ut.DI {)~:,. ·~l.ir.".J:,;JA.:: '~tIl~~'fl"'~ rohnA ..,,~ f\~ "
'}~tfS(& fOf,IDm-+ fl~'iIir&~' ... ~ .,.,,'11.,.,
fOf,O+{\.1' 'I\;N'(.T"", "If
:J": "4:fmF:q:fdJ*~: /\",'.'}Otil:f ·th,..~~ ht'=f~ +/\"''''\TtP-:: +tIl~
h4~12"'~DI t'~t1ilC1fOD:" "1\"::':"~'"If~~ flllill +ml\o~ .,.".....
-f1Af& flfl..(-'} K.?r;/l.;: ~PJ:':fH'ttl/l.-li 2-4U/.OIf~1I""'1'l\h It1'
+.e-th"&-~1' I\Oil{\. f?1.1fl TeflC +1\,. ""'TOJo I\tr, + O"ilIflTOJo "
,~ fie fOf,.e~ c;TOJo::
. "')U&OO-2~OO~! hq.~.·n.'·Otr). f'~~+·f.'·U~.Cf flf'(:f "rIDA.:J,C;

:"",&-.e""f)lIri:;»~:bC~A""'\
, '. . ..: .' - ' , ',-' ., -' '.- s· , ' 1f7:~t)'f.,.ql\
';- ,;': if
1'?~ +hA Oit'.1-",' ... .e ~'
" -., ' ; . ' ': i~·.\
1~A:: :....-., ,. .' ~.
. " . ;. • .'
242 Syzygium guineense/doqina ~
TdDt)t).e 1!C,f'P'r:''J»h+ +o.D... ,.'J.e

1I(;ISU:':' Illl. :,.r-*1 .e:/,OJ
:J'~I "..~,.. h2000~. hq.OJ.~ .Ol\.e he;::/, ql\T~ fhAAJ. J\btlQ.PJ'f -
.e1~~:: O"'1,}flT 1992 l}.'"
"..I\.T l}.e~T fp..~'" e;:~PJ'f O~"'l\ h-l'''?
10' ~h1' OJ\'}.(- ?f6f.b itm- J\.e-l'CiA:~ OJ\,}~,}'(- J\bQtl.~TlW'h:" «}
.e~:" Ol\.e :/'.e:tA:: I\.,.. ~ nxn-n
ll. -I'r-I:'1OJIt.eiJ' h1:h:"'Wi}!;~o,
«}.e~:".e1S: A:: ~
M1 ~OD ...... .e cl-TAt; MOl\ 'e;:t, 11\.lD- f\(f': O-l'mt~"'.e. ht)fJ1l

M11"lfq: ~~:: tiIY'}'" p..~,,? O"f':Jot.t ),/tIlJAi r"'-OJm- .)ml\-o'f ',~
:,. ....11"'}' ~1f f-t'UOt.l+ J\+o,OD'J' ''l:T(J)o /Jl'}f:" A:YI\.~f~OJm-/:"1Il1\.
~'f J\~:":: fAit e;:~ llC1:ti1 +ll.fOCi a~hlW Jl'}f: UC ....t;lc&nJ\,}~
Oil-A irA ,1\. Aie;: hl\.~:: ',.
Uses. The most common use of this tree is the edible fruits. These
are, often collected and sold in markets. 'However, in the literature many
uses 'in addition to the fruits are found. In"some parts of Africathe root and
bark are used 'for making tea. -The wood is considered- a merchantable
hardwood; and is used for poles, construction; furniture; etc.
. ' ,1'.)--: Oh4.:" fDt;NO+aJ- 1'-}--.'folOl\ t;;~aJ-.~,(&:: A1;lur

11f1. .~u. 010' .eitllJ~:: ,er 0.11"1 06th-e;: A1~.fu·ioaJ--fn,~ tJc;:~~ 'a
"fQJ."'~-lbho'f T.,.qo"f h~T:: ah1~,}'(- fhlt:6b J\1C"f+C~1: ?f.e I\.
OPht.:" -f11\."'1ltA:: A'}lJJ.1: f1n. iI7"'1rf ....11"'} I\.*DtPJ'f+ t\."Q:/,+ hll
C .'u"l41 h+•.• OJU-I' ,11\."'1l\A::
~i Site. This species is .~ne~aUYthQugpt. by-farmers to~.tree ofthe

wotfla. dega, not dega, agrORhmatif zones. However, the tree ,IS found. to at
least 2600m .asl, according to-the-Flora of Ethiopia,; and is present in the
Simiep Mountains National Park-Iti&rvery frequl'ntly found'near,,gtreams,
n-vers,. or lakes. In-lowlands, the presence ef-doqmamay.be considered a
sign,of water. It probably would dobestwheIt't>lanted near a water-source:
~ . ",." ,"~
.r~1:Hl:" (I:/': .eU1JC,OhlJl:.l»l\.e.fID$Ci.,g;J Al~ rs» fhf

c; ,}1Il$ ~A'A tI~ A,}~AI1"~·P'lO~PJf.·ft;t:f\Q~:~:.eU"',l\"~A,)~ ,'fi:
/lot. Nt: X/fr-fty' 11\.' n260d~. hQ.ID.O'. ~.e .e1tfA:: ~'))J."..,.. 'M'
., ,~.-
Syzygium guineense/doqma
DJL1 T~~"f 1lm.~'C .Ten arfllf\ 0"7A6 ,e1~A:: OT~;J;JDt OOJ11'"f

hm11l-r Oth,e~"f hm11lc; 09"16J.l' hm11l ,e1~A:: OOlY ht,ll{l p.+U?
fDt1~0:" (l:J' ary "'~t\ fDtfoot\n:" 9"An:" ~ar:: ary "'~All 0
Dt1~0:" (l:J' ht,ll{lsP"f,{lThA ,eflU?U?CfA::
Phenology, Propagation and Management. Fruits are sold in Bahr

Dar market in June, July, August and September. They are also seen in
Chagni market in May, and perhaps other months. Seed generally do not
store more than ten days.
Study staff set out to determine an appropriate pretreatment for
doqma. Seed were collected in Bahr Dar and the pulp was removed from
the outside. Five treatments were tried, and two control. Between 98 and
108 seed were planted for each treatment or control group. Three treatments
involved soaking in water, for one day, two days, or nine days. One set of
seeds was kept in a refrigerator for nine days prior to planting, and one set
of seeds was boiled. All seeds were planted in a bare root nursery ten days
after removal from the tree. There was no germination of the boiled seed;
the refrigerated seed had less germination than the controls. All three of the
soaked sets of seed reached 74 to 79% germination, with the most effective
treatment appearing to be soaking for two days. Germination took place
over a period of about 40 days, starting about one month after planting.
Four and a half months after the seed were planted, the seedlings
were lifted and root and stem lengths 'were measured. Seedling heights
averaged between 13 and 15 em. Roots were generally twice the length of
the stems. Root pruning is probably' necessary for dogma seedlings left in
the nursery any length of time.
After about two months from the time of planting, some seedling
mortality was observed. This may be because the climate of the nursery (at
about 2550 m asl) is so different than the climate of the origin of the seed,
which is about 1700 m asl.
The tree presents a problem with germination in nurseries. Fresh
seed must be planted shortly, and tended through the dry months. Thus, by
the following rainy season, when planting out would normally be done, the
seedlings are quite large, and will have needed root pruning. The seedlings
244 Syzygium guineense/doqma
will have needed to been watered through the times when nurseries are
normally nearly dormant, with few workers.
~1L1J)c1 07m++ 07&-Q:"Cj oo1hQhl1: rlllJ lICf ~&.sP"f h 1Y.. Q

lJC ~ce; :r"1'1. QI\- r10f F~&-sP"f arfl1' 0"11(1:" mc ,e7illll\-:: ~fI:"
q,e~:" -I'ool)l),e lICfsP"f x 1~1\-:" 'O~l\o&- ,,~ it..:,.r- t: r oo')th~ IJ)cfl
l ' -I'm+!l.A::
r1'e;:,. (l• .e-'I- 1\~+07

11+1\:" r-l'ififl\ar1 rHC 07ififf +.e-oo-oo-
h&- l\07m+ LI\1:: HC hQlJC ~C -I'()l1f1(1 hH?- araJ. r~&.ar ht)A(~~
(J)-) -I'm"1}',. ~OC:: h9"fI:" oo-h&-sP"f r-l'l\fr oo-h&- -I'y"Co)llTar+ Ibl\o
"f lJ'1\:" Y.."1CfD 1\07~'fJt.r 9"1 l),ey"l"111Tar ~(1?-~ I\hf~~1~ r07~'fJt
f ooY..l1 ~1'&-Tar 098 he; 108 oot)hA rlf'l- HC'"f -I'HC-I'ar ~nc:: ~
fI:" oo-h&-sP"f I\h1.e- 4>1+ 1\lJ'1\:" <f>1+ I\Hm~ <f>1 (1(J}-'! (J}-fl1' r-l'HL
H4- ~O-r:: 1b4(J)- roo-h&- HC hooH&-rf: n&.:" 1\9 <f>-1:" n07<f>lI<f>..,. (J}-fI
l ' h1Jl~,e hY..l"11:: h1y"'le;9" Ibl\o"f roo-h&- HC'"f Y.."1CfD -I'<f>+I\(J)- ~
fie:: r-l'++AdJo tiC 9"19" 11+1\:" h4l)r9"~ r<f>H<f>Har HC Y.."1CfD h07a
fJtfsP:ri nil -0+1\:" htt,e;tA:: lJ'1\-9" oar'! r-l'HLH4- 3 rtlc ooy"(1"f
h74-79% ~l.fI 11+1\:" htt,e-l'PA:: rOl\m (J}-m.;r07 rlf~ar "11 1\lJ'1\:"
<f>e;:,. O(J}-'! r-l'HLH4-:" HC'"f e;Tar:: r-l'H&-ar HC rn<f>l\(J)- h-l'H&- hh
1~(J)- mc ~ 9"C' hflh h CQ ~ <f> 'I- Q1\-:" 1.11. f:" (J}-fl1' ~(J}-::
H?- h-l'H&- hh&-:" mc -I'h-A 0:\4 "f"17f':': -I'~""I 1JllJ'9" FC x
Ci °n~9u -I'1\t):: r"f"17f:': h07t),e ClI oo:" h13-15 "'.UIf.
oot)hA n,lf1
FC':': Qm:J'4,e r"11~ 1 ClI oo:" lJ'1\:" 1.11. ,elfe;A:: r:,.~ar19" 'lit.
rv« "f"17f"f 0"f"1"t llln.f n.~~ FC ~llll hflL41. l\.lf1 ,e"f4A::
HC'"f h-l'H?- hlJ'l\:" me 0:\4 r1'-t:" "f"17f'"f 00 .e-l+ ;r,e-r- ~O
C:: ,elJ 9"e;AQ:" HC':': h-l'()O()U·U:" 1700Ulf.. hll.m.u. ht)QIl. rhrc v-
~;rCj H?- r-l'H&-n:" 2550Ulf. hQ.m.n. rhrc lJ'~;r UIll9" r-l'l\r uoolf'1-
9"tl1 f:" ~(J}-::
u"f"1"t llln.f arfl1' "f"1? 00?L4U:" 1.11. "f"1C hl\:: :"h-fl HC'"f
.y.l\o THe T(J)- Il.e.l:" 'lit ~h oot'l~:" h 1\ 11:":: h 1l.,f9" n ~ .,.'I'1\ar rll
e;9" 'lH. oo:"hA .e:r4A+"f"17f:': :"4A:" e;Tar+ hl\lllJ9" tv: OO"1lll
,fflLA,;JTar .elfe;A:: "f"1"t llln.,fsP"f (107.e()?-u:,. 1.11. x 11). (11'-t:" t'I
&--I'7f'"f (J}-"/ oomlll:" hI\Tar:: .
Syzygiurn guineense/doqrna
Syzygium guineense references

Edwards, S., Mesfin Tadesse, and Hedberg, I., eds.; 1995.
Morton, 1.; 1987.
Nievergelt, B., T. Good, and R. Guttinger, eds.; 1998.
Peters, c.R., et al; 1992.
246 Casimiroa edulis/kazamora
Dega 'Fruit Trees

--Exotic--
Casimiroa edulislkazamora
Scientific Name. Casimiroa edulis La Llave (1825)
Family: Rutaceae
Vernacular Names: kazamora (Amharic). White sapote (English)
Description. : It is a tree to 12m high, with alternate leaves. The
leaves usually have five leaflets arranged like fingers on a hand. The
flowers are in groups (panicles) and are very small. The parts of the white
or light green flowers are in fives. The bark is light grey, and the tree often
has long drooping branches. The fruit resembles an apple, is 8 to 10 em in
diameter, yellowish with, sweet, whitish flesh, with 1 to 5 large seeds 2.5 to
5 em long. The seed is poisonous, but the flesh of the fruit can be eaten, and
is sweet. The fruit's skin is thin and tender, but cannot be eaten.
IJlffD6-
00"" cl- mt\->:r: 0cl-C"}661l:::r: i\,e f 1'HO&-l'" 1'1'" 0'1 00
lili : - '1' J'i\ T
CD- f\l1',,} "f)h 1201l. fO?,f..Cf) ~oo:'- ~CD-::
J'll.CD- JflJ: cl-mflo:t: O,,~ i\,e
",,}1' f..lf..-r fJl..y. 'f l1'~CD- Ocl-mA ,?"},l}. i\,e h'J"f):'- :,-c;"}7i cl-mflo'f ,e1
~O;rA:: hOCl9J:r: OfJl'J" :,-c;"}7i l1'~CD- Oh"}~ i\,e !flfl.~,,}/ f0?,1~ 'IT
CD-:: ~6J!> m,e'J" ~fJl J'he hl"}:}Y.. fhOCl hlJ:flo'f h'J"f):'- h'J"f):'- Oh"}~
i\,e ,e 1~ he:: cl-c~-f: ~fJl J'll. '? &-661 0'1 f\l1',,} Jf~ ClllJf ~ CD- IT:'J'' mf.. :r
'f f1'H l..,. :"C"}661l:: 'f hhe:'-::
Casimiroaedulis/kazarnora 247
. ~~aJ- ~h roy,A o.~t; Afl.SJU ~~ ....lf1 hS-IOut.OI. P~:".f If1
4.~ OJ~ ~~ roy,y~4\ o.~.f h2.5-5ut.0I. roy,~Ch ClIoo:" J'4\T(J)ol
hl-5 foy,~l"":"4\A:" Iff:"f OaJ-hm- es« ~aJ-:: n~ ooelf"? Illfl9" ~
tot& .." 1f14.~~:" yltmtt; 1\.04\ foy,"fA ~t&:: f~tot& ,,~ hht; lth4\iI ...
~lf'SJU 00114\:" .." hY,~A9"::
Uses. The main use-of this tree is the edible fruit In some area of
Ethiopia the fruit is sold in local markets.
To harvest the fruit,it is best to cut the stem of the fruit about lcm
from the fruit Fruits should be harvested before fully.ripe, and the stem of
the fruit will then falloff as the fruit matures. If the fruit is pulled off the
tree without cutting the stem, they will become damaged near the place
where the fruit was attached to the branch, and the decay will spread
through the whole fruit 'The fruit bruise easily, so transporting them is
difficult
The wood is occasionally used for carpentry and furniture in Central

America.
..--l-'fD:t::- rlllJ If~ cpt; ,,-+00- ~tooohmrf: ~t&t:Oll'~l'(- hl1Q

IlPJ"f ~~t& It.,OY Y,+CQA::
~tot&, lt OO()l1()l1 r~tot&' ..".(- 1ut.OI. h~~t& 0;\4\ Il"l..-
..-~ ~t&:: ~tojP:t: oo-~ Ooo-~ h OO l1()4\T t& O~:,. 00()11()11 hltQTt&I
hllU +lJ'flo .f#f:~t& ..".(- ~toaJ- hO()lt "0;\4\ h~t.t& Y,ltJ'A /Y,OJ.(-:J"A/:
: r~~;t& "".(-ilY,"l..- ~~t&.If4-' OJ~ ;1'"f hilOID-~tot& h-l-C11i1i4-
;)C Tflll1" O~tUO:" F~t-- I\,e Il""~ .e"f4\~I pt\lltJ9" ~~t& ODO-~
1\.0f"ll1h,e"f4\A:: ~~6J:' 0+4\1\- roy,o)~ hltlf~ It''?:}=lllnlf19'''hr)Zf;)~
Site. Casimiroa is native to Central America. In Ethiopiaoit bears

fruit in altitudes at least as high as Addis ~baba (2400 m asI). It is
considered drought resistant
248 Casimiroa edulis/kazamora
In areas of southern Ethiopia, such as Wolaitta, it is sold locally in

markets. It. grows in Bahr Dar, on the Tana Hotel compound. It is not
widespread, but it could possibly be used in highland areas of Region 3.
f"t.,~O-l- 11:J": t,Jlqu~ noo~ooty f"'''7~ hoot,h/\~~ JlOWLtt,

.,~:: nn.-l-f-A-y ~()1' if:&. /L"'1' fDt T/\~ n.y"){) nJlJl{) JlOll(2400
OWL.) fhlf:":J" Ah fl.lf") Jlf. nl~' f"t**9" ~")~tr" .e:J"...IlA::
0,",,(1.11 Jl.-l-f-*,Y ~") '"" rol\.e:J" 11 f\. Jlt,Iln.1PT OJl.,&.~ .,ny ~()
l' if:~~ .e7itlJA:: nlllJC ~C tlJC; lf1:A "In. ~il1' n.... ~:: O{)~-l- JlA
.,.... ~Q.l.9" 7l")~ OhAA 3 ,",,;J""IJlt,Iln.1PT /Ln....A .eTI\A::
Phenology, Propagation and Management. The kazamora will

grow on .a wide variety of soils, including clays, if there is adequate
drainage. The tree is usually grown from seed, but takes seven to eight
years before it gives fruit. It can also be propagated by air layering.
Study staff planted seed in Injibara (2550 m asl) collected from
Addis Abeba in July 2000. These sprouted and have produced healthy
seedlings. These seedlings were heavily damaged by hail, but recovered
nicely once the rainy season ended.
Fruit can be seen on kazamora trees in Addis Abeba in July.
1.",,4)-") "7ro++ "7~Il-l-C; oo")hqhll: t,Jlqu~ /LO+A f"tT/\~

1'';' foo1'~~Y 00").,1: t,,, ~")'"" f7ih4\ O~C qf\.-l- t>J.b9"C+Ollfl. A~ A
~ CJ.e.,-l- fO~C fJ.e"",T .,~:: rtf.") ""I~q..,. f"t~/\~ OIIC fl.lf") ~~ /\
ooilm+ "11"" ro.e9" il9"")-l- CJoo-l- .etJYIA:: Jff.") (lOO llllJ-l- /fJff.") +C
'} Qij, if: nn./\cr Ato 01\iH:h ro.e9" Olb1\ /\ .,.ro....,. .,.CJ-l- 0 oo7i~") hllY9"
tJCto ooo-l-hA/ t\.~ll .eTI\A::
f1'CJ-l- n·I:CJT") H~'} hJlJl{) JlO(l O... ~ roc Jl9"I'* n~")~Il~(2
550OWL. hll.ro.O.) HC'" 'Inc:: .e1J9" m."~ T"I7fT") Jlil.,~:tA:: ~"~IJ
T"I7fT OJl")I: ro....-l- nOlp... .,.m.... .,.~ 'Inc I .,.,C "I") n1'cr ~~:J" ,,")'"".,
c; "'mc;hlcrA::
f .... qu~") ~~ OJlJl{) JlOll Oth9"1b roc Jl"l~",c;A::
Malus sylvestris/ apple 249
Casimiroa edulis references.

Morton, J.;1987.
Malus sylvestris/ apple

The apple has been tried in other highland areas of Ethiopia, such as
Chencha(near Arba Minch), but are relatively untried in the north.
However, the South Gondar IFSP has had initial success with this fruit tree.
Others are trying it in South Gondar, including FHI in Nefas Mewcha. The
fruit may be able to live and give fruit up to 3000 m, possibly higher. They
have a very good economic potential, and with some care the fruits can be
transported without damage. .
TPU
h1f. Q;\.1;f IhCl)~,}6JJ> htJfUll CJit' fh.-rf-A'f f.;J17IJ
htJCJ{lSOl- "t7IJll.,.A f~qohl n.tf1~ Oh1'1t;. OO~ 1 OJ1 r1~
hA.,..qohl~:: ~tr1 h1~ Otto f~6o~t'o '1~ I\~ nen-n -"J1f.C
h"e.h,~.h-.iI. T. l1D"h6o hY:C1or hoo'l7iOJ" IJ't;. hOl;rl- orm.-r
hOJ'1".CPA:: O'l4-,iI " ooor6li.h1f.«~0J1l "".6oft q,,~ h"'~» fit'
Y:C~"'l-c; t\k'l-~ nxn-n 11f.C C&illJ' hfIJDht;.-r ·'1or:: hilh
30000'1.. hCJ.m.O. O,,;e I\.O""AC; ~t'o tl.01' ~l-I\A:: 1't;. f1{l
~16JJ> ftf'lC; O.,.I\A 1'1.cJ'et t71J~~lI OIJ.;fA 'lor::
250 Morus albalyeferenj 'njorie
Morus alba/yeferenj 'njorie

Scientific Name. Morus alba L. (1753)
Family: Moraceae
Vernacular Names: yeferenj 'njorie (Amharic) white mulberry (English). Note: The
common name yeferenj 'njorie can be used for strawberries, exotic raspberries and
blackberries, and this species of tree described here. Therefore, we will use the
English name mulberry in the text.
Description. Mulberry is usually a small tree or bush but can reach
25 m in height. The leaves are very variable in shape, even on one branch.
They can be oval or have two or three lobes, or be heart shaped. They are 5
to 15cm long, with 3 veins from the base, edge roughly toothed, tip pointed,
on stalks" to 5cm. The upper leafis smooth, but some hairs on veins below.
Flowers are small and greenish, in drooping spikes. Fruits areabout 2 em
long, white-pink or red, sweet and juicy but rather tasteless.
rtl.t:1:e: A 1~&
OO..,I\Mil: fLl1~ "'~t 1Uf- 'lfl. ~11i Jf~ (JJf,lJO .~~(D ~(JJ-::
~"C "71 Ahh 250ft. t\.ll1lJO f,Ti\A:: +1Ilft..:': O+C,) Oh1.(- +C1~~ i\
f, A1lJ. rI.tf1 O"llJO fTA.r~ c;T(JJ-:: All +C,)+ ~I\~ (JJf,lJO ~h~ ~r:
Ii\T(JJ-~ (JJf,lJO qoi\i\ +C6 t\.'i t-T(JJ- f,'fi\A:: h5-15ut.Oft f,lll"'ll\-+
3 oohoor:'f hOD~?f(JJ- ~lJOl(JJ- 0+1Il1\- i\f, 1,:"11\-+ lIlCJfT(JJ- Wt,t- ~
cs ODfaf, ~"C hl\(JJ-+ 6liJ.4- i'lA III ~(JJ-+h+lIlA ..,,~ i\f, s-r. Oftf,lll
"'11\-:: +lIlho hi\f, Oh-A I\{}i\fa O~'f Oh-A .." ~<t~ "'l-r:'f' hl\-O:":: h
Oil",:': ~c;11ic; hl1:},e.. c;T(JJ-+ (JJf.. :"'f 01"1Il1\1Il1\- fhOIl
f, f,"~I\-:: ~t.",:,: 2ut.Oft fUA MllltJO-+ vn r«
,,'''"f i\
'+f, +1\9" ftaff(JJ-
+ llJ4..6f!>c; L fa 1i I i\ T(JJ- "l""'1 T(JJ- .." 1"'1 filf..iI+ tt T(JJ-: :
Uses. The mulberry tree has an edible fruit. It is planted in towns

throughout Ethiopia, but not commonly in the countryside. The leaves are
also useful as a fodder. It has a high amount of crude protein and nutrients,
and is easily digested. Mulberry can also be used for erosion control and
firewood production.
This species is the food plant of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, which
produce silk. Experiments on the rearing of silkworms in Nazareth have
Morus alba/yeferenj 'njorie 251
shown good results, and could be expanded to other parts of Ethiopia. Bees
forage on mulberry for pollen, but not for nectar.
1':"IfD:t:: rLl'~ ",':t rtJtOl'\ .ii=t, ",t\tD-:: Oh+OIJ tD-il1' Oool'\

m1trt: rtJt1~ .... If' 01mC .." "'~1~9":: :"mt\o:': t\hll'-'" ooc;.,.-,.. Y1t\
"'l'\f\..:: yt\+fJlt- TCrf::,e; '1'l- .,1C"f "'t\tD-::"'.';.I1-9" t\ooepyy: "'l'\
A .,tD-:: rLl'~ ",':t t\OLC "1'0'-'" nohl'\hye; t\0IJ1f!. "'Q.l.'-'"
Y1t\..,
l'\A: :
~lJ lICY t\mC '-"'A Cll9"o.tu) IfDt) 9"..,11 .,tD-:: 0e;1It,'-'" fmC :,.
t\o"f, t\OIJt-ll'-'" O+~l1tD- oo-ht- 1'~ tD-m.'-'" ;1'~:t.A; "'.';.11-9" OJ~ t\
,t\o"f rh..-,..r-A- Y nAt\o"f OIJil~~'-'" ~~l'\A::
Site. Originally from Asia, it is now widely cultivated in tropical
Africa for its edible fruit. Mulberry is cultivated as a hedge and shade plant
around houses in many Ethiopian highland towns to at least 2550 m asl
(Injibara). It is common in temperate America, where temperatures can
reach well below zero degrees C. Therefore, it could probably be planted in
Ethiopia at altitudes much higher than it currently is.
rtJt1~0'-'" (1;1': rLl'~ ",':t 01111- fh..-,..r-A-Y ",t-,1l0.P'"f h+

IfD"f tD-il1' t\..,o. "''-'"nA'-''' "'1'Ce; 1'l'\"'-'" ~+hl'\A:: ooo~ooty hhllY r
OOfJl o.lf'9" 0'" 11-'" 1.II. 0""C'(t-,A '" ii=tt-, t\ tJt0l'\ ii=t,tD- n fI A 0 11If.-,..
~+hl'\A:: 0"'1trt: tD-il1' 2550lJll. hfl.OJ.O.Ch'~llt-) hii=;1' fll'\:ftD- Oh
1'IfD"fe; 0 0 ' s: c"f tD-il1' 0 fJl9" r +t\ 00 s: .,tD-:: 0'"lJIltt-, roo-"''''' nom'"
hH.C 0;1'"f «c« OtJt"fAO"" ",t-,llo. 01l1f'-'" ~1"?/A:: ilt\H.lJ Oh..-,..r-A-y
9" "'11-' h0l£1~0"" hii=;1' hii= 11t\0 Ohii=+"?/ (I;1'?"f l'\~ 1l.0:"A ~"fl'\A:~
Phenology, Propagation and Management. Considered fast

growing, mulberry easily sprouts from cuttings within five days in most
cases. The best result is usually from cuttings that are 30 em long.
However, cuttings that include only one node can also be successful; these
shorter cuttings may be easier to handle when planting large amounts in a
nursery. Cuttings can be planted either at a 45-degree angle or straight up
and down.
252 Prunus persica/kok
Mulberries flower after the rains.
'l1t.tD-1 O'I(J):"+ O'I?Q:"CJ' oo1hQhll: rttl1~ h1~t ttfJl1 /)f:1

:,. h1.t;1\.tD- .£;h'lflA:: .... ~l1' 0i't9"{):" .pCJ':" tD-{)1' i'ooAf\ .f.f.m~fJlA
:: 11". 'lit 30.,.,.OIl .f.l(ll ooo:"hA 1'or tD-m.:" f,:J' .fA:: 1lO'19" i't1f:
h 1(1.1' .f I\. tD-1 sc (ll 00:" h A9" tD- m.:" i'tl\.lD- :: Oi't -ec ClI oo :" .f.C(ll
oo:"hA 0:r.""1~ fJlll.f lD-{)1' 11". ....i'hA l\.oooh9" f,+i\A:: .f.lfJllD-1 4
5 Jl""1t H'tOA i'tf:C.., mf,9" +1' i'tf:C.., oo:"hA f,;Fi\A::
hllCJ'9" m:,.:,. O:\i\ .fllflA::
MOTUS alba references.

Ezenwa, I., A.a. Olabomi, and M.a. Ashiru; 1999.
Fichtl, R. and Admasu Adi. Honeybee Flora of Ethiopia; 1994.
Prunus persica/kok
Scientific name: Prunus persica (L.) Bastch
Family: Rosaceae
Names: kok (Amharic) Peach (English); Pfirsich (German)
Description: A deciduous spreading tree to 6m, but normally pruned

in cultivation. Bark is grey-brown, splitting; young twigs smooth and red.
Leaves 5 t015 em long, with small teeth, dull green, and paler below.
Flowers blossom on the bare tree, flowers deep pink to 4 cm across, usually
single, with 5 petals. Flowers grow on small side branches. Fruits are
round and fleshy to 8 cm across, usually smaller, yellow-red and covered
with short hairs which rub off Inside a hard pitted stone contains the single
seed.
This should not be confused with the domesticated peach (Prunus x
domestica), which has a larger and tastier fruit, and is widely sold
commercially in other parts of the world.
Prunus persica/kok
/lb
00'" /\ 66J.: 6 OIl. fO'f. f. Cfl ~ 00 or .r/\ rn- e; ..,.mfto:': 1 fO'f. f t-..,If:Oor
f-r(J}(}~ 1.tI. ffl.(J}·' ~'IC on ~t.(J}' na2,(}O()-nn or ttl. x 1.';.11- Oh;JillO'f.
fO'f.1lll -rnA ~ar:: :"C&e.1: f'llill o-e;OWJ 4'f1.9" ffl.ar 1Y'i+ fO'f.I'l~illm
..,.+ ....1Y1 /\;1 :"C1tibJ.C:'f 4>JlS f1.fli\1) e;rar:: :"mfto:': hS-1S"".0Il J!,l
lIOWJl\-+ ore;17i IJ'Cfa'.f· fool'll\- ~'IC''f OmCtlrar II-tf hI).rar:: 4>/\lI'Ir
ar '1ill r« hl1=lJ?. n,1Y1+ h;r:f Oh-A ..,1 '1ill J'fI. '1ar:: hOQ?,:': 1f4-'
:"ml\-1 ht-..,c: h.rfl.9" (l1Y1 .r-flqt\-+ 4>f1.lI'Irar 4>i\ .rfl. oo"/A /\oo"/A
hflh 4".,. OIl fO'f.I'l~+ -Oil- til. f1.-oY:;far fUZlr.,.e; S f hOq :"mfto 'f f~
rar e;:r~(J}.:: MIll}'):': f"F2,(J}m-:" Oorr,1'/i ~·C16bl.C:'f i\J!, '1ar:: If:t.?':':
n-fl+ fO'f.(li\ar n~A hi\J!, .ri\rare; oo"/A /\oo"/A 8".,.0Il fO'f.I'l~ e;r
n.
ar:: Q-flIf ~ ar ore;17i 4> i\ f /\ (l tibJ. + ....;r 0 O'f.O.,. h tibJ.6f!'C O'l-C' 'f frf'
nL'1 '1ar::
J!,lJ -rnA orA:" ill4- 6 }!' lj;t. tJfl.are; O/\.i\ar f/\II'I'f1 nlf:A Ofl4-
or hO'f.nm ar flln lj;t. ;JC "'ff.e;..,l1 hJ!,1Q9"::
Uses: Although severely affected with peach curl, peaches in

Ethiopia produce large quantities of small, rather hard fruits that are eaten
fresh and are very popular. It is commonly sold in markets such as Bahr
Dar, Injibara, and Chagni in the months of February, March, April and
May. The wood is durable and also used as firewood.
lJ'''''qo:,:: I'ln Oh. orr-A-.r arfllJ' ""ml\-1 OUZfm:J" 07i;r O-fllfor r

UZm:J" (l1Y19" lJ't.ar fUZOi\ -flll- ore;17i lj;t.?''f1 J!,(}illA:: OftJ-tor+
00 ;J(l:'-'+ 0'f..r1l.re; ..,1(1:'-' (J}t-or x 1 f. qlJC ~C + :r-..,'1.
+ x 1 ~qt- qt\- 1
n
Of?' 'f arfllJ' lj;t.ar J!, ill A:: h 1 QJ,1: 0 hLC ar fllJ' 1111- fUZ cf,J!,e; /\ 11'I1
r. x 1QJ,or9" fUZ.r1f1...,A '1ar::
Site: Widely cultivated in highlands in home gardens between 1800

and 2600m asl, including Addis Abeba, Injibara and many other locations.
Originally a native of southwest Asia, now extensively cultivated for its
fruits in a warm temperate parts of Europe, Asia, and North America.
254 Prunus persica/kok
f~1~0:" ll;t-: hJf. il"tll ilOll+ hJ~ll&-c; lb./to';f ll;t-sP';f lll\-

f.;JD? ilt,llo.sP';f O~C' ODt.:" aJoll1' Oil..:,. /U\D?/A:: OOD~ODtf f1'17
lD" h(lOtL'} ~()&-il hllY .e~J x ') ~ il~J '1'} OillD"C'"T+ hllfc; (lOll')
ilOtLtt, OJ.ec; e» ll;t-sP';f .eOclol\/A::
Phenology, Propagation and Management: Insects, especially

bees carry out the pollination. Pruning before the rains promotes good
fruiting. Shoots of one year bear fruit the next. Flowering after the big
rains from September to November. It grows easily from seed once the hard
covering is removed.
"l1ttD-'} D?OJclo+ D?&-ll:"c; OD'}hllhil: rilOll ~~:,. lIC6J.brf: O~t;:l)

:,. 01't\.e~ OJll';f .ehc;OJc;/A:: hllc;~ OJclo:" O&.:" OD'1lll illl- h'}"tf
~&- .el~tp/A:: cloc '}'"'ie:.';f t;:t. l\..ell- r~ ';f1\-:" il'}1: «}OD:" .... qu" TlD"
~aJo:: hllC;~ OJclo:" 0:\1\ hODlIhl~ hllh u~C filll/A:: tn'}t,&-aJo rtlc
h ltn.:" ""(1 ilC' nne D? &-ll:" .e';fl\/A::
Prunus persica references

Acacia saligna
Exotic Dega Trees and Shrubs
Acacia saligna
Scientific Name. Acacia saligna (Labill.) Wendl. (1820)
Family: Fabaceae (Leguminosae) Mimosoideae subfamily
Vernacular Names: saligna (Amharic) blue-leafed wattle, Port Jackson willow (English)
Description. Unarmed exotic acacia which has alternate phyllodic

simple leaves mostly 8 to 22 em long; with a single main longitudinal vein.
Flowers bright yellow, pods slightly constricted between some seeds.
Generally has a bushy habit, and is short lived. Very similar at first glance'
to A. melanoxylon, but A. saligna has only one main longitudinal vein in the
leaves.
41l.'7~
oo"7l\liIiJ,: h'\,e mY.. :J'"f. OD{)ODC fl\O:" ~mA fl\tD- Iffj 011..:"
hS-22Uf.0Il r~ll19"+ OilJ"~ r:"mA -ns: '\f il'JY: ~mA+ r.,.Wlt--l
.,. ilUtJOD'l' f'\TeD- /ilJf: 'hfl\4- r~(J)m-r~m""T f~:" rtD-6l'> e-ie-c
1ICf ~tD-:: ilOqS"~ Y..UtJ:" 0.6l>]. .... Ji.,. ruc hlm. -I: /~t,tD-/ OUC'T out]
hA r"IC~f: ft\~tD-:: Ohm~'\.e r4t'l'*{o qUC.e hl\tD-: h6l'>C 1.11. r~
~.e ~af':: hltOllf:'\ ,;JC Ofll9" r~ODttflA r"I.lf'J lJfl.'?CJ O:"m~ '\.e h'J
Y: 1l~ h'\,e. (J)~ :J'T r~r"IOIJl OD{)ODC hI\O:"::
Uses. Popular as-an ornamental, it has other uses as. well. This use
of A. saligna for browse is commonly mentioned in the literature, but in
Ethiopia it. seems 'to be eaten by animals only when little or nothing else is
available. The bark of this species can be used in tanning. This species
comes from the same area of the world .as eucalyptus, which has been so
widely, planted inEthiopia. Von Roman (1994), in his review of.literature
related to A. saligna, found references indicating it forms an understory to
eucalyptus, The species, may prove to be one "means of alleviating soil
damage done in eucalyptus stands. It could possibly be .planted under
. existing eucalyptus stands to infuse the stand with nitrogen. One study
256 Acacia saligna
found that pine growth was remarkably supported near A. saligna in Turkey.
This may also be a useful combination for Pinus patula or Pinus radiata in
Ethiopia. Poschen-Eiche used this species in an alley cropping trial at
Alemaya, Ethiopia. A. saligna shrubs were planted in rows 5 m apart.
Three times per year, they were trimmed to a height of 1 m and a width of
40 em. These trimmings were used for fodder, mulch, and fuel. 9.3 t/ha of
fresh leaves and twigs were harvested annually. This was estimated to be
enough to support 16 head of sheep or goats for one year. Mulching was
estimated to have added 70 kg/ha N to the soil annually. Sorghum and
maize were grown between the hedges. Yields did not differ from yields in
control plotsIii average years. However, in drought years the bushes
competed excessively. This conclusion agrees with findings from other
literature showing the tree to be a high competitor with an extensive root
system.
l ' ~'I":':: 01IJf"" fOTJ.f1" '1"tD- "'10. '"1,..1. 6Iiol~"" f,~ "} A"} ~ /b/to
"f 1':t'l""f9" h/\-"":: h-fH'·"f A"} ~ OTJ.O/\-"" 01111- f ,),flOt;: 9",,} ~"f f"'m
.",.. ....IT"} 0J\.,.,.r- A- f /b/to"f :tm/to"f 0'"1f, c; <;'0"" 'tIL ",;J P':':"} ~ m/to:':
"} h1l"'"f f,01.T'PA:: ffllJ Jft;: +C~,.,. ,,~~ '"1"f)t\?[ f11\'?ilA:: su 11
cr s
footfltD- QlJC Jft;: hootflO"" h1C ....If''} 1\1.~9" 'tIL OJ\.,.,.r-A- "'P'"f
n,11\1/\-0,.,. e;l.'PA:: (l") C:'"1"}/1994/ Itl\...,'i hQlJC Jflj:~"} tD-f)1' l\.0:t
A A"}~OTJ."fA m:t!tA:: f,lJ 1ICf OQlJC Jflj: f"'1o~tD-"} oo~,.,. 1\9"~'-" f\..
..ooAf) f,"filA:: OOLC tD-f)1' fl\tD-"} f'i f,""C:~"} "}1'l. ~1C f,II"" 1\'"1~
:J":J""" OQlJC Jfl::"f ool]hA Itl\. '?t;"} oo'-"hA f,':ilA:: O-l:Ch h"}Y: 1''i
,.,. h;r:':il Jflj: hm111 f.,..,.hl\ Itl\.'?'i ;r:':iltD-"} X"}~~ 1LtD- hl.,;J'?fl).A
:: OJ\.,.,.r-A- f9" h;r:':il ;JC oo"'il"'/\- m:J""t Itf,IT"} hf,"'C9":: ;rif"}-
J\.h Ohl\'"1f- J\.,.,.r-A-f 0"'1I/to"f oo-ht-- tflo.f f,lJ"}"} 'l"hC: ~OC:: fltf\..
-e '?C; Jfc="f Ooof)ooC Oh9"f)"" "I""C C"''-'' ilf, .,..,.h/\-:: O'i
oo"" ~f)'-" 't
IL 01 "I. 41 00 "" ilf, 40.". "I f)~"" ~f)h"te;t--TtD- Y:l.f) "'f).,.l]h/\-:: A
~~lJ chC1't--~"f f"""/\-"" "h1l"" ooe; + "lIf)Q(iC; 1\",1F- ~OC:: 9.3 .,.
'}/'th.;rC '-"lrh :"lIlh--l-c; ";J +'}O(lll- .,.()lIhOOJa ~OC:: .eU9" "16 010
"f tDf,9" lj:f/to"f O'i oo"" "'}~OTJ.O:J" "'19"'" ~OC:: h1lf)Qi'f. ~'?'I" 70 h.
.'1 O'th:1"C C;f,'-"C:~"} O'i oo"" tD~ OLC l\ool.J.l.ooC :1"~F- ~OC:: onoo
C O.,..,.h/\-,.,. fltl\.'?C; JfC="f ool]hA fO~/toC; II,,},;J~ ,..1IA .,.IIC'" ~OC::
9"C1: h/b/tol- 01'<;' ~).:1" h.,. flltD- f"'''f hA~Ol.9":: o.lf"}9" OY:C~ 1
..IL ch1'*(IlP''f "Cf) fit--ItTtD- .eC=l]ht--I\-:: .eu oo~9"~O?f Jf4- nne 'i.
~ 1: "'<;. 1'';:I]l]t f)" OOlf.,. h/b/to"f f t')tft.lj: II1QP'"f ,;JC ""f)'"1'"1A::
Acacia saligna
Site.. Grows in Ethiopia at least as high as 2500 m asl (Injibara).

Acacia saligna is an import from southwest Australia. It can handle only a
few light frosts each year without damage. A. saligna grows best on sandy
loam. In its native range the tree is most commonly found on sandy soils,
though sometimes seen on swampy, clay, or calcareous soils. Tolerance to
seasonal water logging is reported. It prefers deep soils and greater than 250
mm of rainfall annually. It is resistant to drought.
fDt.,~O:" 11;1': 025000ll. hQ.CD.O. foo~:" hlf:;1' /h,}~QIr/i\,e

t\.OcltA ,el-i\A:: "It\."?e; fOOffJCD- nxn-n 9"t)1r11 JrtCD-fl:"Irt\..r ~CD-:: 0
ffJ9" hQ.e- CD-C6J.b t\.**9" Jrt,el-A9"+ ~.,C -n OffJ9" .rAO" CD-C6J.b i\,e.,
u,t;CD- ,el-i\A:: "It\."?e; JrtnCf'Ofl Cf'AI"J Otr~ OLC i\,e O~ ,}11 ,eO-loi\A:: foo
"!..oot.r oo1~CD- Otr~CD- 11;1' OJrtnCf'Ofl OLC i\,e 011":" ,eO-loi\A+ trli9"
Ol"?l"?+ nni\Ofl OLC i\,e t\.O-loA ,el-i\A:: O')tft.~ ",}~+H10CD- CD-lo;1'
'e CD-IJ Ofl.f.C i\,e1o,t;CD- ,e l-i\A:: TA-lo OLce; 250 Dt. OIl 11e;9" O'loo:"
.rttCD- (1;1' ,eflOflOflCf'A:: .e-c-lo~ rDt**9" +hA ~CD-::
Phenology, Propagation and Management. A. saligna grows

rapidly and coppices freely. It produces seed profusely after the sixth year.
Treat the seed with boiling water. Grows relatively fast in nursery. It can
be planted bare root, even as young as 8 months. Some literature suggests
lifting the seedlings two to three months before planting out and cutting
back 15 to 20 em below the root collar and about 15 cm above. In Ethiopia
baboons are also known to pull up seedlings and break limbs off of saplings,
apparently to suck out the liquids inside. The tree life span is limited, with
trees living typically fifteen to twenty years
l..fLCD-'} Ofl(JJ++ OflIrQ:,.e; oo'}hQhl1: "It\."?e; LffJ'} t).e-.,:,. .rttCD-

e; ......f.lT h-,..y.CD- rooAfa 0,(,}11 r~.r.y.((l41T ~CD-:: 11". 1.11. HC f~'"
((ltD- 6 'lOOT hP'i\CD- O:\i\ ~CD-:: HC':,$ OLi\ lfrlJ CD-flT OOHlf:Hlf: JrtttQ:f
CD-:: ol-"?~ tJIllf:.rfl;1' Olf:1'~+ .r~ ;JA:: l-"?'lf":,$ 8 CDC "flh~P'i\:fCD
~lfl nT"?~ Ofllf:.r (I;h Ol-"?~ 00,(11 i\.e.t\..y.~ ,el-!tf\.:: Jrt'},t;'}.e- ·f,)tft.
If: H1QsPl- It.'}~~.rfl''~l1o-:'' hoo:rJli\:fID"e; 15-20vt.OIl h~T hoo.f.
lfllTCD- O&.:".",}~9? 15...,.C11 (JJ~ i\,e,h~4IttCD- hop.y.lffJ:fCD-' O&.:"
258 Acacia species--other exotics
J'heD-'} Ll)1i hOD~mlJ' f\.t\- 1I,}~~1P"f

*'
h IN\ T ~{)h ~{)T CDC t\.qu,,:':eD- .e'lll A:: 0"," Tr- J' eD-{)1J' 0 eD-{)tIJ:':eD-
h;J "f"'17f"f'}C; .,.'}O{ll"f'} .eO~
:':erA:: rtf~ rU.eCDT HOD'}r""CDl"I't'teD-:: 01tlltf~eD- h14 ~{)h 20 f}OD
T .e«f.J'A::
Acacia saligna references.

El-Lakany, M.H; 1987.
Evans, 1.; 1986.
Goof, A.Y., Barney, C.W.; 1968.
Hedberg, I:, and Edwards, S.; 1989.
NAS.; 1980.
Poschen-Eiche, P.; 1987.
Roman, Dejan Burckhardt von; 1994.
Acacia species--other exotics

Acacia angustissima is a tree about which little is known. It is originally
from Texas, Mexico, and Central America, where it grows to 2600 m
asl. ILRI in Addis Abeba is doing research with it as a fodder. It is
said to do very well at givinggood growth to sheep, but can be toxic
at high amounts. It has also been planted by IFSP in South Gondar
at altitudes to about 2500 m asl. They are reporting good growth and
are using it for erosion control. To germinate the seed, it is
necessary to scarify it with hot water. This can be done by putting
the seed in 90 degree C water for thirty to sixty seconds. In some
places it has become a weedy pest, so should be introduced with
care.
1J..ft-:': rID-41. .,If.:C lIC.I'JP:':

II Jtl1.11 J' Jt'J .,.{)-t'....."''': .eu 'Iii: 0.....T rOll.:1'(IJ~ Jt~"h":: 6 110 ;( tnJ~J'
r""'l1(11- 260001. hll.ID.O. hlf:?" Ill\:fm- 'f:hl){)+ fJlhf\lt~ftOD
tmhljf(ll- JtOl~'" Ilf\. 11:1'''"' ~m-:: Jt.e~Jt.A.l\€.Jt~. OJt-\fI hOIl
Acacia species--other exotics
I\hl1:" OO'i'1:" 001'4>9" 11I\OO1'4>oo-J 1\000l;J'11' 01'CJ:" i\,e '1

tD-:: 1\0-)1- hf:'l:" 1'~ 'ltD- ,elli\A:: '1'lC ""1J hOlf OOCl1 h.lfJllT
tD- ,e1-i\A:: hJJW-9" 02500~. hll.m.o. hlj:;f' 0~(l.11 -)JY..C 0
11,e. J\.lj:. 11 n. 'C. rf'rf'hho h~9"~ 1'~ hf:'l:" 11,erf'tD-O;f'A:: 1\
11LC oo7ic7ic oohi\hy'1:" hfrf'm4>oo-O:" '1tD-:: HC'1- xJ"tO~t\-
90"t .n. 0'1"4> tD-"/ HC'1- 30-60 (lhJf: OOH~lj: 11l\llTtD-:: 011
J~Jf: (I;f'PJ1- hJ~l9" lf5:A:: ill\H.lJ9" Ooo~oo~YtD- 01'J.cP4:
OOrTm~ 111\0:":: .
Acacia decurrens: As with Acacia mearnsii, this tree is known in Amharic

as yeferenj grar and as ferenj tsatsi in Awi. It has no thorns bright
yellow flowers. It can be difficult to distinguish between this species
and A. mearnsii, but A. decurrens has larger leaflets, generally not
shorter than 6 mm, according to Flora of Ethiopia volume 3. The
bark of this species has great potential for use in tanning leather. It
is adaptable to various soils. At the Felakit nursery in Welo seed is
put in boiling water for 5 minutes; they collect seed in January.
"il~ liy "thl,}{)": hI;. uz'61f/.1r,e;JC llJf:'1:" fLlJ:{ ""1~C 011OllC~

fLlJ:{ ,,, 011'e rf'l1ho ,em~A:: hiflJ Uf,e'iltD- Y..0ll~ ll'"'i. 11
Oll YI\tD- '1tD-:: ,elJJ lICY hlr. UZ,C11J1r,e OOl\f:" 11i1T;J~ h.lfJ
,e 1-i\A i '1'lC ""1J h J f. lj:fto~ /llj: it.:,.r-A' Y hlj:A 3 "thlJiI :"4
A~ ~mho1- Om.cP4,e h60?. ~ fUIJYJiI ~mA 111\tD-:: fH.lJ lflj:
~C~:,. I\~~ UlJ.l\ill\7f /OllI\HQY/ hlj:rf'~ m4>~;f' 111\tD-:: Orf'I\Y
.~ f11LC ll,e'1.y.1- H~ ,eO~i\A:: omt\-> OLi\-t:" 1-""1~ t1lQY H~
•
.y.ho hJ"tO~A OLi\ tD-"/ 1\5 f.'h.cP hJf.HLH~:"+ H~J f.""1qo 0
1'C me 11""11.y. 00(111(111 hJY..:rt\- '1""1l(J)cCJA:: '.
Acacia mearnsii: May also, be known as Acacia mollissima in some

publications. Known as yeferenj grar in Amharic it is an acacia
without thorns and with yellow flowers. Is originally from
Australia. Very similar to A. decurrens, but the A. mearnsii has
much smaller leaflets,not more than 4 mm long. Once one of the
most important sources worldwide for commercial tannins for
leathers and hides. As far as we can tell, it is not known for tanning
leather in Ethiopia. Planted in plantations around Ethiopia, to at
260 Acacia species--other exotics
least 2600 m asl in Awi. It is from Australia and adaptable to various

soils, except not calcareous soils. As a fodder the leaves have a high
protein content. It is suitable for bee forage and splits easily and
burns well. The charcoal is used widely in Brazil and Kenya. The
wood is moderately hard to hard, durable, heavy, and fairly strong.
This species a principle source of tanbark, with the bark containing
30 to 45 % high-quality tannin. It has been used in various areas of
the world to control soil erosion, although in some pure stands in
Awi, there is no undergrowth. Undergrowth is necessary for
controlling erosion effectively. This species is an effective nitrogen
fixer.
"All. ~y "tC'}f\.A,e": Oi't'}~'}.(' ftlth-if:T W1Q?'T tD--h1' snn» fDll.n.

IPJ 1'111\0 f.;rCD:J'A:: Oi't""1C~ fLl,}~ "?6oC f.Q/\A:: AlllJ fib
I\tD--Cj 0.Q>}. i'tOQ ItltD-- 1'nA f\1f'} Ooo~ootl fOOiJltD-- hi'ttD--hT
60AI ~tD--:: hJi.,1£h~11J ,;JC f01J.OOl'u../\A:: ~1C -n Ji. ,1£h~11J h
OZ6~n..Ji,e f~f'l. Tc;'}(f :"ml\oT :"ml\oT i'tl\-T:: 'i't.01J.C'}f\i't,e'
C1Ioo;r:ftD-- h401[,.ott f""1f.OAm :"ml\oT i'tl\-T:: f.11 Jlif: Oi't'}
.(' CD:"T 0 ,}1\9" tD--h1' Oh-s-.T tl ~~c; Ib(Il p 60 0 iJl9" m:J'01J. ~O
C:: ooc;1C i'thh9"'}TI\tD-- .('lh I\~~ P60 1'"?QC OJ\.Tf-A-f AA
1'1\001-9":: flJ\.TV-A- I 01'1\1'- P:Ji?'T 1'1'h!\A:: Oi't'e tJ') Ah
h 2600ott. hQ.CD.O. hif:;r O/\f. 1'1'h!\A:: eu Jlif: hi'ttD--hT6oA
f fOOiJl f\lf1 t)Ahf9" t)CPtT hOJlOT i'tLCOh1'+C 011"1\-9" f
i'tLC '}f..,.....T /\f. OOOl14'A /\f. f0l[,1~ ~tD--:: tlhl1.....T 9""?l1~T
:"ml\o:': hif:1'~ fTC'i::1 f."T i't/\TtD--:: i'tOQtD-- tl '}PT 9""?11 l '
or f\ If'} A1 lJJ.1: 04'/\I\- f01J.LI\ 1'c; 01-,}11 f01J. ~.(' ~tD--:: h (}I\-1
ol160llAc; 011.11 OP~T f.m+tJOooO;rA -: A'}lJJ.1: m1t)6o (1\00
lPlT)+ Oi'tLC tD--h1' 11J1. fOll.~f.+ hQ.('Cj m'}t)6o .,tD--:: 1ICftD--
Of:JlPl;r'e flf~ f~~ ""1l\hl\1£ f01J.1~OT .,tD--:: h:"Cd.1: h30-4~
hif:1'~ 1'6oT ItltD-- f~~ ""1l\htl1£ /""1tl"o.l/ f.1~0;rA:: 0'}1\""1
T'l f.,.tl.r~ i'tl]qo..sPT tlhct.C ".0.4" ,e.m:"".,&\:: ~11"'l '-'lJ[OA
'e fI'} tD--h1' 11~tD--'} 01'1'hI\OT p;r hp~ 9",}9" rJlif: (M\"'PT)
'}.e~T O:"I\oOT i'tf.;r.e9":: 1\11~tD-- 01'1'htl1-,} tD--h1' fhLC
"-TOT' l\ooh/\hA OtD--hm IbI\oT fO+1\- cIl1'*,(Il?'T f pLA
;JI\-:: .elJ 1ICf fc; .eTC'~'}'} .enT OOLC tD--h1' ·A'}Jla;L9"C f 1-
C;JA::
Acacia species-other exotics
Acacia melanoxylon. In Awi areas this species is known in Amharic as

omedla, though it is sometimes called saligna, as it is confused with
Acacia saligna having leaves that are very similar. They are
phyllodic simple leaves that have 3 to 7 prominent veins, although A.
saligna has only one. Flowers pale yellowish white. Pods not
constricted between 'seed. Generally has a straight growth form,
relatively rapid grower. Can grow at least as high as 2500 m asl
(Injibara), and down to 1500 m, in areas with at least 900 rom rain
annually. It is native to Australia. Elsewhere it has been used to
make fish poison. The wood has many uses.
"h."Il\ljhf\.1\1": Ohl£ 1'1 .eU 'Iii: Ohll,,;;:lD- ;'UZ.e-1 oooQA .e:J'CD~A

:: .eO--1 h1-j{ h1~1.e- "l.H. hutl\."c; ;JC ftTOf.~~c;.,C 1"OOutut.e
""mA "'~I\lD- "'I\."c;9" .eQ~A:: h3-7 ftTOf.~C"" oopoor:'f 0+
ml\c ~.e ftTOf.:J'.en:" f\.1f'} "'1l."C; '" '}.e- 00 pooc 1l~ .e:J'.e0:J'
A:: hOQsP:': CD~ Q'"'i ftTOf.~~l\c f1lm- ~61" 4-1\9" f\.lj~TlD-+ f
HC hlm.1: om::': ool]hA IPC"If: ~I\ h.e~I\9":: Ohm~~.e 4-1'
111\0 ftTOf.~ f:.,c; O""'or of:11:9" LlJl1 ~lD-:: 900 tTOf.. "I f"c;ll
oom1 Ol}oo:" Q~TlD- hl]QQsP'f hhh 2500"1. hQ.CD.O. (h1~
Q~) hii: 1ll\oc; "hh 1500 hQ.CD.O. 0:J''f "..,. 111\0 I\.O+A .e'f~
A:: ooo;eoot~ foolJllD- hhlD-h:"~A~ f\.1f1 Of:";;:lD-9" fI:J' 1\
hut OfIh1t~~:" ~11\"~A:: "'lJ.l.1:9" 11". "...,.qu'f hl\c:"::
Exotic Acacia's references

Meitzner, Laura S. and Martin L. Price; 1996.
NAS; 1980.
Salim, AS., A J. Simons, A Waruhiu, C. Orwa, and C. Anyango; 1998.

262 Callistemon citrinus/bottlebrush tree
Callistemon citrinuslbottlebrush tree

Scientific Name. Callistemon citrinus (Curt) Skeels; sometimes goes by the trade name
Metrosideros floribunda.
Family: Myrtaceae
Vernacular Names: bottlebrush tree, crimson bottlebrush (English)
Description. Medium sized shrub or small tree, with numerous
branches, which arch and then hang down, young shoots pink or red, silky.
Leaves without clearly marked petiole, lanceolate to narrowly elliptic , 5-
10x1-2 ern long, tapering at both base and apex, pointed, but not pungent,
glabrescent and with indistinct veins on both sides. Flower-bearing part of
branch up to 12 em long, with many long-lasting bright red flowers. These
are arranged in such a way as to look like a bottlebrush, giving it the English
name. Fruit a woody capsule, about 0.7 cmwide.
#Jllh'/;'fD1
OD""1I\IiIi: OD"'ht\~ 41OD~ ft\fDo 41'1'*(Il lDf,9" ~11i JfCf: ".lY1 lD
" ...f, ~ 'I' 11t\fDo lD'I'-I'fDo 0:\... lD" ;t- f r0lJ.,1 mt\ml\- 11". +C1~C: f
fl\-~+ «» ~10(ll:': .,. f,Ci h1~ oc rlY~ 661.c:f fl\-~ ThA ~fDo:: +m
1\->:': OD~lfrfDo O""1A') ru<Jf,;rf,+ ~~ i'lA ft\- mOl1 111\-> CfOt\A fl'S
mC". lD" fDo{)1J' ODt\{) s« ".lY15-10 0 1-2Uf.0Il rOlJ.,lY~ hODj!OD&f
fDoCi ODlJJ.llffDo ~Cf: mOl1 fl\-+ ~1C ""11 rOlJ.,fI~lf:1J' 1i;t- rt\.t\fDo+ 01-C
rt\.... r fDo lY~fDo+ t\{)t\/tCi O+ml\- "'f, fl\- ODflODC"f 0l1"1\1:9" Ob-A 0"
111 ru<J f,;t-f.. Cir fDo:: hWI rOlJ.,lDtllO~ +C11i1ilf: h{)h 12.". OIl rOlJ.,lll9"
".lY1 lH9" fl\- 11". ~u<J+ ~ f, hOllsP"f hl\-~:: h~~lJ9" h1" mCOO-{)
u<Jm(l;t- o-c7i rT~l~';' CirfDoI rh1""1t\.11~ oDm&ffDo9" hlLlJ rlDlfl
~fDo:: Cf:t.fDo h1lJJ.~u<J 7i4.1 ft\fDo lYe;- 0.7 "'.0Il. rOlJ.,fl4. ~fDo::
Uses. Cultivated for ornamental purposes.

It provides sufficient quantities of nectar and pollen for honeybees.
Therefore, it assists indirectly with honey production by stimulating brood
rearing and strengthening bee colonies, particularly when other plants are
not flowering.
Callistemon citrinus/bottiebrush tree
T+qo~: r~"'ht\eD- t\"'fl lD~C;U flLC 'l.T~:" ~eD-::

t\1(1"f Tor ."flC;UC; rilOCI ~~:,. ht\eD-:: lIt\lI.lJC;U t\67C C;UC:,.+ t\
1(1"f "'JtLt\LA t\671;l..,c; 1(1"f1 t\67mc;hC ~l~A:: 0"'t\~C;U
"6J!>
lbfto"f "'nfto"f 067.f1lfi.0:" tn.::
Site. Cultivated as an ornamental in parks and town gardens; 1200

to 2500 m asl. Once found only in the larger towns of Ethiopia, it is now
being planted even in smaller towns such as Injibara and Addis Kidame. It
is originally from Australia but is now very well established as ornamental
in the tropics and the warm temperature countries throughout the world.
This tree is very tolerant of both frost and prolonged drought, and grows
excellently in full sun.
r,,!"~(I:" (I:J': 1200-2500~. hCl.lD.O. hif::J' ClilTeD- ODl1c;tfP

:J'sP"fc; rh.,.67 eD-hT ril:"nA:" (I;rsP"f t\'l.T~:" ~"'hilA:: O~:,. ~,,~
r~OleD- O.,.ilt\+ ril.:,.r-A-.f h.,.qu"f ~OCI ill/-1 .." 0:"1c;7i h.,.qu"Tc;u
"'Yo. "'~Clt.c; ilJtll ..,.~~ llfl.:" l/-fl. ~"~A:: OOD~OD~.f r"'''7eD-
hileD-lI:"t-t\..f fltr1C;U hl/-1 .." O:"C''(t)Ac; qu~:,. rilrC 111l:" ClilT
o» (I;rsP"f l/-fl. Oht\67"f1 Oll~:" t\'l.T~:" ~"'hilA:: ~IJ tfif: eD-C6J!>1c;
.r:C"'" r~**c;uc; OO--fl. fJd1~ llt\O:" 0.(111 r~.f.r:.., ~eD-::
Phenology, Propagation and Management. Plants for cultivation

are propagated both from seeds and cuttings.;
Flowering during the dry season, although some trees but may be
found with flowers any time of the year under good conditions.
'tfLlD1 67lD++ 67t-Cl.,..c; OD1hClh1l: ~IJ tfif: r"!t-CleD- cf.C(O (I

OD:"hAc; onc ~eD-::
O~~ .... "l.~ r~.f1l1l IllT'1C;U IJ-t;rsP"T C;U:,: nIT)-t\-)- lJOD'J:'1
OO--fl. ilOCleD-1 67"'7:" ~"filA::
Callistemon citrinus references.

264 Casuarina equisetifolia and Casuarina cunninghammiana
Edwards, S., Mesfin Tadesse, and Hedberg, I; 1995.

Casuarina equisetifoiia and Casuarina

cunninghammiana
Scientific Name. Casuarina equisetifolia Forst. 1776; C. cunninghamiana Miq. (1848)
Family: Casuarinaceae
Vernacular Names: arze-libanos; kazwarina; shewshewwie (Amharic) Casuarina she
oak, horsetail oak, Australian pine, ironwood, whistling pine (English)
Description. Casuarina species were introduced from Australia to

Ethiopia centuries ago; now it is practically naturalized, and cultivated for
ornamental purposes. They are popular throughout much of the tropics.
Trees up to 35 m high. Dioecious (male flowers and female flowers are
found on different trees). Has an open feathery crown that looks drooping
from a distance. Bark hard, rugged, and corky. It appears at first glance
that the tree has thin needles like a pine tree. However, these "needles" are
very thin branches. They can be differentiated from pine needles by the tiny
rings that circle them. The actual leaves are tiny pointed scales at each
node. Flowers reddish and tiny. Ball-shaped fruits look like cones, about 1
em in diameter, containing winged seeds.
The branchlets have ridges that run the length of them. In C.
cunninghammiana, there are 7 to 9 ribs, which are rather difficult to see.
The scale-like leaves have a distinct brown band below the pale tip. In
contrast, C. equisetifolia has stems that are 7 or ~, and sometimes only 6, in
number. The scale-like leaves are prominent and sharp and completely pale
green. C. cunninghamiana is thought to be the most commonly planted
Casuarina in the Ethiopian highlands. There is also a third unnamed
species with 10 to 13 inconspicuous ribs, and scale leaves like C.
cunninghamiana., seen in Ethiopia 'in altitudinal range of 2000 to 2400 m
as!.
)r,CHtl-lJ~h: 1J1I'P6~: i'f(J}«i'f~

OD.,t\~: llCHt\.qciil hoflfl. HooC;:" O.t:" hllCO-il:"6-t\..f CDJ»,. h.:"
r-*y fODfJlCj Oi'tIJ-). 1.tl.9" 1l,}~ i't?C-O"'A JfC:~ IJ-h- 1lf;1'w", fOUfJICj
/\'LfJI'LfJI"1T9" 1lfrf-rf-h/\ Y/\ "1w-:: OTC'"(hr) i'tl1l1o. Or)4.T ~1~A:: •
OUrf: 1lr)h 35DJt. ~~C"'A:: (Lrf;Cj w'}.e.. i'tOl1sP'T Orf-/\Yf JfC;: i\~ ~1~ftt.
~:: 111I· ~C'}66).c:'T OJf~ II-t.Y wf.. :\i\ 1/\A 1I/\w- hC"'T frf-'}m/\mh-
~ODr)i\h-:: ~C~rf: m'}I1t--:- WfJl111-:- x 1"t1J-9" {JC~~ (I;1'sP'T fDt;1'~O
T "1w-:: x '}f.. ;rrf:i\ OOD~ODt.Y ODC~ fOD"'h- ~C'}66).c:'T /\1f'~T 1.tI.
~C;"r;1'A:: o.lf'}9" Oi'tCH-l\.l1C;r) i\~ 1l"1fllJ ODC~ fOD{Jh- "11C''T OfJI9"
"'66).6J!''} ~C'}66).c:'T Cjrw-:: h;r:,:i\ Oll-t.Yw- 11h- .,./\O-fo'T O11/\fT ~
EFi\A:: 'P"1~sP:': ~mt\->'T h1lY'}~'}~ 1l1001f' i\~ i'lA 1I/\w- fDtwm- Cj
rw-:: i'tOl1sP:': "'~Cj TCj'}7i Cjrw-:: h'}lj: f OD"'/\ O11"H'} Yi\rw- HC''T
ow-r)m- f YH 1Uf. OIl fDt"'4.w- fHC hzm,T f~mA ~Cf) i't/\w-::
Tt,''}V:': ~C'}66).c:'T O.OD ;1'rw- Ah fDt~.e- TA9" w~9" rf-l
-rc i't/\l1rw-:: 0 ""fr'r6~ "~1'7YUZf~" i\~ h7-9 fDt~C"" /\011fT f
DtY"'r,?"r ODr)ODC''T i'th-OT:: Oi\r)-th frf-i1'L~ fDtODr)h- ~mt\->'T h1l
fJlW- 66). c;: 0;1' 'T '? Ail flf"1 Ooc;011 "'/\9" i'ti\ rw-:: Oi't,}'''r "", A /1.n'i;G:
tlf" 7 w~9" 8 i't'}~'}.e- 1.tI. 6 fDtlf). '?'}f!..'T i'th-T:: Oi\r)-th f""i1'L~
fDtODr)h- ~mt\->'T ".,i\ Yh-Cj a.A It '}"tIJ-9" "1fJ1 Yh- i'tl,}~.e.. Cjrw-:: "
", "~1'7YUZf~"OkTr-*.r f..:J011 (I;r sP'T 01lJfT fDt rf-hA i'tCHl\.l1C;r)
1l'}f..lf"1 ~;r"'l1A:: 0"'i\1\- Oi't~'} fDt;r~ hlO-13 fDtf..C.... OU"'OUC'
'T YI\-OT p(JOc YA;rw", IlkTr-*Y W-r)1f' h2000-2400DJt. hl1.w.ll.
fDt1~ ~i\ Y'r)""~ 'Hcy9" i't/\::
Uses. The Casuarina species are non-leguminous nitrogen fixing

plants. However, for nitrogen fixation to take place outside the natural
range, the proper bacteria must be in the soil. When planting new trees,
some soil from under old trees that have been inoculated can be spread on
the ground to introduce the appropriate bacteria to the new area so the trees
will fix nitrogen.
The wood is coarse-grained, dark-reddish, prettily marked with dark
veins. Because it is so hard, and sometimes splits or twists, it can be
difficult to work with, but is suitable for making cabinets and veneers.
Casuarina bums with a great heat; some Casuarina have been called
the best firewood in the world. It bums readily, even when green, and the
ashes retain heat for a long time. The wood bums slowly, with little smoke
or ash, and litter collected from under the tree can also be used for fuel.
Charcoal of these species bum with a heat that is among the highest of all
266 Casuarina equisetifolia and Casuarina cunninghammiana
firewood species.
The bark is used as a dye, and for tanning purposes. Planted through
much of the tropics for windbreaks, along roadsides, 'in swamp reclamation,
soil conservation, and dune conservation, as well as for ornamental
purposes.
In Australia C. cunninghammiana is used as a fodder when nothing
else is available.
T~IfD:':: ilCH-t\..Wi{) Cj ~1'~~'}'} OJf.. O~C OJ-{)1' ho?'Q;l.9"-r lJ

iJCP:" o-~'} ff;U,., -n Cj.e:"C'~'}'} (1),( O~C OOtJJ.ooc fO?"fA 1'tJA .,
OJ- :: QO''}9" fCj~:" C'J!-'} OJ-lJ'( rf: h1' ~mC'il 'C OJ-lJ f..:" OJ-6J.b 1..') Jlfl~ l
t..4'~- "~I)rf: OO~C OJ-{)1' noC;C il/\O:":: ilJl{) tfC:"f OO?1'hI\-O-r. 'lu.
h~f(1}4 tf~ O;f'''f fll. 1't.:" o~C 1'{)tryO?OJ-'} It.+- "~I):" II.try{)+ooT
(l)f.. ilJl.... (l;f' ~fl~a.l:Cj Cj ~:"C'~"I-,) ftplJ~I\-::
1..'}tJJ.rf:- 7'it)~+ m~C r« + ~+ Ooom"l- m~C f/\ .,. ~ oo{)ooC
fO? 1~ 0-r .,OJ-:: 0 til 9" m '}t)~ ()/\0''' .e1-11t1lA OJ ~9" ~fl"tIl m.4'A I /\00
ftt---r hq~ J'.l1-'} 1..'}J!- t)Q);-f- "fCj "'9"1'AI)-f- /\no{)~-r 1'-r .,OJ-::
ilCH-t\..qC;{) f\"~ h~"'~ (JOe+-r {)ltll.OJ- il,}~,}~ filCH-II.qC;{)
'}J'..,-f- T II. try1r: 1..'}tJJ.:" "'(1) ~~t fit TOJ-9" J'.qItA:: 1Cj 1..1tJJ.rf: 1..C1'-11
xs« 1..'}~. O+ltl\- ~"~A+ 1..'}Jll1-9" ilOO~ /\l~9" 'l.u. (JOe+-r J'.C;lCP
A:: 1..') Q;l.rf: l ' t.-r 6J.b{) C;C'- r c» -11n.. J'."~A :: 1..'}Jlv-9" h~ ml\-Cj -rCj
'}ff ~C,}IiliC:"f htf4- {)C f0?17'OJ- C;J~ /\try1~ J'.m..,.tryA:: f1.."tllJ lIC
f Y'"f hflA h ibn.."f ern ~ 1..'}tJJ.-f-"f v-I\- fO/\m m+0Il;f' il/\OJ-: :
~C~rf: /\try""/\O?fCj ~~ try/\HQf .,...,qC .eOJ-ItA:: 0-1111- -rC'"(t)
A ilt)qQsP"f 1I.'}4,.{) nohlthf+ 000,}1~ ~C+ Ol""l"" 00&.:" It.e+ /\O~
cs lI.il7'i tp lJ1'O:" 1'0.4' C; 1I.'ls1''':'' J'.'" h ~ A: :
"". "~'J.,YOZf'1" OilOJ-{):"~t\..f fibn.."f .,.tJn.."f ""mn.."f ntry ~
C;-r0-r 'l.u. /\h-11:" noC;.,:" f1/\..,ltA::
Site. A native of Australia, it has been in Ethiopia for centuries.

Cultivated in Gojam, Shewa uplands, and presumably elsewhere. Found to
at least 2550 m asl in Ethiopia.. Best on well drained soils, it does not do
well on clays. C. equisetifolia .may compete heavily for water, and may
lower water tables, exhaust ground water, and suppress undergrowth.
Alkaline or neutral soils are probably better than acidic soils. On very good
sites it can reach 20 m in height in 10 years.
rot 1~OTfl7: hl1". llouC;T O&'T hhCD-ftTt-Il,f rOUfll .... lf1 0

(l71P"fC; t\.t\o"f hfJflo.1P"f "'~ ot1=f 1,1°U71.\::
.,.,;q9"Ci 7icr hc;:..,.;;:
OJ\.Tr-A-.f o..f1ft "fth 25500%. hfl.CD.O. hC;:7 flt\CD- llt-,flo. 1,1;;:A::
07ih4\ OLC ..,~ 0~111 r07.f~'? .... lf1 -r~ 1'C;:LT·flt\CD- OLC 4\1, 0~1
11 ,f~ ;JA:: "Ii. 1l1J.t14;6:tlf" CD-'11 ftt\otif", rCD-'11 1,IIT' 1I~ 007~l
'? rnc... 'r ~C CD-'11 1I~ flOll ~ l""} Il""ft 1, "f4\A-:- "'Jll1"'r Ohm1fl.
rotO~1\- Ibt\o"f hThA-f"f1 1,'1l.~C;A·:: hh....-th OLC 1,A~ hAt-,4\1,
1C; tCD-Tt-A OLC ll1,ifACD- h1,"'C'r::
' " fl~ 111
- flotft0707CD- (17 4\1, 01
ou7T
.
o f} CD-ft1' ~ourf: "hh 20OZ. Il~Cft 1,"f4\A::
Phenology, Propagation and Management. The Casuarinas are

propagated by seed. The trees are said to give great amount of seed, which
does not need pretreatment, and can be stored for a year.
"Cones" are dried in the sun to extract the seed; store seed dry and
cold.
Can germinate in about four weeks in the nursery.
It is a rapid grower in the nursery. Plant in the field at the onset of
the rainy season, 4 to 18 months after sowing. Bare root seedlings of
Casuarina can be planted out. It initially is a poor competitor with grassy
weeds.
Some species of Casuarina have been successfully propagated by
cuttings in very humid conditions such as under a plastic tent.
In Egypt C. equisetifolia was found to shelter harmful nematodes in
the soil. If this is true in Ethiopia as well, it should be used with caution
near agricultural crops.
-z.... m-1 07tD~-:- 07t-flTC; ou1hflhl1: hCII-llfl'i"ft rott-OCD- OllC

~CD-:: Jf4- t\h1~ f}ouT Il", ou m- roy,"fl\--:- rllc 07ififA ~.(-ou-oo-h6
r07,fftLA;J:fCD- 11". IIc-'f1 1l"'1' rot"fA'~CD- 1,fl4\A::
268 Chamaecytisus palmensis
fHC hlm...y.:,: nOAl.e i\.e f..C+(])o HC ,e,(llfJt\-I htlY9" nf..l""c;

+lI:J"tt (1;1' 01"'+00'1'::
nT"I~ lfJQY (])o"''I' nht-:" Uf9"'};1':" (])ofl'l' encl>i\A ::
nT"I~ lfJQ! (])oil'l' "hYI\ LlfJ'). o~'l:" h{\(])o::h""Ht- h4~ 18 CD
t-:" U:\i\ fllC;9" "tit. n,:erc nO?LI\'l(])o (1;1' oo:"hA:: fhCH-ll.QC;fl
T"l7fT') YI\ Ti\flr(:tI hlm..:" oo:;'hA A:fi\A:: (loo:eootY fo~o<t f..l
1{ i\.e hlr') oo**r h.eTAr:: h'}~'}k- fhCH-ll.llC;fl lICYsP"f x'}f..
Ti\flr(:tI ~'}IJ. '} YI\ "'lC l&{)1' /propagator/ 1'';' foC'I'O:".e":" QI\(])o
v-~;1' n~llfJ ll.t-fl. .e Ti\t\-::
. n"lilt) (])ofl'l' "fJ. 1i."./1 -t:G:tlf" OOLC (])oil'l' 1\.,., ~ :"i\1\:,. ~"f
OOllll\Y x')f..tf., ;1' .e:tA:: .eo v-~;1' OJ\.:"f-A'Y9" "h(])o":" htf., O...lIA
rc.y. T hm'lll 1\oo:"hA'I''}:J"<t YflLA;JA::
Casuarina references.
Goor, A.Y., Barney, C.W; 1968.
Krezdorn, R 1985.
Magini, E.; Tulstrup, N.P. ; 1955
NAS; 1980.
National Research Council; 1984.
Chamaecytisus palmensis
Scientific Name." Chamaecytisus palmensis, Chamaecytisus proliferus
Family: Fabaceae (Leguminosae) subfamily Papilionoideae
Vernacular Names: Tree lusern (Amharic). Tagasaste, Tree lucerne (English)
. Description. Originally from the Canary Islands, tree lucerne is an

evergreen shrub or small tree to about 6m. The leaves have threeleaflets,
the central one is the largest to 7 em long, narrow with a pointed tip, and' a
stalk to 2 cm long. The leaves and leaf stems can be covered with fine hairs.
Chamaecytisus palmensis
-----------~-~----------269
The flowers are white. The fruit is a hairy pod to 5 em long containing 8-10
small black seeds.
+6 IJcnC1
OO""lt\~: Ooo~ootY r1'17CD- ot,C;t ~fl..y.T fllf"} IJ-/.\1.1L hI."}
;:s Yo rlf~ 4!T!I: {Il ro~IJO Jf~ ~CD-:: cl-mt\- YJfl:" T :J>:""} :"mt\-o T fl 'j or:"
oot,h t\ ~ CD- 7UfO?, , rorz.~ Cfl ClI oo:" Yt\ CD- ~CD-:: A"} JtIJ-1JO ""l4.:fCD- if/.\
Yt\ fllfJ rcl-mA "J~ 2Uf.0?' ClI oo:" ~'jt.tpA:: cl-mt\-o:,:C; rcl-m/.\ ""I
J~ nT:J>.,.cl-J O'J.~T r1'oL). t\.lfJ ~T"A:: hOIlP':': ~6lb c;:fCD-:: ~t.
CD- 81-COTJ rlf~ A()h SUf,o?' rorz.t.lIlJO+ OCD-flm-IJO h8-10 :"C;"}(f T4!C
nC'T"} rorz.~lI·~CD-::
Uses. Tree lucerne is an excellent erosion control shrub. As a

legume, it fixes nitrogen. It is widely planted in erosion control schemes
around northern Ethiopia.. It is effective for this purpose. Usually it is
planted on bunds or other erosion control structures in farmers' fields,
especially along the contour.
The small leaves of tree lucerne are excellent fodder with a high
food value. The protein content is 20 to 24%, without being toxic to
animals. It can be cut or browsed repeatedly. It has been successfully
introduced in many areas (Gayint, Awi Zone, Selale Highlands and other
places) to increase fodder production.
Bees seem highly attracted to it, and visit it frequently to gather
nectar.
T:"1D:J:: :"tt\-()CJ rOLeJ ATO:" 1\00h"hA roy,t.,l} 01ll1JO T<;'

rtf'! 4!T!Il{ll fllfJ rc; ~:"C'~JJ ~n:" OOLC CD-flT AJJt(J;).IJOC Y~C~
A:: nftO?,J i\.:"f"A'J' OAchJ "~n1lJf:" .e1'h"A:: I\n.v 1'""IIlC Y.."?1D
CD-m..~OTJ ~CD-:: 010t.P'T OTJ... CD-flT 01lJf:" OAchJC; A.t\-oT rATO:"
ooh"hY (If''T ".e O1'I\~1JO Ooot.:" ool\Y (I~P'T ".e .e+h"A::
:"C;Ji'I:': r:"tt\-ftc") cl-mt\-oT Oh~1'~ rlJO""I1I .en:" t\h1l:" 00'j
~:,. rorz.Y11\""It\- fllf"} rTC''tJ ~n-t: h20- 24 t\.Y..Cfl ~T,,/.\:: I\A"}fl,..,
:,. ooCJfOTJ oolf). Aflh ho-J hA1'11\81JO:: O1'~~~oy, Ar"m- ro.e1JO ....e
"t.T AJ,l}1\ 0000111 ~:fl"A:: (I1'I\Y~ (I~P'T (~.eJ:"-j- h'l: Jf"}-j- ft"l\
270 Chamaecytisus palmensis
.s Ib/lo"f O;r1P"f) rl111:" OD'i ,e.H:"1 I\OD£lJ.ODC "1~Dtl~ O~111 ;r

m-*A::
1 (I"f1 0 fJ}9" ()1\ °"l,()11 4' (}00c 1 1\OD(}l1(}l1 ,e.100J:;r A: :
Site. Recently introduced to Ethiopia, it is growing well in moist

and dry highlands and could be successful in moist and wet weyna dega and
dega agroclimactic zones at altitudes between 1,700 and 3,300 m above sea
level. It grows best in high-rainfall cool highlands. Tree lucerne tolerates
drought, frost, and repeated browsing or harvesting. But generally it does
not grow well in soils that become water logged. It will grow in a wide
range of soils but does best on light, well-drained soils, which help prevent
root rot.
r"t'~o:" (l;r: 9"19" "1t\ O~Cl1 'lll. CD~ h.:,.r-w.r

o.,Q9" Oh
~.,. CD~:" 0()4.:" O"C1'O'-"'IJ1(1;rC; ~l~ Il~T;;: (l;r1P"f r"tl\lJ1 ....tfl
"1-'t~9" "C1'l1 CD,e.C; ~;.JC; ~;.J r xec 111l:" Qi\:fm- 071\'-"'9" h1700
-3300~. hQ.CD.O. QI\:fm- hIlQo.1P"f ri'ltll "1;'' '
a\.'ilCD- ,e."fi\/.\:: 0
1'<r ~).;r rO?.o~l\m- "11 h~i';;: '}OD;r'C 1IC;9" Qi\:fCD- hIlQo.,.,"f ~CD-:
: '-"'tt\-(}C1 1;C~+ m-C~C; i'~;J"1qo OD~l1' h,e.o)~CD-9":: ~'C "11 CD-
1J00?.,4IC O&eC i\,e. O~ 111 h,e.O~A9":: 0~t\-9" roz.c '},e.~"'"f i\,e. a\.
O""A n,"fA9" 04'i\AC; 1'or roz,c 1'~&e'-'" lll\m- O&eC i\,e. '11 01'<r ~).
:J" ,e.O""i\A::
Phenology, Propagation and Management. The seed can be found

in November and December in Awi Zone, although the seedpods do not
ripen all at once. The seedpods open forcefully, scattering seed over a wide
area. The pods should be collected before they open, and placed in the sun
until they do so.: The fully black seed are the ripe ones. The brown ones are
generally thought to be not yet ready. Seeds may store fos 4-5 years.
Before planting, immerse the seed in hot water (80"to 90 degrees C)
for five to ten minutes, or nick the seed by hand. It may be helpful to
inoculate the seed with pigeon pea inoculant, although in most areas of
Ethiopia this has not been necessary. '
Chamaecytisus palmensis 271
Tree lucerne can be grown in bare-root seedbeds, or in traditional

poly pots. When transferred to the field, bare root seedlings can be tied in
bundles for easy carrying, but they need to be planted immediately.
Plant seedlings at two months. To maximize fodder production, they
can be pruned frequently to encourage low, bushy and readily accessible
growth and to reduce the amount of woody stem. Especially during the first
two or three years, the seedlings should be pruned down to ground level.
The seedlings need to be protected from grazers at first. Sheep may eat the
bark and kill the trees.
Tree lucerne begins flowering within the first or second year from
planting out. It flowers from July to October in Awi Zone.
t.1I.t&1 O7w~+ O7&.QTCi 001hQhl1: nil'C W} H~ ntJ~CCi :J'tJUf

tI r~1~ Cllf19" rHC hlm.'I: ~h-9" nil J~' 4\.e il.entlA9" OJ.e J9" Y.C
~ il.ehLT9":: rHC hlm.rf: r~L~~ Y:9"1J il()9".y. n~.eA tll\~hLT
llCO:': .en+Cih-:: rHC hlm.'I: hoohLrf: n&'T +()l1t1n ~ lJ!. hL'I: nOth
.e 4\.e OO()flJT ilI\QTt&:: UO«h- 1'41C +1\9" Y4\Tt& HCOT rn()h- CiTt&:
: o-Ci07?'T Qm~4\.e rn()h- CiTt& tryl\T ytlT..,&.A:: HCO:':J h4-5 qoo
:J'T 07()<f>001' .e~...A: :
hooll&.'I: oo&'T H~ J nqo4o t&Y(80-90 J!. t&tl1' ooH~II~ w

.n. )
.e9" n~.~ rHC hlm.rf:J oTlu. ootlnc:: n~"'l1 il+C ooHtj:H&.Y h.~
I]A OOHtj:II~ m~~ l\.rrJ n, TA9" nl1f1. r h. Tr-A-Y hAI\o T iltlLt\1. il
.ey.I\9"::
Tth-()CJ nT"'~ O7tj:Y 00Y.11 4\.e w.e9" nQtJ4\'C rT"'~ hlm..y.

T I\.n""A .eT4\A:: nQp,. 00.l~11 4\.e rLh- T..,"ifTJ t\oooh9" m~AI\o n
ilJ~ 4\.e try()C .e~"'AI ~1C ..,J 1'-1\0 ooThA .ftl.<,A,;JTCf'A::
T..,"ifT r ~ t\ T wc "Y:"? ()/i &. TID" 00 T h A ~r~ ~t&:: r" 1 QJ.T
07 -nr: Tl 111fT t\oo+~tI 1I""+~ 1- 411'1:lOCi 0<f>4\h- r~y.l"" ~ "}J!.lf).
Ci rooe; 9"CTJ t\OOQJ.OOC 0+y.,;J,;J~ oo+1ml1 YtlLA,;JA:: 0+1\.e9"
OOO~ooty?,:,: n~t\T w.e9" O~tlT·qOO:J'-?- T..,"if:': hoo~T T17i h
tj: 11t\t& OO~l1' ht\QTt&:: T..,"if:': OOO~ooty 4\.e hl1T ~1~.ent\Tt&
oomO~ YtlLA,;JT'PA::
Tth-()Cl nilJ~ w.e9" ~t\+~t& 'lOOT 4\.e 07011 .e~9"&.A::

Oil'C 1'1 t&tl1' hth9"lb- 1'''''9''T JlOQ .e1~A::
272 Grevillea robusta
Chamaecytisus palmensis references.

Alemayehu Mengistu; 1997.
Meitzner, Laura S. and Martin L. Price; 1996.
Rehm, Sigmund and Gustav Espig; 1991.
Grevillea robusta
Scientific name: Grevillea robusta A.Cunn.
Family: Proteaceae
Vernacular names: grevilea (Amharic). silky oak (English)
Description. Medium to large tree (to 35 m) with a straight trunk
and many branches. Bark on the stem is light to dark gray, rough and thick
with many deep furrows. The twigs are thick; new growth is covered with
fine hairs. The leaves are alternate, fernlike, and compound with deep
lobes. Leaves are 16 to 30 em long, with 8 to 21 pairs of leaflets. The
leaflets are 4 to 9 ern long and are deeply divided into narrow lobes. The
leaves upper surfaces are shiny dark green and hairless. Underneath the
leaves have short silky whitish or ash-colored hairs. The flower clusters are
7.5 to 18 em long and unbranched. Flowers are yellow to orange. Fruits 2
em long, black, with long slender stalk. The fruit has a long, threadlike,
curved style that looks like a tail. The fruit has one or two seeds which are
10 to 13 mm long. The seeds are flat with a wing all.around, and brown.
The wood is strong, hard, and light colored, and' attractive. It is fast
growing, reaching a height of 20 m in 15 to 20 years on favorable sites.
C'(J.IJ:r
OD"1 h 1i6J.: <f> T Y Il "1'} f: + h 1;Jtl1"9" 1l1fe :,.C'}6l>J.l.:"f Yf\.:'-' + h DDI]
hll~ hf'lh l~9"+ ~DD,p9" 350IJ.. fOlf.~C(} tltt: '1(1}-:: :"C&..,p n..,'}J}. 1\
~ "lllJ Yfl C1J~9" m~C Yfl ..,/r6l>J. t\.Lr'} ~"fl\A:; 7i1]/rc; mil:" Yf\. 1l1fe
OD(}ODC"f Yf\.nT .,ar:: :"C,}6l>J.l.:~ C1J~/r9"+ hJt(} f02. C1Jm-T n "..,qo
".++ ,,1-C frf'nt.'" c;:far:: :"ml\v~ f+HO/rl<f> h<f>OfIDDT YI\:far /h'}
1: hYIt~ f02.C1Jm-/+ f?-.C I\fI fOlf.DD(}f\.+ mit:" Ylt lI"1tt'" DD(}DDC r«
Grevillea robusta
------------------------- 273
QraJ- lf~m-+ Oh1~ fc}>mA "1~ '\.e l1lfe lf~aJ- f~""$ C;raJ-:: c}>mho
:r: h16-30 ut.o?,. f~lll0J)<0 fl.lf1 h8-21 'J'1~ 'J'.4>c}>1 e}mhol- hi).T
aJ-:: 'J'.«J>c}>e;:r: e}mhol- h4-9ut.0?' f~lll0J)<0 fl.lf1 mOl1 Qi\- 'J'Ae} ;(r:
fPl- frf'h~Li\- C;rlD-:: fc}>mho:r: f'\.e~aJ- h~A f~f1fJQlc}> m~C fll
hl1~.e.. v-r et«: f1l.1l0:" ~aJ-:: h:t'l- Oh-A rhC foo",fl. ro.eer hoo~
OOJ me hllaJ-:: hOl1 ffl. hOQfPl- c}>C16l>J.~ fll.'\raJ-+ h7.5-18ut.0?' C
00
11 : " .r'\raJ- C;raJ-:: fhOQfP:r: <f>l\er o.6l>J. ro.e1er l1C1:f]1 Illr1 .e
l-'\fl.:: ~t.fP:r: lHer 4'm1 QI\ "1~ '\.e frf'1ml\mfl. tLlf.,.+ 'J'<J1C+ 2
-t. 171 ClI oo T J''\raJ- C;raJ-:: ~t.aJ- l~er+ hc foo"'l\+ 10'J' J'I\ ~
~:,. f~ooitA ~.,C hl\aJ-:: ~t.aJ- h10-13~. o?, f~lll0J)<0 h1~ ro.e
er 0-1\:" Hr:l- OaJ-itm- hfl.:":: Hr::r: m~fJl~ lfetfraJ- h1~ 0 00 "'1\
~.,
C frf'nL).C; o-C;OOJ 4'l\er f'\raJ- C;raJ-:: '-1lJJ.1: 'J'';' ooitlJl1 fllaJ-+ ~
fJl fl\+ m1f]~c; l1C1: ~lD-:: O~oorlD- hf]Qo. 15-20 f}oo:" aJ-it'J' 20
o?,. f~f~" LfJl1 lJ~":" fl\lD- 'I~ ~ro·::
Uses. Silky oak is cultivated for ornamental purposes in Ethiopia,

having been introduced from Australia. The wood is used for many items.
It is a handsome wood. The sawdust sometimes causes skin reactions in
some people.
The wood is useful for fuel and charcoal. It is widely planted as an

ornamental and roadside tree.
Several authors recommend the use of this tree close to crops. In

fact, in Kenya, it is grown as a shade tree in tea and coffee plantations, and
in open grazing areas as a shade tree for cattle. It is sometimes grown close
to crops, where it is cut severely (pollarded), and then successfully regrows.
In this way fuel wood can be harvested, while the stem increases is
thickness from year to year, eventually to be cut for lumber. However, one
author, Malkana (1987) includes Grevillea in a listing of species proven to
exhibit allelopathy, but gives no reference.
This tree is a very valuable pollen and nectar source. Its planting is
recommended to increase honey production.
'J'e}tpJ~: J~lJ Jf~ fOOfJllD- hhaJ-it:"~llf fl.lf1 nx. rf'f-A- J'

aJ-it'J'
f~I\""aJ- l\'Lm~:" ~aJ-:: '-1fJJ.1: OfJler ~1;( '-1lJJ.:" ~aJ-:: '-1lJJ.1: 0
"1aJ-"f: f1.Ull1P.c; hflA 11f1.'?ltA:: f1.'L'I'''''''C; 0 0011,(- ~C f1.'I'It 0

fl~"" .e-f'hltA::
1111- IJth&.9'"f .ell .Ilj; nfll1l\o"f i't1ll111 0.-f'hA 'I''t- "1 f..tr., ~C;1
&-1\-:: O"c,?lr9" 0h.1.r ntf,ec; o-c; f"ctf (I;r9'"f It,e f1.'I'It""" ~1'hitA
to""
:; 0 '? (Il7i 00 i'tIlq 0. f..,?qo fI. h11"'"f 00 lllfl.l""" 11 fI. '?ltA:: i't1 ~ 1,(-
"l1L Ofl'OI\o"f orfl'l' ~Ocl>ltA:: '?1~ f\.~l'l' oolA(t Y~lllelltfJA:: flth ....It
mUJ lJ").;r fUll1p. "1aJ-"" Ull'?7"" ~~It A 7- f'?1 ~ orlj;l"" h i't00"" i't
00"" "faJ-ool oooff} 1JL f1.ff}orlt onelll'l' ,e~ltA:: UllAIlC;(1987) f1'Q
n n
fI. IJ th&. h -f' I\- fOIl. lDfJ} .f' 1\0 "f 1 f1.:~ ~ fOll."fA h. OIl. 11 A "1 ~f1.or ~ 'lj;
"1~ 9u '}9" 9u 1 61'> i'tA9:<f>fl9"::
~ lJ Jf lj; 1ll~0Il. f4'fl9"C; f M1q ~ et"" 9"16J!> .,or:: fOIl.-f'h fI. or 9"
eru: 9"C""1 f1.Ullflf.. '? '-f'111\o "lor::
Site. Grevillea is a tree that can be planted on a wide range of sites,

in a several climates. However, it does not do well in soil that becomes
waterlogged: In some places it has been reported to regenerate naturally and
become an undesirable weed, but the study staff has not heard of this
occurring in Ethiopia. It is resistant to drought, and can withstand light
frosts. Young plants should be protected from frost. Fichtl and Admasu
report that it is found in Ethiopia to as high as 2700 m as!' Study staff have
confirmed that it grows to at least 2550 m asl (Injibara). It is not very shade
tolerant, and therefore requires direct sunlight Thus it makes a fine
roadside tree.
In Ethiopia it can be planted in both dry and wet areas. It has been
known to grow in areas with 400 to 2500 mm rainfall annually, although
optimum is probably between 700 and 1500 mm annually. It grows well in
areas with a 2 to 6 month dry period, but can grow in areas with up to an 8-
month dry period.
Grevillea prefers deep, but not waterlogged soils. It does best on
free draining soils such as sandy loam and a pH of neutral to acid..
Silky oak was chosen as one of six species to be studied as a part of
an afforestation program in the Legeambo Farmers' Producer Cooperative of
the Harar Highlands in Ethiopia (Bishaw, 1988). Roadside and border row
Grevillea robusta
plantings were done to serve' as shelterbelts. 5000 seedlings of G. robusta

were grown in plastic tubes, but only 206 were planted. The study reports
that 71 % of these seedlings survived. This was a higher rate of survival
than the Casuarina equisetifolia, Acacia cyanophylla, two Eucalyptus spp.,
and Cupre~sus arizonica, which were also planted.
Grevillea generally has straight form, is fairly rapid growing, and
can grow back when cut at breast height. Application of manure to young
(4 year old) trees has been shown to .give very significant growth increases
for Grevillea.
f"t 1~ {I + (1:1' : ,e.u tJlj: 011". f Jlrc 111l.y.:'f 011". (I:I''':'f ...,e.
l\.rf'hA ,e.:'f...A:: o.tI'19" (J}<'/ O"t.f'~C (1:1' ...,e. 0~111 Jlf~"'9":: OJl1
~1~ (I:1''':'f ,e.lJ tJlj: Orf'L1'C' r"tOc)l\ {)t\tI'~ fU7f{)LA"'I Jll9" Aftl'~
~(J}<:: ~1C "'11 01'c;.'lo fl.~c;:'f1 ,n~ ,e.lJ Olt..'lof-A"f (J}<{)1' A(J}<~+ A1
~tf~ JlArf'l:J1m9":: ~C:"1 rOf**S"'c; "'Jlv.9" +t\A ylt- (J}<Ctif.b19"
1\.**9", r~:'fA tllj: ~(J}<:: t\.'1rf'ht\o:'f h(J}<Ctif.b OOmO+ Jlt\QT(J}<:: ~:'f
Ac; Jl~U7f). h2700~. hq.CD.O'.... ,e 1\.1~ 1t1~~:'fA II~O'l'A:: f1'c;.'lo'
fl.~c;:'f1 02550~. hq.CD.O. hlj::1'(",~q~) ... ,e. f"t1~ ootI')'1 Jll.'1"'1
tp.A:: 1'i\ rOfl,e.CD~ {)t\tI'~ +1':1' rOm,e. lIC'/1 f{)LA1'1'A:: ,e.lJ9" 1'or
rOO11~ ~C 1'i\tJlj: "'-'ttl" f~C1'1'~::
oIt..'lof-A"f (J}<{)1' O~l:"c; "C1'lI Jl..,I1O,,,:'f I\.rf'hA ,e.:'f'~A:: h

400-2500"t. ~ fllc;9" OOm1 OJloo"'" qt\O.'lo Jl..,qO, f"tOc)A ootf).· f
"t:1'CD:" Ittl'1-:- rf'{)0fI~(J}< "'11 h700-1500~. ~ f1lc;9" OOm1 OJloo
..,.. ~(J}<:: O~ 111 r~y~'I(J)< h2-6 CD~"'" ~l:" 1.11. qt\(J}< CDc)"'" itti''} A{)
h 8 CD~"'" ~l:" '1.11. q...:f(J}< Jl..,qOsP:'f9" t\.O:"A ,e.:'fi\A::
,e.lJ tJlj: 1'A+.'lo St\(J}< OLC ,e.{)OfIOfI'I'AJ ~1C "'11 (J}<'/ r.II1J,e.7fhoo-
rOLC f},e.~.y.:'f ,e.{)OfIUD-:1'A:: 1'''- r~f~1m- ~., r1'lj:L"'" ~~:1' q :f
(J)< A1~ hit'l'OfI+ 'l'A"'+"'JlIJ«9"t(J}<""'~Ac; Jlft.(- rOLc,e.II.'lo q :f
(J)< rOLC f},e.~.y.:'f ~(J}<::
,e.lJ Iflj: It.:"f-A"y (J}<{)1' OchlC hlj:rf'~ (l7":'f 0t\.'19"(1 f1{1t.

n
,,:'f ,Jl9"6-¥:'f ')lIl.'lo (J}<{)1' t\~') rf'h... TC'"'I~9" hrf'OOlm- {)~{).'lo 11
Cf":'f Jl1~ A1'(tr~ rf'''''9.A (0,i'f(J}<1988):: ()OO11~ sc« O~"}{lC
lIlCJf~; r1'.,..ht\-:f. r-ri\ ~""""fl~(IlC;hc ;l'{)fl ~(J}<:: OTi\{)1:h hlm. +
5000 :'f.,if'f 0c)t\(J)< ~OC+ 206 1I~ "'I11'rf'ht\(J}< ~OC:: 1'c;1l 71/10
o Jl~1(J}< /O~+(J}</ ,,'}~~OC ""'I9.A:: ,e.u9* JllIl(J}< 'Olt1 Y: tD:,..'lo rf'rf'h
t\fDo h~Oor.'loht\,t\o:'f 1ICS :'f..,if:'f fOt\m ~OC::
,e.lJ 1IC,r qm.+...,e. +1' J't\ :"CtH OOOm).9" O,tI'1 LffJ1 !J.(-1T
hl\CD":: "'Jlo-9" ""11~1 hoot,.T hlJ: 111\CD" n,~ClIl-T O~ 111 I~m'"

lfJA:: I\lltJ lICI I\;J (4 qooT) JlC:T P?JHMI ooQJ.ooC nlfJ9" hlJ:""~ lJ
1:1T "'JlQJ.9"C h1:C1o;rA::
Phenology, Propagation and Management. Pick the capsules just

after they turn brown, before they open and discharge their seed, and let
them dry and open in an area protected from the wind. Germination time is
variable, taking from one to six weeks. Germination of fresh seed isin the
60 to 80 % range in 20 to 28 days. Seed stored in normal conditions remain
viable only a few months after collection, but seeds dried to 6% moisture
content and stored at -7 degrees C or 3 degrees C are reported to keep well
for two years. There are 80,,000 to 1,00,000 seeds/kg.
Growth rate in the nursery is medium, in contrast to its more rapid
rate in later life stages. Roots may require pruning in the nursery. This
species ,needs five or six months in the nursery. They can remain in the
nursery -'up to twelve months if the roots' are pruned. Seedlings can be
planted out as bare root. '. ..
Grevillea can be severelypollarded with the stem growing thicker
and thicker each year, but it generally will not regrow if cut to near ground
~. .
1.1L CD"1 "7 (I):" + "7 6-q -l-tJ' 001h q h 11: lJ:t,.9':r: 1 .,..hlJ:.,..CD" "6-TCD"
1 1\~4-ll hoollm;rTm- O&'T "71I)T+ ~4-{) nt\.I\OT (I;r h1:C1o "'Jlh
t.ei: "71:l:":: fl1-1'I\T 1.tLCD" ~I\! IA+ hl-6 U-f9"1;rT ~(JJllJ',A:: f.,..
fl.h "~T 1I-1'I\T h20-28 ."C;T m-h'l' h60-8Q ~lfC;A:: nThhl\~ 11"~
n...
:J' '.,..+tlDlIl- HC'T l\.t'l"f. f01£TI\-T h.,..... n-· n:\~ "'I'toT I)~"}:J'T ~
CD"+ ~1C ""11 a "C'I'O:" Il\Tm- f~l'" HCOT "'-'to-9" n-7 (JJ~9" 3 -'t.
fl.. f~+:" oom1 f""",oom HC 1\0-1\:" qooT. It.~~'''f..01£TA ""H""19.
A:: 0011: 11..""1 HC m-{l'r h800QO~ 100000 HC:".f .e1~1\-::hT""1=J lfJo.
I CD"6f!> hotiflCD" lJ1:1T ;JC J\~"8C 0-T""1~ lfJ(l.1 CD"ll'l' fOIl. iflCD" lJ1:
1T if-1'''''~ ~CD":: fT""1~:r:flC OT""1:rlfJll.r m-ll'P "'I\- 001lll stu:«.
;JT.'f'A:: "~ff.tJ lIC.f9'T OT""1~ lfJll..r CD"ll'l' l\""hl\"llhOlJ..~C"" h5:-6
(JJ6-T' 1t'lt.ef.\;JT'fA:: fT""1~:':PCOT h.,...,lH- "llh 12 (lJ6-T 1:llln
T""1='flfJll.1 CD"ll'l' l\."'~ ~Tl\A::T""1?'fT9"11\ Tt\ll-th hlm..'l-t\.+h
he .eTl\l\-:: . .
Grevillea robusta
rlllJ 1fC.r ,,~ (l.r OD1: ArmLl (lODiJI 41IJ'C OD41llJ' .e:Fi\A+ ~.,
C "?') (lODt.i: h~'+Ah h""~ltll ODA(I t\..r~tIl411J' 1t.e"TAVO::
Grevillea robusta References

Bishaw; 1988.
Breitenbach; 1963.
Goor and Barney; 1968.
Ficht1, R. and Admasu Adi;'1994.
Krezdorn; 1985b.
Krezdorn; 1985c.
Little; undated.
MacLachlan; 1999.
Malkana;1987.
Mersha Gebre-hiwot; 1982
Parry; 1956
Teel; 1984
Other Exotic Dega Trees

Cupressus lusitanica ,..
...is known asyeferenj tid throughout most of Ethiopia. It has a
similar appearance to the natural, Ethiopian tid tJuniperus procera),
but a mature Ethiopian tid has branches that hang down. Male cones
of Cupressus lusitanica are fat tips on branchlets-rhat produce a
cloud of yellow pollen when ripe. Female cones round, 1.5 em
across, gray color.when young, taking two years to ripen, and then
becoming brown. The small scale like evergreen leaves are similar
to asta (Erica arborea), but the branches of asta are very much
pointing upwards, while for the yeferenj tid they are more horizontal.
Yeferenj tid is very widely planted in plantations in Awi Zone and
throughout degaEthiopia, and as shrubs in towns throughout much
of Ethiopia. Yeferenj tid does best on deep, well-drained soils, with
278 Cupressus lusitanica ...
more than 800 mm rain annually. It is so widely planted that

comments or suggestions on propagation are not needed here. In
Ethiopia it is planted to as high as 3300 m asl. In the surveys with
farmers in dega Awi, they did not like the use of this species as a
fence. When asked whetlier they preferred yeferenj tid or korch
(Erythrina) for fencing, all groups said korch. Almost three times as
many groups said they prefer the Ethiopian tid to yeferenj tid. One
reason is that in the Cupressus forests of dega Awi, often there isno
undergrowth. Farmers take this to be evidence that the tree is not
good for the growth of other things around it. This has been
observed in other African countries such as Kenya. Nevertheless, it
is a common practice in Ethiopia to use this species as a hedge in
tree nurseries. Other similar species: Cupressus lusitanica is the
most widely planted tree of this type in Ethiopia, but there are
several others introduced to Ethiopia that are similar. Cupressus
sempervirens is a tall tree looking like a hotdog on a stick.
Cupressus arizonica has bark that peels off in patches, giving a
mottled appearance with multicolors; the leaves of Cupressus
arizonica often have a conspicuous shiny gland on the leaf. Thuja
orientalis is usually managed as a shrub or hedge, with all young
branches growing on a single plane and having blue immature cones
turning gray/brown when mature. It has been seen growing as high
as 2500 m asl in Ethiopia.
11.1t-1= 1'~tiJ'" 7Ief I'J:,.? If&:1=

"IJTtf.dlJ tt.!t:rtIJ" 011..+ Oh/H'''*,.f fLl'~ ~.e-,.q4A:: hthOf'f ~
.e- »c -ftODI)I).e~"" Jrthf&1 ~"C""'..hOf'f 1t.e- tD1.. :l'T f-ft"}mt\
mf\. ~C"}t»I>j.c:"f hf\."":: 'f~l"}~ 1'.(' (I)"}F.. h(l"f/1l0Cl/ 0:H;"}At.
c:"f- I\.e tr~tD- 1ll~1ll~ 8I.tt: Jrt" TtD-:: ".,~ 1J9"'I\.Ohf\. 0.4iIi ftD") s;
HC ~H;J~f\.:: (}.-f; tJ(l"f/hOIl/ tJl1 I\.tr.,. 1.5~.ott OD'IA hOD'IA
. h~:I'TtD- I\.tr') I).eOhf\. ""16.6101. <f>hr .f4TtD-+ t\ODl1f1AI1"t\+
~..,. fO?tDf)~+ hlf.~SJD o.IJOIJ fO?tf't-CiTtD-:: +C;"}1f ~C~+
.fl\TtD- fO?ODhf\.+ I1"A1.tL hl"}=l~++mt\o"f hhf):I' +mA »c
1'ODI)I).e CjTtD-~ ~"C ""1'fhh:l':,.c'At.~"f tDy" 1\,.
+1' .fl\- fI
.11} fLl,}~ 1'.e-'""1"} (1)1..,101 h",t;tr fOlltDlIl- 'iT(I)o:: fLl")~
1'.e- Oh«e tf'}Cj 1111- fh. +r-*,.f 1..;1 JrtlJqo.P'"f Oh~T f-ft-ftht\ fI
-<Ill'"} nh-ftOlJP'"f tD-f)1' r~-ftbi\tD- ),11.. 4l1'*lP ~CI)o::fLl"}~ l'
Eucalyptus species ...
~ 'f'A+Te; 'f'tt:LT lIfttD- OLC '\,e 'he; h800~. OIL o'\,e 0 00 ;1'
'e rlle;SJU oom1 lI'\rtD- hl]lIo.?,:'f 0~111 f~;JA:: O{)4.Te; 011
1fT r".".hft ()ftlf~ OhO:J>+f\. '\,e h{)'"frof.:'f1 A'''''f' h1LA"7
SJU:: Oh. Tro*, f 'h{)h 33000lL. hll.(I).O. htt:,,+ ~te{) "''''h').A:: 0
h'e ~;J"Y 1\1]1I0. 0~Ote1 'f'e;T ,eU11 If~ 10t.?':'f fth'f'C h,e(l)
~TSJU:: httcTe; hLte't~ 'f'~ rT~tD-1 'h1~~LA'" ()1m,e:J>r
o» O-f\.SJU ttC:'f1 ,eooCfllf\.:: 1111- 10~?'?f x1 ~ ~1~ 1 r thfl~ ~~
hLte1~ ~~ Y'{)"" 'h'f'tt: "'~~~A~1tetD-e;A:: h.SJUh1fof.:'f h
1~ Oh~~;J hl]/lo. nLte1~~~ ~1 tD-{)'f' h{)~ fO+ft ~'\".
hA h,e,,+,eSJU:: 10~?'T ,eU11 lbl\oT ,..lI1\oT /".hI\oT/ +hhuT
htl? t\.0-l>f\. nfloo~i\raF} x1 ~ "Y{)teJr ,e(l){)~"+A:: ,eU .,.~
,e Olbl\oT 'h1~ h.1f 1If\. rhtt:~1] h1CTSJU ,,+,e;t.A:: ,eO-1 'h1
~ Oh.Tf-*'f ,eU11 ".hA 'h1~ rhThAT /oomllO't.f/ h'f'C 0
:'f"7"1 fllo.f tD-{)'f' oom"'OO- r".ftoo~ ~tD-:: lbho:'f ".ooltlt,e lIC
.f?':'f: rLte1~ 'f'~ Oh.Tf-*'f OfllSJU O{)4.T r-r".hft ,eo-1 'h1
~ lbl\o:'f ".oolJlJ,e lICf?'TSJU hf\.:: "IJTtt,nlJ nr'C~ii~'Jh" T
A-l> Iftt: ....lf1 rlf~ -l>c,)h~-l> ....,,+,e (I)~ '\,e lIm'f' r« ~tD-:: "IJ
. Ju:JJltIJ" -l>C~-f: r~'\'f' ~C'f't-6f.b ffttD-+ O"'ftf~ +ft"YT r+
~1ote.,..te+ -l>mt\l O+'\f\. r~,,+,e+ h101lt-'t 'h1fi.'f'/'hm./ hftOT
:: "{).jf A6''''J..+tl.h'' ....O{)f\. (I)~ "7t-6li/ o-e;"Y r~ftCDlJl-.rhOll
htem. of.'T ff\.OT o» -l>C1651C::'f ff\.T+ 1111- "lll. J\1 ~ ~'f'*(Il
(I),eSJU rhThAT hlJ'C Ifer r~f~"7 ~tD-:: Oh.Tf-*'f J\{)h 250
OOIL. hll.(I).O. ~te{) ,eO-l>'\A::
Eucalyptus 'species ...
Farmers from Wolaitta to Harege to Awi and beyond are in almost

universal agreement that Eucalyptus is not good for the soil. And
yet the various eucalyptus species as a group are the most widely
planted trees, indigenous or exotic, in" the country, Fast' growth,
drought resistance, source of income, straight form, for construction,
bark useful for ropemaking, ease ofpropagation, and widespread
availability in the nurseries are reasons for this.' Comments and
suggestions on how to propagate them are not necessary here.
F~rm'er~:bave notedthat often there is lack of undergrowth in the
• <. eucalyptusforests. III t.heriear,fi;tture there may De' a need to reclaim
'land that, h¥ been eUpalyptV& Jo,~est. .The use of Acacia saligna may
be helpful. It is an introduced nitrogen fixing species from Australia
280 Eucalyptus species ...
that forms an understory under eucalyptus in their native Australia.

There are fifty-five species of eucalyptus that are listed in the Flora
of Ethiopia. These have all been introduced from Australia. Most
are only found on some experimental sites. In the dega areas, the
most commonly found species is Eucalyptus globulus, known as
nech bahr zaf in Amharic, fuchi bahr zaf in Awi, and Tasmanian
Blue Gum in English. Other species that might be planted in dega
areas might be Eucalyptus viminalis, Eucalyptus cladocalyx and
Eucalyptus grandis. Eucalyptus camaldulensis or qey bahr zaf, is
generally found at lower altitudes than Eucalyptus globulus, but can
be found at times into dega areas. Some of these species are now
interbreeding and are difficult to differentiate.
r"h.dJ-hfl.T1'il" 1ICJ':P"f: haJi\,e;1' h{)h tltl.C"L h1-'t~~ h{)h hlf II

"} htlJ'~ 04,e Ill\,. httllfl:P"f ~1\,.9" 10t.:P"f noc tit;: I\OLC l '
?o h1~Atr., ,e{)0?0?1\,.:: ,e~1 h,}~ h{)h h~19" h'lC-O+A OJ,e
~ rdJ-6lb 1ICJ' rtr.,. rlllJC tit;: 1ICJ':P"f Oil4.:" hf1'1'hl\,. .,dJ-::
I\tllJ9" 9"n1J'i: LtlJ1 "1:'l1:+ 1:C~1 1'00**9" ~,el\,.+ r'lfl
9"16J.b.,1:+ 1\"11tl;1' 4'1' J'I\ ~C8-+ Am- 'l00 1: I\ooil&-:" 001'+
OD-+ I\O?&-ll:" hl\O?{):f'l~+ h'}-'t~~ o"f.,-S tlJflJ' Oil4.:" h,}~
Al1 00'l71: .,ro-:: pl\ O?&-lli: h{)+J'r:,.'i 1'~0?:P"f1 ooillll1:
h4{)Ll\'l,}9":: 'l0t.:P"f nnuc tit;: ~1 ro-{)1' Ibho"f +nho"f l\.0-l-
I\,. h1~0?,e"f1\,. "~l.ro-'iA:: 0"t+1'1\,.:" -l-Cl1 1.1I.J':" rlllJC tit;:
'" 1'.,01.0:" P;1' x 1 ~ 'l'i 00;1',,() x'" "tJ'{)LA 'lro- 'l0t.:P"f h
I'll +ro- J!. 'i'l&-f\.:: 9"'iA1l:"9" 0fllJ P;1' 4 J!. "i)1l, .,S"'''} 001Il +~
1Il:J""t J!.tr'iA:: hhro-{):,.&-l\.J' rootlJ'i 'i ,e:,.c: ~11 HOLC ro-{)
l ' r"tJ''PlJ1: {)C J'l\ro- (ttr1 Ohro-{):,.&-l\.J' nnuc tit;: '" dJ-il
l ' ,e+h4A:: O"t;:ho&-}'t;: h.:,.r-A-!" ro-{)1' f+ooH'l(l. '/9"1t h~
il:" flllJC tit;: 1IC!:P"f hl\,.:: h.,-SlJ9" OOD-I\,. hhro-{):,.&-l\.! roo
file 'i:fro-:: ... ".:P:': r"t'l)::" Oh1 ~ ') 1:roo- h &- tlJfl!:P"f .,ro-::
O";J htttlfl:P'f 01ltl:" rDt,'l7ro- Oh"'1C~ """1'>lllJC lit;: Oh~ +--
:e nee tit;: x1-'t~9" 01l,}"1l\.11~ ';1'fltJWt'k!'} 111\,. 'l~' rDt,lll\ro-
.,ro-:': Ibho"f O~;J httllQ.:P"f l\.+hl\,. r"t"fl\,.:" ''It.. ii OZS"ll,h+
h4/'-lill,hhS" "It:- 1,IJ.h" It,etr.,. h,e+C9":: +,e llUC tit;: h.,6J.I' II
lJC tit;: ,eA~ 01l~+~ root.:" ht;:;1':P'f 4,e ,e'l~Al "'lC "7,,} h
. ,,}~,,}1: 1.11. O";J ht)llfl ,e'l~A:: hl~"}"':,s 1IC!:P'f ll~'" 1.... I'
""~+I\,. ill\tr., h'}~"} hh'}~ "'11\1':" Ail:f;Jt ~ro-::
Pinus species ...
Pinus species ...
In the United States, pinewood is the most common structural

building material. The wood is light colored and soft, but easy to
use for lumber. The two most common pines in Ethiopia are both
introduced from the Americas. These are Pinus patula and Pinus
radiata. Both have needles for leaves, arranged in groups of threes.
The small branches of Casuarina species are similar at first
appearance, but are not in groups of threes, and have horizontal light
colored bands. The main difference between Pinus patula and Pinus
radiata is that the Pinus patula needles (leaves) hang down while
the Pinus radiata do not. Pinus radiata is susceptible to disease, and
therefore is not widely planted in Ethiopia. It has done well, though,
in Ethiopia, with several 34 yr old specimens seen in Old Injibara at
an altitude of 2500 m asl which were 24 to 27 m in height and 58 to
73 em in diameter. In the Injibara area there are also some young
plantations ofPinus patula that are showing a good growth rate.
f";r .e~h" lICYsP"f: m~c;.e-r~ h-t:-rh l&hT f';r .e1' lt1QJ,-r fl""11f1;1'
ht- frfloo~ ~l&:: lt1QJ,-P ~flJ Yfl "'fl~ Yfll&C; flh/lll ~l&! ~1
C ""11 flflJl&/l floom"'~ "'/lA ~l&:: IJ"fl.p~ f';r.e1' lICYsP"f
CD~ h.Tr-~y foom-T hhOlltl] ~l&:: lt~C""~ ";r.e~h ;r:':/l"C;
";r.e~h t-JtY;1''' C;Tl&:: IJ"fl-P~ ~f1T lf~l& (n~ /l.e f~1):
ooCt.. fOO(}fl. ""mt\o"f h1.Tl&:: fhCHfl.qcih TC;1'1i ""C1t>rtG:"f
oooj!ootY /l.e lt~1l.01 f~oohA o.lf1~ ~hT Oh1~ /l.e h.e
~fl~:: h""1~~ ~flJ r« "'fl~ Yfll& hll Ofl.tyrl& f/lTl& C;T
CD-:: r'trrs« ;r:':/lC; t·JtY:r" CPC;CD- A~~:rTl& f";r. ;r:':/l"
""mt\o"f CDf. /l.e fr1mflmfl. .... lf1 f";r. t-JtY;1''' ""11 CD~ ;1'"f
fr1mflmfl. h.e~fl.'r:: ";r.t-JtY:r" O"'/lfl. OO'1i;1' f~m"
hfllf~ Oh.Tr-~ .fOh4.T h.e"'hA~:: .eO o.lY1~Ohc"1"l& lt1
~qt- 025000ll. foot.T h~:r /l.e 34 t}ooT flf~l& Jf~ 24-27
OIl. <#looTC; 58-73Uf. OIl f14.T Yfll& lfli .e1~A:: Olt1~11t- h
I]qo. T~ f"~1T 1J"~:r Y/lTl& fl;J f";r. ;r:':/l" rht\o"f hfl.::
282 Populus species....
Populus species....
Poplar trees are generally very straight growing, often with leaf
shapes much like a triangle. They have been introduced to Ethiopia
to be used as ornamentals in Addis Abeba. They have very rapid
growth, and are very easy to propagate by cuttings or root suckers.
IFSP in South Gondar has begun using them extensively in erosion
control schemes in woina dega and dega areas. They seem to be
doing very well in that role.
I'";r":llil" 1ICYsP"f: 1'''71=4C'' tfC:"f 'lm:J'4,e +1' r« "~1:"c; QlItf

~lD- ~i'I:" .,..c;'e ~mA YI\:flD- c;:flD-:: Oh. :,.r-A- Y lD-i'Il' OhJlil
hOQ 1\1.1'~:" Y1""'''fl.:: nne CD,etr ",C(fl oou:"hA 1l""lt.Q:" +
4A 1'0'''''1 LflJ1 lJf;1:" Y4:flD- c;:flD-!: h,e. J'bli:.J'bil. 'C. O~(l.
11 ""1~C CD,ec; ~;Jc; ~;J ht)QO,sP"f I\OLC "1'0:" Oh4hY~:"
oum+tr ~trltpA:: Oli.lJ l1f; 1'"1- otc; "1'1'IiIilCD-f: ~lD-::
Schinus molle,...
...or qondo berberie, is native to South America. It has very

attractive leaves that hang down. The shiny green leaves smell like
black pepper, as does the fruit when crushed. The flowers are red.
The leaves are used to repel flies, and the fruit is commonly sold in
marketplaces to be crushed and mixed with other spices. It is
recommended for planting to increase honey production. It is
usually planted in lower altitude regions of the country, but can be
found to at least 2400 m as!. It has also been planted as high as 2550
m asl (Injibara), but the trees are still too young to evaluate its
performance at that altitude. The young trees can be damaged by
frost. Mature trees are less vulnerable to frost damage.
Schinusmolle.... 283
"if.e~ll 6JD/b" efI"}p,. OCOt. f'ooffJeD- nxn-n h~tt, "lD":: OffJ,., ~ll f'''t
• ~(1J~ :1''f, r"""'mi\mltr ""mllo'f hA<+:; MJ'''.C4& hlPJ~
""lIlho:t:C; r.,.Lat:
~t.sP:t: A")~ ",<ftC OCOt. .e1i;t-f\.:: hOlJsP:t:
+.e c;:feD-::+1Ilh-~ ;'"}O'f' -t\"7'tlC Q.J''It\..,f\. ~t.sP:t: ~..,qu
L6lb.y. ht\.ho'f .-,.00"7 ,-,,006JD'f ,;JC t\oo+lt+A 010J' f\i1l1l- .e;t-
J'fl.:: 011tf-1- fl1'hA ro,c
9"C-}-1 t\OD(;QooC A1~Dtl~' ;t-~*
A:: Oh1t1: 01ltf-}- r"t1'ht\dJ. 01l'-"1'~ fl;t-P''f f\lf1 Allh240
O~. hlJ.lD.O. Y:lll t\.O""A .e'fltA:: Allh h~1 Y:lll ~t. J'Ali
m- tfC:'f .e~~"'~ A{)tt 2550"'t. /A1~lJt,./ Y:l{) t\.O'-"A
«»
.8,'fltA:: It;) tfC:'f OeD-C~ t\.lIlefl .e'fltf\.:: rOllf\. tfC!'f,., OeD-C
6f.b t\.lIlefl .e'fltft.+ .,1C "'l'~ht\;JsP:t: lJ.,lI o-~;t- '~eD-::
,f .
Dther Exotic Dega Trees references

Azene-Bekele-Tesemma; 1993.
Edwards, S., Mesfin Tadesse, and Hedberg, E.; 1995.
,.
Roman, Dejan Burckhardt von; 1994.
i'
I'". i:
: -,t .'
284 Scientific names.
Glossaries of common
.
and scientific names
" "
found in the manual.

The names listed below are almost exclusively names that have been
collected or directly verified by the study staff
Scientific names.
Scientific name Amharic Awi Comments
name name
Acacia grar CSJIrC tsatsi 'J'l
abvssinica
Acacia decurrens yeferenj r'('l1~ ferenj '('l1~ 'J'l
grar CSJIrC tsatsi
Acacia lahai cheba Q;l,1l tsivi 'In.
Acacia mearnsii yeferenj r'('l1~ ferenj '('l1~ 'J'l
grar CSJIrC . tsatsi
Acacia omedla ~"'l.1:"
melanoxylon
Acacia negrii grar CSJIrC tsatsi 'J'l
Acacia saligna saligna itll..CSJCJ
Acacia species grar CSJIrC tsatsi 'J'l
Aeschynomene yefyyel r~rA fyel ~rA 'J'l
abyssinica grar CSJIrC tsatsi
Albizia species sesa (lit kansini "fJ1fL'1.
A//ophylus kanaberi IlCJIl& intatai, h1:1'11:1'11. possibly
abyssinicus intahtai known as
'mbus in some
areas, but
'mbus is also
used for other
trifoliatetrees
as well
Apodytes dong, P.1"1! zindi tL1"l
dimidiata donga P.1;J
Argyrolobium amedmado hou1:t6fI hou1:t6fI-'l
species P.
Arundinaria qerkeha 4'C4''' anini h'1.'1. mountain
alptna bamboo
Bambusa sora (air a bamboo
vulgaris qerkeha? 4'C4''' from Asia
Scientific names.
Bersama azamira ill19"&- dinkfi .('"}tJk

abyssinica
Boswellia 'tan htl)"} incense
species
Buddleja ashkwar il1iI;J.C ashkori il1itJ~
polystacha
Callistemon bottlebrush
citrinus tree
Carissa edulis agam il:J9" il"iD'l. the common
name "agam"
is used in
Gojamfor
Dovyalis as
well
Casimiroa edulis kazamora 1l11qo&- white sapote
Casuarina kazwarina 1l1llfJ~e; whistling pine
species
Casuarina arze- ilC"tLl1 whistling pine
species libanos c;'{)
Casuarina shewshew i'ioHiee whistling pine
species wie
Chamaecytisus. tree lusern +~ tree lucerne;
'palmensis, tt-I'lC"} tagasaste
Chamaecytisus
proliferus
Citrus lomi fto'Tt lime
aurantifolia
Citrus medica trngo -l"C"}"!
Clematis hirsuta azo hareg iltt a vine
.._-
')1.'1
Coffea arabica buna (}oe; coffee
Cordia africana wanza lfJ"}l1 bugitsi (}oVl
Crotalaria yeayt ater fil,e1'
species ili-C
Croton bsana, -nile; ! asisi "psana" is
macrostachyus psana Tile; used in
Wolaitta
Croton msana 9"ilc; asisi il(l(L
m-acr,qstachyil
s
Cupressus yeferenj tid U.I."}~
lusitantca 1'~
Discopodium alumma iltt-O'/ iltt-01J.
penninervum
Dombeya torrida wulkfa lD-Ah4. tsari '1&

Dovya/is species koshim, ta1i9" : aguami h='Jnoz. agam asa
koshim- ta7i9"- common name
agam h;J9" is used in
Gojam,
causing
confusion
with Carissa
edu/is
Dovya/is species agam h;19" aguami h=lnoz. agamasa
common name
is used in
Gojam,
causing
confusion
with Carissa
edu/is
Ekebergia 101 It-A churl '1:&
capensis
Embelia enqoqo h1efef enkoki h111h. often seen' as a
schimperi climber
Ensete enset h1....,. gangi ;11t a verylarge
ventricosum herb usedfor
fiber and food
Eragrostis tef teff ffi,~ a grain
Erica arborea asta hr.:t' chikhchi 1: nTn'l
khtsi
Erythrina species kerch taCT burl 0-&
Eucalyptus bahr zaf IlUC
species 11~
Euphorbia qulqual 4!A*A kulkuli h-Ah-It. large, tree-
species sized
candelabra-
type
euphorbias
Ficus sur and shola lilt imwi h9'"f! figs
Ficus vasta
Ficus sur and shola lilt mwi , 1tr'f! figs -
Ficus vasta
Ficus sycomorus warka, 'PCt) sycamore-fig
werka in English;
warka is also
used for otber
"
Ficus soecies '
Scientific names.
Girardinia kusha hll-ot-

bu/losa
Grevillea grevilea " " silky oak
robusta
Grevillea robosta« silky oak
robusta
Guizotia- nug an oil crop
abyssinica
Hagenia koso shinchi i'i...1'f
abyssinica
Hypericum arnja awidi h'fJl
revolutum
Juniperus' tid itsdi hO"l
proaera '
'Juniperus tsid tsidi o"l
procera
Justicia smiza lili fLfL
schfmperiana
Justitia sensei lili fLQ. ,
schimperiana .
Maesa ,qilabo, kimbi ~9"fl
ilanceolata. qelebo .
Malus svtvesms porn
.. ;; apple
atat . .'
Maytenus qoba koki'' .- Ph.
obscura ..
,
Metrosideros bottlebrush
!1ori!n.mdq tree .. .' .'
Uillettta brbrra -oc-ot-
~~.~
,.,
/errli$!inetJ ;.
;
'Mimusops- 'she
kummel' ,
Morus alba'! y.eferenj J)&.l1~ mulberry__
'njorie ;i h1~t.-,
'"
Myrica · shinet
saliaifolia ," i
Mynca'h:J chinet ",
~alicifolia.._. ' -a , ""!\W:,> ,
MyrHls"'. ·',ili,. ! ades ' "

., .. " .
.~ ,.... .-~ ---- -i
communis. ,
~ ...r. r ,1: .
.... ---"._-
_•. ..waira. ',"', .. fD....K..&-- _ witt:: ~ i ' .'fz... ~1'Ut;";':~~ .~.,,-" ~!\., ' "'.',:
,v- a:,.", .1I~T'. '),":' " . _ . ~.". .... i..palittttee.·">\~'
Phytolacca endod "h1P-1:: sebet! I'lfH:

dodecandra
Pittosporum elaho h/ur zhinkuti ' WTfH:
virtdiflorum
Pittosporum " elabo hlur tabtai· :"'fJ""~J
viridiflorum
Podocarpus zegba 11"1) podo, yellow-
falcatus woodare
English names
Protea f(a~edi awra ha>-&- kisingi 11.(\.1'1.
Prunus africana tqur-'ncet 'l'cfrl.- koma tJO'I tqur-ncet as a
"h1t;1;l,-l- ... common name
maybe
confusing in
someareas
with other
trees which
use the same
commonname
Prunus africana homa If"" daamtsi .~9"\.
Prunus ofricana aqoma htJt"l koma tI01J
Prunus persica kok Ilh a peach
Rapanea niwri 'l.a>-& Oromoname
simensis is tuulaa
Rapanea seregna l\,l.?{
simensis
Rapanea gaynura ;iWf&-
simensis
Rhamnus Species gesho 'lP cultivated
shrubs grown
for making,
alcoholic
drinks
Rhus glutinosa qamo :J>tJ" kumini h-01f.'l.
subspecies
glutinosa
Ricinus' chakina cIIl4>"7 chakmi ;to'J)G7. -. castor plant
c011UllUnis ,
Ricinuf· gulo 'Nt- chabti "1JC"l castor p1aJit
,
cOml1fJlni~
Rosa abyssmtca qega +;J gmsi
,.
.."..1. wild rose
., ..
Rosa x. richardi! tsgitFreda 6UJo1' 1'·,
,
'Iljorie~:: , ""}!~,: cwild"
RUbus' 5pe¢ies 'djOtie "'~t - tsutsul - fJofJo'f -.
Salix 8Ilbserrata ahaya h'l'
Amharic names.
Salix subserrata kaya ....r tsutsui fHJ·'l! "wild willow"

in English
Sche.fJlera getem 7+9" pimpini T9"T'l.
abyssinica
Schinus mol/e kondo
berberie
ch'' '
ncn~
So/anecio gigas boz, ()lI i
don ~'-)~11
Syzygium doqma }'.iJ>O'1 bagoosti 111'l
guineense e
Tee/ea nobi/is s,ni fI'l. sila (Lit
Vernonia grawa C>Jlrep khokhits plL'L
amygdalina i
Amharic names.
Amharic Scientific name Awi Comments
name name
ades h~fI Myrtus known in
communis English as
myrtle
agam h;Jf)'> Carissa edulis h"id'l. the common
name "agam"
is used in
GojariJ. for
Dovya/is as
well
agam h r'J9" Dovyalis species aguami h=i01J. agam as a
. .common name
is used in
Gojam,
causing
confusion
with Carissa
edu/is
ahaya h'iY Salix subserrata tsutsui &&'l!
,-
alumma hfi-OlJ Discopodium hh-CIT/.
.penninervum .;..
amedmado .- hoo$':O'J Argyrolobium hoo$':O'J14.
Po species . - .. ..
amja h9";if Hypericum awidi h'l!lt
revolutum
aqoma hpO'J Prunus africana koma p01J
290 Amharic names.
arze- hClift."1 Casuarina whistling pine

libanos Cfil species
ashkwar h71'J.C Buddleja ashkori h1itJ&
polystacha
asta hil?' Erica arborea chikhchi T If... If ...
khtsi
atat hflll}' Maytenus
awra heD-&- Pro tea gaguedi kisingi h.ll''l.
azamira ntl9"&- Bersama dinkfi ~'hk
abyssinica
azo hareg, htl Clematis hirsuta a vine
')1..'1
bahrzaf qUC Eucalyptus
tift: species
boz, mIl Solanecio gigas
dongureyza ~'1~tI
brbrra flCfI&- Millettia
ferruginea
bsana, flll'1: Croton asisi hc'l.c'l. "psana" is
psana Tll'1 macrostachyus used in
Wolaitta
buna 0-'1 Coffea arabica coffee
chakma 65J.~ay Ricinus chakmi :t'1i"'l. castor plant
communis
cheba ,",q Acacia lahai tsivi Ul
chinet Gf:>"1" Myrica
shinet "it",), salicifo/ia
dong, p.,'1: Apodytes zindi fl'.et
dortga p..,:J dimidiata
doqma p.if>O'I Syzygium bagoosti q..,...
guineense e
elaho nAif Pittosporum zhinkuti 'If'1fo-l:
viridiflorum
elaho "'-"If Pittosporum tahtai ;t-1i+~
viridiflorum
endod 'h,p.~ Phytolacca sebeti . "0-1:
enqoqo ",.,., dodecandra

Embelia
schtmpert
enkoki
"'1th. often seen asa
climber
Amharic names.
enset 1..1(1+ Ensete gangi :J1'l. 'h .... a very large

ventricosum herb used for
fiber and food
gaynura ;J~lft-- .Rapanea .<
simensis
-
gesho 'l.1l Rhqmnus species cultivated
shrubs grown
. for making
alcoholic
drinks
getem 11'9" SchefJlera pimpini T9"T't.
abyssinica
grar '1t--C Acacia tsatsi ,t
"
-abyssintca
. grar '1t--C Acacia negrii tsatsi ,t
_.
ro:ar , '1t-C 4cacia species tsatsi ''1.
grawa '1t-tp Vernonia khokhits pltt
amygda/ina i
•grevilea '1~I1.t'l Grevi/lea robusta silky oak
f
gulo 1-'It- Ricinus ., chakrni jf1J"t ..castorplant
communis -.
,:
homa IYOIJ Prunus africiiha daamtsi ~9"t
kanaberi Ilc:;q~ Al/ophylus intatai, . ~ 1'1'1i:t'11. possibly
abyssinicus -. -intahtai known as
..
., ,'mbus in some
areas, but
"
. 'mbusis also
used for other
, ,
- _..
I
trifoliatetl'ees·
as well
kaya Ilf - Soltx subserrata tsutsui 'B:&lf; "Wild.willow"
';' ':":
! in English
kazamora ·l]ttqot- Casimiroa edulis white sapote
kazwarina'" "l1tp~c; Casuarina whistling pine p
.",' species
kok lln .Prunus persiea • ;;ft"peach-._-- H
'..
~1}'..
~
·konElo Schinus moUe·. - ._. ,.
. .
berberie. . nc;n~ . . . .'
~'" "
.t . ".~-
.-.-- _._.-.
f :.~ 'J
.korch .pCi' . Erythrina.species . buri.L" .~~i ..~ -...-... ... ~ .... _-,- ! .: ~,~.,_.~~ i
292 Amharic names.
koshim, 117i9" i Dovyalis species aguami n~cPl. agam asa

koshim- 117i9"- common name
agam n;J9" is used in
Gojam,
causing
confusion
with Carissa
edu/is
koso 11(1 Hagenia shinchi it'FE
abyssinica
kusha h-1i Girardinia nllft&-
bullosa
101 tt-A Ekebergia churl 'f:t
capensis
lomi tt-cPl. Citrus lime
aurantifolia
msana 9""''1 Croton asisi >tn.n.
macrostachyus
niwri '1.art Rapanea Oromoname
.'
simensis ,
is tuulaa ..
'niorie h1P=t Rubus species 'njorie h1P=~ wild raspberry
nug
.,..., Guizotia an oil crop
abyssinica
omedla ~o'U:1\ Acacia
melanoxylon
porn 79" Malffs sylvestris apple
qamo }l>qt' Rhus glutinosa kumini
;
h-cPl.'1.
subspecies
glutinosa
qega +;J Rosa abvssinica RIDSi "'9"'1. wild rose
qerkeha +C+l/ Arundinaria anini n'1.'1. mountain
alpina bamboo
,qilabo, iJ'1\(l Maesa kimbi h.9"ft
,aelabo lanceolata
qoba .. "II Maytenus
obscura
koki 11h.
qulqual ~A*A Euphorbia kulkuli h-Ah-h. large, tree-
species sized
candelabra-
type
0-
euphorbias
robusta C"00":J' Grevillta robusta silky oak
s,ni 11'1. Teclea nobilis sila n.1\
saligna lth."'c; Acacia saligna
Amharic names.
senseI 1'l11'll\ Justicia lili h.h.

schimperiana
seregna o.l'i' Rapanea
simensis
sesa I'l" Albizia species kansini YJ1o.'l.
'she hn Mimusops
kumme/ .'
shewshew i'ilD-i'ilJ! Casuarina whistling pine

wie species - - ,
m-r .
shinet Myrica
sa/icifo/ia -
shola (ill Ficus sur and imwi h9"If! figs
Ficus vasta
shola (ill Ficussur and mwi h?"If! figs
Ficus vasta
smiza flO1J.I1 Justicia lili h.h.
-schimperiana
sora (II,. Bambusa a bamboo
qerkeha? <f>C<f>'1 vulgaris from Asia
'tan -htll1 Boswe//ia species incense
tefI mfj: Eragrostis tef a grain
tid ..
"f: Juniperus
procera
itsdi h".At'
tqur-'ncet 'J'4!C- Prunus africana koma 110'1 tqur-'ncet as a

h1Q;\,T common name
maybe
confusing in
some areas
with other
trees which
use the same
common name
tree lucerne ott Chamaecytisus tree lucerne,
ft'I'lC1 palmensis, tagasaste
Chamaecytisus
proliferus
trngo otC11 Citrus medica
tsgie-reda 61.&.~ Rosa x. richardii
,,~
tsid Juniperus tsidi ".At
procera
wanza tp1l1 Cordia africana bugitsi fl.!'l
. "294 Amharic names.
.
warka, 'PCt] Ficus sycomorus sycamore-fig
werka in English;
warka is also
used for other
Ficus species
woira (JJ~&- Olea species wiri 1ft
wulkfa a>-Ah<i- Dombeya torrida tsari 'It
yeaytater fh~'l' Crota/aria
h.,.C species
yeferenj f&.l.1)!- Acacia decurrens ferenj . &.l., ~ '1'1.
grar "&-C tsatsi
yeferenj f&.l.1)!- Acacia mearnsii ferenj &.l.1~ '1'1.
grar "&-C tsatsi
yeferenj f &.l.1)!- Morusa/ba . mulberry
'njorie ~1~t
yeferenj tid f&.l.1)!- Cupressus
'l'~ /usitanica
yefyyel ffj:fA Aeschynomene fyel fj:fA '1'1.
grar "&-C abyssinica tsatsi
zegba 1I.,q Podocarpus podo, yellow-
fa/catus woodare
Enalish.names
zembaba "rqq Phoenix species palm tree
Awi names.
Awi Scientific name Amharic Co~ment8

name name
ababera hllfl&- Girardinia kusha h-li
bullosa
aguami h?"t Carissaedulis agam h;19" the.common
name "agam" is
used in Gojam
for Dovyalis as
well
aguami h¥'l.. Dovyalis koshim, J17W"i agamas a
species koshim- lJ7iS""- cornmon name is
agam h;19" used in Gojam,
causing
confusion with
Carissaedulis
aguami h¥"l. Dovyalis- agam h;1"" agam as a
species common name is
ustd in Gojam,
causing
confusion with
Carissa edulis
alumi ht\-8t Discopodtum alumma hl\-OY
penninervum
amed hdD1:OY Argyrolobium amedmado hoo1:OY
madi Jl species J!.
anini h'l.'1. . Arundinaria qerkeha +C+y mountain
alpina bamboo
ashkori h7ill& Buddleja ashkwat h7i~C
po/ystacha .
asisi Croton bsana, f1ile;i "psana" is usedin
macrostachyus psana Tile; Wolaitta
asisi hM U:,oton msana 9"ile;
macrostachyus
awidi h'fJl Hypericum amja 11''';11
revolutum
bagoostie Il'/'l. Syzygium doqma J!.if'OY
eutneense
bugitsi fl-'l.'l. Cordia africana wanza 'P"Jtf
buri fl-& Erythrina korch lJC~
species
;t'ljD'L ~.,...,
chakmi Ricinus chakma castor plant
. communis
296 Awi names.
chakmi ;fllDll. Ricinus

communis
gulo 1-"" castor plant
chikhchik -rn-r n Erica arborea asta >tll:1'

htsi 1-
churl =t:t Ekebergia 101 h-A
capensis
daamtsi -'S9"1- Prunus africana homa lf6'#
dinkfi ~1h6. Bersama azamira >ttl9"&-
abvssinica
enkoki h1tJh. Embelia enqoqo h1"'''' often seen as a
schimperi climber
,'.
ferenj ~l1~ Acacia yeferenj U.l1~
tsatsi 11- decurrens grar '1&-e
ferenj /...l1'1: Acacia meamsii' yeferenj r/...l1~
tsatsi 11- grar OJ&-C
fyel tsatsi ~rA Aeschynomene yefyyel r~rA
11- abyssinica grar '?&-C
gmsi '19"1- Rosa abyssinica qega 4';7 wild rose
imwi hfOif Ficus sur and shola (il\ figs
Ficus vasta
intatai, h1+11 Allophy/us kanaberi 11C:;l1t possiblyknown
intahtai :1'11. abyssinicus as 'mbus in some
areas, but 'mbus
is also used for
other trifoliate "
trees as well
itsdi hB~ Juniperus ~. tid lt~
procera
kansini "YJ1l'L'1. A/biziaspecies sesa (l"
khokhitsi tJ1i.1- Vernonia grawa '1/rtf'
amygdaiina
kimbi ,h.9"n. Maesa qilabo, if>1\(l
lanceolata qelabo
koki tJh. Maytenus qoba <>'. "'11
obscura -
koma t"J01J Prunus africana tqur-ncet 1'ckl- tqur-tncet as a
h1Q;\,+ common name
may be confusing
.. in some areas
'. ....
-
with other trees
'.. "
which use the

,- •
same common !
name
koma P6'# Prunusafricana aqoma .>ttaOl1
.'Awi names.
kulkuli h-Ah-fL Euphorbia qulqual 4lA*A large, tree-sized

species " candelabra-type
euphorbias
kumini h-0IJ.'1. Rhus glutinosa qamo Jl>C{"
subspecies
glutinosa
lili fLfL Justicia smiza flOlJ.If
schimperiana
lili fLfL Justicia senseI (l1(lA
schimperiana .
mwi 'h9"'I! Ficus sur and shola iVl figs
Ficus vasta
'niorie h1)t~ Rubus species 'njorie h1}!:~ wild raspberry
pimpini T9"T'1. Schefflera getem 1+9"
abyssinica
sebeti MI1: Phytolacca endod 'h1Af:
dodecandra
shinchi i'l1~ Hagenia koso fJ(l
abyssinica
sila .'. AI\ Tee/ea nobilis ' s.ni fl'1.
tahtai ;FftT~ Pittosporum elaho hAlf
virtdiflorum
tsari If~ Dombeya wuIkfa (J)oAh~
torrida
tsatsi If,. Acacia grar '?toC
abysstnica
tsatsi If,., Acacia negri! grar "&-C
tsatsi If,. Acacia species gear "~C
tsidi o-'t Juniperus tsid of:
procera ..
tsivi ,.n. Acacia lahai cheba .Q;l,ll
tsutsui tJ.tJ-'I! Salix subserrata ahava h'lf
tsutsui tJ.tJ.'I! Salix subserrata kaya Ilf "wild willow" in
English
wiri 'l!~ Olea species: woira (J}~to
zhinkuti W11i-1: Pittosporum elaho h.AIf
viridiflorum
zindi tl1-'t Apodytes dong, fl.1'?!
dtmidiata donga A1:J
· 298 References
References'
Adams, RP., KR. Neisess, RM. Parkhurst, L.P. Makhubu, and L. Wolde
Yohannes. Phytolacca dodecandra (Phytolaccaceae) in Mrica:
Geographical Variation in Morphology. Taxon j 1(1): 17~26.
February 1989.
Alemayehu Mengistu. Conservation-Based Forage Development for
Ethiopia. Addis Abeba:SelfHelp Development International and
Institute for Sustainable Development; 1997 ..
Azene Bekele-Tesemma.. U sefid trees and shrubs for Ethiopia..'"
Identification, propagation and management for agricultural and
pastoral communities. Nairobi, Kenya: Regional Soil Conservation
Unit (SIDA); 1993.
) Berhanu Debele. The Soils of Ethiopia: Annotated Bibliography. Regional
Soil Conservation Unit Technical Handbook No.9.' Nairobi, Kenya,
Regional Soil Conservation Unit .(SIDA); 1994. : '''; -
Bhatnagar, S. P. and.Alok Moitra. ·~rnnosperms. New Delhi, India: New'
Age International Limited, Publishers; 1996. .
Bishaw, B. An afforestation programme in the Legeambo Farmers'
Producer Cooperative, Harerge.Highlands, Ethiopia. Mtn.Res. aDd
. Dev. 8(2/3):249-252; 1988. . '- .
Breitenbach, Friedrich Von. The indigenous trees of Ethiopia.. Addis
Ababa: Ethiopian Forestry Association; 1963.
Chalk, L., Davy, IB., Desch, HE. Some EastAfrican Coni~.ae and
Legil~nosae. London: Oxford;' 1932. . , 0",-
- . _.,_.
Coe, Malcolm and Henk Beentje. Afield guide to the A~aci,sofKenya.
Illustrated by Rosemary Wise. Oxford: Oxford University Press;' ;
1991. .
Condit, 1.1. Ficus: the exotic species; Riverside, CA: University of
California at Riverside; 1969.
Dawson, Ian. Prunus africana: how agroforestry can help save an
endangered medicinal tree. Agroforestry Today, 9 (2):15-17, 1997.
References
Demel Teketay and Anders·Granstrom. Germination ecology offorest

species from the highlands ofEthiopia. Journal of Tropical Ecology
14: 793-803; 1997.. "
Demel Teketay. Chilling enhances seed germination of Rosa abyssinica.
Journal of Tropical Forestry. 13(iii):July-September; 1997c.
Demel Teketay. Germination ecology of Acacia negrii, an endemic
multipurpose tree from Ethiopia. Tropical Ecology 38(1): 39-46,
1997d.
Demel Teketay. Seedling populations and regeneration of woody species in
dry Afromontane forests of Ethiopia. ForestEcologyand
Management, 98:149-165; 1997b.
,
Demel Teketay. Soil seed bank at an abandoned Afromontane arable site.
Feddes Repertorium, 109: (1-2)161-171; 1998.
Demel Teketay. The impact of clearing and conversion of dry Afromontane
forests into arable land on the composition and density of soil seed
banks. Acta (Ecologica), 18 (5):557-573, 1997a.
Edwards, S. Some Wild Flowering Plants of Ethiopia. Addis Ababa
University Press; 1976.
Edwards, S., Mesfin Tadesse, and Hedberg, I. Flora ofEthiopia and Eritrea
Volume 2, Part 2: Canellaceae to Euphorbiaceae. The National
Herbarium, Addis Abeba, Ethiopia; 1995.
EI-Lakany, M.H. Use of Australian acacias in North Africa. In: Turnbull,
J.W., ed. Australian acacias in developing countries. Proceedings of
an international workshop held at the Forestry Training Centre,
Gympie, QLD., Australia, 4-7 August 1986. ACIAR Proceedings
No, 16. Canberra; Australia: ACIAR; 1987: 116-117.
El-Naggar, M.R. Inhibition of nitrification in soil under Juniperus procera
woods in Asir Region, Saudi Arabia. 1. Coli. Sci. King. Saud. Univ.
13(2): 193-203; 1982.
Evans, 1. Plantation Forestry in the tropics. Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1982.
Ezenwa, I., A. O.Olabomi,and M.O.Ashiru. Preliminary evaluation of
mulberry (Morus alba) as a fodder plant in southwestern Nigeria.
Forest Farm, and Community Tree Network, Winrock International:
300 References
Forest, Farm and Community Tree Research Reports, 4 p.91-94,

1999.
FAO. Forest Resources of Tropical Africa Part II:" Country Briefs. Chapter
on Ethiopia. Rome: FAO; 1981.
FAO. Traditional food plants. FAO food and nutrition paper 42. Rome:
FAO; 1988.
Fichtl, R. and Admasu Adi. Honeybee Flora of Ethiopia. Deutscher
Entwicklungsdienst. Weikersheim, Germany: Margraf; 1994.
" Friis, I. Forest and Forest Trees ofNE Tropical Africa. Kew Bulletin,
London. 1992.
Galil, 1. Sycamore fig. In: CRC handbook of fruit set and development.
Monselise, S.P., ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press; 1986,
Goor, A.Y., Barney, C.W. Forest tree planting in arid zones. New York:
The Ronald Press Company; 1968.
Grieve, M.' Kousso. From Botanical.com: A Modem Herbal. Electric
Newt. 1995.
Hailu, T., L. Negash and M. Olsson. Millettiaferruginea from southern
Ethiopia: Impacts on soil fertility and growth of maize. Agroforestry
Systems 48: 9-24, 2000. .
'x Hedberg, I., and Edwards, S.Flora of Ethiopia, Volume 3.Pittosporace to
Araliaceae. Addis Ababa, Asmara and Uppsala: National
Herbarium, Addis Ababa University; 1989.
Heuser, C.'W., ed. The Complete Book of Plant Propagation. Newtown
Connecticut, USA: Taunton Press; 19?7.
Heyneman, Donald. Dr Aklilu Lemma: Scientist-Innovator and Visionary-
His impact and example for Ethiopia and Africa.. In: Aklilu Lemma
International Memorial SYmposium Proceedings. Addis Abeba:
Biological Society of Ethiopia; 1997.." .
Hurni, H. 1981 .Hochgebirge von Semien-Athiopien: Zwei Karten.zur
dynamik der Hohenstufung von der Letzen Kaltzeit bis zur
gegeawart (German with English summary) In: Erdkunde No 35,
'1981 ; as seen in Berhamrand Debele 1994'.
References
Krezdom, R. Silvicultural Planning and Management-en outline. Ethio-

German reforestation project P.N.74.2022. 7-01.300. Training
Document #8. State Forest Conservation and Development Dept.
Dec. 1985b. In: Ethiopian Forestry Manual VoL 1. State Forest
Conservation and Development Department. Ministry of
Agriculture (W. Germany). GTZ Forestry Project. PN 87.2059.1-
01.100. Addis Ababa; March 1987.
Krezdom, R. Silvicultural Planning and Management--an outline. Ethio-
German reforestation projectP.N. 7~.2022.7-01.300. Training
Document #8. State Forest Conservation ilndDeYelopp.~J}tpept.
Dec. 1985c. In: Ethiopian Forestry Manual Vol. 1. State Forest
Conservation and Development Department. Ministry of
Agriculture (W. Germany). GTZ Forestry Project. PN 87.2059.1-
01.100. Addis Ababa; March 1987.
Krezdom, R. Species selection for (semi-) arid zones: An outline. Ethio-
German Afforestation Project of the Ministry of Agriculture--
Natural Resources Head Department, GTZ P,N. 74.2022.7-01.300.
Technical Paper #9. May 1985. In: Ethiopian Forestry Manual Vol.
1. State Forest Conservation and Development Department.
'Ministry of Agriculture (W. Germany). GTZ Forestry Project. PN
87.2059.1-01.100. Addis Ababa; March 1987.
Kubo, Isao, Takeshi.Matsumoto, and James Klocke. Multichemical
Resistance of the conifer Podocarpus gracilior (Podocarpaceae) to
insect attack. .Joumal ofChemical Ecology, 10:4 p.547-559, 1984.
Kubo, Isao, Takeshi Matsumoto. Abyssinin, a potent insect antifeedant
from an African medicinal plant, Bersama abyssinica. Tetrahedron
Lett. 4601-4604; 1984. [Not seen]
Laurent, N.; Chamshama, S.A.O. Studieson the germination ofErythrina
abyssinica3nd JUniperus procera:lnt. Tree Crops 1. 4(4):291..298;
1987.
Ledetu Alemu. Studies on the traditional medicinal plants' ofveterinary
importance in and around BahirDar. DVM Thesis, Addis Ababa
UniversityFaculty ofVeterinaiy Medicine; 1993:' , .;
302 References
'( Legesse Negash. Indigenous Trees ofEthiopia: Biology, uses and

propagation techniques. Addis Abeba University, Addis Abeba,
Ethiopia; 1995.
Lisanework, N. and A. Michelsen. Litterfall and nutrient release ~X·
decomposition in three plantations compared with a natura! forest in
the Ethiopian highland. 'Forest Ecologyand Management. 65: 149-
164; 1994. .
Little, E.'L. Jr. Common Fuelwood Crops: A hantlodokfor their l '
identification. Morgantown, West Virginia: Communi-Tech
<Associates' undated." ,'.,. .
'~ -~ -:.r.,;f-; '? -'" r, ";\-.! ,
Macl.achlanM. Ethiopian tree ~dshfub species-with agroforestry

r potential. Photocopied;1999~
MacLachlan, M. The Wolaitta People: their-trees and shrubs. SIM and
,WKHCDR;Photocopied.19Q8;. , '
Magini, E., TulstrUp,N.P. Tree seed notes.. FAO Forestry'nevelopment
PaperNo.
,
5. Rome: FAO(19SS.'"-
Malk~na, ~.P~ Allelopathy and -it~ significanc~ on production of? .
agroforestry plant association. In.Khosla•.P.K.; Khurana, D.K.,
eds, Agroforestry for rnralneeds; .1987:211-224.
...' • > ~ ,. •. ,
Maydell, Hans-Jurgenvon. Treesand.shrubs of the Sahel: their

. ch/).~acteristics and uses .. Weikershelf.!l,.Germany: Maf!~raf,1990.
Meitzner..Laura S: arid Martin h:..:Price. Amaranth to'Zai Hole§: Ideas for
.growing.food under difficult Po9pdition,s.,. North Fort Myers, Florida,
;,:-.. (1l~4::ECHO~;I996. . ,.,.~. - .
Mersha Gebre-hiwot 1982 WGFC. ~ The effect ofCattre Manure on-the
.... ,~W.cr.emt;nt .of Grevillea rq4ffSta. at WO \l99 Geq~t)"S().l;l\~m Et hi9,pia . ,
·~~6eTe~i~s9.wo.ndo Genet fQn:stfY,i(::qll~~;\~.~."'J.l,~~haqu
Mesfin,;J;~Rps.~~,B:eyene.Sebeko; a@, ¥~er~~T!y~~I., , Tm~~ fln~ ,sl1rubs 1\,_ ', )

; q-.~pt S~J;Ile. ~H~iqe cl/i)~~es An· ~~JQE §~t\~eIe'~i lJRP~,~ille
Cheleka Catchment D~~$t~"J?r~xen~j)n;P~,gr~~ff>8~;'I:: " ; ;
References
'?ri. .7 Miehe, S. Acacia albida and other multipurpose trees on the Fur farmlands
kJo1J2: in Jebel Marra highlands, Western Darfur, Sudan. Agroforestry
Systems4:89-119; 1986.
Mooney, HF. A glossary ofEthiopian plant names. Dublin: Dublin
University Press, Ltd.; 1963.
Morton, 1. Fruits of Warm Climates. 1987.
NAS. Firewood crops: shrub and tree species for energy production.
Washington DC: National Academy of Sciences; 1980.
NAS. Tropical legumes: resources for the future. Wash., DC: National
Academy of Sciences; 1979.
National Research Council. Casuarinas: nitrogen-fixing trees for adverse
sites. Washington, DC: National Research Council, National
Academy Press; 1984.
Nievergelt, B., T. Good, andR. Guttinger, eds. A Survey onthe Flora and
Fauna of the Simen MountainsNational Park Ethiopia. Walia:
Journal of the Ethiopian Wildlife and Natural History Society. 1998.
Parry, M.S. Tree planting practices in. tropical Africa. FAO Forestry
Development Paper No.8. Rome: Food andAgriculture
Organization of the United Nations; 1956.
Peters, c.R., O'Brien, E.M."and Drummond, R.B. Edible wild plants of
sub-Saharan Africa: An annotated checklist, emphasizing the
woodland and savanna floras .of eastern and southern Africa,
including plants utilized for food by chimpanzees'and baboons.
Kew: Royal Botanical Gardens, 1992. -
Phillips, S: Flora ofEthiopia and Eritrea: Volume 7 Poaceae (Graminae).
Addis Abeba, 1995.
Poschen-Eiche, P. The application offarming systems research to
community forestry: a case study in-the Hararge Highlands, eastern
Ethiopia. Weikersham, FR-Germany: Margraf; 1987.
Rehm, Sigmund and Gustav Espig. The Cultivated Plants ofthe Tropics
and Subtropics. -CTA. [Translatedby George McNamara and .
Christine Ernsting] Weikersheim, Germany: Margraf; 1991.
304 References
Roman, Dejan Burckhardt von. The potential of Acacia saligna (Labill.)

HWendl. as a multipurpose tree species for arid and semi-arid
environments. Dissertation. School of Agricultural and Forest
Sciences, University College of North Wales..1994.
Salim, AS., A J. Simons, A Waruhiu, C. Orwa, and C. Anyango.
Agroforestree Database: A tree species reference and.selection
guide. Version 1.00. Nairobi, Kenya: ICRAF; 1998.
Sebsebe Demissew. The genus Maytenus (Celastraceae) in NE tropical
Africa and tropical Arabia. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis:
Symbolae Botanicae Upsaliensis XXV:2; 1985.
Seegeler, C.lP. Oil plants in Ethiopia, their taxonomy and agricultural
significance. Wageningen, Netherlands: Pudoc. Agricultural
research reports; 921. 1983.
., .
Shibru Tedla. Endod: Thirty years of development as a molluscicide and

detergent. In: Aklilu Lemma International Memorial Symposium
Proceedings. Addis Abeba: Biological Society of Ethiopia; 1997.
Souane Thirakul. Manual of Dendrology for the south, south-east and south-
west of Ethiopia. Woody Biomass Inventory-and Strategic Planning
Project. CIDA Undated:
<; 0.... Study on Sustainable Bamboo Management, Final Report. Volume I: Main
Report. LUSO CONSULT GmbH, onbehalfofGTZ. Hamburg,
Germany. 1997.
Teel, W. A~Pocket Directory of Trees and Seeds in Kenya. Nairobi: Kenya
Non-Governmental Organizations (KENGO); 1984.
K Tewolde B.G.Egziabher, Vegetation and Environment of the Mountains of
Ethiopia: Implications for Utilizations and Conservation. Mountain
Research and development. 8(2/3):211-216; 1988.
Thulin, Mats. Leguminosae of Ethiopia. Opera Botanica 68. Copenhagen:
Opera Botanica; 1983.
Uhlig, Siegfried K." Mountain forests and the upper tree limit.on the
'- southeastern plateau of Ethiopia. Mountain 'Research and
development. 8(2/3):227-234; 1988. '
References
-------------------------305
Viswanthan, T.Y. Endangered tree species of northern Ethiopia. Environ.
Cons. 13(1)71-72; 1986.
Warfa, A.M. Cordia africana Lam. (Boraginaceae), the correct name for
Bruce's "Wanzey". Taxonomy. 37(4); 1988.
Wolaitta K!:1leHey\vot Development Program. Tadissa Farmers' Survey..
Unpublished. Wolaitta Soddo, Ethiopia, May 1997.
Wolde Michael Kelecha, A Glossary of Ethiopian Plant Names, Fourth
Edition, Addis Ababa, 1987.
306 INDEX
INDEX
Acacia abyssinica 122, 125, 126, 130, 131', 194,284,291,297
Acacia decurrens ,.........................•...... 39, 136; 259,; 284,294; 296
Acacia lahai 15, 18, 19,29,37,69,122,193,195,196,198,284,290,297
Acacia mearnsii 39,136,259:284,294,296
Acacia melanoxylon ,136,261,284,2'12
Acacia negrii 19, 37, 122, 125, 284, 291,297, 299
Acacia saligna 136,255,251,258,261,279,284,292,304
Acacia species 13,30,35, 95, 193,258,284,291,297
ades 18,37,216,287,289
Aeschynomene abyssinica 24, 284, 294, 296
agam 14, 29, 227, 236, 239,285, 286, 289, 292, 295
ahaya 29, 117, 118, 119, 120, i88, 289, 297
Albizia species 198, 199, 200, 284, 293, 296
Allophylusabyssinicus 30,144,145,147,148,284,291,296
alumma 285,289,295
amed mado 24,25,284,289,295
amja 14,20,29,53,55,56,57,62,69,287,289,295
Amja 25, 53, 54, 56
Apodytes dimidiata 14, 19, 29, 37, 167, 171, 284, 290, 297
aqoma 97,288,289,296
Argyrolobium 24, 284, 289, 295
Arundinaria alpina 13,22,38,47,48, 53,284,292,295
arze-libanos 264, 285, 290
ashkwar 163, 285, 290, 295
asta 29, 37, 43, 44', 46, 55,62,277,286,290,296
atat 96,287,290
awra 16.35,288.290
azamira 156,285,290,296
azo hareg 35,285,290
bahr zaf 20,35,37,280,286,290

Bambusa vulgaris .48, 284, 293
Bersama abyssinica 156,285,290,296,301
Boswe//ia species 285, 293
boz, dongureyza 289,290
brbrra 29, 202, 204, 205, 206. 287, 290
bsana, psana 285, 290. 295
Buddleja polystacha 163, 285, 290, 295
buna 285. 290
Callistemon citrinus 262.263,285

INDEX 307
---------------------------
Carissa edulis , 14,29,227,236,240,285,286,289,292,295
Casimiroa edults 246, 249, 285, 291
Casuarina species 264, 265, 281, 285, 290, 291, 293
chakma 217, 288, 290, 295
Chamaecytisus palmensis 24, 268, 272,285,293
Chamaecytisus proliferus 268, 285, 293
cheba 15, 18, 19,20,29,37,69,193, 195, 196, 197,284,290,297
chinet. 215,287,290
Citrus ourantifolia 38, 285, 292
Citrus medica 39, 285, 293
Clematis hirsuta 35, 285, 290
Coffea arabica 285, 290
Cordia africana 31,39, 172,207,209,212,285,293,295,305
Crotalaria 24, 25, 285, 294
Crotalaria species 24, 25, 285. 294
Crotonmacrostachyus 29,38,80,171,177,207,285,290,292.295
Cupressus lusttanica 7, 17,39.44,68, 73, 85, 180,277.285,294
Discopodium penninervum 37, 285, 289, 295

Dombeyatorrida 6, 14, 15, 19, 31, 3~, 80, 82, 84,171,207,286,294.297
dong 14, 19,20,29,37,62,98,167,169,170,284,290,297
donga 167.284,290.297
doqrna 29.37,241,242,243.289,290,295
Dovya/is species 227, 229, 286, 289, 292, 295
Ekebergia capensis 14, 30, 38. 156, 286. 292, 296

elaho 14,29, 112. 115,288.290,297
Embelia schimperi 30.69,213,286,290.296
endod 109, Ill, 288, 290, 297
enqoqo 30.69; 213. 286. 290, 296
enset 1.286.291
Ensete ventricosum 286. 291
Eragrostis tef 286. 293
Erica arborea 6,29,37,43.47.55,62,221, 277, 286, 290.296
Erythrina species 178. 183.286.291.295
Eucalyptus species 35, 279, 286. 290
Euphorbia species 286, 292, 297
Ficus sur 231, 234, 286. 293, 296. 297

Ficus sycomorus 233, 235, 286. 294
Ficus vasta 232, 234. 286. 293. 296. 297
gaynura 30. 59. 288, 291

gesho 200, 288, 291
getem 19, 20, 30, 37,160, 162, 163.289.291,297
308 INDEX
Girardinia bullosa 35,38,287,292,295

grar5, 13, 15, 19,22,24,25,30,35,37,39,71,95,122,123,124,126,163, 193,259,284,
291,294,296,297
grawa 13,22,37,218,289,291,296
grevilea 272, 287, 291
Grevillea robusta · · 272,277,287,291,302
Guizotia abyssinica ······· 287, 292
gulo 217,288,291,296
Hagenia abyssinica ········ 6, 16,30,38,66,68, 76, 88, 287, 292, 297

homa 38,97,288,291,296
Hypericum revolutum 14, 20, 25, 29, 53, 54, 55, 287, 289, 295
Juniperus procera 7, 14, 19,31,44,71,84,93, 186,277,287,293,296,297,299,301

Justicia schimperiana 4, 13,22,38, 164, 166,287, '293,297
kanaberi 30, 144, 145, 146,284,291,296

kaya 117, 289, 291, 297
kazamora 246, 248, 285, 291
kazwarina 264,285,291
kok 18, 38, 252, 288, 291
kondo berberie 18, 289, 291
korch 22, 178, 180, 182,278,286,291,295
koshim 30, 227, 228, 229, 286, 292, 295
koso 15, 19,20,30,38,66,67,69,71,88,213,224,287,292,297
kusha 35, 3S, 125,287,292,295
101 14,30,38, 156, 158,286,292,296

lomi 36, 38, 285, 292
Maesa lanceolata ·.····· 214,287,292,296

Malus sylvestris 249,287,292
Maytenus' · 20, 38, 94, 96, 97, 124, 125, 163,287, 290, 292, 296, 304
Metrosiderosfloribunda 262,287
Millettiaferruginea 29,202,207,287,290,300
Mimusops kummel · · · · 31,37,241,287,293
Morus alba 250, 252, 287, 294, 299
msana 29, 38, 80, 171, 173, 174, 176, 285, 292, 295
Myrica salicifolia ·..· · ·.. 20,215,287,290,293
Myrtus communis ·..· · · · 18, 37, 216, 287, 289
niwri 15, 19, 20, 22, 30, 55, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 288, 292
'njorie , 30, 37, 150,223,224,225.226,250,287,288,292,294,297

INDEX 309
nug 1,185,287,292
Olea species 16, 18, 104, 108, 109,287,294,297

ornedla 261,284,292
Phoenix species 39, 287, 294

Phytolacca dodecandra 109,111,288,290,297,298
Pittosporum viridiflorum '" 14,29,112, 117,288,290,297
Podocarpusfalcatus 31, 183, 192,288,294
porn 287,292
Protea gaguedi 16, 35, 288, 290
Prunus africana 6, 13, 14, 19,38, 158, 167, 169,288,289,291,293,296,298
Prunus persica 18, 38, 252, 254, 288, 291
qamo 20, 76, 77, 288, 292, 297

qega 18,31,38,55,220,221,222,288,292,296
qelabo 214, 287, 292, 296
qerkeha 22, 36, 38, 47, 48, 49, 284, 292, 293, 295
qilabo : 214, 287, 292, 296
qoba 20, 38, 94, 95, 96, 124, 163, 287, 292, 296
qulqual 213, 286, 292, 297
Rapanea simensis 15, 19,30.55,59,65,288,291,292,293

Rhamnus species 288,291
Rhus glutinosa 76, 79, 149,288,292,297
Ricinuscommunis 37, 217, 288, 290, 291, 295, 296
robusta 275, 287, 292
Rosa abyssinica 18,31,38,55,220,223, 288, 292, 296, 299
Rosa x. richardii 220, 288, 293
Rubus species 30, 150, 223, 225, 226, 288, 292, 297
s,ni 289,292,297
saligna 136,255,257,261,284,292
Salix subserrata ., 29, 117, 121,288,289,291,297
SchefJlera abyssinica 19, 30, 37, 160, 164, 289, 291, 297
Schinus mo/le 18, 38, 282, 289, 291
seregna 288, 293
sesa 21, 38,198,199,201,202,284,293,296
she 31, 37, 241, 287, 293
shewshewwie 264, 285, 293

shinet. 20,215, 287, 290, 293
shola 18,31,38,231,233,234,235,286,293,296,297
310 INDEX
smiza 4, 13, 22, 38, 164, 165, 166, 287, 293, 297
Solanecio gigas 20, 289, 290
sora 48, 49, 284, 293
Syzygium guineense 29,37,241,245, 289, 290, 295
'tan 7,36,37,285,293
Tee/ea nobilis 31, 144, 148, 151,218,289,292,297

teff 1, 6, 74, 286, 293
tid 5, 14, 17, 19,31,39,44,73,84,85,87,88,89,90,91,163, 180, 186,277,285,287,
293,294,296
tqur-ncet 13, 14, 19,62, 97, 98, 99, 100, 102, 167,288,293,296
tree lucerne 268, 269, 285, 293
trngo 39,285,293
tsgie-reda , 288, 293
tsid 84,287,293,297
Vernonia amygdalina 13, 22, 37, 218, 289, 291, 296
wanza 31,39,172,207,209,211,285,293,295
warka 39, 231, 233, 234, 286, 294
werka 231, 286, 294
woira 16, 18,20,31,39, 104, 105, 106, 107,287,294,297
wulkfa 14, 15, 19,20,31,35,39,80,81,82,83,85,171,207,224,286,294,297
yeayt ater 24, 25, 285, 294

yefyyel grar 24, 25, 284, 294, 296
zegba 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 288, 294

zembaba 39, 287, 294
~,. '!.

Manual of Highland Ethiopian Trees

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Manual of Highland Ethiopian Trees

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MANUAL OF HIGHLAND

Prepared for development agents of "dega" areas in Region 3.

SIM Forestry Study Project

with assistance from

SIM FORESTRY STUDY PROJECT

C/O SIM PO Box 40

Phone: (08) 270090

81M is an international Christian organization with over 70 years of spiritual

Portions of this document may be reproduced for educational

© Copyright 2001 by 81M

For information on obtaining copies of this manual, or on discounts, please

Dedicated to the fanners of highland Ethiopia,

Indigenous Highland Trees and Shrubs (non-fruit) 43

Acacia abyssinica and other acacias/grar 122

Dega Fruit Trees --Indigenous-- 220

Dega Fruit Trees --Exotic-- 246

Acacia saligna 255

Other Exotic Dega Trees 277

Glossaries of common and scientific names found in

~][)IC~ •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ~()()

Table One: Climate & Forest Cover of Awi Zone 9

.Dega Awi Zone

Dega areas in the Amhara Region (Region 3) are extensive. They

h. :"'f-~J! hl\.l\0 l- f h li=tl] h 1~l- fOt\m Y..;JU? hl]Clfl9'l- M:"'::

Y..;J+ ,+f\. fhU?C~ .... lr"} hli=-t-~ (I:t'9'l-") fOZ.foot\h:" ~l&:: 0

The Manual of Highland Ethiopian Trees

'hf1~,}~ 1ICf cl>Y..~ rf-hrf-A "711t..&f .eLA;JA:: Jlc::t: f'l'Y..l

Selection of Species covered in the manual. Trees and shrubs that

OOO')th4-- tD-il1' f..,.....,..,..~ 1IC.r1P":f 1too~l1': n'lot.PJ":f m.4'O?1P

ftltJ P'~":f'} ..,.h-l"" 01t'll- O.,.A JiC:"fCJ ~1'*(ll1P"f ,,~ ~lJ-'}

~tD- 001lJf:" f1'~'" h1C-0+A JfC:~ mtt:1''fA:: h1C-0+A ftr.,. JfC:~

The following tables show some statistics on the Awi Zone:

Table One: Climate & Forest Cover of Awi Zone

Werede Annual Rainfall Temp Dega coverage Forest cover

Table Two: Land Forms of Awi Zone in ha

werede Plain Mountain Valleys, Swampy Water TOTAL

Figure 1 Elevational Rangesof varioustrees and shrubs

Erica arborea 2000 1-1- - - - - - - - - 1 1 400

Arundinaria alpina 2200 1 1 40lJ

Rubus steudneri 1500 1-1- - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 3800

Hypericum revolutum 2300 1-1- - - - - f l 3500

Rapania simensis 2000 I I 3400

Rhus qlutinnsa 1800 1 1 3300

Rosa abvsamica 1900 1 1 3300

Hagenia abyssinica 2000 I 1 3300

Myrica salicifolia 2000 1 1 3300

Juniperus procera 2000 I 1 3200

Olea eurpea subs cusp 1250 1-1- - - - - - - - f l 3100

Prunus africana 1550 I I 3100

Mal'tenus obscura 2100 ..

Salix subserata --------_1 3000

Pitlosporum viridiflorum 1400 I-I--------fl 3000

Phytolocca dodecadra 1500 I J 3000

Aaschynornena abyasinica 1300 1 12900

Dovyalis abyssmica 1600 I I 2900

Vernonia amigdalina 500 1-1- - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 2800

Teclea rrobitis 900 ...

Ficus sur 1400 I 1 2800

Maese lanceolata 1500 I 1 2800

Albizia actumperiana 1600 I 1 2800

Aliophl'lus abl'ssinicus 1600 I 1 2800

Tree species Attitude in m.

Croton rnacrestachyus 1300 I I 270

Apodytes dirnidiata 1350 I I 27