Classified Paper 4 (2021)

0625
Physics
Contents
Page
Unit 1: General Physics
Ch.1: Units and Measurements
Ch.2: Motion
5 1
1
10
Ch.3: Forces 19
Ch.4: Turning effect of force 73
Ch.5: Work, Energy, and Power 83
Ch.6: Pressure 113
Unit 2: Thermal Physics 132
Ch.7: Simple Kinetic Molecular Model of Matter 132
Ch.8: Thermal Expansion, Thermometers and Temperature Scales 157
Ch.9: Heat Transfer 167
Ch.10: Heat Energy 179
Unit 3: Waves and Optics 206
Ch.11: Properties of Waves 206
Ch.12: Sound Waves 218
Ch.13: Light Waves 235
Ch.14: Thin Converging Lens 262
Unit 4: Electricity, Magnetism and Electromagnetism 273
Ch.15: Electrostatics 273
Ch.16: Electric Current, and D.C. Circuits 283
Ch.17: Mains Supply, Semiconductors, and Logic Gates 305
Ch.18: Magnetism, and Magnetic Effect of Current 335
Ch.19: Electromagnetic Induction 350
Unit 5: Atomic Physics and Radioactivity 374
Ch.20: Nuclear Atom and Radioactivity 374

Ahmed Osama C.
1
Physics
0625
5
Chapter 1
Units and Measurements
Ahmed Osama Castella

2
21 June 2009 Q.1
1 An engineering machine has a piston which is going up and down approximately 75 times For
per minute. Examiner’s
Use
Describe carefully how a stopwatch may be used to find accurately the time for one up-and-
down cycle of the piston.
.................................................................................................................................................
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.................................................................................................................................................
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........................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 4]
© UCLES 2009 0625/31/M/J/09

Ahmed&Osama&C. Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
3
2
Nov. 2009 Q.1
21 Fig 1.1 shows part of a measuring instrument. For
Examiner’s
Use
0
mm 25
20
Fig. 1.1
(a) State the name of this instrument.
................................................. [1]
(b) Record the reading shown in Fig. 1.1.
................................................. [1]
(c) Describe how you would find the thickness of a sheet of paper used in a magazine.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 5]
© UCLES 2009 0625/31/O/N/09

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
4
3 Nov. 2009 Q.2
3
2 The list below gives the approximate densities of various metals. For
Examiner’s
gold 19 g / cm3 Use
lead 11 g / cm3
copper 9 g / cm3
iron 8 g / cm3
At an antiques market, a collector buys what is advertised as a small ancient gold statue.
When the collector tests it in the laboratory, he finds its mass is 600 g and its volume is
65 cm3.
(a) In the space below, describe how the volume of the statue could be measured. You may
draw diagrams if you wish.
[3]
(b) Use the figures given above to decide whether the statue was really made of gold. Show
your working.
Was the statue made of gold? (Tick one box.)
yes
no
[3]
[Total: 6]
© UCLES 2009 0625/31/O/N/09 [Turn over
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
5
2 June2012
June 2012Q.1
Q.1
4
1 The period of the vertical oscillations of a mass hanging from a spring is known to be For
constant. Examiner’s
Use
(a) A student times single oscillations with a stopwatch. In 10 separate measurements, the
stopwatch readings were:
1.8 s, 1.9 s, 1.7 s, 1.9 s, 1.8 s, 1.8 s, 1.9 s, 1.7 s, 1.8 s, 1.8 s.
What is the best value obtainable from these readings for the time of one oscillation?
Explain how you arrive at your answer.
best value = .....................................................................................................................
explanation ......................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Describe how, using the same stopwatch, the student can find the period of oscillation
more accurately.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 5]
© UCLES 2012 0625/31/M/J/12

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
6
2
June 2013 Q.1
15 (a) Define density. For
Examiner’s
.......................................................................................................................................... Use
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) The density of aluminium is 2.70 g / cm3. The thickness of a rectangular sheet of
aluminium foil varies, but is much less than 1 mm.
A student wishes to find the average thickness. She obtains the following measurements.
mass of sheet = 60.7 g

length of sheet = 50.0 cm
width of sheet = 30.0 cm
Calculate the student’s values for
(i) the volume of the sheet,
volume = .................................................. [2]
(ii) the average thickness of the sheet.
thickness = .................................................. [2]
(c) Another student, provided with a means of cutting the sheet, decides to find its average
thickness using a single measuring instrument. Assume the surfaces of the sheet are
perfectly smooth.
(i) Name a measuring instrument she could use.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
© UCLES 2013 0625/31/M/J/13

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
7
3
(ii) Describe the procedure she should follow to obtain an accurate value of the For
average thickness of the sheet. Examiner’s
Use
Details of how to read the instrument are not required.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 9]
© UCLES 2013 0625/31/M/J/13 [Turn over

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
8
3 June 2014 Q.2
6
2 A student has a large number of coins of different diameters, all made of the same metal. She
wishes to find the density of the metal by a method involving placing the coins in water.
(a) State the formula needed to calculate the density.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Describe how the measurements of the required quantities are carried out.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [5]
(c) State one precaution taken when carrying out the measurements in (b) to ensure that the
result is as accurate as possible.
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 7]

AhmedOsama Castella
egyptigstudentroom.com
Osama Castella
9 www.dynamicpapers.com
3
7(b) A student used a suitable measuring cylinder and a spring balance to find the density of For
a sample of the stone. Examiner’s
Use
(i) Describe how the measuring cylinder is used, and state the readings that are
taken.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) Describe how the spring balance is used, and state the reading that is taken.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
(iii) Write down an equation from which the density of the stone is calculated.
..................................................................................................................................
(iv) The student then wishes to find the density of cork. Suggest how the apparatus and
the method would need to be changed.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[6]

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
10
0625
Physics

Chapter 2
Motion


11
2 June 2010 Q.1
1
1 Fig. 1.1 shows the speed/time graph for a car travelling along a straight road. For
Examiner’s
The graph shows how the speed of the car changes as the car passes through a small Use
town.
35
D
30
speed
m/s
A
25
enters leaves
20 town town
here here
15
B C
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
time / s
Fig. 1.1
(a) Describe what happens to the speed of the car
(i) between A and B, .....................................................................................................
(ii) between B and C, .....................................................................................................
(iii) between C and D. .....................................................................................................

[1]
© UCLES 2010 0625/31/M/J/10

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
12
3
(b) Calculate the distance between the start of the town and the end of the town. For
Examiner’s
Use
distance = ................................................ [3]
(c) Calculate the acceleration of the car between C and D.
acceleration = ................................................ [3]
(d) State how the graph shows that the deceleration of the car has the same numerical
value as its acceleration.
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 8]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
13
2 Nov. 2011 Q.1
2
1 (a) Define acceleration. Explain any symbols in your definition.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Fig. 1.1 shows a graph of speed against time for a train. After 100 s the train stops at a
station.
30
speed 25
m/s
20
15
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280
time / s
Fig. 1.1
(i) For the time interval between 40 s and 100 s, calculate the distance travelled by the train.
distance = ...........................................................[2]
(ii) The train stops for 80 s, then accelerates to 30 m / s with an acceleration of 0.60 m / s2. It
then travels at constant speed.
Complete the graph for the interval 100 s to 280 s, showing your calculations in the space
below.
[5]
[Total: 8]
© UCLES 2011 0625/31/O/N/11

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
14
3 June 2012 Q.2
3
2 A girl rides her bicycle along a straight level road. Fig. 2.1 shows a graph of her distance For
moved against time. Examiner’s
Use
400 D
300
distance / m
200
100
B
A
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
time / s
Fig. 2.1
(a) Describe her motion
(i) from A to B, ..............................................................................................................
(ii) from B to C, ..............................................................................................................
(iii) from C to D. ..............................................................................................................

[3]
(b) Calculate
(i) her average speed from A to D,
average speed = ................................................. [2]
(ii) her maximum speed.
maximum speed = ................................................. [3]
[Total: 8]
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
15
4 June 2013 Q.2
4
2 (a) Underline the vectors in the following list of quantities. For
Examiner’s
density energy force mass velocity volume [2] Use
(b) A small metal ball is projected into the air with a velocity of 40 m / s vertically upwards.
The graph in Fig. 2.1 shows how the velocity changes with time until the ball reaches its
maximum height.
40
velocity
m/s
20
0
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
time / s
–20
–40
Fig. 2.1
Use the graph to find,
(i) the time at which the ball reaches its maximum height,
time = .................................................. [1]
(ii) the deceleration of the ball,
deceleration = .................................................. [2]
© UCLES 2013 0625/31/M/J/13

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
16
5
(iii) the maximum height reached by the ball. For

Examiner’s
Use
maximum height = .................................................. [2]
(c) On Fig. 2.1, add a line to the graph to show how the velocity of the ball changes after it
reaches its maximum height. Your line should extend to time 6.0 s. [1]
[Total: 8]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
17
2
June 2016 Q1
51 (a) A bus travels at a constant speed. It stops for a short time and then travels at a higher constant
speed.
Using the axes in Fig. 1.1, draw a distance-time graph for this bus journey.
distance
0
0 time
Fig. 1.1
[3]
(b) A lift (elevator) starts from rest at the ground floor of a building.
Fig. 1.2 is the speed-time graph for the motion of the lift to the top floor of the building.
4.0
speed
m/s
3.0
2.0
1.0
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
time / s
Fig. 1.2
© UCLES 2016 06_0625_41_2016_1.10
Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
18
3
Use the graph to determine the distance from the ground floor to the top floor of the building.
distance = ................................................................. [4]
[Total: 7]
© UCLES 2016 06_0625_41_2016_1.10 [Turn over

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
19
0625
Physics

Chapter 3
Forces


20
0625
Physics

Newton Laws
and
Motion with Air Resistance

21
3 For
Examiner’s
Use
1 (b) Explain, in terms of the forces acting on the ball, why
(i) the acceleration of the ball decreases,
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [3]
(ii) the ball reaches terminal velocity.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [2]
[Total: 11]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
22
2
June 2008 Q.1
2
1 Fig. 1.1 shows the speed-time graphs for two falling balls. For
Examiner’s
Use
30
rubber ball
speed
m/s
20
plastic ball
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
time / s
Fig. 1.1
Both balls fall from the same height above the ground.
(a) Use the graphs to find
(i) the average acceleration of the falling rubber ball during the first 3.0 s,
acceleration = ................................................ [2]
(ii) the distance fallen by the rubber ball during the first 3.0 s,
distance = ................................................ [2]
(iii) the terminal velocity of the plastic ball.
terminal velocity = ................................................ [1]
© UCLES 2008 0625/31/M/J/08

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
23
3
(b) Both balls have the same mass but the volume of the plastic ball is much greater than For
that of the rubber ball. Explain, in terms of the forces acting on each ball, why the plastic Examiner’s
ball reaches a terminal velocity but the rubber ball does not. Use
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [3]
(c) The rubber ball has a mass of 50 g. Calculate the gravitational force acting on the rubber
ball.
force = ................................................ [2]
[Total: 10]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
24
4 June 2009 Q.3
33 (a) Fig. 3.1 shows a skier descending a hillside. Fig. 3.2 shows the speed/time graph of his For
motion. Examiner’s
Use
speed
4
m/s
0
0 2 4 6 8
time / s
Fig. 3.1 Fig. 3.2
(i) How can you tell that the acceleration of the skier is constant during the 8 s shown
on the graph?
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Calculate the acceleration of the skier.
acceleration = ................................................ [2]
(b) Another skier starts from rest at the top of the slope. As his speed increases the friction
force on the skier increases.
(i) State the effect of this increasing friction force on the acceleration.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Eventually the speed of the skier becomes constant.
What can be said about the friction force when the speed is constant?
............................................................................................................................ [2]
© UCLES 2009 0625/31/M/J/09

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
25
5
(iii) 1. On the axes of Fig. 3.3, sketch a possible speed/time graph for the motion of For
the second skier. Examiner’s
Use
speed
0
0 time
Fig. 3.3
2. On your graph, mark with the letter A a region where the acceleration is not
constant. Mark with the letter B the region where the speed is constant. [4]
[Total: 10]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
26
2 Nov.2012 Q.1
41 Fig. 1.1 shows the graph of speed v against time t for a train as it travels from one station to For
the next. Examiner’s
Use
20
v
m/s
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
t /s
Fig. 1.1
(a) Use Fig. 1.1 to calculate
(i) the distance between the two stations,
distance = ................................................. [4]
(ii) the acceleration of the train in the first 10 s.
acceleration = ................................................. [2]
© UCLES 2012 0625/31/O/N/12

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
27
3
(b) The mass of the train is 1.1 × 105 kg. For

Examiner’s
Calculate the resultant force acting on the train in the first 10 s. Use
resultant force = ................................................. [2]
(c) The force generated by the engine of the train is called the driving force.
Write down, in words, an equation relating the driving force to any other forces acting on
the train during the period t = 10 s to t = 130 s.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 9]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
28
2 Nov. 2014 Q.1
5
1 (a) Fig. 1.1 shows the distance-time graphs for three different objects A, B and C.
A
B
distance
0
0 time
Fig. 1.1
Describe the motion of each of the objects A, B and C by selecting the appropriate description
from the list below.
constant speed increasing speed decreasing speed stationary
A ...............................................................................................................................................
B ...............................................................................................................................................
C ...............................................................................................................................................
[2]
www.egyptigstudentroom.com
© UCLES 2014 0625/31/O/N/14
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
29
3
(b) Fig. 1.2 shows the speed-time graphs for three more objects D, E, and F.
speed D
0
0 time
Fig. 1.2
Describe the motion of each of the objects D, E and F by selecting the appropriate description
from the list below.
constant speed constant acceleration increasing acceleration stationary
D ...............................................................................................................................................
E ...............................................................................................................................................
F ................................................................................................................................................
[2]
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
30
4
(c) Fig. 1.3 shows a person bungee-jumping from a bridge. The person is attached to a long
elastic rope.
strong fixed point
rope
jumper
river
Fig. 1.3
(i) In 1.5 s the speed of the jumper increases from zero to 10.5 m / s.
Calculate her average acceleration during this time.
acceleration = ................................................[2]
(ii) At one point during the fall, she reaches her maximum speed.
1. State her acceleration at this point.
acceleration = ................................................[1]
2. What can be said about the forces acting on her at this point?
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 8]
© UCLES 2014 0625/31/O/N/14
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
31
3
June&2015&Q1
6
1 (a) Figs. 1.1 and 1.2 show speed-time graphs for two objects, each moving in a straight line.
speed speed
0 0
0 time 0 time
Fig. 1.1 Fig. 1.2
(i) Describe the motion of the object shown by the graph in Fig. 1.1.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
(ii) Describe the motion of the object shown by the graph in Fig. 1.2.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[3]
(b) On a day with no wind, a large object is dropped from a tall building. The object experiences
air resistance during its fall to the ground.
State and explain, in terms of the forces acting, how the acceleration of the object varies
during its fall.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [4]
[Total: 7]
Ahmed'Osama'C. Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
32
2 Nov.%2015%Q1
7
1 Fig. 1.1 shows a rocket-powered sled travelling along a straight track. The sled is used to test
components before they are sent into space.
sled
track
Fig. 1.1
Fig. 1.2 is the speed-time graph for the sled from time t = 0 s.
1000
800
speed
m/s 600
400
200
0
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
time / s
Fig. 1.2
(a) On Fig. 1.2, mark a point labelled P to indicate a time when the acceleration of the sled is not
constant. [1]
(b) (i) Calculate the acceleration of the sled at t = 1.0 s.
acceleration = ...........................................................[2]
(ii) Determine the distance travelled by the sled between t = 1.0 s and t = 2.0 s.
distance = ...........................................................[2]
© UCLES 2015 0625/31/O/N/15

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
33
3
(c) The resultant force acting on the sled remains constant during the test.
Suggest why the acceleration of the sled is not constant.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 6]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
34
2
Nov.2016 Q1
861 An astronaut on the Moon drops a feather from rest, off the top of a small cliff. The acceleration
due to gravity on the Moon is 1.6 m / s2. There is no air on the Moon.
(a) The feather falls for 4.5 s before it hits the ground.
(i) On Fig. 1.1, draw the speed-time graph for the falling feather. [2]
speed
m/s
6
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
time / s
Fig. 1.1
(ii) Determine the distance fallen by the feather.
distance = .......................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2016 0625/41/O/N/16

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
35
3
(b) On Fig. 1.2, sketch the shape of a speed-time graph for the same feather falling on Earth.
speed
0
0 time
Fig. 1.2
[2]
(c) Explain the difference between speed and velocity. Include the words vector and scalar in
your answer.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 8]

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
36
2
June 2017 Q1
918 Fig. 1.1 is the speed-time graph for an ice skater.
12
speed
m/s
10
0
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0
time t / s
Fig. 1.1
(a) Explain what is meant by deceleration.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Use Fig. 1.1 to determine
(i) the distance travelled between times t = 3.0 s and t = 6.0 s,
distance = ...........................................................[2]
© UCLES 2017 0625/41/M/J/17

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
37
3
(ii) the deceleration between times t = 3.0 s and t = 6.0 s.
deceleration = ...........................................................[2]
(c) (i) State what happens to the size of the deceleration after time t = 6.0 s.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) State what happens to the resultant force on the skater after time t = 6.0 s.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 7]

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
38
5
June 2017 Q3
10
93 Fig. 3.1 shows remote sensing equipment on the surface of a distant planet.
Fig. 3.1
(a) The mass of the equipment is 350 kg. The acceleration of free fall on the surface of this planet
is 7.5 m / s2.
(i) State what is meant by the term weight.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Calculate the weight of the equipment on the planet.
weight = ...........................................................[2]
(b) The equipment releases a balloon from a point that is a small distance above the surface
of the planet. The atmosphere at the surface of this planet has a density of 0.35 kg / m3. The
inflated balloon has a mass of 80 g and a volume of 0.30 m3.
Make an appropriate calculation and then predict and explain the direction of any motion of
the balloon. Show your working.
prediction ..................................................................................................................................
explanation ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[4]
[Total: 7]

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
39
2
Nov. 2017 Q1
11
101 Fig. 1.1 shows the speed-time graph for the motion of a car.
20
speed
m/s
15
10
0
0 10 20 30 40
time / s
Fig. 1.1
The mass of the car is 1200 kg.
(a) Calculate, for the first 20 s of the motion,
(i) the distance travelled by the car,
distance = ...........................................................[2]
(ii) the acceleration of the car,
acceleration = ...........................................................[2]
(iii) the resultant force acting on the car.
resultant force = ...........................................................[2]
(b) Describe the motion of the car in the period of time from 25 s to 40 s.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 7]
© UCLES 2017 0625/41/O/N/17
Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
2 June 2018 Q1
12
1 Fig. 1.1 shows the speed-time graph for a vehicle accelerating from rest.
30
speed 25
m/s
20
15
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
time / s
Fig. 1.1
(a) Calculate the acceleration of the vehicle at time = 30 s.
acceleration = ...........................................................[2]
(b) Without further calculation, state how the acceleration at time = 100 s compares to the
acceleration at time = 10 s. Suggest, in terms of force, a reason why any change has taken
place.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
(c) Determine the distance travelled by the vehicle between time = 120 s and time = 160 s.
distance = ...........................................................[3]
[Total: 8]
© UCLES 2018 0625/41/M/J/18

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
2 Nov. 2018 Q1
13
1 A train of mass 5.6 × 105 kg is at rest in a station.
At time t = 0 s, a resultant force acts on the train and it starts to accelerate forwards.
Fig. 1.1 is the distance-time graph for the train for the first 120 s.
5000
distance / m
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
time t / s
Fig. 1.1
(a) (i) Use Fig. 1.1 to determine:
1. the average speed of the train during the 120 s
average speed = ...........................................................[1]
2. the speed of the train at time t = 100 s.
speed = ...........................................................[2]
© UCLES 2018 0625/41/O/N/18

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
3
(ii) Describe how the acceleration of the train at time t = 100 s differs from the acceleration
at time t = 20 s.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) (i) The initial acceleration of the train is 0.75 m / s2.
Calculate the resultant force that acts on the train at this time.
resultant force = ...........................................................[2]
(ii) At time t = 120 s, the train begins to decelerate.
State what is meant by deceleration.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 8]

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
43
2 Nov. 2019 Q1
141 A car accelerates from rest at time t = 0 to its maximum speed.
Fig. 1.1 is the speed-time graph for the first 25 s of its motion.
40
speed
m/s
30
20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
t/s
Fig. 1.1
(a) The mass of the car is 2300 kg.
For the time between t = 0 and t = 5.0 s, determine:
(i) the acceleration of the car
acceleration = ........................................................ [2]
(ii) the resultant force acting on the car.
resultant force = ........................................................ [2]
© UCLES 2019 0972/41/O/N/19

Ahmed Osama
Ahmed Castella
Osama Castella
44
3
(b) Describe the motion of the car between t = 10 s and t = 15 s. Explain how Fig. 1.1 shows this.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(c) Between t = 10 s and t = 15 s, the force exerted on the car due to the engine remains constant.
Suggest and explain why the car moves in the way shown by Fig. 1.1.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 9]

Ahmed Osama
Ahmed Castella
Osama Castella
45
0625
Physics

Elastic Forces

46
4 Nov. 2009 Q.3
1116
837 A student investigated the stretching of a spring by hanging various weights from it and For
measuring the corresponding extensions. The results are shown below. Examiner’s
Use
weight / N 0 1 2 3 4 5
extension / mm 0 21 40 51 82 103
(a) On Fig. 3.1, plot the points from these results. Do not draw a line through the points yet.
[2]
120
100
extension / mm
80
60
40
20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
weight / N
Fig. 3.1
© UCLES 2009 0625/31/O/N/09

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
47
5
(b) The student appears to have made an error in recording one of the results. For
Examiner’s
Which result is this? Use
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Ignoring the incorrect result, draw the best straight line through the remaining points.
[1]
(d) State and explain whether this spring is obeying Hooke’s Law.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
(e) Describe how the graph might be shaped if the student continued to add several more
weights to the spring.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(f) The student estimates that if he hangs a 45 N load on the spring, the extension will be
920 mm.
Explain why this estimate may be unrealistic.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 8]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
48
2 Nov. 2013 Q.1
122918 (a) State Hooke’s law. For
Examiner’s
.......................................................................................................................................... Use
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Fig. 1.1 shows a graph of the stretching force F acting on a spring against the extension
x of the spring.
250
200
F /N
150
100
50
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
x / mm
Fig. 1.1
(i) State the features of the graph that show that the spring obeys Hooke’s law.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Calculate k, the force per unit extension of the spring.
k = ................................................... [3]
© UCLES 2013 0625/31/O/N/13

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
49
3
(iii) The limit of proportionality of the spring is reached at an extension of 50 mm. For
Examiner’s
Continue the graph in Fig. 1.1 to suggest how the spring behaves when the Use
stretching force is increased to values above 125 N. [1]
(iv) Another spring has a smaller value of k. This spring obeys Hooke’s law for
extensions up to 80 mm.
On the grid of Fig. 1.1, draw a possible line of the variation of F with x for this
spring. [1]
[Total: 7]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
50
3
Nov. 2017 Q2
1332 (a) State Hooke’s Law.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) For forces up to 120 N, a spring obeys Hooke’s Law.
A force of 120 N causes an extension of 64 mm.
(i) On Fig. 2.1, draw the force-extension graph for the spring for loads up to 120 N. [1]
150
force / N
100
50
0
0 20 40 60 80
extension / mm
Fig. 2.1
(ii) Calculate the spring constant k of the spring.
k = ...........................................................[2]
(c) A student makes a spring balance using the spring in (b). The maximum reading of this
balance is 150 N.
The student tests his balance with a known weight of 140 N. He observes that the reading of
the balance is not 140 N.
Suggest and explain why the reading is not 140 N.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 6]

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
51
4 June 2013 V.2 Q2
42 Fig. 2.1 shows the extension-load graph for a spring. For
Examiner’s
Use
P
extension
0
0
load
Fig. 2.1
Point P is the limit of proportionality.
(a) (i) Name the law obeyed by the spring from the origin to P.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Describe two features of the graph which show that the law is obeyed.
1. ...............................................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) On Fig. 2.1, sketch a possible continuation of the graph when the spring is loaded
beyond the limit of proportionality. [1]
[Total: 4]
© UCLES 2013 0625/32/M/J/13

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
52
0625
Physics

Centripetal Forces
(Circular Motion)
and
Vector Diagrams

(Parallelogram)

53
2 June 2007 Q.1 For
Examiner’s
10
Use
119
14 Fig. 1.1 shows a model car moving clockwise around a horizontal circular track.
direction of
movement
P
model circular
car track
Fig. 1.1
(a) A force acts on the car to keep it moving in a circle.
(i) Draw an arrow on Fig. 1.1 to show the direction of this force. [1]
(ii) The speed of the car increases. State what happens to the magnitude of this force.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) (i) The car travels too quickly and leaves the track at P. On Fig. 1.1, draw an arrow to
show the direction of travel after it has left the track. [1]
(ii) In terms of the forces acting on the car, suggest why it left the track at P.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [2]
© UCLES 2007 0625/03/M/J/07

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
54
3 For
Examiner’s
Use
(c) The car, starting from rest, completes one lap of the track in 10 s. Its motion is shown
graphically in Fig. 1.2.
30
25
speed / 20
cm / s
15
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
time / s
Fig. 1.2
(i) Describe the motion between 3.0 s and 10.0 s after the car has started.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Use Fig. 1.2 to calculate the circumference of the track.
circumference = ................................................ [2]
(iii) Calculate the increase in speed per second during the time 0 to 3.0 s.
increase in speed per second = ................................................ [2]
[Total: 10]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
55
6 June 2010 Q.3
23
12
16
11 Two students make the statements about acceleration that are given below. For
Examiner’s
Student A: For a given mass the acceleration of an object is proportional to the resultant Use
force applied to the object.
Student B: For a given force the acceleration of an object is proportional to the mass of
the object.
(a) One statement is correct and one is incorrect.
Re-write the incorrect statement, making changes so that it is now correct.
For a given ..................... the acceleration of an object is ...............................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) State the equation which links acceleration a, resultant force F and mass m.
[1]
(c) Describe what happens to the motion of a moving object when
(i) there is no resultant force acting on it,
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) a resultant force is applied to it in the opposite direction to the motion,
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) a resultant force is applied to it in a perpendicular direction to the motion.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
[Total: 5]
© UCLES 2010 0625/31/M/J/10

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
56
2 Nov. 2010 Q.1
31
14
18
13 An object of weight W is suspended by two ropes from a beam, as shown in Fig. 1.1.
86.6 N
30°
50.0 N 60°
Fig. 1.1
The tensions in the ropes are 50.0 N and 86.6 N, as shown.
(a) In the space below, draw a scale diagram to find the resultant of the two tensions.
Use a scale of 1.0 cm = 10 N.
Clearly label the resultant. [3]
© UCLES 2010 0625/31/O/N/10

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
57
3
(b) From your diagram, find the value of the resultant.
resultant = ......................................................... [1]
(c) State the direction in which the resultant is acting.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) State the value of W. W = ......................................................... [1]
[Total: 6]
194
15
14
2 A car travels around a circular track at constant speed. Nov. 2010 Q.2
(a) Why is it incorrect to describe the circular motion as having constant velocity?
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) A force is required to maintain the circular motion.
(i) Explain why a force is required.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) In which direction does this force act?
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Suggest what provides this force.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 5]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
58
6 June 2009 Q.4
54
20
16
15 (a) In an accident, a truck goes off the road and into a ditch. Two breakdown vehicles A and For
B are used to pull the truck out of the ditch, as shown in Fig. 4.1. Examiner’s
Use
road
45°
A
B breakdown
vehicles
ditch
Fig. 4.1
© UCLES 2009 0625/31/M/J/09

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
59
7
At one point in the rescue operation, breakdown vehicle A is exerting a force of 4000 N For
and breakdown vehicle B is exerting a force of 2000 N. Examiner’s
Use
(i) Using a scale of 1 cm = 500 N, make a scale drawing to show the resultant force on
the truck.
[4]
(ii) Use your diagram to find the magnitude and direction of the resultant force on the
truck.
magnitude of resultant force = ......................................................
direction of resultant force = ............................... to direction of road [2]
(b) (i) State why the resultant force is an example of a vector quantity.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Give an example of a vector quantity that is not a force.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
[Total: 8]
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
60
4 Nov. 2012 Q.2
62
21
17
16 (a) State the factors which completely describe a vector quantity. For
Examiner’s
.......................................................................................................................................... Use
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) An aeroplane is flying towards the east in still air at 92 m / s. A wind starts to blow at
24 m / s towards the north.
Draw a vector diagram to find the resultant velocity of the aeroplane. Use a scale of
1.0 cm = 10 m / s.
resultant speed = ......................................................
angle between resultant and easterly direction = ......................................................

[5]
[Total: 6]
© UCLES 2012 0625/31/O/N/12

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
61
5 June 2014 Q.4
2274
18
17 Fig. 4.1 shows a heavy ball B of weight W suspended from a fixed beam by two ropes P and Q.
beam
P Q
30 N 30 N
45° 45°
B
Fig. 4.1
P and Q are both at an angle of 45° to the horizontal. The tensions in P and Q are each 30 N.
(a) In the space below, draw a scale diagram to find the resultant of the tensions in P and Q. Use
a scale of 1.0 cm to represent 5.0 N. Label the forces and show their directions with arrows.
resultant = ............................................... [4]
(b) State the direction of the resultant. ...................................................................................... [1]
(c) State the magnitude of W. magnitude of W = ............................................... [1]
[Total: 6]
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
3
82 A student sets up the apparatus shown in Fig. 2.1 in order to find the resultant of the two For
tensions T1 and T2 acting at P. When the tensions T1, T2 and T3 are balanced, the angles Examiner’s
between T1 and the vertical and T2 and the vertical are as marked on Fig. 2.1. Use
pulley
vertical
pulley T1 = 6.0 N T2 = 8.0 N board
44°
69°
T3
Fig. 2.1
In the space below, draw a scale diagram of the forces T1 and T2. Use the diagram to find the
resultant of the two forces.
State
(a) the scale used, scale = ........................................
(b) the value of the resultant, value = ........................................
(c) the direction of the resultant. direction = ........................................

[6]

Ahmed Osama
Castella
63
0625
Physics

Momentum

64
6 Specimen 2016 Q.3
13
24
20
18 The engine of an unpowered toy train is rolling at a constant speed on a level track, as shown in
Fig. 3.1. The engine collides with a stationary toy truck, and joins with it.
moving engine
stationary truck
track
Fig. 3.1
Before the collision, the toy engine is travelling at 0.32 m / s. The mass of the engine is 0.50 kg.
(a) Calculate the momentum of the toy engine before the collision.
momentum = [2]
(b) The mass of the truck is 0.30 kg.
Using the principle of conservation of momentum, calculate the speed of the joined engine
and truck immediately after the collision.
speed = [3]
[Total: 5]
Ahmed&Osama&C.
© UCLES 2014 0625/04/SP/16
Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
65
4
June 2016 Q2
2522 Fig. 2.1 shows a dummy of mass 70 kg used in a crash test to investigate the safety of a new car.
passenger dummy
barrier compartment
windscreen
Fig. 2.1
The car approaches a solid barrier at 20 m / s. It crashes into the barrier and stops suddenly.
(a) (i) Calculate the momentum of the dummy immediately before the crash.
momentum = ................................................................. [2]
(ii) Determine the impulse that must be applied to the dummy to bring it to rest.
impulse = ................................................................. [1]
© UCLES 2016 06_0625_41_2016_1.10
Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
66
5
(b) In the crash test, the passenger compartment comes to rest in 0.20 s.
Calculate the deceleration of the passenger compartment.
deceleration = ................................................................. [2]
(c) The seat belt and air bag bring the dummy to rest so that it does not hit the windscreen.
2
The dummy has an average deceleration of 80 m / s .
Calculate the average resultant force applied to the dummy, of mass 70 kg.
force = ................................................................. [2]
(d) The deceleration of the dummy is less than the deceleration of the passenger compartment.
Explain why this is of benefit for the safety of a passenger.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 9]
© UCLES 2016 06_0625_41_2016_1.10 [Turn over

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
67
4
June 2016 (V.2) Q2
3
2 Fig. 2.1 shows two railway trucks on a track.
5.0 m / s
buffer truck B truck A

5000 kg 6000 kg track
Fig. 2.1
Truck A of mass 6000 kg is moving at 5.0 m / s. It is approaching truck B of mass 5000 kg, which is
stationary.
(a) Calculate the momentum of truck A.
momentum = ................................................................. [2]
(b) The trucks collide, their buffers compress and then they bounce off each other, remaining
undamaged.
After the collision, truck B has a momentum of 27 000 kg m / s.
(i) Determine the impulse applied to truck B.
impulse = ................................................................. [2]
(ii) The trucks are in contact for 0.60 s.
Calculate the average force on truck B.
force = ................................................................. [2]
© UCLES 2016 06_0625_42_2016_1.11
Ahmed Osama
Castella
68
5
(iii) Calculate the final speed of truck A.
speed = ................................................................. [3]
[Total: 9]
© UCLES 2016 06_0625_42_2016_1.11 [Turn over

Ahmed Osama
Castella
69
4 Nov. 2016 (V.2) Q2
4
2 (a) (i) State an expression for the kinetic energy of an object of mass m that is moving with a
speed v.
Ch.5
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State and explain whether kinetic energy is a scalar quantity or a vector quantity.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Fig. 2.1 shows two fairground “bumper” cars.
stationary moving
empty car car
50 kg 2.5 m / s 200 kg
springs
Fig. 2.1
The car with passengers, of total mass 200 kg, is moving in a straight line. It is travelling at
2.5 m / s when it hits a stationary empty car of mass 50 kg.
After the collision, the empty car moves forwards in the same direction at a speed of 4.0 m / s.
For the car with passengers, determine
(i) its momentum when it is travelling at 2.5 m / s,
momentum = .......................................................... [2]
(ii) the speed and direction of its motion immediately after the collision.
speed = ...............................................................
direction: ...............................................................
[3]
© UCLES 2016 0625/42/O/N/16

Ahmed Osama
Castella
70
6 June 2017 (V.2) Q3
5
3 (a) Underline the pair of quantities which must be multiplied together to calculate impulse.
force and mass force and velocity mass and time
time and velocity weight and velocity force and time [1]
(b) Fig. 3.1 shows a collision between two blocks A and B on a smooth, horizontal surface.
A B A B
3.0 m / s v
2.4 kg 1.2 kg
before collision after collision
Fig. 3.1
Before the collision, block A, of mass 2.4 kg, is moving at 3.0 m / s. Block B, of mass 1.2 kg, is
at rest.
After the collision, blocks A and B stick together and move with velocity v.
(i) Calculate
1. the momentum of block A before the collision,
momentum = ...........................................................[2]
2. the velocity v,
velocity = ...........................................................[2]
3. the impulse experienced by block B during the collision.
impulse = ...........................................................[2]
(ii) Suggest why the total kinetic energy of blocks A and B after the collision is less than the
kinetic energy of block A before the collision.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 8]
© UCLES 2017 0625/42/M/J/17
Ahmed Osama
Castella
71
2 June 2019 Q1
61 A rocket is stationary on the launchpad. At time t = 0, the rocket engines are switched on and
exhaust gases are ejected from the nozzles of the engines. The rocket accelerates upwards.
Fig. 1.1 shows how the acceleration of the rocket varies between time t = 0 and time t = tf.
acceleration
0
0 tf
time t
Fig. 1.1
(a) Define acceleration.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) On Fig. 1.2, sketch a graph to show how the speed of the rocket varies between time t = 0
and time t = tf.
speed
0
0 tf
time t
Fig. 1.2
[3]
© UCLES 2019 0972/41/M/J/19

Ahmed Osama
Ahmed Castella
Osama Castella
72
3
(c) Some time later, the rocket is far from the Earth. The effect of the Earth’s gravity on the
motion of the rocket is insignificant. As the rocket accelerates, its momentum increases.
(i) State the principle of the conservation of momentum.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Explain how the principle of the conservation of momentum applies to the accelerating
rocket and the exhaust gases.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 8]

Ahmed Osama
Ahmed Castella
Osama Castella
73
0625
Physics

Chapter 4
Turning Effect of Forces


74
4 Nov. 2011 Q.3
1233 (a) State the two conditions required for the equilibrium of a body acted upon by a number of
forces.
1. ...............................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) Fig. 3.1 shows a diagram of an arm with the hand holding a weight of 120 N.
2 cm
15 cm
20 N
120 N
33 cm
Fig. 3.1
The 20 N force is the weight of the forearm, acting at its centre of mass. F is the force in the
muscle of the upper arm. P is the point in the elbow about which the arm pivots. The distances
of the forces from point P are shown.
(i) By taking moments about point P, calculate the force F.
force F = ...........................................................[3]
(ii) A force acts on the forearm at point P. Calculate this force and state its direction.
force = ...............................................................
direction = ...........................................................[2]
[Total: 7]
© UCLES 2011 0625/31/O/N/11
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
75
5 Nov. 2012 Q.3
2334 (a) A stationary body is acted upon by a number of forces. State the two conditions which For
must apply for the body to remain at rest. Examiner’s
Use
1. ......................................................................................................................................
2. ......................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) Fig. 3.1 shows a device used for compressing crushed material.
380 mm 120 mm
lever arm
plunger
20 N
cylinder
cross-sectional crushed material

F
area A
Fig. 3.1
The lever arm rotates about the hinge H at its right-hand end. A force of 20 N acts
downwards on the left-hand end of the lever arm. The force F of the crushed material on
the plunger acts upwards. Ignore the weight of the lever arm.
(i) Use the clockwise and anticlockwise moments about H to calculate the upward
force F which the crushed material exerts on the plunger. The distances are shown
on Fig. 3.1.
force F = ................................................. [3]
(ii) The cross-sectional area A of the plunger in contact with the crushed material is
0.0036 m2. Calculate the pressure exerted on the crushed material by the plunger.
pressure = ................................................. [2]

[Total: 7]
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
76
6 Nov. 2013 Q.3
3435 (a) (i) Write down the names of three man-made devices in everyday use that depend, For
for their action, upon the moments of forces. Examiner’s
Use
1. ...............................................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................................
3. ...............................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Fig. 3.1 shows a uniform rod AB acted upon by three equal forces F.
F F
A B
F
Fig. 3.1
State two reasons why the rod is not in equilibrium.
1. ...............................................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................................
[2]
© UCLES 2013 0625/31/O/N/13

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
77
7
(b) Fig. 3.2 shows a uniform rod PQ, supported at its centre and held in a horizontal position. For
The length of PQ is 1.00 m. Examiner’s
Use
1.00 m
0.30 m
P Q
12 N S
Fig. 3.2
A force of 12 N acts at a distance of 0.30 m from the support. A spring S, fixed at its
lower end, is attached to the rod at Q.
(i) Calculate the force exerted on PQ by the spring.
force = .................................................. [2]
(ii) Explain why it is not necessary to know the weight of PQ.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 7]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
78
4 March 2015 Q3
453 (a) Complete the following statement.
An object is in equilibrium when both the .................................................................. and the
.................................................................. on the object are zero. [2]
(b) Fig. 3.1 shows a ladder AB. End A of the ladder rests against a vertical wall. End B rests on
rough ground.
A F
ladder
wall
3.2 m
1.2 m
P
B ground
240 N
Fig. 3.1
Fig. 3.1 shows two of the forces acting on the ladder. The only force on the ladder at A is F,
which acts at right-angles to the wall. The weight of the ladder is 240 N acting at the centre of
mass of the ladder.
(i) 1. Calculate the moment of the weight of the ladder about point B.
moment = ........................................................ [1]
2. Write an expression, in terms of F, for the moment of F about point B.
moment = ........................................................ [1]
(ii) Use your answers from (i) to calculate F.
F = ........................................................ [2]
© UCLES 2015 0625/32/F/M/15
Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
79
5
(iii) Explain why there must be an upwards force acting on the ladder at B.
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 7]
© UCLES 2015 0625/32/F/M/15 [Turn over

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
4 Nov. 2018 Q2
562 Fig. 2.1 shows a uniform plank AB of length 2.0 m suspended from two ropes X and Y.
P Q
1.5 m
rope X rope Y
A B
0.5 m
W = 210 N
Fig. 2.1
The weight W of the plank is 210 N. The force in rope X is P. The force in rope Y is Q.
(a) State, in terms of P, the moment of force P about B.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Calculate:
(i) the moment of W about B
moment = ...........................................................[1]
(ii) the force P
force P = ...........................................................[2]
(iii) the force Q.
force Q = ...........................................................[2]
[Total: 6]
© UCLES 2018 0625/41/O/N/18

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
81
4 Q2
June 2019 Q1
62 Fig. 2.1 shows a sign that extends over a road.
support post
ACCIDENT
SLOW DOWN
sign
1.8 m
concrete
block W
1.3 m
P
70 cm
Fig. 2.1
The mass of the sign is 3.4 × 103 kg.
(a) Calculate the weight W of the sign.
W = ......................................................... [2]
(b) The weight of the sign acts at a horizontal distance of 1.8 m from the centre of the support
post and it produces a turning effect about point P.
Point P is a horizontal distance of 1.3 m from the centre of the support post.
(i) Calculate the moment about P due to the weight of the sign.
moment = ......................................................... [3]
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Ahmed Osama
Ahmed Castella
Osama Castella
82
5
(ii) A concrete block is positioned on the other side of the support post with its centre of
mass a horizontal distance of 70 cm from the centre of the support post.
1. State what is meant by centre of mass.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
2. The weight of the concrete block produces a moment about point P that exactly
cancels the moment caused by the weight W.
Calculate the weight of the concrete block.
weight = ......................................................... [2]
(c) The concrete block is removed. The sign and support post rotate about point P in a clockwise
direction.
State and explain what happens to the moment about point P due to the weight of the sign as
it rotates.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 10]

Ahmed Osama
Ahmed Castella
Osama Castella
83
0625
Physics

Chapter 5
Work, Energy and Power


84
5
June 2007 Q.3 For
Examiner’s
Use
31 A student wishes to work out how much power she uses to lift her body when climbing a
flight of stairs.
Her body mass is 60 kg and the vertical height of the stairs is 3.0 m. She takes 12 s to walk
up the stairs.
(a) Calculate
(i) the work done in raising her body mass as she climbs the stairs,
work = ................................................ [2]
(ii) the output power she develops when raising her body mass.
power = ................................................ [2]
(b) At the top of the stairs she has gravitational potential energy.
Describe the energy transformations taking place as she walks back down the stairs
and stops at the bottom.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 6]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
85
4 For
Nov. 2007 Q.2 Examiner’s

Use
2
2 Fig. 2.1 shows a track for a model car.
P
S
Q
0.5 m
0.4 m 0.4 m
T R
Fig. 2.1
The car has no power supply, but can run down a sloping track due to its weight.
(a) The car is released at Q. It comes to rest just before it reaches S and rolls back.
(i) Describe the motion of the car after it starts rolling back and until it eventually
comes to rest.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [2]
(ii) Explain in terms of energy transformations why the car, starting at Q, cannot
pass S.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) A second car, of mass 0.12 kg, is released from P. It continues until it runs off the track at
T.
Calculate the maximum speed that the car could have at T assuming friction in the car is
negligible.
speed = ................................................ [3]
[Total: 6]
© UCLES 2007 0625/03/O/N/07

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
86
5
June 2008 Q.3
343 A cyclist rides up and then back down the hill shown in Fig. 3.1. For
Examiner’s
Use
top of hill
14 m
starting and
finishing point
Fig. 3.1
The cyclist and her bicycle have a combined mass of 90 kg. She pedals up to the top and
then stops. She turns around and rides back to the bottom without pedalling or using her
brakes.
(a) Calculate the potential energy gained by the cyclist and her bicycle when she has
reached the top of the hill.
potential energy = ................................................ [2]
(b) Calculate the maximum speed she could have when she arrives back at the starting
point.
speed = ................................................ [3]
(c) Explain why her actual speed will be less than that calculated in (b).
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 6]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
87
7 Nov. 2009 Q.5
5465 A farmer uses an electric pump to raise water from a river in order to fill the irrigation channels For
that keep the soil in his fields moist. Examiner’s
Use
water pours electric

into channel pump
field
water rises 3m
up tube
irrigation
channel
river
Fig. 5.1
Every minute, the pump raises 12 kg of water through a vertical height of 3 m.
(a) Calculate the increase in the gravitational potential energy of 12 kg of water when it is
raised 3 m.
increase in gravitational potential energy = ................................................ [3]
(b) Calculate the useful power output of the pump as it raises the water.
power = ................................................ [3]
[Total: 6]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
88
4 June 2010 Q.2
6527 A car of mass 900 kg is travelling at a steady speed of 30 m / s against a resistive force of For
2000 N, as illustrated in Fig. 2.1. Examiner’s
Use
30 m / s
2000 N
resistive
force
Fig. 2.1
(a) Calculate the kinetic energy of the car.
kinetic energy = ................................................ [2]
(b) Calculate the energy used in 1.0 s against the resistive force.
energy = ................................................ [2]
(c) What is the minimum power that the car engine has to deliver to the wheels?
minimum power = ................................................ [1]
© UCLES 2010 0625/31/M/J/10

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
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5
(d) What form of energy is in the fuel, used by the engine to drive the car? For
Examiner’s
.................................................................................................................................... [1] Use
(e) State why the energy in the fuel is converted at a greater rate than you have calculated
in (c).
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 7]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
90
8 Nov. 2010 Q.5
7658 Fig. 5.1 shows a model cable-car system. It is driven by an electric motor coupled to a gear
system.
gears
m
6.0
2.0 m electric
motor
model
smooth cable-car
pulley
Fig. 5.1
The model cable-car has a mass of 5.0 kg and is lifted from the bottom pulley to the top pulley in
40 s. It stops automatically at the top.
(a) Calculate
(i) the average speed of the cable-car,
average speed = .......................................................... [2]
(ii) the gravitational potential energy gained by the cable-car,
gravitational potential energy gained = .......................................................... [2]
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Osama Castella
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9
(iii) the useful output power of the driving mechanism.
power = ......................................................... [2]
(b) How would the electrical power input to the motor compare with your answer to (a)(iii)?
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 7]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
92
3 Nov. 2011 Q.2
8710
2 (a) Energy from the Sun evaporates water from the sea. Some of this water eventually drives a
hydroelectric power station. Give an account of the processes and energy changes involved.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
(b) In a hydroelectric power station, 200 000 kg of water per second fall through a vertical distance
of 120 m. The water passes through turbines to generate electricity, and leaves the turbines
with a speed of 14 m / s.
(i) Calculate the gravitational potential energy lost by the water in 1 second. Use g = 10 m / s2.
potential energy lost = ............................................................[2]
(ii) Calculate the kinetic energy of the water leaving the turbines in 1 second.
kinetic energy = ............................................................[2]
[Total: 8]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
93
4 June 2012 Q.3
9811
3 (a) State an example of the conversion of chemical energy to another form of energy. For
Examiner’s
example ........................................................................................................................... Use
energy conversion ....................................................................................................... [1]
(b) The electrical output of a solar panel powers a pump. The pump operates a water
fountain. The output of the solar panel is 17 V and the current supplied to the pump is
0.27 A.
(i) Calculate the electrical power generated by the solar panel.
(Ch.16) P = IV = 0.27 x 17
power = ................................................. [2]
(ii) The pump converts electrical energy to kinetic energy of water with an efficiency
of 35%.
Calculate the kinetic energy of the water delivered by the pump in 1 second.
kinetic energy = ................................................. [2]
(iii) The pump propels 0.00014 m3 of water per second. This water rises vertically as a
jet. The density of water is 1000 kg / m3.
Calculate
1. the mass of water propelled by the pump in 1 second,
mass = ................................................. [2]
2. the maximum height of the jet of water.
maximum height = ................................................. [2]
[Total: 9]
© UCLES 2012 0625/31/M/J/12
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
94
6 Nov. 2012 Q.4
10
912
4 (a) State what is meant by the centre of mass of a body. For
Examiner’s
.......................................................................................................................................... Use
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Fig. 4.1 shows an athlete successfully performing a high jump.
Fig. 4.1
The height of the bar above the ground is 2.0 m. The maximum increase in gravitational
potential energy (g.p.e.) of the athlete during the jump is calculated using the expression
g.p.e. = mgh.
Explain why the value of h used in the calculation is much less than 2.0 m.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
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Osama Castella
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7
(c) Fig. 4.2 shows, in order, five stages of an athlete successfully performing a pole-vault. For
Examiner’s
Use
Fig. 4.2
Describe the energy changes which take place during the performance of the pole-
vault, from the original stationary position of the pole-vaulter before the run-up, to the
final stationary position after the vault.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [6]
[Total: 8]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
96
6
June 2013 Q.3
11
10
13
3 Fig. 3.1 shows the descent of a sky-diver from a stationary balloon. For
Examiner’s
Use
2000 m
sky-diver
parachute
500 m
Fig. 3.1 (not to scale)

The sky-diver steps from the balloon at a height of 2000 m and accelerates downwards.
His speed is 52 m / s at a height of 500 m.
He then opens his parachute. From 400 m to ground level, he falls at constant speed.
(a) The total mass of the sky-diver and his equipment is 92 kg.
(i) Calculate, for the sky-diver,
1. the loss of gravitational potential energy in the fall from 2000 m to 500 m,
loss of gravitational potential energy = .................................................. [2]

2. the kinetic energy at the height of 500 m.
kinetic energy = .................................................. [2]

© UCLES 2013 0625/31/M/J/13
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Osama Castella
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7
(ii) The kinetic energy at 500 m is not equal to the loss of gravitational potential energy. For
Explain why there is a difference in the values. Examiner’s
Use
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) State
(i) what happens to the air resistance acting on the sky-diver during the fall from
2000 m to 500 m,
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) the value of the air resistance during the fall from 400 m to ground.
air resistance = .................................................. [1]
[Total: 7]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
98
4
Nov. 2013 Q.2
12
11
14
2 A train has a total mass of 7.5 × 105 kg. For
Examiner’s
(a) The train accelerates from rest at a constant rate along a straight, horizontal track. Use
It reaches a speed of 24 m / s in 60 s.
Calculate
(i) the train’s acceleration,
acceleration = .................................................. [2]
(ii) the resultant force acting on the train.
force = .................................................. [2]
(b) The train now travels with a constant speed of 24 m / s along a straight, horizontal track.
The total force opposing the motion due to friction and air resistance is 7.2 × 104 N.
(i) By considering the work done by the train’s engine in 1.0 s, calculate its output
power.
power = .................................................. [2]
© UCLES 2013 0625/31/O/N/13

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Osama Castella
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5
(ii) The train begins to travel up a slope. For

Examiner’s
Explain why the power of the train’s engine must be increased to maintain the Use
speed of 24 m / s.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 9]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
100
4 June 2014 Q.3
13
12
15
3 (a) On a day with no wind, a fountain in Switzerland propels 30 000 kg of water per minute to a
height of 140 m.
Calculate the power used in raising the water.
power = ............................................... [4]
(b) The efficiency of the pump which operates the fountain is 70%.
Calculate the power supplied to the pump.
power = ............................................... [3]
(c) On another day, a horizontal wind is blowing. The water does not rise vertically.
Explain why the water still rises to a height of 140 m.
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 8]
© UCLES 2014 0625/31/M/J/14

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
101
6 Nov. 2014 Q.2
14
13
16
2 A diver climbs some steps on to a fixed platform above the surface of the water in a swimming-pool.
He dives into the pool. Fig. 2.1 shows the diver about to enter the water.
8.0 m
Fig. 2.1
The mass of the diver is 65 kg. The platform is 8.0 m above the surface of the water.
(a) Calculate
(i) the increase in the gravitational potential energy of the diver when he climbs up to the
platform.
increase in gravitational potential energy = ................................................[1]
(ii) the speed with which the diver hits the surface of the water. Ignore any effects of air
resistance.
speed = ................................................[4]
© UCLES 2014 0625/31/O/N/14
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Osama Castella
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7
(b) In another dive from the same platform, the diver performs a somersault during the descent.
He straightens, and again enters the water as shown in Fig. 2.1.
Discuss whether the speed of entry into the water is greater than, less than or equal to the
speed calculated in (a)(ii). Ignore any effects of air resistance.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 8]
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
103
6
June&2015&Q3
15
143 Fig. 3.1 shows an early water-powered device used to raise a heavy load. The heavy load rests on
piston B.
cylinder A cylinder B
water load
piston A piston B
connecting rod connecting rod
pivot beam
Initially, a large weight of water in cylinder A pushes piston A down. This causes the left-hand end
of the beam to move down and the right-hand end of the beam to move up. Piston B rises, lifting
the heavy load.
(a) The weight of water in cylinder A is 80 kN.
Calculate the mass of water in cylinder A.
mass = ................................................ [2]
© UCLES 2015 0625/31/M/J/15
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AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
104
7
(b) The density of water is 1000 kg / m3.
Calculate the volume of water in cylinder A.
volume = ................................................ [2]
(c) Piston A moves down a distance of 4.0 m.
Calculate the gravitational potential energy lost by the water.
loss of gravitational potential energy = ................................................ [2]
(d) The heavy load lifted by piston B gains 96 kJ of gravitational potential energy.
Calculate the efficiency of the device.
efficiency = ................................................ [2]
[Total: 8]
Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
105
6
Nov.%2015%Q3
16
153 Fig. 3.1 shows a skier taking part in a downhill race.
Fig. 3.1
(a) The mass of the skier, including his equipment, is 75 kg. In the ski race, the total vertical
change in height is 880 m.
Calculate the decrease in the gravitational potential energy (g.p.e.) of the skier.
decrease in g.p.e. = ...........................................................[2]
(b) The skier starts from rest. The total distance travelled by the skier during the descent is
2800 m. The average resistive force on the skier is 220 N.
Calculate
(i) the work done against the resistive force,
work done = ...........................................................[2]
(ii) the kinetic energy of the skier as he crosses the finishing line at the end of the race.
kinetic energy = ...........................................................[2]
(c) Suggest why the skier bends his body as shown in Fig. 3.1.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 7]
© UCLES 2015 0625/31/O/N/15
Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
106
4
June 2017 Q2
18
162 A footballer kicks a ball vertically upwards. Initially, the ball is stationary.
(a) His boot is in contact with the ball for 0.050 s. The average resultant force on the ball during
this time is 180 N. The ball leaves his foot at 20 m / s.
Calculate
(i) the impulse of the force acting on the ball,
impulse = ...........................................................[2]
(ii) the mass of the ball,
mass = ...........................................................[2]
(iii) the height to which the ball rises. Ignore air resistance.
height = ...........................................................[3]
(b) While the boot is in contact with the ball, the ball is no longer spherical.
State the word used to describe the energy stored in the ball.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 8]
© UCLES 2017 0625/41/M/J/17

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
107
10
Nov. 2017 Q8
19
178 (a) Describe a renewable process by which electrical energy is obtained from the energy stored
in water. You may draw a diagram in the space.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
(b) Explain why the process described in (a) can be regarded as renewable.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) Explain whether the Sun is the source of the energy stored in the water in (a).
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 8]
© UCLES 2017 0625/41/O/N/17

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
3 June 2018 Q2
20
182 Fig. 2.1 shows a fork-lift truck lifting a box.
box
Fig. 2.1
The electric motor that drives the lifting mechanism is powered by batteries.
(a) State the form of the energy stored in the batteries.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) The lifting mechanism raises a box of mass 32 kg through a vertical distance of 2.5 m in 5.4 s.
(i) Calculate the gravitational potential energy gained by the box.
gravitational potential energy = ...........................................................[2]
(ii) The efficiency of the lifting mechanism is 0.65 (65%).
Calculate the input power to the lifting mechanism.
input power = ...........................................................[3]
(c) The batteries are recharged from a mains voltage supply that is generated in an oil-fired
power station.
By comparison with a wind farm, state one advantage and one disadvantage of running a
power station using oil.
advantage .................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
disadvantage ............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 8]

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
5 Nov. 2018 Q3
19
21
3 (a) State what is meant by the principle of conservation of energy.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Fig. 3.1 shows a girl throwing a heavy ball.
ball
Fig. 3.1
(i) State the energy changes that take place from when the girl begins to exert a force on
the ball until the ball hits the ground and stops moving.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) The mass of the ball is 4.0 kg. The girl exerts a force on the ball for 0.60 s. The speed of
the ball increases from 0 m / s to 12 m / s before it leaves the girl’s hand.
Calculate:
1. the momentum of the ball on leaving the girl’s hand
momentum = ...........................................................[2]
2. the average resultant force exerted on the ball.
average resultant force = ...........................................................[2]
[Total: 7]
Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
110
4 Nov. 2019 Q2
202 (a) State two properties of an object that may be changed by the action of forces.
1. ...............................................................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) A chest expander is a piece of equipment used by athletes in a gym. Fig. 2.1 shows a chest
expander that consists of five identical springs connected in parallel between two handles.
springs
Fig. 2.1
Each spring has an unstretched length of 0.63 m.
Two athletes are stretching the chest expander by pulling on the two handles in opposite
directions.
(i) The springs obey Hooke’s law.
Explain what is meant by this statement.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Each athlete pulls the handle towards himself with a force of 1300 N.
1. State the tension in each spring.
tension = ........................................................ [1]
2. The chest expander stretches and each spring is now 0.94 m long.
Calculate the spring constant k of each spring.
k = ........................................................ [2]
© UCLES 2019 0972/41/O/N/19

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Ahmed Castella
Osama Castella
111
5
(iii) State the energy changes taking place as the two athletes use their muscles to stretch
the chest expander.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 9]

Ahmed Osama
Ahmed Castella
Osama Castella
112
6 Nov. 2019 Q3
213 Fig. 3.1 shows a shooting competition, where air rifles fire soft metal pellets at distant targets.
target
air rifle
Fig. 3.1
When an air rifle is fired, it exerts an impulse of 0.019 N s on the pellet.
(a) Define impulse.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) The pellet has a mass of 1.1 × 10–4 kg.
Determine:
(i) the speed with which the pellet leaves the rifle
speed = ........................................................ [2]
(ii) the kinetic energy of the pellet as it leaves the rifle.
kinetic energy = ........................................................ [3]
© UCLES 2019 0972/41/O/N/19

Ahmed Osama
Ahmed Castella
Osama Castella
113
0625
Physics

Chapter 6
Pressure


114
6 Nov. 2008 Q.3
132 (a) A submarine descends to a depth of 70 m below the surface of water. For
Examiner’s
The density of the water is 1050 kg/m3. Atmospheric pressure is 1.0 × 105 Pa. Use
Calculate
(i) the increase in pressure as it descends from the surface to a depth of 70 m,
increase in pressure = ................................................ [2]
(ii) the total pressure on the submarine at a depth of 70 m.
total pressure = ................................................ [1]
(b) On another dive, the submarine experiences a total pressure of 6.5 × 105 Pa. A hatch
cover on the submarine has an area of 2.5 m2.
Calculate the force on the outside of the cover.
force = ................................................ [2]
(c) The submarine undergoes tests in fresh water of density 1000 kg/m3.
Explain why the pressure on the submarine is less at the same depth.
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 6]
© UCLES 2008 0625/31/O/N/08

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
115
10 June 2009 Q.6
263 (a) A man squeezes a pin between his thumb and finger, as shown in Fig. 6.1. For
Examiner’s
Use
finger
pinhead
pin
thumb
Fig. 6.1
The finger exerts a force of 84 N on the pinhead.
The pinhead has an area of 6.0 × 10–5 m2.
(i) Calculate the pressure exerted by the finger on the pinhead.
pressure = ................................................ [2]
(ii) State the value of the force exerted by the pin on the thumb.
................................................. [1]
(iii) Explain why the pin causes more pain in the man’s thumb than in his finger.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [2]
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11
(b) The density of the water in a swimming pool is 1000 kg / m3. The pool is 3 m deep. For
Examiner’s
(i) Calculate the pressure of the water at the bottom of the pool. Use
pressure = ................................................ [2]
(ii) Another pool has the same depth of water, but has twice the area.
State the pressure of the water at the bottom of this pool.
pressure = ................................................ [1]
[Total: 8]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
117
4
Nov. 2010 Q.3
343 Fig. 3.1 shows a hydraulic lift in a car repair workshop.
car support
hydraulic fluid
4 pistons, each
of area 0.02 m2
piston A, area 0.01 m2
Fig. 3.1
The hydraulic fluid transmits the pressure, caused by piston A, equally to each of the four pistons
holding up the car supports. The pressure throughout the fluid is the same.
A force of 1000 N on piston A is just enough to raise the car.
(a) Using values from Fig. 3.1, find
(i) the pressure caused by piston A on the fluid,
pressure = ......................................................... [2]
(ii) the total upward force caused by the fluid.
force = ......................................................... [3]

© UCLES 2010 0625/31/O/N/10
AhmedOsama Castella
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118
5 Nov. 2011 Q.4
445 (a) Complete Fig. 4.1 to show a simple mercury barometer. Insert the correct labels in the
boxes. Label with the letter h the measurement required to calculate the pressure of the
atmosphere.
[3]
Fig. 4.1
(b) The value of h taken using this barometer is 0.73 m. The density of mercury is 13 600 kg / m3.
Calculate the value of the atmospheric pressure suggested by this measurement.
Use g = 10 m / s2.
atmospheric pressure = ...........................................................[2]
(c) Standard atmospheric pressure is 0.76 m of mercury. Suggest a reason why the value of h in
(b) is lower than this.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 6]

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6 June 2014 Q.5
5657 (a) A water tank has a rectangular base of dimensions 1.5 m by 1.2 m and contains 1440 kg of
water.
Calculate
(i) the weight of the water,
weight = ............................................... [1]
(ii) the pressure exerted by the water on the base of the tank.
pressure = ............................................... [2]
(b) Fig. 5.1 shows two water tanks P and Q of different shape. Both tanks are circular when
viewed from above. The tanks each contain the same volume of water. The depth of water in
both tanks is 1.4 m.
1.4 m
P Q
Fig. 5.1
(i) The density of water is 1000 kg / m3. The pressures exerted by the water on the base of
the two tanks are equal.
Calculate this pressure.
pressure = ............................................... [2]
(ii) Equal small volumes of water are removed from each tank.
State which tank, P or Q, now has the greater water pressure on its base. Explain your
answer.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 7]
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8 Nov. 2014 Q.3
6738 (a) Fig. 3.1 shows an oil can containing only air at atmospheric pressure.
can
Fig. 3.1
Atmospheric pressure is 1.0 × 105 Pa.
The pressure of the air in the can is reduced by means of a pump. The can collapses when
the pressure of the air in the can falls to 6000 Pa.
(i) Explain why the can collapses.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) The surface area of face X of the can is 0.12 m2.
Calculate the resultant force on face X when the can collapses.
force = ................................................[3]
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9
(b) Mercury is poured into a U-shaped glass tube. Water is then poured into one of the limbs of
the tube. Oil is poured into the other limb until the surfaces of the mercury are at the same
level in both limbs.
Fig. 3.2 shows the result.
oil
water
0.32 m
0.25 m
mercury
Fig. 3.2
(i) State a condition that must be true in order for the mercury surfaces to be at the same
level in both limbs of the tube.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) The height of the water column is 0.25 m. The height of the oil column is 0.32 m. The
density of water is 1000 kg / m3.
Calculate
1. the pressure exerted by the water on the surface of the mercury,
pressure = ................................................[2]
2. the density of the oil.
density = ................................................[2]
[Total: 9]
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4 June&2015&Q2
7829 A large stone block is to be part of a harbour wall. The block is supported beneath the surface of
the sea by a cable from a crane. Fig. 2.1 shows the block with its top face a distance h beneath the
surface of the sea.
cable
surface of sea
h
block
Fig. 2.1
The force acting downwards on the top face of the block, due to the atmosphere and the depth h
of water, is 3.5 × 104 N.
(a) The top face of the block has an area of 0.25 m2.
(i) Calculate the pressure on the top face of the block.
pressure = ................................................ [2]
(ii) The atmospheric pressure is 1.0 × 105 Pa.
Calculate the pressure on the top face of the block due to the depth h of water.
pressure = ................................................ [1]
(iii) The density of sea water is 1020 kg / m3.
Calculate the depth h.
h = ................................................ [2]
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6
June 2016 Q3
10
893 Fig. 3.1 shows an oil tank that has a rectangular base of dimensions 2.4 m by 1.5 m.
oil
depth of oil
1.5 m
1.5 m
2.4 m
Fig. 3.1
3
The tank is filled with oil of density 850 kg / m to a depth of 1.5 m.
(a) Calculate
(i) the pressure exerted by the oil on the base of the tank,
pressure = ................................................................. [2]
(ii) the force exerted by the oil on the base of the tank.
force = ................................................................. [2]
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7
(b) The force calculated in (a)(ii) is the weight of the oil.
Calculate the mass of oil in the tank.
mass = ................................................................. [1]
(c) When he is checking the level of oil in the tank, a man drops a brass key into the oil and it
sinks to the bottom of the oil.
(i) State what this shows about the density of brass.
................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Explain how attaching the key to a piece of wood could prevent the key from sinking.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ [1]
[Total: 7]
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4
Nov. 2016 Q2
11
10
92 Fig. 2.1 represents the cross-section of an oil tanker in a river.
tanker
15 m river
water
Fig. 2.1
(a) The bottom of the tanker is 15 m below the surface of the water. The area of the bottom of the
tanker is 6000 m2. The density of the water is 1000 kg / m3.
(i) Calculate the pressure due to the water at the depth of 15 m.
pressure = ...........................................................[2]
(ii) Calculate the force due to the water pressure on the bottom of the tanker.
force = ...........................................................[2]
(iii) Deduce the weight of the tanker.
weight = ...........................................................[1]
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5
(b) The tanker sails out onto a calm sea. The density of sea-water is greater than the density of
river water.
State and explain any change in the depth of the bottom of the tanker below the surface.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 8]

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4
Nov. 2017 Q3
12
113
10 All the sides of a plastic cube are 8.0 cm long. Fig. 3.1 shows the cube.
8.0 cm
The mass of the cube is 0.44 kg.
(a) Explain what is meant by mass.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) (i) Calculate the density of the plastic from which the cube is made.
density = ...........................................................[2]
(ii) The density of one type of oil is 850 kg / m3.
State and explain whether the cube floats or sinks when placed in a container of this oil.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) On the Moon, the weight of the cube is 0.70 N.
(i) Calculate the gravitational field strength on the Moon.
gravitational field strength = ...........................................................[2]
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(ii) In a laboratory on the Moon, the plastic cube is held stationary, using a clamp, in a
beaker of the oil of density 850 kg / m3.
The arrangement is shown in Fig. 3.2.
clamp
cube
3.0 cm clamp
stand
oil
bench
Fig. 3.2
The lower face of the cube is 3.0 cm below the surface of the oil.
Use your answer to (c)(i) to calculate the pressure due to the oil on the lower face of the
cube.
pressure = ...........................................................[2]
[Total: 8]

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
4 June 2018 Q3
123
11 A rectangular container has a base of dimensions 0.12 m × 0.16 m. The container is filled with a
liquid. The mass of the liquid in the container is 4.8 kg.
(a) Calculate
(i) the weight of liquid in the container,
weight = ...........................................................[1]
(ii) the pressure due to the liquid on the base of the container.
pressure = ...........................................................[2]
(b) Explain why the total pressure on the base of the container is greater than the value calculated
in (a)(ii).
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) The depth of liquid in the container is 0.32 m.
Calculate the density of the liquid.
density = ...........................................................[2]
[Total: 6]
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Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
6
Nov. 2018 Q4
134
12 (a) Fig. 4.1 shows liquid in a cylinder.
cylinder
liquid
Fig. 4.1
The depth of the liquid is 10 cm and the radius of the cylinder is 3.0 cm. The weight of the
liquid in the cylinder is 2.5 N.
Calculate the density of the liquid.
density = ...........................................................[3]
(b) Fig. 4.2 shows a device that measures the pressure of a gas supply.
gas supply
liquid
Fig. 4.2
(i) State the name of the device. .......................................................................................[1]
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(ii) The difference h between the two liquid levels is 2.0 cm. The density of the liquid is
800 kg / m3.
Calculate the difference between the pressure of the gas and atmospheric pressure.
pressure difference = ...........................................................[2]
(iii) A similar device with a tube of smaller cross-sectional area is connected to a gas supply
at the same pressure.
State and explain any effect on the value of h.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 8]

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
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132
0625
Physics

Chapter 7
Simple Kinetic Molecular
Model of Matter


133
6 June 2008 Q.4
41 Fig. 4.1 is a design for remotely operating an electrical switch using air pressure. For
Examiner’s
Use
electrical switch flexible rubber
operated by box cover
air pressure connecting pipe
metal
box
Fig. 4.1
The metal box and the pipe contain air at normal atmospheric pressure and the switch is off.
When the pressure in the metal box and pipe is raised to 1.5 times atmospheric pressure by
pressing down on the flexible rubber box cover, the switch comes on.
(a) Explain in terms of pressure and volume how the switch is made to come on.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Normal atmospheric pressure is 1.0 × 105 Pa. At this pressure, the volume of the box
and pipe is 60 cm3.
Calculate the reduction in volume that must occur for the switch to be on.
reduction in volume = ................................................ [3]
(c) Explain, in terms of air particles, why the switch may operate, without the rubber cover
being squashed, when there is a large rise in temperature.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 7]
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134
7 Nov. 2008 Q.4
2
4 The whole of a sealed, empty, dusty room is kept at a constant temperature of 15 °C. Light For
shines into the room through a small outside window. Examiner’s
Use
An observer points a TV camera with a magnifying lens into the room through a second
small window, set in an inside wall at right angles to the outside wall.
Dust particles in the room show up on the TV monitor screen as tiny specks of light.
(a) In the space below draw a diagram to show the motion of one of the specks of light over
a short period of time.
[1]
(b) After a period of one hour the specks are still observed, showing that the dust particles
have not fallen to the floor.
Explain why the dust particles have not fallen to the floor. You may draw a labelled
diagram to help your explanation.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) On another day, the temperature of the room is only 5 °C. All other conditions are the
same and the specks of light are again observed.
Suggest any differences that you would expect in the movement of the specks when the
temperature is 5 °C, compared to before.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 4]

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12 June 2009 Q.7
73 (a) Some water is poured onto a plastic table-top, forming a puddle. The same volume of For
water is poured into a plastic dish, which is placed alongside the puddle. This is illustrated Examiner’s
in Fig. 7.1. Use
water in water in
puddle dish
Fig. 7.1
Both lots of water begin to evaporate.
(i) In terms of the behaviour of molecules, describe what happens during the process
of evaporation.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [2]
(ii) Explain why the puddle dries out more rapidly than the water in the dish.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [2]
(iii) State two changes that would make both lots of water evaporate more rapidly.
1. ...............................................................................................................................
2. ......................................................................................................................... [2]
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13
(b) In a place where refrigeration is not possible, a person attempts to keep a bottle of milk For
cool by using the procedure illustrated in Fig. 7.2. Examiner’s
Use
damp cloth
bottle
milk
water bowl
Fig. 7.2
Explain in terms of molecules why this procedure would be successful.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 9]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
137 June 2011 Q.3
6
34 During a period of hot weather, the atmospheric pressure on the pond in Fig. 3.1 remains constant.
Water evaporates from the pond, so that the depth h decreases.
force due to
air pressure
Fig. 3.1
(a) Study the diagram and state, giving your reason, what happens during this hot period to
(i) the force of the air on the surface of the pond,
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) the pressure at the bottom of the pond.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) On a certain day, the pond is 12 m deep.
(i) Water has a density of 1000 kg / m3.
Calculate the pressure at the bottom of the pond due to the water.
pressure due to the water = ...........................................................[2]
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(ii) Atmospheric pressure on that day is 1.0 × 105 Pa.
Calculate the total pressure at the bottom of the pond.
total pressure = ...........................................................[1]
(iii) A bubble of gas is released from the mud at the bottom of the pond. Its initial volume is
0.5 cm3.
Ignoring any temperature differences in the water, calculate the volume of the bubble as
it reaches the surface.
volume = ...........................................................[2]
(iv) In fact, the temperature of the water is greater at the top than at the bottom of the pond.
Comment on the bubble volume you have calculated in (b)(iii).
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 8]

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8
Nov. 2012 Q.5
55 (a) Explain For
Examiner’s
(i) how gas molecules exert a force on a solid surface, Use
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) the increase in pressure of a gas when its volume is decreased at constant
temperature.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [3]
(b) A cylinder of volume 5.0 × 103 cm3 contains air at a pressure of 8.0 × 105 Pa.
A leak develops so that air gradually escapes from the cylinder until the air in the cylinder
is at atmospheric pressure. The pressure of the atmosphere is 1.0 × 105 Pa.
Calculate the volume of the escaped air, now at atmospheric pressure. Assume that the
temperature stays constant.
volume = ............................................cm3 [4]
[Total: 8]
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12
June 2013 Q.6
66 (a) (i) Define pressure. For
Examiner’s
.............................................................................................................................. [1] Use
(ii) A closed box contains a gas.

Explain, in terms of molecules, how the gas exerts a pressure on the walls of the
box.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) Fig. 6.1 shows a flask connected to a pump and also to a manometer containing
mercury.
to pump
manometer
250 mm
flask
Fig. 6.1
The right-hand tube of the manometer is open to the atmosphere.
The pump has been operated so that the mercury levels differ, as shown, by 250 mm.
The density of mercury is 13 600 kg / m3.
(i) Calculate the pressure, in Pa, due to the 250 mm column of mercury.
pressure = .................................................. [2]
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(ii) The pressure of the atmosphere is 1.02 × 105 Pa. For

Examiner’s
Calculate the pressure of the air in the flask. Use
pressure = .................................................. [1]
[Total: 7]

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142
10 Nov. 2013 Q.6
67 (a) Complete the following statements by writing appropriate words in the spaces. For
Examiner’s
The pressure of a gas in a sealed container is caused by the collisions of Use
...................................... with the container wall.
An increase in the temperature of the gas increases the pressure because the
...................................... of the ...................................... increases.
The force on the wall due to the gas is the pressure multiplied by the ..........................
of the wall. [2]
(b) A mountaineer takes a plastic bottle containing some water to the top of a mountain.
He removes the cap from the bottle, drinks all the water and then replaces the cap, as
shown in Fig. 6.1.
On returning to the base of the mountain, he finds that the bottle has collapsed to a
much smaller volume, as shown in Fig. 6.2.
Fig. 6.1 Fig. 6.2
(i) Explain why the bottle collapsed.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [2]
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11
(ii) At the top of the mountain the atmospheric pressure was 4.8 × 104 Pa and the For
volume of the bottle was 250 cm3. Examiner’s
Use
Calculate the volume of the bottle at the base of the mountain where the pressure
of the air inside the bottle is 9.2 × 104 Pa. Assume no change of temperature.
volume = .................................................. [3]
[Total: 7]

AhmedOsama Castella
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144
7 June 2014 Q.6
68 Fig. 6.1 shows a quantity of gas in a cylinder fitted with a piston P.
gas
Fig. 6.1
(a) Describe the motion of the molecules of the gas.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) The piston is now slowly pushed down to decrease the volume of the gas. The temperature of
the gas does not change.
(i) State and explain, in terms of molecules, what happens to the pressure of the gas.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Before pushing the piston down, the pressure of the gas was 1.0 × 105 Pa. Pushing the
piston down reduces the volume of the gas from 500 cm3 to 240 cm3.
Calculate the final pressure of the gas.
pressure = ................................................ [2]
[Total: 7]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
145 Specimen 2016 Q.5
10
95
10 Fig. 5.1 shows a gas contained in a cylinder enclosed by a piston.
piston pressure gauge
gas cylinder
100 cm
Fig. 5.1
At first, the length of cylinder containing the gas is 100 cm. The pressure of the gas, shown by the
pressure gauge, is 300 kPa. The area of cross-section of the cylinder is 0.12 m2.
(a) (i) Describe the motion of the molecules of the gas.
[1]
(ii) Use the idea of momentum to explain how the molecules exert a force on the walls of the
cylinder.
[2]
Ahmed&Osama&C.
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11
(b) The piston is moved so that the new length of cylinder occupied by the gas is 40 cm. The
temperature of the gas is unchanged.
(i) Calculate the new pressure of the gas.
pressure = [2]
(ii) Explain, in terms of the behaviour of the molecules, why the pressure has changed.
[2]
[Total: 7]
[Turn over
Ahmed&Osama&C.
© UCLES 2014 0625/04/SP/16
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147
8
June 2016 Q4
11
10
4 (a) Explain, in terms of molecules, why it is possible to compress a gas, but not a liquid.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Two containers made of insulating material contain the same volume of water at room
temperature. The containers do not have lids. The volume of liquid in each container gradually
decreases.
(i) After a certain time, the temperature of the water has decreased to below room
temperature.
Explain, in terms of molecules, why the temperature has decreased.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ [2]
(ii) One of the containers is wide and shallow. The other container is narrow and deep.
Predict which container has the greater rate of cooling. Explain your answer.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ [2]
[Total: 6]
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9
June 2016 Q5
12
11
5 (a) State what happens to the molecules of a gas in a sealed container when the temperature of
the gas is increased.
........................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) A quantity of gas is contained in a sealed container of fixed volume. The temperature of the
gas is increased.
State, in terms of molecules, two reasons why the pressure of the gas increases.
1. .....................................................................................................................................
2. .....................................................................................................................................
[2]
3
(c) A helium-filled weather balloon is held at ground level. The volume of the balloon is 4800 m .
The pressure of the helium is 98 kPa.
3
The balloon is released and rises to a height where the volume of the balloon is 7200 m .
(i) Calculate the new pressure of the helium. Assume that the temperature stays constant.
pressure = ................................................................. [2]
(ii) Suggest why it may be necessary to release helium from the balloon as it rises even
higher.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ [1]
[Total: 6]
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6
Nov. 2016 Q3
13
12
3 (a) A closed container holds a quantity of gas.
Explain, in terms of momentum, how molecules of the gas exert a force on a wall of the
container.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) Fig. 3.1 shows a glass tube containing mercury.
mercury
h
air
Q
Fig. 3.1
The mercury traps a fixed mass of air in the left-hand arm of the tube. The right-hand arm of
the tube is open to the atmosphere. The difference in mercury levels in the two arms is h.
(i) The pressure of the atmosphere on the surface of the mercury in the right-hand arm of
the tube is 760 mm Hg. The distance h is 120 mm.
Calculate the total pressure at level Q, in mm of mercury (mm Hg), due to the atmosphere
and the mercury above Q.
pressure = .............................................. mm Hg [1]
(ii) State the pressure exerted by the air in the left-hand arm of the tube.
pressure = .............................................. mm Hg [1]
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7
(iii) Initially, the volume of air trapped in the left-hand arm of the tube is 12 cm3.
More mercury is poured into the right-hand arm of the tube. The volume of the trapped
air decreases. The temperature does not change. The difference in levels, h, becomes
240 mm.
Calculate the new volume of the trapped air.
volume = ...........................................................[3]
[Total: 7]

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
151
8
June 2017 Q5
14
13
5 Fig. 5.1 shows some gas trapped in a metal cylinder by a piston.
metal cylinder
piston
gas
Fig. 5.1
(a) The position of the piston is fixed. The cylinder is moved from a cold room to a warm room.
Explain, in terms of molecules, what happens to the pressure of the gas in the cylinder.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
(b) The piston is now released. It moves to the right and finally stops.
Explain these observations in terms of the pressure and the volume of the gas in the cylinder.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 6]
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6
Nov. 2017 Q4
15
14
4 Fig. 4.1 shows a balloon filled with helium that is used to lift measuring instruments to a great
height above the Earth’s surface.
Fig. 4.1
(a) Explain, in terms of momentum, how the atoms of helium produce a force on the wall of the
balloon.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
(b) At ground level, the pressure of the helium in the balloon is 1.0 × 105 Pa. The volume occupied
by the helium is 9.6 m3.
The balloon is released and it rises quickly through the atmosphere. The volume occupied by
the helium increases, but the temperature of the helium may be assumed to stay constant.
(i) Explain, in terms of the helium atoms in the balloon, why the pressure in the balloon is
smaller than at ground level.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) Calculate the pressure of the helium when it occupies a volume of 12 m3.
pressure = ...........................................................[2]
[Total: 7]
© UCLES 2017 0625/41/O/N/17

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
5
June 2018 Q4
15
4 (a) Describe the movement of the molecules in
(i) a solid,
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) a gas.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) A closed box contains gas molecules.
Explain, in terms of momentum, how the molecules exert a pressure on the walls of the box.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
[Total: 7]

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
Nov. 2018 Q6
9
16
6 (a) State three factors that determine the rate of evaporation of water.
1. ...............................................................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................................................
3. ...............................................................................................................................................
[3]
(b) A person climbs out of a swimming pool and stands in the open air.
Explain why evaporation of water from the surface of the person’s body causes the person to
feel cold.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 5]

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
155
6 June 2019 Q3
173 A cube of side 0.040 m is floating in a container of liquid. Fig. 3.1 shows that the surface of the
liquid is 0.028 m above the level of the bottom face of the cube.
air
cube 0.040 m
liquid
0.028 m
valve
pump
Fig. 3.1
The pressure of the air above the cube exerts a force on the top face of the cube. The valve is
closed.
(a) Explain, in terms of air molecules, how the force due to the pressure of the air is produced.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) The density of the liquid in the container is 1500 kg / m3.
Calculate:
(i) the pressure due to the liquid at a depth of 0.028 m
pressure = ......................................................... [2]
(ii) the force on the bottom face of the cube caused by the pressure due to the liquid.
force = ......................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2019 0972/41/M/J/19

Ahmed Osama
Ahmed Castella
Osama Castella
156
7
(c) The valve is opened and liquid is pumped into the container. The surface of the liquid rises a
distance of 0.034 m.
The cube remains floating in the liquid with its bottom face 0.028 m below the surface of the
liquid.
(i) Calculate the work done on the cube by the force in (b)(ii).
work done = ......................................................... [2]
(ii) Suggest one reason why this is not an efficient method of lifting up the cube.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 10]

Ahmed Osama
Ahmed Castella
Osama Castella
157
0625
Physics

Chapter 8
Thermal Expansion and
Thermometers


158
8 Nov. 2009 Q.6
1623 A vertical cylinder has a smooth well-fitting piston in it. Weights can be added to or removed For
from a tray on the top of the piston. Examiner’s
Use
(a) Weights are added to the tray, as shown in Fig. 6.1.
weights
piston
air
cylinder
Fig. 6.1
(i) State what happens to the pressure of the air in the cylinder as a result of adding
these weights.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) The initial pressure of the trapped air is 1.05 105 Pa. When the weights are added,
the volume of the air decreases from 860 cm3 to 645 cm3.
The temperature of the air does not change.
Calculate the final pressure of the trapped air.
pressure = ................................................ [3]
(iii) The area of the piston is 5.0 10–3 m2.
Calculate the weight that is added to the piston.
weight added = ................................................ [4]
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AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
159
9
(b) The weights are kept as shown in Fig. 6.1. The temperature of the air in the cylinder is For
increased. Examiner’s
Use
(i) State what happens to the volume of the air in the cylinder as a result of this
temperature rise.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) State how, if at all, the pressure of the air changes as the temperature changes.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) State what must be done to prevent the volume change in (b)(i).
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(iv) The volume change in (b)(i) is prevented. State what happens to the pressure of
the air in the cylinder.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
[Total: 12]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
160
10 Nov. 2009 Q.7
2731 Three wires and a meter are used to construct a thermocouple for measuring the surface For
temperature of a pipe carrying hot liquid, as shown in Fig. 7.1. Examiner’s
Use
meter
wire 1 wire 2
cold junction
wire 3
hot junction
hot liquid in pipe
Fig. 7.1
(a) Copper wire and constantan wire are used in the construction of the thermocouple.
State which metal might be used for
wire 1 ......................................................
wire 2 ......................................................
wire 3 ......................................................
[1]
(b) State what type of meter is used.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) State one particular advantage of thermocouples for measuring temperature.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 3]
© UCLES 2009 0625/31/O/N/09

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
161
6 Nov. 2011 Q.5
3524 (a) Equal volumes of a gas held at constant pressure, a liquid and a solid undergo the same
temperature rise.
(i) State which of the three, solid, liquid or gas,
1. expands the most, ..............................
2. expands the least. ..............................
(ii) Explain why the pressure of the gas must be kept constant for this comparison.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) Fig. 5.1 shows an alcohol thermometer.
–10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 °C
Fig. 5.1
(i) State two properties of alcohol which make it suitable for use in a thermometer.
1. ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2. ........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) State two changes to the design of this thermometer which would make it more
sensitive.
1. ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2. ........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) Explain why it is an advantage for the glass surrounding the alcohol in the bulb of the
thermometer to be very thin.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 7]
© UCLES 2011 0625/31/O/N/11

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
162
7 June 2012 Q.6
4654 Fig. 6.1 shows a glass flask full of water at 10 °C and sealed with a bung. A long glass tube For
passes through the bung into the water. The water level in the tube is at X. Examiner’s
Use
bung X
glass flask
water
Fig. 6.1
When the flask is placed in hot water, the water level initially falls a little below X, and then
rises some way above X.
(a) Suggest why
(i) the water level initially falls,
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) the water level then rises,
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [2]
(iii) the rise is greater than the fall.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Suggest a change to the apparatus that would make the fall and rise of the water level
greater.
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 6]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
163
2 June 2014 Q.1
5136 (a) Fig. 1.1 shows a liquid-in-glass thermometer.
–10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 °C
Fig. 1.1
(i) In the process of making the thermometer, the scale divisions were spaced equally.
What assumption was made about the liquid?
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest two changes to the thermometer that would require the spacing of the scale
divisions to be larger.
1. .......................................................................................................................................
2. .......................................................................................................................................
[2]
(iii) As a result of the changes in (ii), what other change is needed to enable the thermometer
to be used for the same temperature range?
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) The expansion of a liquid is an example of a physical property that may be used to measure
temperature.
State two other physical properties that may also be used to measure temperature.
1. the ................................................................. of .................................................................
2. the ................................................................. of .................................................................

[2]
[Total: 6]
© UCLES 2014 0625/31/M/J/14

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
164
8 Nov.%2015%Q5
6575 (a) Smoke particles are introduced into a glass box containing air. Light shines into the box so
that, when observed through a microscope, the smoke particles can be seen as bright points
of light.
Describe the motion of the smoke particles and account for this motion in terms of the air
molecules.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
(b) Fig. 5.1 shows a quantity of gas in a cylinder sealed by a piston that is free to move.
gas
cylinder piston
Fig. 5.1
(i) The temperature of the gas is increased.
State what happens, if anything,
1. to the piston,
...........................................................................................................................................
2. to the pressure of the gas.
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) The piston is now fixed in place and the temperature of the gas is increased further.
Explain, in terms of the behaviour of molecules, what happens to the pressure of the gas.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 8]
© UCLES 2015 0625/31/O/N/15
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
Nov. 2018 Q5
8
785 (a) (i) In the space below, draw a labelled diagram of the structure of a thermocouple
thermometer. Include the device from which a reading is taken.
[3]
(ii) A thermocouple thermometer is used to measure the temperature of the flame of a small
candle.
State two reasons why the thermocouple thermometer is suitable for this application.
1. .......................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2. .......................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) State and explain any effect on the sensitivity of a liquid-in-glass thermometer of:
(i) reducing the diameter of the capillary tube
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) increasing the volume of the liquid-filled bulb.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 9]
© UCLES 2018 0625/41/O/N/18

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
6
894 (a) Fig. 4.1 shows a simple type of thermocouple that has been calibrated to measure
For
temperature. Examiner’s
Use
copper wire
sensitive voltmeter
V
hot junction
iron wire cold junction
Fig. 4.1
(i) Describe how the thermocouple could be used to measure the temperature of a
beaker of hot water.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(ii) State two situations where a thermocouple would be a good choice of thermometer
to measure temperature.
1. ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
2. ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
[4]
© UCLES 2004 0625/03 O/N/04

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
167
0625
Physics

Chapter 9
Heat Transfer


168
8 June 2007 Q.5 For
Examiner’s
Use
51 Fig. 5.1 shows some apparatus designed to compare the ability of two surfaces to absorb
infra-red radiation.
surface
painted surface
dull painted
black shiny white
Bunsen burner
Fig. 5.1
The containers, which are identical, are painted on the outside. One is dull black, the other is
shiny white. Both are filled with water, initially at the same temperature.
(a) (i) Describe how you would use the apparatus to compare the abilities of the two
surfaces to absorb infra-red radiation.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [2]
(ii) State the result that you would expect.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) The thermometers used have high sensitivity and linear scales.
(i) State what is meant by high sensitivity.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Explain why a high sensitivity is important for this experiment.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) State what is meant by a linear scale.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [1]
[Total: 6]
© UCLES 2007 0625/03/M/J/07
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
169
7 Nov. 2007 Q.5 For
Examiner’s
Use
2
5 Fig. 5.1 shows some apparatus which is to be used to compare the emission of infra-red
radiation from four differently painted surfaces.
this side
this side painted dull
painted shiny white
white
metal box water inlet
this side
this side painted shiny
painted dull black
black
Fig. 5.1
Near the centre of each side is an infra-red detector. The four detectors are identical.
A supply of very hot water is available.
(a) Describe how you would use this apparatus to compare the infra-red radiation from the
four surfaces.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) Suggest which surface will be the best emitter and which will be the worst emitter.
best emitter ...........................................
worst emitter ......................................... [1]
(c) The infra-red detectors are made from thermocouples soldered to blackened metal
plates. These are connected to galvanometers.
In the space below, draw a labelled diagram of a thermocouple. [2]
[Total: 6]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
170
7 June 2010 Q.4
3
4 (a) Four identical metal plates, at the same temperature, are laid side by side on the ground. For
The rays from the Sun fall on the plates. Examiner’s
Use
One plate has a matt black surface.
One plate has a shiny black surface.
One plate has a matt silver surface.
One plate has a shiny silver surface.
State which plate has the fastest-rising temperature when the sunlight first falls on the
plates.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) The apparatus shown in Fig. 4.1 is known as Leslie’s Differential Air Thermometer.
glass bulb
radiant heater
painted shiny
matt black glass bulb
air
T
liquid
Fig. 4.1
The heater is switched off. Tap T is opened so that the air on the two sides of T has the
same pressure. Tap T is then closed.
(i) The heater is switched on. On Fig. 4.1, mark clearly where the two liquid levels
might be a short time later. [1]
(ii) Explain your answer to (b)(i).
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [2]
[Total: 4]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
171
10 Nov. 2012 Q.7
74 (a) Explain why a liquid cools when evaporation takes place from its surface. For
Examiner’s
.......................................................................................................................................... Use
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Fig. 7.1 shows five vessels each made of the same metal and containing water.
Vessels A, B, C and D are identical in size and shape. Vessel E is shallower and wider.
The temperature of the air surrounding each vessel is 20 °C.
A B C D E
Fig. 7.1
The table shows details about each vessel and their contents.
volume of initial temperature

vessel outer surface
water / cm3 of water / °C
A dull 200 80
B shiny 200 80
C dull 200 95
D dull 100 80
E dull 200 80
The following questions are about the time taken for the temperature of the water in the
vessels to fall by 10 °C from the initial temperature.
(i) Explain why the water in B takes longer to cool than the water in A.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Explain why the water in C cools more quickly than the water in A.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) Explain why the water in D cools more quickly than the water in A.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [1]
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Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
172
11
(iv) Suggest two reasons why the water in E cools more quickly than the water in A. For
Examiner’s
1. ............................................................................................................................... Use
..................................................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 7]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
173
8 June 2013 Q.4
5
4 Fig. 4.1 shows a cross-section of a double-walled glass vacuum flask, containing a hot liquid. For
The surfaces of the two glass walls of the flask have shiny silvered coatings. Examiner’s
Use
silvered
surfaces
vacuum
hot liquid
Fig. 4.1
(a) Explain
(i) why the rate of loss of thermal energy through the walls of the flask by conduction
is very low,
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) why the rate of loss of thermal energy through the walls of the flask by radiation is
very low.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[3]
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9
(b) Suggest, with reasons, what must be added to the flask shown in Fig. 4.1 in order to For
keep the liquid hot. Examiner’s
Use
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 6]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
175
9 Nov. 2013 Q.5
6
5 One side of a copper sheet is highly polished and the other side is painted matt black. For
Examiner’s
The copper sheet is very hot and placed in a vertical position, as shown as in Fig. 5.1. Use
copper sheet
matt black side polished side
left hand right hand
Fig. 5.1
A student places her hands at equal distances from the sheet, as shown in Fig. 5.1.
(a) Explain
(i) why her hands are not heated by convection,
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) why her hands are not heated by conduction.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) State and explain which hand gets hotter.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) It is suggested that one side of the copper sheet cools to a lower temperature than the
other side.
Explain why this does not happen.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 6]
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
176
8
Nov. 2016 Q4
74 (a) In an experiment, cold water is poured into a bowl made of an insulating material. The container
is placed in a draught-free room. After several hours, the volume and the temperature of the
water are found to have decreased.
Name and describe the process that causes the decrease in the volume of the water, and
explain why the temperature of the water decreases.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
(b) In a second experiment, using the same apparatus and the same initial amount of cold water
as in (a), an electric fan blows air over the top of the bowl.
Predict and explain how the results of this experiment compare with the results of the
experiment in (a).
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) In a third experiment, the same initial amount of cold water as in (a) is poured into a metal
bowl. The metal bowl is the same shape and size as the bowl used in (a).
Compared with the experiment in (a), the decrease in temperature is less in the same time.
Explain why.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 8]
© UCLES 2016 0625/41/O/N/16

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
177
6
June 2017 Q4
84 (a) A 240 V, 60 W lamp is connected to a 240 V supply. The lamp has a constant temperature.
State
(i) the rate at which the lamp transfers energy to the surroundings,
rate = ...........................................................[1]
(ii) the names of the thermal processes by which the lamp transfers energy to the
surroundings.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Fig. 4.1 shows a thick copper block that has been heated to 400 °C. One side of the block is
dull black. The other side of the block is polished and shiny.
thermometer A thermometer B
copper block
dull black surface polished shiny surface
Fig. 4.1
(i) In Experiment 1, the thermometer bulbs are both painted black. They are placed at equal
distances from the surfaces of the block. The maximum temperature shown by each
thermometer is recorded.
Explain any difference between the maximum temperature shown by the two
thermometers.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
© UCLES 2017 0625/41/M/J/17

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
178
7
(ii) In Experiment 2, the thermometer bulbs are both shiny silver-coloured. They are placed
at the same distances from the surfaces of the block as in Experiment 1.
State and explain any differences that are observed in the maximum temperatures
shown by the thermometers in Experiments 1 and 2.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) Fig. 4.2 shows a firefighter wearing shiny silver-coloured clothing.
Fig. 4.2
State the benefit to a firefighter of wearing shiny silver-coloured clothing.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 8]

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
179
Physics
0625
5
Chapter 10
Heat Energy

180
6 Nov. 2007 Q.4 For
Examiner’s
Use
142 Fig. 4.1 shows a sealed steel cylinder filled with high pressure steam.
steam
Fig. 4.1
Fig. 4.2 shows the same cylinder much later when all the steam has condensed.
water
Fig. 4.2
(a) (i) Describe the movement of the molecules in the high pressure steam.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [2]
(ii) Explain how the molecules in the steam exert a high pressure on the inside walls of
the cylinder.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [2]
(b) Describe, in terms of particles, the process by which heat is transferred through the
cylinder wall.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) When all the steam has condensed, 75 g of water is in the cylinder.
Under these high pressure conditions, the specific latent heat of vaporisation of steam
is 3200 J / g.
Calculate the heat lost by the steam as it condenses.
heat = ................................................ [2]
[Total: 8]
© UCLES 2007 0625/03/O/N/07
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
181
8 Nov. 2008 Q.5
253 Fig. 5.1 shows apparatus that could be used to determine the specific latent heat of fusion of For
ice. Examiner’s
Use
finely crushed ice
40 W electric heater glass funnel
stand with clamps to hold

funnel and heater
Fig. 5.1
(a) In order to obtain as accurate a result as possible, state why it is necessary to
(i) wait until water is dripping into the beaker at a constant rate before taking
readings,
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) use finely crushed ice rather than large pieces.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) The power of the heater and the time for which water is collected are known. Write down
all the other readings that are needed to obtain a value for the specific latent heat of
fusion of ice.
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
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Osama Castella
182
9
(c) Using a 40 W heater, 16.3 g of ice is melted in 2.0 minutes. The heater is then switched For
off. In a further 2.0 minutes, 2.1 g of ice is melted. Examiner’s
Use
Calculate the value of the specific latent heat of fusion of ice from these results.
specific latent heat of fusion of ice = ................................................ [4]
[Total: 8]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
183
12
Nov. 2009 Q.9
349 (a) State what is meant by specific heat capacity. For
Examiner’s
.......................................................................................................................................... Use
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Water has a very high specific heat capacity.
Suggest why this might be a disadvantage when using water for cooking.
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Fig. 9.1 illustrates an experiment to measure the specific heat capacity of some metal.
stirrer
thermometer
lid
thread
cup
boiling water
insulation
metal water
heater
Fig. 9.1
The piece of metal is heated in boiling water until it has reached the temperature of
the water. It is then transferred rapidly to some water in a well-insulated cup. A very
sensitive thermometer is used to measure the initial and final temperatures of the water
in the cup.
specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J / (kg K)
The readings from the experiment are as follows.
mass of metal = 0.050 kg

mass of water in cup = 0.200 kg
initial temperature of water in cup = 21.1 °C
final temperature of water in cup = 22.9 °C
(i) Calculate the temperature rise of the water in the cup and the temperature fall of
the piece of metal.
temperature rise of water = ......................................................
temperature fall of metal = ......................................................

[1]
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13
(ii) Calculate the thermal energy gained by the water in the cup. State the equation For
that you use. Examiner’s
Use
thermal energy gained = ................................................ [3]
(iii) Assume that only the water gained thermal energy from the piece of metal.
Making use of your answers to (c)(i) and (c)(ii), calculate the value of the specific
heat capacity of the metal. Give your answer to 3 significant figures.
specific heat capacity = ................................................ [2]
(iv) Suggest one reason why the experiment might not have given a correct value for
the specific heat capacity of the metal.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [1]
[Total: 10]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
185
8 June 2010 Q.5
455 A certain substance is in the solid state at a temperature of –36 °C. It is heated at a constant For
rate for 32 minutes. The record of its temperature is given in Fig. 5.1. Examiner’s
Use
time / min 0 1 2 6 10 14 18 22 24 26 28 30 32
temperature / °C –36 –16 –9 –9 –9 –9 32 75 101 121 121 121 121
Fig. 5.1
(a) State what is meant by the term latent heat.
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) State a time at which the energy is being supplied as latent heat of fusion.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Explain the energy changes undergone by the molecules of a substance during the
period when latent heat of vaporisation is being supplied.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
(d) (i) The rate of heating is 2.0 kW.
Calculate how much energy is supplied to the substance during the period
18 – 22 minutes.
energy supplied = ................................................ [2]
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9
(ii) The specific heat capacity of the substance is 1760 J / (kg °C). For
Examiner’s
Use the information in the table for the period 18 – 22 minutes to calculate the Use
mass of the substance being heated.
mass heated = ................................................ [3]
[Total: 10]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
187
6 Nov. 2010 Q.4
546 A student in a laboratory uses the apparatus shown in Fig. 4.1 to determine the specific heat
capacity of aluminium.
to low voltage supply

and measuring instruments
thermometer
electrical heater
aluminium block
Fig. 4.1
The readings obtained in the experiment are given below.
mass of aluminium block = 0.930 kg

initial temperature of block = 13.1 °C
final temperature of block = 41.3 °C
electrical energy supplied = 23 800 J
(a) Define specific heat capacity.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Use the readings above to calculate the specific heat capacity of aluminium.
State the equation you use.
specific heat capacity = ......................................................... [3]
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7
(c) Because the student knows it is good scientific practice to repeat readings, after a short time
he carries out the experiment again, supplying the same quantity of electrical energy.
This time the temperature readings are:

(i) Use these figures to calculate a second value for the specific heat capacity of
aluminium.
specific heat capacity = ......................................................... [1]
(ii) The student did not make any mistakes when taking the readings.
Suggest why the second value for the specific heat capacity of the aluminium is greater
than the first.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(d) Suggest two ways of improving the experiment in order to give as accurate a result as
possible.
1. ...............................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 10]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
189
20 June 2011 Q.11
611
7 A mass of 0.36 kg of a certain substance is in the solid state in a well-insulated container. The
substance is heated at the rate of 1.2 × 104 J / minute.
2.0 minutes after starting the heating, the substance is all at the same temperature, and it starts to
melt.
11.0 minutes after starting the heating, the substance finishes melting and the temperature starts
to rise again.
(a) Calculate the specific latent heat of the substance.
specific latent heat = ...........................................................[3]
(b) (i) After 11 minutes of heating, when the temperature starts rising again, in which state is
the substance?
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Describe what happens to the molecules as thermal energy is supplied to them in this
state.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 6]
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.
© UCLES 2011 0625/31/M/J/11

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
190
6 June 2012 Q.5
758 (a) Suggest For
Examiner’s
(i) an example of a change of state resulting from the removal of thermal energy from Use
a quantity of material,
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) the effect of this change of state on the temperature of the material.
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Define the thermal capacity of a body.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) A polystyrene cup holds 250 g of water at 20 °C. In order to cool the water to make a
cold drink, small pieces of ice at 0 °C are added until the water reaches 0 °C and no
unmelted ice is present.
[specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 J / (g °C), specific latent heat of fusion of
ice = 330 J / g]
Assume no thermal energy is lost or gained by the cup.
(i) Calculate the thermal energy lost by the water in cooling to 0 °C.
thermal energy lost = ................................................. [2]
(ii) State the thermal energy gained by the ice in melting.
thermal energy gained = ................................................. [1]
(iii) Calculate the mass of ice added.
mass of ice = ................................................. [2]
[Total: 9]
© UCLES 2012 0625/31/M/J/12

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
191
9 Nov. 2012 Q.6
869 (a) Define specific latent heat of fusion. For
Examiner’s
.......................................................................................................................................... Use
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) (i) A tray of area 0.25 m2, filled with ice to a depth of 12 mm, is removed from a
refrigerator.
Calculate the mass of ice on the tray. The density of ice is 920 kg / m3.
mass = ................................................. [2]
(ii) Thermal energy from the Sun is falling on the ice at a rate of 250 W / m2. The ice
absorbs 60 % of this energy.
Calculate the energy absorbed in 1.0 s by the 0.25 m2 area of ice on the tray.
energy = ................................................. [2]
(iii) The ice is at its melting temperature.
Calculate the time taken for all the ice to melt. The specific latent heat of fusion of
ice is 3.3 × 105 J / kg.
time = ................................................. [3]
[Total: 8]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
192
10 June 2013 Q.5
910
5 (a) On a hot day, sweat forms on the surface of a person’s body and the sweat evaporates.
Explain, in terms of the behaviour of molecules,
(i) the process of evaporation,
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) how this process helps the body to cool down.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[3]
(b) The temperature of a person of mass 60 kg falls from 37.2 °C to 36.7 °C.
(i) Calculate the thermal energy lost from the body. The average specific heat capacity
of the body is 4000 J / (kg °C).
thermal energy lost = .................................................. [2]
0625/31/M/J/13
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11
(ii) The cooling of the body was entirely due to the evaporation of sweat. For
Examiner’s
Calculate the mass of sweat which evaporated. The specific latent heat of Use
vaporisation of sweat is 2.4 × 106 J / kg.
mass = .................................................. [2]

[Total: 7]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
194
8 Nov. 2013 Q.4
10
11
4 (a) State the energy changes that take place when For
Examiner’s
(i) a cyclist rides down a hill without pedalling, Use
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) a cyclist pedals up a hill at a constant speed.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[3]
(b) A car of mass 940 kg is travelling at 16 m / s.
(i) Calculate the kinetic energy of the car.
kinetic energy = .................................................. [2]
(ii) The car is brought to rest by applying the brakes.
The total mass of the brakes is 4.5 kg. The average specific heat capacity of the
brake material is 520 J / (kg °C).
Calculate the rise in temperature of the brakes. Assume there is no loss of thermal
energy from the brakes.
rise in temperature = .................................................. [3]

[Total: 8]
© UCLES 2013 0625/31/O/N/13

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
195
8 June 2014 Q.7
11 (a) The following are three statements about boiling.
Complete the following equivalent statements about evaporation.
......................................................................................................................................... .
...
......................................................................................................................................... .
[3]
(b) A pan containing water boiling at 100 °C is standing on an electrically heated hot-plate. In
20 minutes, 0.075 kg of water is lost as steam. The specific latent heat of vaporisation of
water is 2.25 × 106 J / kg.
(i) Calculate the energy used in converting 0.075 kg of boiling water to steam.
energy = ............................................... [2]
(ii) The hot-plate operates at 240 V, 0.65 A.
Calculate the energy supplied to the hot-plate in 20 minutes.
energy = ............................................... [2]
(iii) Suggest why the answers to (b)(i) and (b)(ii) are not the same.
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 8]
© UCLES 2014 0625/31/M/J/14

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
196
10 Nov. 2014 Q.4
12
13
4 Fig. 4.1 shows some of the apparatus that a student uses to determine the specific heat capacity
of aluminium.
connections to electric circuit

electric heater
insulating lid
thermometer
aluminium block
insulating container
Fig. 4.1
(a) State the measurements the student needs to make, including those from the electric circuit.
For each quantity measured, state a symbol.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
© UCLES 2014 0625/31/O/N/14
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11
(b) Use your symbols from (a) to complete the formula used to determine the specific heat
capacity c.
specific heat capacity c =

...................................................................................[2]
(c) Another student performs the experiment without using insulation. He obtains a higher value
for c.
Explain why this student’s measurements lead to this higher value.
...................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 7]
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
198
8 June&2015&Q4
14
13
15
4 (a) (i) State two ways in which the molecular structure of a liquid is different from the molecular
structure of a solid.
1. .......................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2. .......................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Explain, in terms of energy, the process which takes place as a solid at its melting point
changes into a liquid at the same temperature.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) During a severe snowstorm, a layer of snow (ice crystals) forms on the body of an animal in a
field. The snow and the surrounding air are at 0 °C. The snow begins to melt.
(i) The mass of snow that falls on the animal is 1.65 kg. The specific latent heat of fusion of
snow is 330 000 J / kg.
Calculate the thermal energy needed to melt this snow.
thermal energy = ............................................... [2]
(ii) The animal derives energy from its food to maintain its body temperature.
State the energy change that takes place.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 6]
© UCLES 2015 0625/31/M/J/15
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
199
9 June&2015&Q5
15
16
14
5 (a) State what is meant by the specific heat capacity of a substance.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) A student carries out an experiment to find the specific heat capacity of aluminium. He uses
an electric heater and a thermometer, inserted into separate holes in an aluminium block.
The following data are obtained.
mass of aluminium block = 2.0 kg

power of heating element = 420 W
time of heating = 95 s
Calculate the value of the specific heat capacity of aluminium given by this experiment.
specific heat capacity = ............................................... [4]
(c) In the experiment in (b), no attempt is made to prevent loss of thermal energy from the
surfaces of the block.
Suggest two actions the student could take to reduce the loss of thermal energy from the
surfaces of the block.
1. ..............................................................................................................................................
2. ..............................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 8]
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
200
7 Nov.%2015%Q4
17
16
15
4 (a) An object of mass m and specific heat capacity c is supplied with a quantity of thermal
energy Q. The temperature of the object increases by Δθ.
Write down an expression for c in terms of Q, m and Δθ.
c = ............................................................[1]
(b) Fig. 4.1 shows the heating system of a hot water shower.
power supply
cold water in hot water out
heating element
Fig. 4.1
Cold water at 15 °C flows in at the rate of 0.0036 m3 / minute. Hot water flows out at the same
rate.
(i) Calculate the mass of water that passes the heating element in one minute. The density
of water is 1000 kg / m3.
mass = ...........................................................[2]
(ii) The power of the heating element is 8.5 kW.
Calculate the temperature of the hot water that flows out. The specific heat capacity of
water is 4200 J /(kg °C).
temperature = ...........................................................[4]
[Total: 7]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
201
9
Nov. 2016 Q5
17
16
18
5 (a) Compare the arrangement and motion of the molecules in ice and in liquid water.
ice .............................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
water .........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) An ice-hockey rink has an area of 1800 m2. The ice has a thickness of 0.025 m. The density of
ice is 920 kg / m3.
(i) Calculate the mass of ice on the rink.
mass = ...........................................................[2]
(ii) The ice is at 0 °C. To form the ice, water at 0 °C was poured onto the floor of the rink and
then frozen. The specific latent heat of fusion of ice is 3.3 × 105 J / kg.
Calculate the energy removed from the water to form the ice at 0 °C.
energy = ...........................................................[2]
[Total: 6]

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
11 June 2018 Q8
18
17
8 In a laboratory at normal room temperature, 200 g of water is poured into a beaker. A thermometer
placed in the water has a reading of 22 °C.
Small pieces of ice at 0 °C are added to the water one by one. The mixture is stirred after each
addition until the ice has melted. This process is continued until the temperature recorded by the
thermometer is 0 °C.
The total mass of ice added to the water is found to be 60 g.
(a) The specific heat capacity of water is 4.2 J/(g °C).
Calculate the thermal energy lost by the water originally in the beaker.
thermal energy = ...........................................................[2]
(b) Assume that all the thermal energy lost by the water originally in the beaker is transferred to
the ice.
Calculate the specific latent heat of fusion of ice.
specific latent heat of fusion of ice = ...........................................................[2]
(c) Suggest a reason for any inaccuracy in the value of the specific latent heat of fusion of ice
calculated in (b). Assume the temperature readings and the values for the mass of the water
and the mass of the ice are accurate.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 5]

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
203
8 June 2019 Q4
184 Gas of mass 0.23 g is trapped in a cylinder by a piston. The gas is at atmospheric pressure which
is 1.0 × 105 Pa. Fig. 4.1 shows the piston held in position by a catch.
gas cylinder
air at atmospheric
pressure
piston
heater catch
Fig. 4.1
The volume of the trapped gas is 1.9 × 10–4 m3.
An electrical heater is used to increase the temperature of the trapped gas by 550 °C.
(a) The specific heat capacity of the gas is 0.72 J / (g °C).
(i) Calculate the energy required to increase the temperature of the trapped gas by 550 °C.
energy = ......................................................... [2]
(ii) The power of the heater is 2.4 W.
1. Calculate how long it takes for the heater to supply the energy calculated in (a)(i).
time = ......................................................... [2]
2. In practice, it takes much longer to increase the temperature of the gas by 550 °C
using the heater.
Suggest one reason for this.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
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9
(b) When the temperature of the gas has increased by 550 °C, its pressure is 2.9 × 105 Pa. The
catch is then released allowing the piston to move. As the piston moves, the temperature of
the gas remains constant.
(i) State and explain what happens to the piston.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Determine the volume of the gas when the piston stops moving.
volume = ......................................................... [2]
[Total: 9]

Ahmed Osama
Ahmed Castella
Osama Castella
205
10 June 2019 Q5
195 Liquids and gases are two states of matter.
(a) In both boiling and evaporation, a liquid changes into a gas.
(i) State two ways in which boiling differs from evaporation.
1. .......................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
2. .......................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Before injecting a patient, a doctor wipes a small amount of a volatile liquid on to the
patient’s skin.
Explain, in terms of molecules, how this procedure cools the patient’s skin.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
(b) Gases can be compressed but liquids are incompressible.
Explain, in terms of molecules, why liquids are incompressible.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 8]
© UCLES 2019 0972/41/M/J/19

Ahmed Osama
Ahmed Castella
Osama Castella
206
0625
Physics

Chapter 11
Properties of Waves


207
11 Nov. 2008 Q.7
1
7 Fig. 7.1 shows a scale drawing of plane waves approaching a gap in a barrier. For
Examiner’s
Use
direction of travel
of plane waves
barrier
Fig. 7.1
(a) On Fig. 7.1, draw in the pattern of the waves after they have passed the gap. [3]
(b) The waves approaching the barrier have a wavelength of 2.5 cm and a speed of 20 cm/s.
Calculate the frequency of the waves.
frequency = ................................................ [2]
(c) State the frequency of the diffracted waves.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 6]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
208
10 June 2010 Q.6
62 Some plane waves travel on the surface of water in a tank. They pass from a region of deep For
water into a region of shallow water. Fig. 6.1 shows what the waves look like from above. Examiner’s
Use
boundary
waves move
this way
deep shallow
water water
Fig. 6.1
(a) State what happens at the boundary, if anything, to
(i) the frequency of the waves,
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) the speed of the waves,
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) the wavelength of the waves.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) The waves have a speed of 0.12 m / s in the deep water. Wave crests are 0.08 m apart in
the deep water.
Calculate the frequency of the source producing the waves. State the equation that you
use.
frequency = ................................................ [3]
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11
(c) Fig. 6.2 shows identical waves moving towards the boundary at an angle. For
Examiner’s
Use
boundary
A B
waves move
this way
deep shallow
water water
Fig. 6.2
On Fig. 6.2, draw carefully the remainder of waves A and B, plus the two previous waves
which reached the shallow water. You will need to use your ruler to do this. [3]
[Total: 9]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
210
8 June 2012 Q.7
73 (a) A wave passes along the surface of the water in a ripple tank. Describe the motion of a For
molecule on the surface as the wave passes. Examiner’s
Use
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Fig. 7.1 shows a view from above of water waves approaching a narrow gap in a barrier.
The water on both sides of the barrier has the same depth.
barrier with
narrow gap
direction of
water waves
Fig. 7.1
(i) On Fig. 7.1, sketch the pattern of waves in the region to the right of the barrier. [2]
(ii) State the process by which waves arrive at point P to the right of the barrier.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) The waves approaching the barrier in Fig. 7.1 have a wavelength of 1.4 cm and travel at
a speed of 12 cm / s.
Calculate the frequency of the waves.
frequency = ................................................. [2]
[Total: 6]
© UCLES 2012 0625/31/M/J/12

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
211
12 Nov. 2013 Q.7
74 (a) Fig. 7.1 shows the surface of water in a tank. For
Examiner’s
Use
barrier
Fig. 7.1
Straight wavefronts are produced at the left-hand end of the tank and travel towards a
gap in a barrier. Curved wavefronts travel away from the gap.
(i) Name the process that causes the wavefronts to spread out at the gap.
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Suggest a cause of the reduced spacing of the wavefronts to the right of the barrier.
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) State how the pattern of wavefronts to the right of the barrier changes when the
gap is made narrower.
............................................................................................................................. [1]
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212
13
(b) Fig. 7.2 shows a wave travelling, in the direction of the arrow, along a rope. For
Examiner’s
Use
2.4 m
Fig. 7.2
(i) Explain why the wave shown in Fig. 7.2 is described as a transverse wave.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) The speed of the wave along the rope is 3.2 m / s.
Calculate the frequency of the wave.
frequency = .................................................. [3]
[Total: 7]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
213
10 June&2015&Q6
56 A water wave in a tank travels from a region where the speed of the wave is faster into a region
where it is slower.
Fig. 6.1 is a one-quarter scale diagram that shows the wavefronts in the region where the speed is
faster.
faster region
wavefronts
tank
slower region
Fig. 6.1 (scale: 1.0 cm represents 4.0 cm)
(a) (i) Take measurements from the scale diagram in Fig. 6.1 to determine the wavelength of
the water wave as it travels in the faster region.
wavelength = ................................................ [2]
(ii) The speed of the wave in the faster region is 0.39 m / s.
Calculate the frequency of the wave.
frequency = ................................................ [2]
(b) On Fig. 6.1, draw lines that indicate the positions of the wavefronts of the water wave in the
slower region. [2]
© UCLES 2015 0625/31/M/J/15
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11
(c) State what happens to the frequency of the water wave as it passes into the slower region.
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 7]
AhmedOsama Castella
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215
7
Nov. 2017 Q5
65 (a) A wave passes through a gap in a barrier. The wavelength of the wave is the same magnitude
as the width of the gap in the barrier.
Tick one box to indicate what happens to the wave.
diffraction and dispersion

diffraction only
dispersion only
refraction and diffraction
refraction and dispersion
refraction only
[1]
(b) Fig. 5.1 shows six wavefronts of a wave travelling on the surface of deep water. The wave is
incident on a boundary with a region where the water is shallow.
boundary
direction
of wave
deep water shallow

water
Fig. 5.1
(i) On Fig. 5.1, draw the wavefronts of the wave in the shallow water where the wave travels
more slowly. [2]
(ii) The depth of the shallow water is now changed so that the speed of the wave in the
shallow water is 0.60 m / s. The speed of the wave in the deep water is 0.80 m / s.
The distance between successive wavefronts in the deep water is 1.4 cm.
Calculate the wavelength of the wave in the shallow water.
wavelength = ...........................................................[4]
[Total: 7]

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
7 June 2018 Q6
76 (a) Fig. 6.1 shows wavefronts approaching a gap in a barrier.
wavefront
barrier
Fig. 6.1
(i) On Fig. 6.1, draw three wavefronts to the right of the barrier. [2]
(ii) Fig. 6.2 shows the gap in the barrier increased to five times the gap in Fig. 6.1.
wavefront
barrier
Fig. 6.2
On Fig. 6.2, draw three wavefronts to the right of the barrier. [2]

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
8
(b) Describe, with a labelled diagram, an experiment using water waves that shows the reflection
of wavefronts that occur at a straight barrier.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
[Total: 8]
© UCLES 2018 0625/41/M/J/18

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
218
0625
Physics

Chapter 12
Sound Waves


219
10
June 2007 Q.7 For
Examiner’s
Use
71 Two students are asked to determine the speed of sound in air on the school playing fields.
(a) List the apparatus they need.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) List the readings that the students need to take.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) State how the speed of sound is calculated from the readings.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) State one precaution that could be taken to improve the accuracy of the value obtained.
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) The table gives some speeds.
speed/ speed of sound speed of sound

m/s in air in water
10
100
1000
10 000
Place a tick in the table to show the speed which is closest to
(i) the speed of sound in air,
(ii) the speed of sound in water.

[2]
[Total: 6]
© UCLES 2007 0625/03/M/J/07

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
220
7 Nov. 2011 Q.6
62 (a) Fig. 6.1 shows the position of layers of air, at one moment, as a sound wave of constant
frequency passes through the air. Compressions are labelled C. Rarefactions are labelled R.
C R C R C R C R C R C
Fig. 6.1
(i) State how Fig. 6.1 would change if
1. the sound had a higher frequency,
................................................................................................................................[1]
2. the sound were louder.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) On Fig. 6.1, draw a line marked with arrows at each end to show the wavelength of the
sound. [1]
(b) In an experiment to measure the speed of sound in steel, a steel pipe of length 200 m is
struck at one end with a hammer. A microphone at the other end of the pipe is connected
to an accurate timer. The timer records a delay of 0.544 s between the arrival of the sound
transmitted by the steel pipe and the sound transmitted by the air in the pipe.
The speed of sound in air is 343 m / s. Calculate the speed of sound in steel.
speed of sound in steel = ...........................................................[3]
[Total: 7]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
221
16 June 2013 Q.8
83 (a) State the range of frequencies of sound which can be heard by a healthy human ear. For
Examiner’s
...................................................................................................................................... [1] Use
(b) Compressions and rarefactions occur along the path of sound waves.
State, in terms of the behaviour of molecules, what is meant by
(i) a compression,
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) a rarefaction.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) State the effect on what is heard by a listener when there is
(i) an increase in the amplitude of a sound,
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) a decrease in the wavelength of a sound.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) A student carries out an experiment to find the speed of sound in air.
He stands facing a high cliff and shouts. He hears the echo 1.9 s later.
He then walks 250 m further away from the cliff and shouts again, hearing the echo 3.5 s
later.
Calculate the speed of sound given by this experiment.
speed = .................................................. [3]
[Total: 8]
© UCLES 2013 0625/31/M/J/13
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
222
9 June 2014 Q.8
84 (a) Draw a straight line from each quantity on the left-hand side to a speed on the right-hand side
which is typical for that quantity.
30 m / s
300 m / s
speed of sound in gas
3000 m / s
speed of sound in solid

30 000 m / s
300 000 m / s
[2]
(b) Explain why sound waves are described as longitudinal.
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) Fig. 8.1 shows how the displacement of air molecules, at an instant of time, varies with
distance along the path of a sound wave.
displacement
0
0 distance along path
of sound wave
Fig. 8.1
(i) On Fig. 8.1, sketch two cycles of a sound wave that has a shorter wavelength and a
greater amplitude. [2]
(ii) State two changes in the sound heard from this wave compared with the original wave.
1. .......................................................................................................................................
2. .......................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 8]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
223 Nov. 2014 Q.5
12
55 (a) Two types of seismic waves are produced by earthquakes. They are called P-waves and
S-waves. P-waves are longitudinal and S-waves are transverse.
(i) Explain what is meant by the terms longitudinal and transverse.
longitudinal ........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
transverse ..........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) State another example of
1. a longitudinal wave, ....................................................................................................
2. a transverse wave. .....................................................................................................

[2]
(iii) A seismic wave has a speed of 7.2 km / s and a frequency of 30 Hz.
Calculate its wavelength.
wavelength = .................................................[2]
© UCLES 2014 0625/31/O/N/14
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
224
13
(b) Fig. 5.1 shows an electric bell ringing in a sealed glass chamber containing air.
to vacuum pump
bell
Fig. 5.1
A student hears the bell ringing. The air is then removed from the chamber.
State and explain any change in the sound heard by the student.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 8]
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
225
9 Nov.%2015%Q6
66 A sound wave, travelling in air, approaches a solid barrier with a gap in the middle. Fig. 6.1
represents the compressions and rarefactions of the sound wave. The compressions are labelled
A, B and C.
barrier
A B C
compression
rarefaction
Fig. 6.1
(a) State how a compression differs from a rarefaction.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) The speed of sound in air is 340 m / s. The frequency of the sound is 850 Hz.
For this wave, determine
(i) the wavelength,
wavelength = ...........................................................[2]
(ii) the time that elapses before compression A reaches the barrier.
time = ...........................................................[2]
(c) On Fig. 6.1, draw the shape and positions of compressions B and C as compression A
reaches the barrier. [2]
(d) Sound waves can also travel in water.
State how the speed of sound in water compares with the speed of sound in air.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 8]
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
226
10
June 2016 Q6
76 (a) Two students are measuring the speed of sound.
The students are provided with a starting pistol, a stopwatch and a long measuring tape. The
starting pistol, when fired, produces a loud sound and a puff of smoke at the same instant.
Describe how the students use the apparatus and how they calculate the speed. You may
draw a diagram.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [4]
© UCLES 2016 06_0625_41_2016_1.10
Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
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11
(b) A device at the bottom of the sea emits a sound wave of frequency 200 Hz.
(i) The speed of sound in sea-water is 1500 m / s.
Calculate the wavelength of the sound in sea-water.
wavelength = ................................................................. [2]
(ii) The sound wave passes from the sea-water into the air.
State what happens, if anything, to
• the frequency of the sound, ...............................................................................
................................................................................................................................
• the speed of the sound. .....................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 8]
© UCLES 2016 06_0625_41_2016_1.10 [Turn over

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
228
10
Nov. 2016 Q6
86 (a) (i) State a typical value for the speed of sound in air.
speed = ...........................................................[1]
(ii) State the range of frequencies that can be heard by a healthy human ear.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) A sound wave in air has a wavelength of 22 mm.
Fig. 6.1 represents wavefronts of this sound. These wavefronts are successive compressions.
22 mm
Fig. 6.1
(i) Using your value for the speed of sound in (a)(i), calculate the frequency of the sound
wave.
frequency = ...........................................................[2]
(ii) On Fig. 6.1, draw dotted lines to represent three different rarefactions. [1]
(iii) State, in terms of both molecules and pressure, what is meant by a rarefaction.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 7]
© UCLES 2016 0625/41/O/N/16

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
229
10
June 2017 Q7
97 A loudspeaker produces a sound wave of constant frequency.
(a) State what is meant by frequency.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) The sound wave travels in air towards a barrier with a small gap at its centre. Fig. 7.1
represents the compressions of the wave travelling towards the barrier.
gap barrier
direction
of travel
compression barrier
Fig. 7.1
(i) State what is meant by a compression.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) The width of the gap is smaller than the wavelength λ of the wave.
On Fig. 7.1, draw the pattern of the compressions after the sound wave has passed
through the gap. [2]
(iii) The barrier is adjusted so that the gap becomes wider.
Describe how this affects the pattern of the compressions after the sound wave has
passed through the gap.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
© UCLES 2017 0625/41/M/J/17

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AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
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11
(c) The frequency of the sound wave is 6800 Hz. The speed of sound in air is 340 m / s.
(i) Calculate the wavelength of the sound wave in air.
wavelength = ...........................................................[2]
(ii) State a typical value for the speed of sound in a liquid.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 8]

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
231
8
Nov. 2017 Q6
10
6 (a) The left-hand column of the table shows some possible speeds of a sound wave.
In the right-hand column, write down the medium in which a sound wave has this speed.
Choose from solid, liquid or gas.
speed of sound wave medium

m/s
1500
5000
300
[2]
(b) Fig. 6.1 represents a series of compressions and rarefactions of a sound wave.
Fig. 6.1
(i) On Fig. 6.1, mark, with the letters X and Y, the mid-points of two rarefactions. [1]
(ii) State, in terms of pressure, what is meant by a rarefaction.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) Astronauts set up a mirror on the Moon’s surface. A laser beam is transmitted from the Earth’s
surface to the mirror and is then reflected back to Earth.
On a certain day, the time between transmitting the beam from a point on the Earth’s surface
and receiving the reflected signal at the same point is 2.56 s.
The speed of the laser beam is 3.00 × 108 m / s.
Calculate the distance between the Earth’s surface and the Moon’s surface.
distance = ...........................................................[3]
[Total: 7]
© UCLES 2017 0625/41/O/N/17

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
11 Nov. 2018 Q8
11
8 A vibrating source on a ship produces a sound wave that travels through the ocean. The wave
produced is a longitudinal wave.
(a) Explain what is meant by the term longitudinal wave.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
(b) The frequency of the sound wave is 800 Hz.
(i) The speed of sound in air is 330 m / s.
State a typical value for the speed of sound in a liquid.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Using your value from (b)(i), calculate the wavelength of the sound wave in the ocean.
wavelength = ...........................................................[2]
[Total: 6]

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
233
8 Nov. 2019 Q4
124 Fig. 4.1 shows a loudspeaker that is producing a sound wave in air of frequency 15 000 Hz.
hollow
paper
cone
Fig. 4.1
(a) Describe how the cone of the loudspeaker produces this sound.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) The speed of sound in air is 330 m / s.
Calculate the wavelength of this sound.
wavelength = ........................................................ [2]
© UCLES 2019 0972/41/O/N/19

Ahmed Osama
Ahmed Castella
Osama Castella
234
9
(c) The loudspeaker is placed a considerable distance to the left of a barrier with a gap. The
width of the gap is double the wavelength of the sound. Sound from the loudspeaker reaches
the barrier and passes through the gap.
Fig. 4.2 shows the gap in the barrier.
barrier
barrier
On Fig. 4.2, sketch a diagram that represents the sound wave as a series of wavefronts
• travelling towards the barrier
• in the gap
• and travelling away from the barrier.

[3]
[Total: 8]

Ahmed Osama
Ahmed Castella
Osama Castella
235
0625
Physics

Chapter 13
Light Waves


236
9 June 2007 Q.6 For
Examiner’s
Use
61 Fig. 6.1 shows a rectangular glass block ABCD.
o
60
A B
E
D C
Fig. 6.1
(a) The ray FE is partly reflected and partly refracted at E.
(i) On Fig. 6.1, draw in the approximate path of the refracted ray, within and beyond
the block. Label the ray refracted ray. [1]
(ii) On Fig. 6.1, draw in the path of the reflected ray. Label the ray reflected ray. [1]
(b) A second ray, almost parallel to AE, strikes the block at E and is partly refracted at an
angle of refraction of 43°.
(i) State an approximate value for the angle of incidence at E.
................................................. [1]
(ii) State an approximate value for the critical angle for the light in the glass block.
................................................. [1]
(iii) Calculate an approximate value for the refractive index of the glass of the block.
refractive index = ................................................ [2]
(c) The speed of the light along ray FE is 3.0 x 108 m/s. Calculate the speed of the refracted
light in the glass block.
speed = ................................................ [2]
[Total: 8]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
237
9 Nov. 2007 Q.7 For
Examiner’s
Use
72 (a) In the space below, draw a diagram to represent a sound wave.
On your diagram, mark and label
(i) two consecutive compressions and two consecutive rarefactions,
(ii) the wavelength of the wave.

[3]
(b) Fig. 7.1 shows part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
INFRA–
X-RAYS
RED
Fig. 7.1
(i) On Fig. 7.1, label the positions of -rays, visible light waves and radio waves. [1]
(ii) State which of the three types of wave in (i) has the lowest frequency.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) State the approximate value of the speed in air of radio waves.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
[Total: 6]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
238
9 June 2008 Q.7
73 Fig. 7.1 and Fig. 7.2 show wavefronts of light approaching a plane mirror and a rectangular For
glass block, respectively. Examiner’s
Use
direction of travel
of wavefronts
mirror
Fig. 7.1
direction of travel
of wavefronts
glass block
Fig. 7.2
(a) On Fig. 7.1 and on Fig. 7.2 draw wavefronts to show what happens after the waves
strike the surface. [4]
(b) In Fig. 7.2, the waves approaching the block have a speed of 3.0 × 108 m/s and an angle
of incidence of 70°. The refractive index of the glass of the block is 1.5.
(i) Calculate the speed of light waves in the block.
speed = ................................................ [2]
(ii) Calculate the angle of refraction in the block.
angle = ................................................ [2]
[Total: 8]
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
239
10 Nov. 2008 Q.6
64 Fig. 6.1 shows two rays of monochromatic light, one entering the prism along the normal DE For
and the second one along PQ. Examiner’s
Use
E
F
P 30°
R
42°
A C
Fig. 6.1
(a) State what is meant by monochromatic light.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) The refractive index of the glass of the prism is 1.49. The ray EF is refracted at F. Use
information from Fig. 6.1 to calculate the angle of refraction at F.
angle of refraction = ................................................ [3]
(c) On Fig. 6.1, draw in the refracted ray, starting from F. [1]
(d) State how the refraction, starting at F, would be different if the monochromatic ray were
replaced by a ray of white light.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) The critical angle for the glass of the prism is just over 42°. State the approximate angle
of refraction for the ray striking BC at R.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(f) Another monochromatic ray, not shown in Fig. 6.1, passes through the prism and strikes
BC at an angle of incidence of 50°. State what happens to this ray at the point where it
strikes BC.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 8]
© UCLES 2008 0625/31/O/N/08
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
240
14 June 2009 Q.8
85 In an optics lesson, a Physics student traces the paths of three rays of light near the boundary For
between medium A and air. The student uses a protractor to measure the various angles. Examiner’s
Use
Fig. 8.1 illustrates the three measurements.
air
170 180
180 170 1
0 10
10 0
medium
A
20
160
60 1 0 4
20
0
5
3
0
01 0
3
15
40
40
0
13
4
50
1
0
50 120 0 0
110 0 6 13
60 100 80 7 2 0
70 0 1
80 90 100 11
ray
1
air
170 180
180 170 1
0 10
10 0
medium
A
20
160
60 1 0 4
20
0
5
3
0
01 0
3
15
40
40
0
13
4
50
1
0
50 120 0 0
110 0 6 13
60 100 80 7 2 0
70 0 1
80 90 100 11
ray
2
air
170 180
180 170 1
0 10
10 0
medium
A
20
160
60 1 0 4
20
0
5
3
0
01 0
3
15
40
40
0
13
ray
4
50
1
0
50 120
3 0 0
110 0 6 13
60 100 80 7 2 0
70 0 1
80 90 100 11
Fig. 8.1
© UCLES 2009 0625/31/M/J/09

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15
(a) State which is the optically denser medium, A or air, and how you can tell this. For
Examiner’s
.......................................................................................................................................... Use
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) State in which medium the light travels the faster, and how you know this.
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) State the critical angle of medium A.
................................................... [1]
(d) State the full name for what is happening to ray 3.
................................................... [1]
(e) The refractive index of medium A is 1.49.
Calculate the value of the angle of refraction of ray 1, showing all your working.
angle of refraction = ................................................ [2]
(f) The speed of light in air is 3.0 × 108 m / s.
Calculate the speed of light in medium A, showing all your working.
speed of light = ................................................ [2]
[Total: 8]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
242
10 Nov. 2010 Q.6
667 Fig. 6.1 shows part of the path of a ray of light PQ travelling in an optical fibre.
glass
Fig. 6.1
PQ undergoes total internal reflection at Q.
(a) Explain what is meant by total internal reflection, and state the conditions under which it
occurs.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) Carefully complete the path of the ray of light, until it reaches the end R of the optical fibre.
[2]
[Total: 5]
© UCLES 2010 0625/31/O/N/10

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
243
11 Nov. 2010 Q.7
778 (a) The following list contains the names of types of energy transfer by means of waves.
γ-rays, infra-red, radio/TV/microwaves, sound, visible light, X-rays
(i) Which one of these is not a type of electromagnetic wave?
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State the nature of the wave you have named in (a)(i).
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) The remaining names in the list are all regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, but one
region is missing.
Name the missing region.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) A television station emits waves with a frequency of 2.5 × 108 Hz. Electromagnetic waves
travel at a speed of 3.0 × 108 m / s.
Calculate the wavelength of the waves emitted by this television station. State the equation
you use.
wavelength = ......................................................... [3]
[Total: 6]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
244
12
June 2011 Q.7
879 (a) The speed of light in air is known to be 3.0 × 108 m / s.
Outline how you would use a refraction experiment to deduce the speed of light in glass. You
may draw a diagram if it helps to clarify your answer.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
(b) A tsunami is a giant water wave. It may be caused by an earthquake below the ocean.
Waves from a certain tsunami have a wavelength of 1.9 × 105 m and a speed of 240 m / s.
(i) Calculate the frequency of the tsunami waves.
frequency = ...........................................................[2]
© UCLES 2011 0625/31/M/J/11

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
245
14 June 2011 Q.8
910
8 (a) Fig. 8.1 shows a section of an optical fibre. It consists of a fibre of denser transparent material,
coated with a layer of a less dense transparent material.
less dense
material
ray
denser material
Fig. 8.1
One ray within the fibre has been started for you on Fig. 8.1.
(i) State and explain what happens to the ray already drawn, after it reaches the boundary
between the materials.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) On Fig. 8.1, carefully continue the ray until it reaches the end of the section of optical
fibre. [1]
(b) Fibre-optic cables are sometimes used to carry out internal examinations on the human
stomach.
(i) Suggest one reason why the cable is made of thousands of very thin optical fibres.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Describe briefly how the inside of the stomach is illuminated.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
© UCLES 2011 0625/31/M/J/11

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15
(iii) Describe briefly how the light from the stomach is transferred to the detecting equipment
outside the body.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 6]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
247
8
Nov. 2011 Q.7
10
11
7 (a) Fig. 7.1 shows a ray of monochromatic red light, in air, incident on a glass block at an angle of
incidence of 50°.
50°
Fig. 7.1
(i) State what is meant by monochromatic light.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) For this red ray the refractive index of the glass is 1.52. Calculate the angle of refraction
for the ray.
angle of refraction = ...........................................................[2]
(iii) Without measuring angles, use a ruler to draw the approximate path of the ray in the
glass block and emerging from the block. [2]
© UCLES 2011 0625/31/O/N/11

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9
(b) The red ray in Fig. 7.1 is replaced by a ray of monochromatic violet light. For this violet ray the
refractive index of the glass is 1.54. The speed of light in air is 3.00 × 108 m / s.
(i) Calculate the speed of the violet light in the glass block.
speed = ...........................................................[2]
(ii) Use a ruler to draw the approximate path of this violet ray in the glass block and emerging
from the block. Make sure this path is separated from the path drawn for the red light in
(a)(iii). Mark both parts of this path with the letter V. [2]
[Total: 9]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
249
12 Nov. 2012 Q.8
11
12
8 (a) A ray of light in air travels across a flat boundary into glass. The angle of incidence is For
51°. The angle of refraction is 29°. Examiner’s
Use
(i) In the space below, draw a labelled diagram to illustrate this information. [3]
(ii) Calculate the refractive index of the glass.
refractive index = ................................................. [2]
(b) A ray of light in glass travels towards a flat boundary with air. The angle of incidence is
51°. This ray does not emerge into the air.
State and explain what happens to this ray.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 7]
© UCLES 2012 0625/31/O/N/12

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
250
14 Nov. 2014 Q.6
12
13
6 (a) Fig. 6.1 shows an object O placed in front of a plane mirror M. Two rays from the object to the
mirror are shown.
Fig. 6.1
(i) On Fig. 6.1, for one of the rays shown,
1. draw the normal to the mirror,
2. mark the angle of incidence. Label this angle X.

[2]
(ii) On Fig. 6.1, draw
1. the reflected rays for both incident rays,
2. construction lines to locate the image of O. Label this image I.

[2]
© UCLES 2014 0625/31/O/N/14
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251
15
(b) In Fig. 6.2, circular wavefronts from a point source in a tank of water strike a straight barrier.
barrier
source
Fig. 6.2
(i) The reflected wavefronts seem to come from a single point.
On Fig. 6.2, mark a dot to show the position of this point. Label this point C. [1]
(ii) Draw, as accurately as you can, the reflected circular wavefronts. [2]
[Total: 7]
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
252
12
June 2016 Q7
14
137 (a) (i) A ray of light passes through a length of curved optical fibre.
Draw a diagram showing the fibre and the path of the ray of light.
[1]
(ii) Describe one use of optical fibres in medicine. You may draw a diagram.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ [3]
© UCLES 2016 06_0625_41_2016_1.10
Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
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13
(b) Draw a straight line from each wave on the left to the most appropriate speed.
90 m / s
(9 × 10)
6000 m / s
light in air (6 × 103)
100 000 m / s
(1 × 105)
microwaves in
a vacuum
1 000 000 m / s
(1 × 106)
300 000 000 m / s

sound in steel
(3 × 108)
60 000 000 000 m / s

(6 × 1010)
[3]
(c) The refractive index of a block of glass is 1.5.
Use your value for the speed of light from (b) to calculate the speed of light in this block.
speed = ................................................................. [2]
[Total: 9]
© UCLES 2016 06_0625_41_2016_1.10 [Turn over

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
254
11
Nov. 2016 Q7
15
147 Fig. 7.1 shows a box ABCD.
A B
prism 1
ray of light
box
emergent ray
D C
Fig. 7.1
The box contains two identical glass prisms, one of which is shown. Light incident on prism 1
undergoes total internal reflection within the glass.
(a) (i) On Fig. 7.1, complete the path of the ray of light through prism 1. [2]
(ii) On Fig. 7.1, draw a second prism inside the dashed square, positioned so that the light
reflects inside the glass and emerges from the box as shown. Complete the path of the
ray. [2]
(b) Select the statements that correctly describe the necessary conditions for the light to undergo
total internal reflection. Tick two boxes.
The angle of incidence in the glass is less than the critical angle of light in the glass.
The angle of incidence in the glass is greater than the critical angle of light in the
glass.
The angle of reflection in the glass is equal to the angle of refraction.
The speed of light in the glass is greater than the speed of light in air.
The speed of light in the glass is equal to the speed of light in air.
The speed of light in the glass is less than the speed of light in air.
[2]
[Total: 6]

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9
June 2017 Q6
16
156 (a) A ray of light in glass is incident on a boundary with air.
State what happens to the ray when the angle of incidence of the ray is
(i) less than the critical angle of the glass,
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) greater than the critical angle of the glass.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Fig. 6.1 shows a ray of light incident on a glass block at A. The critical angle of the glass
is 41°.
air
B
30°
ray of light
glass block
(i) On Fig. 6.1, without calculation, continue the ray from point B until it leaves the glass
block. [2]
(ii) Calculate the refractive index of the glass.
refractive index = ...........................................................[2]
[Total: 6]

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
10 Nov. 2018 Q7
17
167 (a) A laser produces a beam of monochromatic light. State what is meant by the term
monochromatic.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) A wave, in air, is incident on a glass block. Fig. 7.1 shows the wavefronts at the air-glass
boundary. The arrow shows the direction of travel of the wavefronts.
direction of
travel of
wavefronts
air
glass
Fig. 7.1
The wave undergoes reflection and refraction at the air-glass boundary.
On Fig. 7.1 draw:
(i) the wavefronts of the reflected wave [3]
(ii) the wavefronts of the refracted wave. [3]
(c) A transverse wave is produced in a long, horizontal rope. The rope is much longer than the
wavelength of the wave.
In the space below, sketch a diagram to show the appearance of the rope as the wave passes
along it. Label two important features of the wave.
[2]
[Total: 9]
© UCLES 2018 0625/41/O/N/18
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AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
257
10 June 2013 (V.2) Q6
18
176 (a) Fig. 6.1 shows two rays from a point object P incident on a water surface. For
Examiner’s
An observer sees the image of P produced by reflection at the surface of the water. Use
water
air
surface
water
Fig. 6.1
On Fig. 6.1, draw the reflected rays and complete the diagram to locate the position of
the image. Label the position of the image I. [2]
(b) Fig. 6.2 shows two rays from a point object Q incident on another water surface.
An observer sees the image of Q produced by refraction at the surface of the water.
water
air surface
water
Fig. 6.2
On Fig. 6.2, draw possible refracted rays and complete the diagram to locate a possible
position of the image. Label the position of the image J.
You do not need to calculate any angles. [2]
© UCLES 2013 0625/32/M/J/13

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11
(c) The refractive index of water is 1.33. For

Examiner’s
Calculate the critical angle. Use
critical angle = .................................................. [2]
(d) Describe, with a diagram, a medical use of optical fibres.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 9]

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
259
12 June 2019 Q6
186 Green light of frequency 5.7 × 1014 Hz is travelling in air at a speed of 3.0 × 108 m / s. The light is
incident on the surface of a transparent solid.
Fig. 6.1 shows the wavefronts and the direction of travel of the light in the air.
wavefront
air
solid
Fig. 6.1
The light travels more slowly in the transparent solid.
(a) Explain, in terms of the wavefronts, why the light changes direction as it enters the solid. You
may draw on Fig. 6.1 as part of your answer.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) The refractive index of the transparent solid is 1.3.
(i) The light is incident on the surface of the solid at an angle of incidence of 67°.
Calculate the angle of refraction of the light in the solid.
angle of refraction = ......................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2019 0972/41/M/J/19

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Osama Castella
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13
(ii) Determine the wavelength of the green light in the transparent solid.
wavelength = ......................................................... [4]
[Total: 9]

Ahmed Osama
Ahmed Castella
Osama Castella
261
16 Nov. 2019 Q8
198 Fig. 8.1 shows a ray of red light incident on one side of a glass prism in air.
glass prism
red light
Fig. 8.1
For red light, the refractive index of glass is nR.
(a) The angle of incidence is 53° and the angle of refraction in the glass is 30°.
(i) Calculate nR.
nR = ........................................................ [2]
(ii) On Fig. 8.1, sketch a line to indicate the path of the red light when it emerges from the
glass prism. Label this path R. [1]
(iii) Explain why the quantity refractive index does not have a unit.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) For violet light, the refractive index nV of glass is slightly larger than nR.
(i) A ray of violet light is incident on the prism along the same path as the ray of red light.
On Fig. 8.1, sketch a line to indicate the path of the violet light in the prism and when it
emerges into the air. Label this path V. [1]
(ii) When a ray of white light is incident on the prism, dispersion produces a continuous
spectrum of coloured light.
State how the speed of light in glass depends on its frequency. Explain how this is shown
by the dispersion of white light in the prism.
statement ..........................................................................................................................
explanation ........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total: 8]
© UCLES 2019 0972/41/O/N/19
Ahmed Osama
Ahmed Castella
Osama Castella
262
0625
Physics

Chapter 14
Thin Converging Lens


263
8 Nov. 2007 Q.6 For
Examiner’s
Use
61 Virtual images may be formed by both plane mirrors and by convex lenses.
Fig. 6.1 shows a plane mirror and a convex lens.
F F
Fig. 6.1
(a) On Fig. 6.1, draw rays to locate the approximate positions of the images of the tops of
the two arrow objects O and P.
Label the images. [5]
(b) Both images are virtual.
(i) What is meant by a virtual image?
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) State one other similarity between the two images.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) State one difference between the two images.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
[Total: 8]
© UCLES 2007 0625/03/O/N/07

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
264
8 June 2008 Q.6
62 Fig. 6.1 shows an object, the tip of which is labelled O, placed near a lens L. For
Examiner’s
The two principal foci of the lens are F1 and F2. Use
L O
F2 F1
Fig. 6.1
(a) On Fig. 6.1, draw the paths of two rays from the tip of the object so that they pass
through the lens and continue beyond.
Complete the diagram to locate the image of the tip of the object. Draw in the whole
image and label it I. [3]
(b) Describe image I.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 6]
© UCLES 2008 0625/31/M/J/08

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
265
11 Nov. 2009 Q.8
83 Fig. 8.1 shows a thin converging lens. The two principal foci are shown. For
Examiner’s
Use
principal
F2 F1 axis
Fig. 8.1
A vertical object, 2 cm tall, is to be positioned to the left of the lens, with one end on the
principal axis.
On Fig. 8.1,
(a) draw the object in a position which will produce a virtual image, labelling the object with
the letter O, [1]
(b) draw two rays showing how the virtual image is formed, [2]
(c) draw in the image, labelling it with the letter I. [1]
[Total: 4]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
266
14 June 2013 Q.7
74 Fig. 7.1 shows the principal axis PQ of a converging lens and the centre line XY of the lens. For
Examiner’s
Use
P Q
Fig. 7.1
An object 2.0 cm high is placed 2.0 cm to the left of the lens. The converging lens has a
focal length of 3.0 cm.
© UCLES 2013 0625/31/M/J/13

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15
(a) On Fig. 7.1, draw a full-scale diagram to find the distance of the image from the lens, For
and the height of the image. Examiner’s
Use
distance of image from the lens = ......................................................
height of image = ......................................................

[5]
(b) State and explain whether the image in (a) is real or virtual.
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 6]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
268
13 June&2015&Q7
75 (a) Fig. 7.1 represents an object O placed in front of a converging lens.
O
P Q R S
Fig. 7.1
(i) State a full description of the image I.
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Using the letters on Fig. 7.1, identify the focal length of the lens.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) On Fig. 7.1, draw an eye suitably placed to view the image I. [1]
(b) Fig. 7.2 shows an object O placed to the left of a converging lens. A principal focus of the lens
is at the position marked F.
Fig. 7.2
(i) On Fig. 7.2, draw two rays to locate the image of object O. Draw the image.
(ii) On Fig. 7.2, draw one other ray from the upper tip of O to the image.
[4]
[Total: 8]
AhmedOsama Castella
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269
10
Nov.%2015%Q7
76 (a) Fig. 7.1 shows a convex lens being used to produce an image of an object.
principal
focus
image object
Fig. 7.1
(i) Place three ticks in the table that describe this image.
can only be formed on a screen

diminished
enlarged
inverted
real
same size
upright
virtual
[3]
(ii) On Fig. 7.1, mark a letter E to indicate a possible position for an eye to be placed to
observe this image. [1]
(iii) State an application in which a convex lens is used in this way.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
© UCLES 2015 0625/31/O/N/15

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11
(b) In the space below, draw a ray diagram to locate the image of an object of height 1.0 cm
placed 5.0 cm from a convex lens of focal length 2.0 cm. Draw your diagram full size. You are
advised to locate the lens roughly in the centre of the space. Label the image.
[3]
[Total: 8]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
271
9
Nov. 2017 Q7
77 (a) Fig. 7.1 shows a converging lens and its principal axis. The points labelled F are each a
principal focus of the lens.
F F
Fig. 7.1
On Fig. 7.1, draw two rays from the top of the object O, to locate the image of O.
Label the image I. [3]
(b) Underline three of the terms below to describe the nature of the image produced by a
converging lens used as a magnifying glass.
diminished enlarged inverted real same size upright virtual
[2]
(c) Fig. 7.2 shows the path of a ray of red light passing through a glass prism.
prism
air
Fig. 7.2
A ray of green light enters the prism along the same path as the ray of red light.
On Fig. 7.2, draw the path of the ray of green light as it passes through the prism and emerges
into the air. [2]
[Total: 7]

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
6 June 2018 Q5
58 (a) A ray of light in air is incident on a glass block. The light changes direction.
State
(i) the name of this effect,
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) the cause of this effect.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Fig. 5.1, drawn to full scale, shows a thin converging lens of focal length 3.5 cm.
1.0 cm lens
1.0 cm
Fig. 5.1
(i) On Fig. 5.1, mark each of the two principal focuses and label each with the letter F. [1]
(ii) An object O of height 4.4 cm is placed a distance of 7.5 cm from the lens.
On Fig. 5.1, draw rays from the tip of the object O to locate the image. Draw and label
the image. [3]
(iii) Determine the height of the image.
height of the image = ...........................................................[1]
(iv) State and explain whether the image is real or virtual.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 8]
© UCLES 2018 0625/41/M/J/18
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273
0625
Physics

Chapter 15
Electrostatics


274
15 Nov. 2010 Q.9
91 In Fig. 9.1, A and B are two conductors on insulating stands. Both A and B were initially
uncharged.
X Y
A B
Fig. 9.1
(a) Conductor A is given the positive charge shown on Fig. 9.1.
(i) On Fig. 9.1, mark the signs of the charges induced at end X and at end Y of conductor B.
[1]
(ii) Explain how these charges are induced.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(iii) Explain why the charges at X and at Y are equal in magnitude.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) B is now connected to earth by a length of wire.
Explain what happens, if anything, to
(i) the charge at X,
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) the charge at Y.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 8]
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92 A plastic rod is rubbed with a cloth and becomes positively charged. After charging, the rod is
held close to the suspended table-tennis ball shown in Fig. 9.1. The table-tennis ball is covered
with metal paint and is uncharged.
nylon thread
light
table-tennis ball
covered with metal
paint
positively
charged rod
Fig. 9.1
(a) Describe what happens to the charges in the metal paint on the ball as the positively charged
rod is brought close to the ball.
[1]
(b) The ball is attracted towards the charged rod.
Explain why this happens, given that the ball is uncharged.
[2]
(c) State the unit in which electric charge is measured.
[1]
[Total: 4]
Ahmed&Osama&C.
© UCLES 2014 0625/04/SP/16
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AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
276
14
June 2017 Q10
3 10 (a) Describe the movement of charge that causes an object to become positively charged.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Fig. 10.1 shows a negatively charged rod held over an uncharged metal sphere.
negatively
charged rod
– – – – – – – – –
uncharged metal sphere
insulating support
Fig. 10.1
(i) On Fig. 10.1, add + and – signs to represent the results of the movement of charge
within the sphere. [2]
(ii) Describe the actions that must be taken to obtain an even distribution of positive charge
on the surface of the sphere.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 5]
© UCLES 2017 0625/41/M/J/17

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
277
14 June 2012 (V.2) Q7
74 (a) Fig. 7.1 shows a conducting sphere A, initially uncharged, mounted on an insulating For
base. The positively-charged, non-conducting sphere B is brought close to sphere A Examiner’s
without touching the sphere. Use
non-conducting
sphere B conducting sphere
A
+++
+ +
++ +
insulating
base
Fig. 7.1
(i) On Fig. 7.1, draw the resulting distribution of any positive and negative charges on
sphere A. [2]
(ii) The sphere A is now earthed as shown in Fig. 7.2.
non-conducting
sphere B conducting sphere
A
+++
+ +
++ +
connection
to earth
insulating
base
Fig. 7.2
On Fig. 7.2, draw the distribution of any positive and negative charges on sphere A after
it is earthed. [1]
© UCLES 2012 0625/32/M/J/12

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Osama Castella
278
15
(b) (i) On Fig. 7.3, draw lines of force with direction arrows to represent the electric field For
pattern in the plane of the paper around a negative point charge at point X. Examiner’s
Use
Fig. 7.3
(ii) State what is represented by the directions of the arrows on the lines.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 5]

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
279
10 March 2015 Q7
75 (a) (i) State what is meant by an electric field.
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Fig. 7.1 shows a small, positively charged sphere.
Fig. 7.1
On Fig. 7.1, sketch the pattern of the electric field in the space around the sphere. [2]
© UCLES 2015 0625/32/F/M/15

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AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
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11
(b) Fig. 7.2 shows a metal sphere on an insulating support.
Fig. 7.2
A student has available two rods, one charged positively and one charged negatively. Using
one of these rods, she gives the sphere a uniform negative charge by induction.
State which rod she chooses, and describe the procedure she follows.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
. ..................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [4]
[Total: 7]
© UCLES 2015 0625/32/F/M/15 [Turn over

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
281
10 Nov. 2019 Q5
65 Fig. 5.1 shows a sphere that is negatively charged. The sphere is attached to a plastic stand.
plastic stand
Fig. 5.1
(a) On Fig. 5.1, draw arrows to indicate the pattern and direction of the electric field in the region
surrounding the sphere. [2]
(b) A smaller, uncharged metal sphere S is suspended by a plastic thread and brought close to
the negatively charged sphere. Fig. 5.2 shows the two spheres.
plastic thread
Fig. 5.2
(i) By drawing on Fig. 5.2, indicate the distribution of charge on S. [2]
(ii) State what happens to S.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) An earth wire is then touched against S.
Describe what happens in the wire and state how this affects the charge on S.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2019 0972/41/O/N/19

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Ahmed Castella
Osama Castella
282
11
(c) The metal sphere S is an electrical conductor. The plastic thread is an electrical insulator.
Explain this difference by referring to the structures of the two materials.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 9]

Ahmed Osama
Ahmed Castella
Osama Castella
283
0625
Physics

Chapter 16
Electric Current


284
18 June 2009 Q.10
13 The circuit shown in Fig. 10.1 uses a 12 V battery.
10 For
Examiner’s
Use
12 V
16 ! 8!
S
Fig. 10.1
(a) Switch S is open, as shown in Fig. 10.1.
State the value of
(i) the reading on the ammeter,
reading = ................................................ [1]
(ii) the potential difference (p.d.) across S.
p.d. = ................................................ [1]
(b) Switch S is now closed.
(i) Calculate the current in the ammeter.
current = ................................................ [2]
(ii) Calculate the p.d. across the 8 ! resistor.
p.d. = ................................................ [2]
© UCLES 2009 0625/31/M/J/09

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19
(c) The two resistors are now connected in parallel. For

Examiner’s
Calculate the new reading on the ammeter when S is closed, stating clearly any Use
equations that you use.
reading = ................................................ [4]
[Total: 10]
Question 11 is on the next page.

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
286
19 June
June 2010
2011 Q.11
24 (a) A coil of wire is connected into a circuit containing a variable resistor and a battery.
11 For
Examiner’s
The variable resistor is adjusted until the potential difference across the coil is 1.8 V. Use
In this condition, the current in the circuit is 0.45 A.
Calculate
(i) the resistance of the coil,
resistance = ................................................ [1]
(ii) the thermal energy released from this coil in 9 minutes.
energy released = ................................................ [3]
(b) The coil in part (a) is replaced by one made of wire which has half the diameter of that
in (a).
When the potential difference across the coil is again adjusted to 1.8 V, the current is
only 0.30 A.
Calculate how the length of wire in the second coil compares with the length of wire in
the first coil.
length of wire in second coil is ………………………… the length of wire in first coil [4]
[Total: 8]
© UCLES 2010 0625/31/M/J/10
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
287
19 June 2011 Q.11
3(d)
5 One cathode-ray tube has 5000 V between the accelerating anode and the cathode.
The beam of electrons carries a total charge of 0.0095 C in 5.0 s.
Calculate
(i) the current caused by the beam,
current = ...........................................................[2]
(ii) the energy transferred by the beam in 20 s.
energy = ...........................................................[2]
[Total: 9]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
288
12 Nov. 2011 Q.9
46
9 The graphs in Fig. 9.1 show the relation between the current I and the potential difference V for a
resistor and a lamp.
5
I/A
4 lamp
2 resistor
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
V/V
Fig. 9.1
(a) (i) Describe how, if at all, the resistance varies as the current increases in
1. the resistor, ...................................................................................................................
2. the lamp. ...................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) State the value of the potential difference when the resistor and the lamp have the same
resistance.
potential difference = ...........................................................[1]
(b) The two components are connected in parallel to a supply of e.m.f. 4.0 V. Calculate the total
resistance of the circuit.
total resistance = ...........................................................[4]
[Total: 7]
© UCLES 2011 0625/31/O/N/11

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
289
9 June 2012 Q.8
857 (a) In Fig. 8.1, S is a metal sphere standing on an insulating base. R is a negatively charged For
rod placed close to S. Examiner’s
Use
–
–
R –
S
–
–
– insulating
base
Fig. 8.1
(i) Name the particles in S that move when R is brought close to S.
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) On Fig. 8.1, add + signs and – signs to suggest the result of this movement. [1]
(iii) Describe the actions which now need to take place so that S becomes positively
charged with the charge distributed evenly over its surface. A positively charged
object is not available.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) During a thunderstorm, the potential difference between thunderclouds and the ground
builds up to 1.5 × 106 V. In each stroke of lightning, 30 C of charge passes between the
thunderclouds and the ground. Lightning strokes to the ground occur, on average, at 2
minute intervals.
Calculate
(i) the average current between the thunderclouds and the ground,
average current = ................................................. [2]
(ii) the energy transferred in each stroke of lightning.
energy = ................................................. [2]

[Total: 9]
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
290
10 June 2012 Q.9
6
98 This question refers to quantities and data shown on the circuit diagram of Fig. 9.1. For
Examiner’s
6.0 V Use
I4
I1 3.0
A R
I2
X Y
I3
2.0
Fig. 9.1
(a) State the relationship between
(i) the currents I1, I2 and I3 , ..................................................................................... [1]
(ii) the currents I1 and I4 . ......................................................................................... [1]
(b) The ammeter reads 0.80 A. Assume it has zero resistance.
Calculate
(i) the potential difference between X and Y,
p.d. = ................................................. [1]
(ii) the current I3,
current = ................................................. [2]
(iii) the resistance of R.
resistance = ................................................. [4]

[Total: 9]
© UCLES 2012 0625/31/M/J/12
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
291
17 June 2013 Q.9
97
9 Fig. 9.1 shows the circuit that operates the two headlights and the two sidelights of a car. For
Examiner’s
A Use
1
2
3
12 V 4.0 4.0 12 12
Fig. 9.1
Two of the lamps have resistances of 4.0 when lit. The other two lamps have resistances of
12 when lit. Switch A can be connected to positions 1, 2 or 3.
(a) State what happens when switch A is connected to
(i) position 1, .................................................................................................................
(ii) position 2, .................................................................................................................
(iii) position 3. .................................................................................................................

[1]
(b) (i) State the potential difference across each lamp when lit.
potential difference = .................................................. [1]
(ii) Calculate the current in each 12 lamp when lit.
current = .................................................. [2]
(c) Show, with reasons for your answer, which type of lamp, 4.0 or 12 , has the higher
power.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 7]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
292
10 June 2014 Q.9
811
99 In the circuit shown in Fig. 9.1, resistors can be connected between terminals P and Q. The e.m.f.
of the battery is 6.0 V.
6.0 V
P Q
Fig. 9.1
(a) Calculate the current shown by the ammeter when a 12.0 Ω resistor and a 4.0 Ω resistor are
(i) connected in series between P and Q,
current = ............................................... [2]
(ii) connected in parallel between P and Q.
current = ............................................... [3]
(b) State the relationship between
(i) the resistance R and the length l of a wire of constant cross-sectional area,
...........................................................................................................................................
(ii) the resistance R and the cross-sectional area A of a wire of constant length.
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) The 12.0 Ω and 4.0 Ω resistors in (a) are wires of the same length and are made of the same
alloy.
cross-sectional area of 12.0 Ω resistor

Calculate the ratio:
cross-sectional area of 4.0 Ω resistor
ratio = ............................................... [1]
[Total: 8]
© UCLES 2014 0625/31/M/J/14
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
293
18 June&2015&Q10
12
910
10 Fig. 10.1 shows two parallel conducting plates connected to a very high voltage supply.
+ –
+ – conducting plate
+ –
+ –
+ –
+ –
+ –
+ –
+ –
+ –
+ –
+ –
+ –
voltage
supply
Fig. 10.1
The left-hand plate is positively charged and the right-hand plate is negatively charged.
(a) On Fig. 10.1, draw the electric field pattern produced between the charged plates. Use arrows
to show the direction of the field. [2]
(b) A light, conducting ball is suspended by an insulating string. Fig. 10.2 shows the ball in the
middle of the gap between the plates.
+ –
+ –
+ –
+ –
+ –
+ –
+ –
+ –
+ –
+ –
+ –
+ –
+ –
voltage
supply
Fig. 10.2
On Fig. 10.2, show the distribution of charge on the ball. [2]

© UCLES 2015 0625/31/M/J/15
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Osama Castella
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19
(c) The ball is displaced to the left and then oscillates backwards and forwards between the two
plates.
The ball touches a plate once every 0.05 s. Every time it touches a plate, a charge of
2.8 × 10−8 C (0.000 000 028 C) is transferred.
Calculate the average current produced by the repeated transfer of charge.
current = ................................................ [2]
[Total: 6]
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
295
12 Nov.%2015%Q8
13
10
11
8 A digital watch is powered by a 1.3 V cell. The cell supplies a current of 4.1 × 10–5 A (0.000041 A)
for 1.6 × 107 s.
Calculate
(a) the charge that passes through the cell in this time,
charge = ...........................................................[2]
(b) the resistance of the electrical circuit in the watch,
resistance = ...........................................................[2]
(c) the output power of the cell.
power = ...........................................................[2]
[Total: 6]
© UCLES 2015 0625/31/O/N/15

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
296
16
June 2016 Q9
14
11
12
9 Fig. 9.1 shows a 12 V battery connected in a circuit containing resistors A, B, C and D. Each resistor
has a resistance of 6.0 Ω.
12 V
A B
Fig. 9.1
(a) Calculate the combined resistance of
(i) resistors A and B,
resistance = ................................................................. [1]

(ii) resistors A, B and C,
resistance = ................................................................. [2]

(iii) resistors A, B, C and D.
resistance = ................................................................. [1]
© UCLES 2016 06_0625_41_2016_1.10
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AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
297
17
(b) Calculate
(i) the current in the battery,
current = ................................................................. [1]
(ii) the energy transferred from the battery to the circuit in 50 s.
energy transferred = ................................................................. [2]
[Total: 7]
© UCLES 2016 06_0625_41_2016_1.10 [Turn over

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
298
12
Nov. 2016 Q8
15
12
13
8 A battery is made up of 8 cells in series. Each cell has an e.m.f. of 1.5 V.
The battery is connected to one 8.0 Ω resistor for 40 minutes.
(a) Calculate the e.m.f. of the battery.
e.m.f. = ...........................................................[1]
(b) Calculate the energy transferred from the battery in 40 minutes.
energy = ...........................................................[4]
(c) Describe the energy changes that take place during the 40 minutes.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 7]
© UCLES 2016 0625/41/O/N/16

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
299
15
Nov. 2016 Q11
16
13
14
11 (a) State what is meant by
(i) an electric field,
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) the direction of an electric field at a point.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Fig. 11.1 shows a positively charged sphere.
Fig. 11.1
On Fig. 11.1, draw the pattern of the electric field in the region around the positively charged
sphere. Show the direction of the field with arrows. [2]
(c) The charge on the sphere in (b) is + 2.0 × 10–5 C. A high resistance wire is now connected
between the sphere and earth. It takes 20 minutes for the sphere to become completely
discharged through the wire.
(i) Suggest why there is a current in the wire between the sphere and earth.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Calculate the average current in the wire between the sphere and earth.
average current = ...........................................................[2]
[Total: 7]

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
300
11
Nov. 2017 Q9
17
14
15
9 Fig. 9.1 shows a circuit with three 1.5 V cells.
A H
C 3.0 Ω D
B G
E F
6.0 Ω
Fig. 9.1
(a) Calculate
(i) the total electromotive force (e.m.f.) of the cells,
e.m.f. = ...........................................................[1]
(ii) the total resistance of the circuit,
resistance = ...........................................................[3]
(iii) the current in the 3.0 Ω resistor.
current = ...........................................................[2]
(b) State, using the letters in Fig. 9.1, how you would connect
(i) an ammeter to measure the total current in the circuit,
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) a voltmeter to measure the potential difference (p.d.) across the 6.0 Ω resistor.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 8]
Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
10 June 2018 Q7
16
157 (a) State, in terms of their structure, why metals are good conductors of electricity.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) A cylindrical metal wire W1, of length l and cross-sectional area A, has a resistance of 16 Ω.
l
A second cylindrical wire W2 having length 2 and cross-sectional area 2 A, is made from the
same metal.
Determine
(i) the resistance of W2,
resistance of W2 = ...........................................................[2]
(ii) the effective resistance of W1 and W2 when connected in parallel.
resistance of parallel pair = ...........................................................[2]
(c) The parallel pair of resistors in (b)(ii) is connected to a battery that is made from three cells in
series, each of electromotive force (e.m.f.) E. There is a current in each resistor.
(i) State the e.m.f. of the battery.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) The current in the battery is IB, the current in W1 is I1 and the current in W2 is I2.
Place a tick (3) in one box to indicate how these three currents are related.
I1 > I2 > IB
I1 > IB > I2
I2 > I1 > IB
I2 > IB > I1
IB > I1 > I2
IB > I2 > I1
I1 = I2 = IB
[1]
[Total: 7]
© UCLES 2018 0625/41/M/J/18

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
12
Nov. 2018 Q9
17
169 Fig. 9.1 shows the symbol for a 12 V battery.
12 V
Fig. 9.1
(a) Two lamps are connected in parallel with the battery. On Fig. 9.1, using the correct symbols,
complete the circuit diagram. [1]
(b) One of these lamps has a resistance of 6.0 Ω.
Calculate, for this lamp:
(i) the current
current = ...........................................................[1]
(ii) the power.
power = ...........................................................[2]
(c) The power of the other lamp is 36 W.
Calculate the total energy delivered to this lamp in 20 hours.
energy = ...........................................................[3]
[Total: 7]
© UCLES 2018 0625/41/O/N/18

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
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303
14 Nov. 2019 Q7
177 The resistance of a 1.0 m length of resistance wire is 7.6 Ω. A length of this wire is taped to a metre
rule. A crocodile clip is connected to one end of the resistance wire exactly at the 0 m mark of the
rule. Fig. 7.1 shows the crocodile clip connected to terminal P.
0 m mark movable contact metre rule

l
1.0 m mark
crocodile clip
resistance wire
connecting wire
terminal P terminal Q
Fig. 7.1
A second terminal Q is connected to a movable contact using a long length of connecting wire.
The movable contact is in contact with the resistance wire at a length l from the 0 m mark on the
rule.
The movable contact is placed at different points on the resistance wire. The resistance R of the
length l of the wire depends on l.
(a) On Fig. 7.2, sketch a graph to show how R varies with l for values of l between l = 0 and
l = 1.0 m. Mark appropriate values on the axes of the graph.
R/Ω
0
0 l/m
Fig. 7.2
[2]
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Ahmed Osama
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15
(b) Fig. 7.3 shows a battery of electromotive force (e.m.f.) 12 V connected across the 1.0 m length
of the resistance wire.
12 V
l
movable contact metre rule
resistance wire
terminal P terminal Q
Fig. 7.3
(i) State what is meant by electromotive force (e.m.f.).
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Calculate:
1. the current in the resistance wire
current = ........................................................ [2]
2. the potential difference (p.d.) between terminal P and terminal Q when l = 0.35 m
p.d. = ........................................................ [1]
3. the charge that passes through the resistance wire in 5.5 minutes.
charge = ........................................................ [2]
[Total: 9]

Ahmed Osama
Ahmed Castella
Osama Castella
305
0625
Physics

Chapter 17
Mains Supply,
Semiconductors and
Logic Gates


306
0625
Physics

Mains Supply
and

Semiconductors

307
10 Nov. 2007 Q.8 For
Examiner’s
Use
181 Fig. 8.1 shows two electrical circuits.
ammeter
A 1
4.0
ammeter P
4.0 6.0 A
A 2 6.0
P Q
Q
circuit 1 circuit 2
The batteries in circuit 1 and circuit 2 are identical.
Fig. 8.1
(a) Put ticks in the table below to describe the connections of the two resistors P and Q.
series parallel
circuit 1
circuit 2
[1]
(b) The resistors P and Q are used as small electrical heaters.
State two advantages of connecting them as shown in circuit 2.
advantage 1 .....................................................................................................................
advantage 2 ............................................................................................................... [2]
(c) In circuit 1, the ammeter reads 1.2 A when the switch is closed.
Calculate the reading of the voltmeter in this circuit.
voltmeter reading = ................................................ [2]
(d) The two switches in circuit 2 are closed. Calculate the combined resistance of the two
resistors in this circuit.
combined resistance = ................................................ [2]
© UCLES 2007 0625/03/O/N/07

AhmedOsama Castella
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308
11 For
Examiner’s
Use
(e) When the switches are closed in circuit 2, ammeter 1 reads 5 A and ammeter 2 reads
2 A.
Calculate
(i) the current in resistor P,
current = ................................................ [1]
(ii) the power supplied to resistor Q,
power = ................................................ [1]
(iii) the energy transformed in resistor Q in 300 s.
energy = ................................................ [1]
[Total: 10]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
309
12 Nov. 2008 Q.8
2383 Fig. 8.1 shows a car battery being charged from a 200 V a.c. mains supply. For
Examiner’s
Use
car
200 V ~ battery
Fig. 8.1
(a) State the function of the diode.
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) The average charging current is 2.0 A and the battery takes 12 hours to charge fully.
Calculate the charge that the battery stores when fully charged.
charge stored ................................................ [2]
(c) The battery has an electromotive force (e.m.f.) of 12 V and, when connected to a circuit,
supplies energy to the circuit components.
State what is meant by an electromotive force of 12 V.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2008 0625/31/O/N/08

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13
(d) (i) In the space below, draw a circuit diagram to show how two 6.0 V lamps should be For
connected to a 12 V battery so that both lamps glow with normal brightness. [1] Examiner’s
Use
(ii) The power of each lamp is 8.0 W. Calculate the current in the circuit.
current = ................................................. [2]
(iii) Calculate the energy used by the two lamps when both are lit for one hour.
energy = ................................................ [2]
[Total: 10]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
311
16 June 2009 Q.9
3494 (a) Fig. 9.1 shows an a.c. supply connected in series to a diode and a resistor. For
Examiner’s
Use
Fig. 9.1
On the axes of Fig. 9.2, draw a graph showing the variation of the current in the
resistor. [1]
current
0
time
Fig. 9.2
© UCLES 2009 0625/31/M/J/09

AhmedOsama Castella
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312
8 June 2011 Q.4
47548 The circuit of Fig. 4.1 is set up to run a small immersion heater from a 6.0 V battery.
6.0 V
X A
heater
Fig. 4.1
(a) State the name and purpose of component X.
name .........................................................................................................................................
purpose .................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) The heater is designed to work from a 3.6 V supply. It has a power rating of 4.5 W at this
voltage.
(i) Calculate the current in the heater when it has the correct potential difference across it.
current = ...........................................................[2]
(ii) Calculate the resistance of component X if there is to be the correct potential difference
across the heater. The battery and the ammeter both have zero resistance.
resistance = ...........................................................[3]
(c) Some time after the heater is switched on, the ammeter reading is seen to have decreased.
Suggest why this happens.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
© UCLES 2011 0625/31/M/J/11

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
313
10 June 2011 Q.5
5651 The manufacturer’s label on an electric heater is as shown in Fig. 5.1.
C.I.E. Electrical Company

Suitable for use on 110 V, 60 Hz supply
1 kW/ 2 kW
This appliance must be earthed when in use
Fig. 5.1
(a) State what electrical quantity is represented by
(i) 110 V, ............................................................................................................
(ii) 60 Hz, ............................................................................................................
(iii) 1 kW. ............................................................................................................ [1]
(b) (i) Which part of the electric heater must be earthed?
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Explain what the hazard might be if the heater is not earthed.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) The heater has two 110 V heating elements, with two switches, so that either one or both
elements may be switched on.
In the space below, draw a circuit diagram showing how the heating elements and switches
are connected to the mains supply.
Use the symbol for each heating element.
[2]
[Total: 6]
© UCLES 2011 0625/31/M/J/11
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
314
14 Nov. 2012 Q.10
68710
9 (a) State the electrical quantity that has the same value for each of two resistors connected For
to a battery Examiner’s
Use
(i) when they are in series, ............................................................................................
(ii) when they are in parallel. ..........................................................................................

[1]
(b) Fig. 10.1 shows a circuit with a 1.2 kΩ resistor and a thermistor in series. There is no
current in the voltmeter.
1.2 kΩ
9.0 V
Fig. 10.1
Calculate the voltmeter reading when the resistance of the thermistor is 3.6 kΩ.
voltmeter reading = ................................................. [3]
© UCLES 2012 0625/31/O/N/12

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315
15
(c) Fig. 10.2 shows a fire-alarm circuit. The circuit is designed to close switch S and ring For
bell B if there is a fire. Examiner’s
Use
S B
relay coil
9.0 V
Fig. 10.2
Explain the operation of the circuit.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 7]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
316
17
Nov. 2014 Q.8
88
711
12 A charger for a cellphone (mobile phone) is marked:
input: a.c. 240 V, 50 Hz, 80 mA.

output: d.c. 5.3 V, 500 mA.
(a) State
(i) the component in the charger that converts a.c. to d.c.,
...........................................................................................................................................
(ii) the quantity that has the value 50 Hz.
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) Calculate
(i) the output power of the charger,
output power = ................................................[2]
(ii) the energy transferred in the output circuit when the cellphone is charged for 1.5 hours.
energy = ................................................[2]
(c) In the following list, underline the quantity that is stored in the battery of the cellphone.
voltage current power energy [1]
[Total: 7]
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
317
16
June&2015&Q9
899
13 In Fig. 9.1, a 12 V battery supplies a current I to a circuit. The circuit contains a thermistor and a
1000 Ω resistor in parallel, with a 500 Ω resistor in series.
12 V
500
1000
Fig. 9.1
(a) At a certain temperature, the thermistor has a resistance of 1000 Ω.
Calculate
(i) the combined resistance of the thermistor and the 1000 Ω resistor,
resistance = ................................................ [2]
(ii) the current I,
current = ................................................ [1]
(iii) the potential difference across the 500 Ω resistor.
potential difference = ................................................ [2]
© UCLES 2015 0625/31/M/J/15
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
318
17
(b) The temperature of the thermistor is increased so that its resistance decreases.
State the effect of this change in resistance on the current through the 500 Ω resistor. Explain
your answer.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 7]
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
319
13
Nov. 2016 Q9
910
39 Fig. 9.1 shows a gardener cutting damp grass with a high-powered electric mower.
weather-proof
socket on wall damp grass
gardener
extension cable
with thin wires
electric
plug mower
excess length of socket designed

cable coiled up for indoor use cut in insulation
covered with tape
Fig. 9.1
The mower cable has thick wires appropriate for the current of the mower and the correct fuse.
This cable is too short, and so the gardener uses an extension cable with thin wires, intended for
use with a reading lamp. This cable has no fuse.
Discuss any dangers of the electrical arrangement shown in Fig. 9.1.
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................[4]
[Total: 4]

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
320
13
June 2017 Q9
11
49
10 (a) The resistance of a circuit component varies with the brightness of the light falling on its
surface.
(i) State the name of the component.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Draw the circuit symbol for this component.
[1]
(b) Fig. 9.1 shows a 6.0 V battery connected in series with a 1.2 kΩ resistor and a thermistor.
1.2 kΩ
6.0 V
Fig. 9.1
(i) At a certain temperature, the resistance of the thermistor is 2.4 kΩ.
Calculate the reading on the voltmeter.
voltmeter reading = ...........................................................[4]
(ii) The battery connected to the circuit in Fig. 9.1 is not changed.
Suggest a change that would cause the reading of the voltmeter to decrease.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 7]
Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
321
14 June 2019 Q7
117 Fig. 7.1 shows a circuit diagram that includes component X.
A
X
20 Ω
30 Ω
Fig. 7.1
(a) State the name of component X.
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) The electromotive force (e.m.f.) of the battery is E. The switch is closed.
The potential difference (p.d.) across the 30 Ω resistor is V30.

The p.d. across the 20 Ω resistor is V20.
The p.d. across component X is VX.
State an equation that relates VX to:
(i) V30
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) E and V20.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2019 0972/41/M/J/19

Ahmed Osama
Ahmed Castella
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322
15
(c) The e.m.f. of the battery is 6.0 V and the resistance of component X is 15 Ω.
Calculate:
(i) the total resistance of the circuit
resistance = ......................................................... [3]
(ii) the ammeter reading.
reading = ......................................................... [2]
(d) The temperature of component X increases.
State and explain what happens to the ammeter reading.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 10]

Ahmed Osama
Ahmed Castella
Osama Castella
323
12 Nov. 2019 Q6
126 Fig. 6.1 shows a shower that takes in cold water. The water passes through an electric water
heater and emerges from the showerhead at a higher temperature.
showerhead
electric
water heater
Fig. 6.1
The power of the heater is 9000 W.
(a) The shower is powered by a 230 V electricity supply.
(i) Calculate the current in the heater when it is switched on.
current = ........................................................ [2]
(ii) Suggest a suitable rating for the fuse in the heater circuit.
fuse rating = ........................................................ [1]
(b) The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J / (kg °C). The initial temperature of the cold water
is 16 °C.
Determine the maximum mass of water that can be heated to a temperature of 35 °C in 1.0 s.
mass = ........................................................ [4]
© UCLES 2019 0972/41/O/N/19

Ahmed Osama
Ahmed Castella
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324
13
(c) A safety control in the shower switches off the shower when the water becomes dangerously
hot. The control uses a thermocouple thermometer to measure the temperature of the heated
water.
(i) Describe the structure of a thermocouple thermometer. Include a diagram in your answer.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Suggest one reason why a thermocouple thermometer is suitable for this purpose.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 10]

Ahmed Osama
Ahmed Castella
Osama Castella
325
0625
Physics

Logic Gates

326
13 Nov. 2007 Q.10 For
Examiner’s
Use
1 (a) Fig. 10.1 shows an AND gate with two inputs A and B and one output.
1
10
A
output
Fig. 10.1
State the output when
(i) A is high and B is low,
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) both A and B are low.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) An electrical thermometer in a greenhouse gives a low output if the temperature is too
low.
A humidity sensor in the same greenhouse gives a high output if the humidity in the
greenhouse is too high.
An alarm sounds when both the temperature is too low and the humidity is too high.
(i) Complete the diagram below to show how a NOT gate and an AND gate may be
used to provide the required output to the alarm. [2]
electrical thermometer
alarm
humidity sensor
(ii) On your diagram, use either ‘high’ or ‘low’ to indicate the level of the inputs and
outputs of both gates when the alarm sounds. [2]
[Total: 6]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
327
14 June 2008 Q.10
22 (a) In the space below, draw the symbol for a NOR gate.
10 For
Examiner’s
Use
[1]
(b) Describe the action of a NOR gate in terms of its inputs and output.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) A chemical process requires heating at low pressure to work correctly.
When the heater is working, the output of a temperature sensor is high.
When the pressure is low enough, a pressure sensor has a low output.
Both outputs are fed into a NOR gate. A high output from the gate switches on an
indicator lamp.
(i) Explain why the indicator lamp is off when the process is working correctly.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) State whether the lamp is on or off in the following situations.
1. The pressure is low enough, but the heater stops working. .............................
2. The heater is working, but the pressure rises too high. .............................. [2]
[Total: 6]
© UCLES 2008 0625/31/M/J/08

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
328
16 Nov. 2009 Q.11
3 Fig. 11.1 is a schematic diagram of an electronic circuit controlling a lamp.
5
11 For
Examiner’s
Use
temperature
sensor
relay lamp
B
A
light
sensor
Fig. 11.1
(a) State the names of the logic gates A and B.
A ........................................................ B ........................................................ [2]
(b) The output of the temperature sensor is high (logic 1) when it detects raised temperature.
The output of the light sensor is high (logic 1) when it detects raised light levels.
State the outputs of A and B when the surroundings are
(i) dark and cold, output of A = ....................................
output of B = .................................... [1]
(ii) dark and warm, output of A = ....................................
output of B = .................................... [1]
(iii) bright and warm. output of A = ....................................
output of B = .................................... [1]
(c) (i) Suggest why B is connected to a relay, rather than directly to the lamp.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) The relay switches on when its input is high. In which of the three combinations in
(b) will the lamp light up?
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) Suggest a practical use for this circuit.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
[Total: 8]
© UCLES 2009 0625/31/O/N/09
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
329
20 Nov. 2013 Q.11
104
11
11 (a) Describe the action of For
Examiner’s
(i) a NOT gate, Use
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) a thermistor.
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Fig. 11.1 shows a circuit that switches on a warning lamp when the temperature in an
oven falls below a set value.
thermistor
warning
P
lamp
Fig. 11.1
Explain, with reference to the components in the circuit and point P,
(i) why the warning lamp is on when the temperature in the oven is below the set value,
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [4]
(ii) the effect of changing the resistance of R.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 7]
© UCLES 2013 0625/31/O/N/13

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
330
14 Nov.%2015%Q10
5
14
10 (a) Fig. 10.1 shows the symbol for a logic gate.
Fig. 10.1
(i) State the name of this gate. ......................................... [1]
(ii) On Fig. 10.1, label an input and an output. [1]
(iii) In the space below, draw the symbol for a NAND gate.
[1]
© UCLES 2015 0625/31/O/N/15

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
331
15
(b) A very low frequency alternating voltage is applied between A and B in the circuit shown in
Fig. 10.2.
A B
A
centre-zero
ammeter
Fig. 10.2
On each diagram, draw a possible position of the indicator needle of the ammeter at the time
in the cycle when
(i) A is positive and B is negative,
–1 0 +1
–2 +2
(ii) there is no p.d. between A and B,
–1 0 +1
–2 +2
(iii) A is negative and B is positive.
–1 0 +1
–2 +2
A
[3]
[Total: 6]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
332
86
12
13 Fig. 8.1 is a schematic diagram of an electronic circuit controlling a lamp.
temperature
sensor
relay lamp
B
A
light
sensor
Fig. 8.1
The output of the temperature sensor is high (logic 1) when it detects raised temperatures. The
output of the light sensor is high (logic 1) when it detects raised light levels.
The lamp is lit when the input to the relay is high (logic 1).
(a) Complete the truth table by giving the outputs of A and B.
output of output of
output of A output of B
light sensor temperature sensor
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
[2]
(b) State the conditions under which the lamp is lit.
[1]
(c) Suggest why B is connected to a relay, rather than directly to the lamp.
[2]
[Total: 5]
[Turn over
Ahmed&Osama&C.
© UCLES 2014 0625/04/SP/16
Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
333
18
June 2016 Q10
7
1510 (a) (i) Fig. 10.1 shows the symbol for a circuit component.
Fig. 10.1
Name this component.
................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) In the space below, draw the symbol for a NOT gate.
[1]
(b) Fig. 10.2 shows a digital circuit.
A C
B
E
D
Fig. 10.2
Complete the truth table for this circuit.
input A input B output C input D output E
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
[3]
© UCLES 2016 06_0625_41_2016_1.10
Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
334
19
(c) Suggest a modification to the circuit in Fig. 10.2 to produce the output Z in the truth table below.
It may help you to compare this truth table with the truth table in (b).
input A input B input D output Z
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 6]
© UCLES 2016 06_0625_41_2016_1.10 [Turn over

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
335
0625
Physics

Chapter 18
Magnetism and
Magnetic Effect of Current


336
11 June 2007 Q.8 For
Examiner’s
Use
81 Fig. 8.1 shows part of a low-voltage lighting circuit containing five identical lamps.
12 V d.c.
supply
A B
Fig. 8.1
(a) Complete the circuit, by the addition of components as necessary, so that
(i) the total current from the supply can be measured,

(ii) the brightness of lamp E only can be varied,
(iii) lamps C and D may be switched on and off together whilst lamps A, B and E remain
on. [4]
(b) All five lamps are marked 12 V, 36 W. Assume that the resistance of each lamp is the
same fixed value regardless of how it is connected in the circuit.
Calculate
(i) the current in one lamp when operating at normal brightness,
current = ................................................ [1]
(ii) the resistance of one lamp when operating at normal brightness,
resistance = ................................................ [1]
(iii) the combined resistance of two lamps connected in parallel with the 12 V supply,
resistance = ................................................ [1]
(iv) the energy used by one lamp in 30 s when operating at normal brightness.
energy = ................................................ [1]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
337
12 For
Examiner’s
Use
(c) The whole circuit is switched on. Explain why the brightness of lamps A and B is much
less than that of one lamp operating at normal brightness.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 10]
June 2007 Q.9
92 Fig. 9.1 is a sketch of some apparatus, found in a Science museum, which was once used to
show how electrical energy can be converted into kinetic energy.
When the switch is closed the wheel starts to turn.
switch
+
metal d.c. supply
supports –
metal
magnet spoked
N
wheel
S
N
S small dish of
mercury
magnet
wood base
Fig. 9.1
(a) Explain why the wheel turns when the switch is closed.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) On Fig. 9.1, draw an arrow to show the direction of rotation of the wheel. [1]
© UCLES 2007 0625/03/M/J/07

AhmedOsama Castella
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338
13 For
Examiner’s
Use
(c) The d.c. motor is another way to convert electrical energy into kinetic energy.
In the space below, draw a labelled diagram of a d.c. motor.
[3]
(d) Describe how the split-ring commutator on an electric motor works.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 8]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
339
12 June 2008 Q.9
93 Fig. 9.1 shows apparatus used to investigate electromagnetic effects around straight wires. For
Examiner’s
Use
T3
thin flexible wire T1 thick rigid
vertical wire
large circular
hole in card
small circular
hole in card
T4
T2
Fig. 9.1
Fig. 9.2 is a view looking down on the apparatus shown in Fig. 9.1.
Fig. 9.2
(a) A battery is connected to T1 and T2 so that there is a current vertically down the thick
wire.
On Fig. 9.2, draw three magnetic field lines and indicate, with arrows, the direction of all
three. [2]
(b) Using a variable resistor, the p.d. between terminals T1 and T2 is gradually reduced.
State the effect, if any, that this will have on
(i) the strength of the magnetic field, ...................................................................... [1]
(ii) the direction of the magnetic field. ...................................................................... [1]
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13
(c) The battery is now connected to terminals T3 and T4, as well as to terminals T1 and T2, For
so that there is a current down both wires. This causes the flexible wire to move. Examiner’s
Use
(i) Explain why the flexible wire moves.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [2]
(ii) State the direction of the movement of the flexible wire.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) The battery is replaced by one that delivers a smaller current.
State the effect that this will have on the force acting on the flexible wire.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [1]
[Total: 8]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
341
16
June 2010 Q.9
94 (a) Fig. 9.1 illustrates the left hand rule, which helps when describing the force on a current- For
carrying conductor in a magnetic field. Examiner’s
Use
thumb
motion / force
first finger
second finger
Fig. 9.1
One direction has been labelled for you.
In each of the other two boxes, write the name of the quantity that direction represents.
[1]
(b) Fig. 9.2 shows a simple d.c. motor connected to a battery and a switch.
N
S
switch
battery
Fig. 9.2
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Osama Castella
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17
(i) On Fig. 9.2, write in each of the boxes the name of the part of the motor to which For
the arrow is pointing. [2] Examiner’s
Use
(ii) State which way the coil of the motor will rotate when the switch is closed, when
viewed from the position X.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(iii) State two things which could be done to increase the speed of rotation of the coil.
1. ...............................................................................................................................
2. ......................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 6]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
343
16 June 2011 Q.9
95 A simple motor is made in a school laboratory. A coil of wire is mounted on an axle between the
poles of a horseshoe magnet, as illustrated in Fig. 9.1.
coil
B C
N S
A D
springy contacts (brushes)
+ –
battery
Fig. 9.1
(a) At the instant illustrated in Fig. 9.1, the coil ABCD is horizontal and the battery is connected
as shown.
(i) For this position, state the direction of the force on AB and the direction of the motion of
AB.
force on AB ........................................................................................................................
direction of motion of AB ...............................................................................................[1]
(ii) Explain why BC does not contribute to the turning force on the coil.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
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17
(b) At the instant when the coil is vertical, the springy contacts do not, in fact, make contact with
the ends of the coil.
Describe and explain what happens to the coil.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) The motor in Fig. 9.1 does not rotate very quickly. The designer of a commercial motor is
required to produce a faster-rotating motor.
Suggest one change that could be made to increase the speed of the motor.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 5]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
345
18
June 2013 Q.10
6 (a) Fig. 10.1 shows the cross-section of a wire carrying a current into the plane of the paper.
10 For
Examiner’s
Use
Fig. 10.1
On Fig. 10.1, sketch the magnetic field due to the current in the wire. The detail of your
sketch should suggest the variation in the strength of the field. Show the direction of the
field with arrows. [3]
(b) Fig. 10.2 shows part of a model of a d.c. motor.
S B
axis
A C
N
X
Y D
Fig. 10.2
A loop of wire ABCD is placed between the poles of a magnet. The loop is free to rotate
about the axis shown. There is a current in the loop in the direction indicated by the
arrows.
(i) On Fig. 10.2, draw arrows to show the directions of the forces acting on side AB
and on side CD of the loop. [1]
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19
(ii) With the loop in the position shown in Fig. 10.2, explain why the forces on AB and For
CD cause the loop to rotate about the axis. Examiner’s
Use
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) The ends X and Y of the loop are connected to a battery using brushes and a split-
ring commutator.
State why a split-ring commutator is used.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 7]
Turn over for Question 11

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
347
14
Nov. 2016 Q10
710 Fig. 10.1 shows a wire AB suspended on two supports so that it is between the poles of a strong
magnet.
The wire AB is loosely held so that it is free to move.
A B
S
support support
N
magnet
power supply
Fig. 10.1
Describe and explain any movement of the wire AB when there is
(a) a large direct current (d.c.) in the wire in the direction from A to B,
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
(b) a large alternating current (a.c.) in the wire.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 5]
© UCLES 2016 0625/41/O/N/16

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
12 June 2018 Q9
98 (a) A student wants to demagnetise a permanent bar magnet. She suggests these steps:
1. Place the magnet in a long coil.

2. Switch on a large alternating current in the coil.
3. Switch off the current.
4. Remove the bar from the coil.
State and explain whether the steps will always be able to demagnetise the magnet.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
(b) (i) Fig. 9.1 shows a coil supplied with current using a split-ring commutator.
coil
magnet
S
N split-ring
carbon brush
battery
Fig. 9.1
State and explain any motion of the coil.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
© UCLES 2018 0625/41/M/J/18

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
13
(ii) The coil in Fig. 9.1 consists of three turns of wire. The magnetic field strength of the
magnet is M. With a current of 2.0 A in the coil, the coil experiences a turning effect T.
The first row of Table 9.1 shows this data.
Table 9.1
magnetic field
number of turns current in the coil / A turning effect
strength
3 2.0 M T
3 8.0 M
6 2.0 M
M
3 2.0 2
Complete Table 9.1 to give the turning effect for the changes made to the arrangement
shown in Fig. 9.1. Choose your answers from the box.
T T T
8 4 2 T 2T 4T 8T
[3]
[Total: 9]

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
350
0625
Physics

Chapter 19
Electromagnetic Induction


351
12 Nov. 2007 Q.9 For
Examiner’s
Use
91 Electromagnetic induction may be demonstrated using a magnet, a solenoid and other
necessary apparatus.
(a) Explain what is meant by electromagnetic induction.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) In the space below, draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus set up so that
electromagnetic induction may be demonstrated. [2]
(c) Describe how you would use the apparatus to demonstrate electromagnetic induction.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
(d) State two ways of increasing the magnitude of the induced e.m.f. in this experiment.
1. ......................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
2. ......................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 8]
© UCLES 2007 0625/03/O/N/07
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
352
14 Nov. 2009 Q.10
210
3 Alternating current electricity is delivered at 22 000 V to a pair of transmission lines. For
The transmission lines carry the electricity to the customer at the receiving end, where Examiner’s
the potential difference is V. This is shown in Fig. 10.1. Each transmission line has a Use
resistance of 3 Ω.
22 000 V 3Ω
V
3Ω
Fig. 10.1
(a) The a.c. generator actually generates at a much lower voltage than 22 000 V.
(i) Suggest how the voltage is increased to 22 000 V.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) State one advantage of delivering electrical energy at high voltage.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) The power delivered by the generator is 55 kW. Calculate the current in the transmission
lines.
current = ................................................ [2]
(c) Calculate the rate of loss of energy from one of the 3 Ω transmission lines.
rate of energy loss = ................................................ [2]
© UCLES 2009 0625/31/O/N/09

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Osama Castella
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15
(d) Calculate the voltage drop across one of the transmission lines. For
Examiner’s
Use
voltage drop = ................................................ [2]
(e) Calculate the potential difference V at the receiving end of the transmission lines.
V = ................................................ [2]
[Total: 10]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
354
14 June 2010 Q.8
3846 (a) The transformer in Fig. 8.1 is used to convert 240 V a.c. to 6 V a.c. For
Examiner’s
Use
iron core
A
C
D
B
primary secondary
coil coil
(480 turns)
Fig. 8.1
(i) Using the information above, calculate the number of turns on the secondary coil.
number of turns = ................................................ [2]
(ii) Describe how the transformer works.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [3]
(iii) State one way in which energy is lost from the transformer, and from which part it is
lost.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
© UCLES 2010 0625/31/M/J/10

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15
(b) Fig. 8.2 shows a device labelled “IGCSE Transformer”. For

Examiner’s
Use
Fig. 8.2
Study the label on the case of the IGCSE Transformer.
(i) What is the output of the device? ....................................................................... [1]
(ii) From the information on the case, deduce what other electrical component must be
included within the case of the IGCSE Transformer, apart from a transformer.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(c) A transformer supplying electrical energy to a factory changes the 11 000 V a.c. supply to
440 V a.c. for use in the factory. The current in the secondary coil is 200 A.
Calculate the current in the primary coil, assuming no losses from the transformer.
current = ................................................ [2]
[Total: 10]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
356
10 Nov. 2011 Q.8
4854 (a) In Fig. 8.1, a magnet is moving towards one end of a solenoid connected to a sensitive centre-
zero meter. During this movement a current is induced in the solenoid.
S N
Fig. 8.1
Suggest three possible changes to the system in Fig. 8.1 that would increase the induced
current.
1. ...............................................................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................................................
3. ...........................................................................................................................................[3]
(b) Fig. 8.2 shows a transformer. P is the primary coil. S is the secondary coil. The coils are
wound on an iron core.
P S
Fig. 8.2
P has 200 turns and S has 800 turns. The e.m.f. induced across S is 24 V. The current in S is
0.50 A. The transformer operates with 100% efficiency.
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11
Calculate
(i) the voltage of the supply to P,
voltage = ...........................................................[2]
(ii) the current in P.
current = ...........................................................[2]
[Total: 7]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
358
14
Nov. 2013 Q.8
586 (a) Describe an experiment that shows how a magnet can be used to produce a current in For
a solenoid by electromagnetic induction. Sketch and label the arrangement of apparatus Examiner’s
you would use. Use
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) Fig. 8.1 represents a transformer with primary coil P and secondary coil S, wound on an
iron core.
There is an alternating current in coil P.
iron core
P S
Fig. 8.1
(i) State what happens in the iron core as a result of the alternating current in P.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [2]
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15
(ii) Tick the box next to the correct description of the current in S. For
Examiner’s
higher frequency a.c. Use
same frequency a.c.
lower frequency a.c.
rectified d.c.
constant d.c. [1]
(iii) Coil P has 50 turns of wire, an applied voltage of 12 V, and a current of 0.50 A.
Coil S has 200 turns.
Calculate the current in S. Assume the transformer is 100 % efficient.
current = .................................................. [3]
[Total: 9]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
360
11 June 2014 Q.10
7
610 Fig. 10.1 shows a coil of wire rotating steadily in the magnetic field between the poles of a
permanent magnet. The current generated in the coil is to pass through resistor R.
rotation of
coil coil
N S
A B
C D
Fig. 10.1
(a) The apparatus in Fig. 10.1 is part of an a.c. generator. What is connected between the ends A
and B of the coil and the connections C and D?
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) (i) On Fig. 10.2, sketch a graph to show the variation with time of the current through R. [1]
current
0
time
Fig. 10.2
(ii) On Fig. 10.2, show the time T corresponding to one complete rotation of the coil. [1]
(iii) State two ways in which the graph would be different if the coil spins at a faster rate.
1. .......................................................................................................................................
2. .................................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) Suggest what could be connected between C and R so that the current in R is always in the
same direction.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 6]
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
361
20 Nov. 2014 Q.11
8
711 (a) Name the process that causes a potential difference across a solenoid due to the movement
of a nearby magnet.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Fig. 11.1 shows a solenoid connected to a centre-zero voltmeter, M.
A bar magnet is held with its N-pole close to one end of the solenoid.
solenoid
Fig. 11.1
(i) The magnet is pushed into the solenoid, and then brought to rest with its N-pole just
inside the solenoid.
Describe the movement of the pointer of the meter M.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) The magnet is now pulled to the left out of the solenoid, at a higher speed than in (i).
Compare the movement of the pointer of the meter with that seen in (i).
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 5]
Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local
Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.
© UCLES 2014 0625/31/O/N/14

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
362
14 June&2015&Q8
889 (a) Fig. 8.1 shows a bar magnet suspended by a spring over a coil. The coil is connected to a
sensitive centre-zero millivoltmeter.
spring
magnet
sensitive
coil centre-zero
millivoltmeter
Fig. 8.1
(i) The lower end of the magnet is pushed down into the upper end of the coil and
held at rest.
During the movement, an e.m.f. is induced in the coil. The meter shows a deflection to
the right and then returns to zero.
Explain why this e.m.f. is induced.
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State what happens to the needle of the meter when
1. the magnet is released from rest and is pulled up by the spring,
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
2. the magnet continues to oscillate up and down, moving in and out of the coil with
each oscillation.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2015 0625/31/M/J/15
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Osama Castella
363
15
(b) Fig. 8.2 shows a transformer.
240 V 6.0 V
mains coil P 8000 coil S lamp
turns
Fig. 8.2
The primary coil P, connected to the 240 V mains supply, has 8000 turns. The secondary
coil S supplies 6.0 V to a lamp.
(i) Calculate the number of turns in the secondary coil.
number of turns = ................................................ [2]
(ii) 1. The current in the primary coil is 0.050 A.
Calculate the power input to the transformer.
power = ................................................ [1]
2. 90% of the power input to the transformer is transferred to the lamp.
Calculate the current in the lamp.
current = ................................................ [2]
[Total: 8]
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
364
13 Nov.%2015%Q9
910
10
9 Fig. 9.1 shows two separate coils of wire wound around an iron core.
primary secondary
coil coil
iron core
Fig. 9.1
An a.c. supply is connected across the primary coil and a 12 V lamp is connected across the
secondary coil. The lamp glows with normal brightness.
(a) State the name of the device shown in Fig. 9.1.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Explain why there is a current in the lamp.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
(c) (i) The coil connected to the lamp has 450 turns. The e.m.f. of the a.c. supply is 240 V.
Calculate the number of turns on the coil connected to the a.c. supply.
number of turns = ...........................................................[2]
(ii) A 240 V d.c. supply is used instead of the 240 V a.c. supply. Tick one box to indicate what
happens to the lamp.
glows more brightly
glows with the same brightness
glows less brightly
does not glow

[1]
[Total: 8]
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
365
14
June 2016 Q8
11
11
10
8 (a) Two straight, vertical wires X and Y pass through holes in a horizontal card.
Fig. 8.1 shows the card viewed from above.
card
wire X Y wire
in hole in hole
Fig. 8.1
There is a current in each wire in a downward direction (into the page).
(i) The magnetic field at Y due to the current in X produces a force on Y.
Place a tick in each blank column of the table to indicate the direction of this magnetic
field and the direction of the force.
magnetic field force

at Y on Y
towards the top of the page
towards the bottom of the page
to the left
to the right
into the page
out of the page
[2]
© UCLES 2016 06_0625_41_2016_1.10
Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
366
15
(ii) State and explain whether there is also a force on wire X.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ [1]
(b) Fig. 8.2 shows a d.c. supply connected to the input of a transformer.
iron core
d.c. supply galvanometer
Fig. 8.2
When switch S is first closed, the needle of the galvanometer deflects briefly, then returns to
zero.
Explain why the brief deflection occurs.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 6]
© UCLES 2016 06_0625_41_2016_1.10 [Turn over

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
367
12
June 2017 Q8
12
12
11
8 A bar magnet is made of metal.
(a) Suggest a metal from which the bar magnet is made.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Fig. 8.1 shows the bar magnet being inserted into a coil of wire. The N-pole and the S-pole of
the bar magnet are marked.
movement coil
of magnet
S N
Fig. 8.1
The coil is connected to a galvanometer.
(i) Explain why the galvanometer deflects as the bar magnet is being inserted into the coil.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
(ii) Explain what determines the direction of the reading on the galvanometer.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(c) Describe a method for demagnetising a bar magnet.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 8]
© UCLES 2017 0625/41/M/J/17

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
368
12
Nov. 2017 Q10
16
13
12
10 (a) (i) Draw the circuit symbol for a diode.
[1]
(ii) State the function of a diode.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Fig. 10.1 shows the proposed system for charging the battery of an electric toothbrush.
battery
+ –
handle of
toothbrush
B
coil X
coil Y
230 V
base of
a.c.
charger
Fig. 10.1
The handle of the brush contains the battery and a coil X. The circuit from coil X to the battery
is not shown.
The base of the charger contains a coil Y, wound on an iron core, connected to the a.c. mains
supply.
To charge the battery, the handle is lowered so that coil Y is inside coil X.
Fig. 10.1 shows the direction needed for the charging current at the battery.
© UCLES 2017 0625/41/O/N/17

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
369
13
(i) On Fig. 10.1, complete the circuit from terminals A and B of coil X to the battery.
Include a diode. [2]
(ii) Explain how an alternating voltage is produced in coil X.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 7]

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
June 2018 Q10
14
1314
10 (a) Explain why the voltage of the supply to the primary coil of a transformer must be alternating.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) Fig. 10.1 shows a transformer.
A
240 V 8000
mains turns
Fig. 10.1
There are 8000 turns in the primary coil of the transformer. The primary coil is connected to a
240 V mains supply. A 6.0 V lamp connected to the secondary coil operates at full brightness.
(i) Calculate the number of turns in the secondary coil,
number of turns = ...........................................................[2]
(ii) The current in the lamp is 2.0 A. The transformer operates with 100% efficiency.
Calculate the current in the primary circuit.
current = ...........................................................[2]
(iii) The primary circuit contains a 2 A fuse.
Calculate the maximum number of lamps, identical to the lamp in (ii), that can be
connected in parallel in the secondary circuit without blowing the fuse.
number of lamps = ...........................................................[1]
[Total: 7]
© UCLES 2018 0625/41/M/J/18
Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
13 Nov. 2018 Q10
1415
10 A transformer consists of two coils of wire wound on a metal core. Fig. 10.1 represents the
transformer.
core
primary coil secondary coil
Fig. 10.1
(a) State the name of the metal from which the core is made.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) The primary coil of the transformer is connected to the output voltage of an a.c. generator
which supplies an alternating current.
(i) Explain why there is a voltage between the two terminals of the secondary coil.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
(ii) There are 560 turns on the primary coil and 910 turns on the secondary coil of the
transformer. The voltage between the two terminals of the secondary coil is 78 V.
Calculate the voltage supplied by the a.c. generator.
generator voltage = ............................................................[2]
(c) Transformers are used to increase the voltage when electrical energy is transmitted in cables
across long distances.
Explain why power losses in the cables are lower when the voltage is high.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 8]

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
372
16 June 2019 Q8
158 A student turns the handle of an alternating current (a.c.) generator and the coil rotates.
Fig. 8.1 represents the structure of the a.c. generator.
handle
coil
N S
slip rings
coil
voltage
output
brush
Fig. 8.1
(a) There is an alternating voltage output between the two terminals.
(i) Explain why rotating the coil produces an output voltage.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) State the position of the rotating coil when the alternating output voltage is at a maximum
value and explain why the maximum output occurs at this position.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2019 0972/41/M/J/19

Ahmed Osama
Ahmed Castella
Osama Castella
373
17
(b) A lamp and an open switch are connected in series to the output terminals of the a.c.
generator.
The switch is closed and the lamp lights up. The student has to apply a greater force on the
handle.
Explain why a greater force is needed to keep the lamp lit.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 8]

Ahmed Osama
Ahmed Castella
Osama Castella
374
0625
Physics

Chapter 20
Nuclear Atom and
Radioactivity


375
15 June 2007 Q.11 For
Examiner’s
Use
11 Fig. 11.1 shows the paths of three α-particles moving towards a thin gold foil.
11
gold foil
Fig. 11.1
Particle A is moving directly towards a gold nucleus.

Particle B is moving along a line which passes close to a gold nucleus.
Particle C is moving along a line which does not pass close to a gold nucleus.
(a) On Fig. 11.1, complete the paths of the α-particles A, B and C. [3]
(b) State how the results of such an experiment, using large numbers of α-particles,
provides evidence for the existence of nuclei in gold atoms.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 12]
© UCLES 2007 0625/03/M/J/07

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
376
2 In Geiger and Marsden’s α-particle scattering experiment, α-particles were directed at a very thin
2
11
gold foil.
Fig. 11.1 shows five of the nuclei of the atoms in one layer in the gold foil. Also shown are the
paths of three α-particles directed at the foil.
Fig. 11.1
(a) On Fig.11.1, complete the paths of the three α-particles. [3]
(b) (i) State the result of the experiment that shows that an atom consists of a very tiny,
charged core, containing almost all the mass of the atom.
[1]
(ii) State the sign of the charge on this core. ...................................................................... [1]
(iii) State what occupies the space between these charged cores.
[1]
4
(c) The nuclide notation for an α-particle is 2 α.
State the number of protons and neutrons in an α-particle
protons =
neutrons = [1]
[Total: 7]
Ahmed&Osama&C.
© UCLES 2014 0625/04/SP/16
Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
377 Nov. 2007 Q.11
14 For
Examiner’s
Use
33 Fig. 11.1 shows an experiment to test the absorption of
11 -particles by thin sheets of
aluminium. Ten sheets are available, each 0.5 mm thick.
-particle source
detector counter
sheets of
aluminium
Fig. 11.1
(a) Describe how the experiment is carried out, stating the readings that should be taken.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [4]
(b) State the results that you would expect to obtain.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 6]
© UCLES 2007 0625/03/O/N/07

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
378
16 June 2008 Q.11
44 (a) Chlorine has two isotopes, one of nucleon number 35 and one of nucleon number 37.
11 For
The proton number of chlorine is 17. Examiner’s
Use
Table 11.1 refers to neutral atoms of chlorine.
Complete Table 11.1.
nucleon number 35 nucleon number 37
number of protons
number of neutrons
number of electrons
[3]
Table 11.1
(b) Some isotopes are radioactive.
State the three types of radiation that may be emitted from radioactive isotopes.
1. .......................................................
2. .......................................................
3. ....................................................... [1]
(c) (i) State one practical use of a radioactive isotope.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) Outline how it is used.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [1]
[Total: 6]
© UCLES 2008 0625/32/M/J/08

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
379
18 June 2010 Q.10
6
510 A certain element is known to exist as two different isotopes. For
Examiner’s
(a) State one thing that is the same for atoms of both isotopes. Use
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) State one thing that is different between atoms of these two isotopes.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) An atom of one of these isotopes is unstable and decays into a different element by
emitting a !-particle.
(i) State one thing about the atom that remains the same during this decay.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) State one thing about the atom that changes as a result of this decay.
............................................................................................................................ [1]
[Total: 4]
© UCLES 2010 0625/31/M/J/10

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
380
16 Nov. 2010 Q.10
7
610
7 Emissions from a radioactive source pass through a hole in a lead screen and into a magnetic
field, as shown in Fig. 10.1.
radioactive A magnetic field

source into paper
lead
screen
3 cm
Fig. 10.1
Radiation detectors are placed at A, B and C. They give the following readings:
A B C
32 counts / min 543 counts / min 396 counts / min
The radioactive source is then completely removed, and the readings become:
A B C
33 counts / min 30 counts / min 31 counts / min
(a) Explain why there are still counts being recorded at A, B and C, even when the radioactive
source has been removed, and give the reason for them being slightly different.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
© UCLES 2010 0625/31/O/N/10

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
381
17
(b) From the data given, deduce the type of emission being detected, if any, at A, at B and at C
when the radiation source is present.
State the reasons for your answers.
detector at A .............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
detector at B .............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
detector at C .............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 10]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
382
11
June 2011 Q.6
7688 (a) Six different nuclides have nucleon and proton numbers as follows:
nuclide nucleon number proton number
A 214 84
B 214 85
C 211 84
D 211 86
E 210 82
F 210 83
State which two nuclides are isotopes of the same element. .................. and ................. [1]
(b) Thorium-232 has a half-life of 1.4 × 1010 years.
At a particular instant, the activity of a sample of thorium-232 is 120 Bq.
(i) Calculate the time taken for the activity of this sample to fall to 15 Bq.
time taken ...........................................................[1]
(ii) Explain why, when the activity has become 15 Bq, much of the sample will no longer be
thorium-232.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(iii) The sample of thorium-232 is used in an experiment in a laboratory.
Explain why its activity may be regarded as constant.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 4]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
383
11 June 2012 Q.10
99
810 (a) Fig. 10.1 shows a wire PQ placed between the poles of a magnet. There is a current in For
wire PQ. Examiner’s
Use
P Q
S
Fig. 10.1
(i) On Fig. 10.1, sketch lines with arrows to show the direction of the magnetic field
between the poles of the magnet. [1]
(ii) The force on PQ is into the paper.
Draw an arrow on PQ to show the direction of the current. [1]
(b) The wire PQ in Fig. 10.1 is replaced by a narrow beam of β-particles travelling from left
to right.
(i) Suggest a suitable detector for the β-particles.
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) State the direction of the force on the β-particles.
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) Describe the path of the β-particles in the space between the poles of the magnet.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iv) State what happens to the air molecules along the path of the β-particles.
............................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 6]

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
384
16
Nov. 2012 Q.11
10
910
11 (a) A radioactive source emits α-, β- and γ-radiation. For
Examiner’s
Which of these radiations Use
(i) has the shortest range in air, ..............................
(ii) has a negative charge, ..............................
(iii) is not deflected in a magnetic field? ..............................

[2]
(b) In a famous experiment, carried out in a vacuum, a very thin sheet of gold was placed in
the path of alpha particles.
It was found that a large number of the alpha particles passed through the sheet with
little or no deflection from their original path. A very small number of the alpha particles
were reflected back towards the source.
(i) Explain, in terms of the force acting, why the direction of motion of an alpha particle
changes when it comes close to the nucleus of a gold atom.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................ [2]
(ii) State two conclusions, about the nuclei of atoms, that were made from the results
of this experiment.
1. ...............................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 6]
© UCLES 2012 0625/31/O/N/12

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
385
20 June 2013 Q.11
11
10
11
11 (a) Complete the following statements. For
Examiner’s
(i) An α-particle consists of ......................................................................................... . Use
(ii) A β-particle consists of ........................................................................................... .

[3]
(b) As α-particles and β-particles pass through a gas, molecules of the gas become ionised.
Explain what is meant by the ionisation of a gas molecule.
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Fig. 11.1 shows a beam of α-particles and a beam of β-particles in a vacuum. The
beams are about to enter a region in which a very strong magnetic field is acting. The
direction of the magnetic field is into the page.
α-particles
β-particles
uniform
magnetic field
Fig. 11.1
(i) Suggest why the paths of the particles in the magnetic field are curved.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Sketch the paths of both types of particle in the magnetic field. [3]
[Total: 8]
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible.
Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been
included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of
University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.
© UCLES 2013 0625/31/M/J/13

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
386
18 Nov. 2013 Q.10
12
910
11
10 (a) Fig. 10.1 shows an electron beam travelling, in a vacuum, towards the space between a For
pair of oppositely-charged parallel plates. Examiner’s
Use
+ + + + + + + + + +
electron
beam
– – – – – – – – – –
Fig. 10.1
On Fig. 10.1, draw carefully the path of the beam between the plates and in the space
to the right of the plates. [2]
(b) The screen of a cathode-ray oscilloscope (c.r.o.) has a grid of 1 cm squares. Fig. 10.2
shows the trace of an alternating voltage on this screen.
1 cm
1 cm
Fig. 10.2
(i) A potential difference of 5.0 V across the Y-plates of the oscilloscope moves the
spot on the screen a vertical distance of 1.0 cm.
Use Fig. 10.2 to determine the maximum p.d. across the Y-plates.
maximum p.d. = .................................................. [1]
© UCLES 2013 0625/31/O/N/13

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
387
12 June 2014 Q.11
13
12
12
11 (a) Complete the table below for the three types of radiation.
radiation nature charge stopped by
electromagnetic
γ
radiation
β negative
α thick paper
[3]
(b) An isotope of strontium is represented in nuclide notation as 90Sr.

38
For a neutral atom of this isotope, state
(i) the proton number, ...............
(ii) the nucleon number, ...............
(iii) the number of neutrons, ...............
(iv) the number of electrons. ...............

[3]
(c) A sample of a radioactive material is placed near a radiation detector. A count-rate of

4800 counts / s is detected from the sample. After 36 hours the count-rate has fallen to
600 counts / s.
Calculate how many more hours must pass for the count-rate to become 150 counts / s.
number of hours = ............................................... [3]
[Total: 9]
© UCLES 2014 0625/31/M/J/14

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
388
18 Nov. 2014 Q.9
14
13
13
9 A technician sets up a radiation detector in a university laboratory, for use in some experiments.
Even before the radioactive source for the experiment is brought into the laboratory, the detector
registers a low count rate.
(a) Suggest what causes this count rate.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) A radioactive source that emits α-particles is placed on the laboratory bench and the source
is gradually moved closer to the detector.
At first, the detector continues to register a low count rate sometimes slightly less than the
count rate registered without the source. The count rate suddenly increases to a very high
value when the source is very close to the detector.
Explain these changes in the count rate.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
(c) In a second experiment, α-particles pass between two parallel, horizontal metal plates in a
vacuum.
They then continue to the detector as shown in Fig. 9.1.
metal plate
α-particles
source detector
metal plate
Fig. 9.1
A positive charge is established on the upper plate and a negative charge on the lower plate.
(i) On Fig. 9.1, sketch the new path of the α-particles. [2]
(ii) State what happens to the count rate registered by the detector.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 7]
© UCLES 2014 0625/31/O/N/14
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
389
20
June&2015&Q11
15
14
14
11 (a) State the nature of γ-rays.
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) A beam of α-particles and β-particles passes, in a vacuum, between the poles of a strong
magnet.
Compare the deflections of the paths of the two types of particle.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) A beam of β-particles passes, in a vacuum, through the electric field between a pair of
oppositely charged metal plates.
Describe the path of the particles.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(d) The nuclear equation shows the decay of an isotope of polonium.
A Po 206 Pb + 42 X
Z 82
(i) State the nature of X.
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Calculate the values of A and Z.
A = .................... Z = ..................... [1]
[Total: 7]
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable
effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will
be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge International
Examinations Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after
the live examination series.
© UCLES 2015 0625/31/M/J/15

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
390
16 Nov.%2015%Q11
16
15
15
11 (a) State, in terms of the particles in each nucleus, how the nuclei of two isotopes of the same
element are different.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Fig. 11.1 shows a graph of nucleon number against proton number. The nucleus 21 2 Bi is
83
plotted on the graph at the cross marked P.
213
P
212
nucleon 211
number
210
209
208
79 80 81 82 83 84
proton number
Fig. 11.1
(i) On Fig. 11.1,
1. plot a cross labelled Q for the nucleus formed when the 21 2 Bi nucleus emits an
83
α-particle,
2. plot a cross labelled R for the nucleus formed when the 21 2 Bi nucleus emits a
83
β-particle.
[4]
(ii) The half-life for the decay of 218 23 Bi is 60 minutes.
A sample of 218 23 Bi is placed at a fixed distance from a detector. The initial measurement
of the count rate from the sample of 218 23 Bi is 2400 counts per minute.
Calculate the count rate from the sample 5.0 hours later.
count-rate = ...........................................................[2]
[Total: 7]
© UCLES 2015 0625/3 1/O/N/15

AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
391
20
June 2016 Q11
17
16
1611 Bismuth-214 is radioactive. It has a half-life of 20 minutes.
(a) The nuclide notation for bismuth-214 is Bi.
State the composition of the nucleus of bismuth-214.
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Bismuth-214 decays by β-decay to an isotope of polonium, Po.
Complete the equation for the decay of bismuth-214.
83Bi
214 → ...........
...........
β + ...........
...........
Po
[3]
(c) The count rate from a sample of bismuth-214 is 360 counts / s.
Predict the count rate from the sample after 60 minutes.
count rate = ................................................................. [2]
(d) State two of the social, economic or environmental issues involved in the storage of radioactive
materials with very long half-lives.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 9]
© UCLES 2016 06_0625_41_2016_1.10
Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
392
16
Nov. 2016 Q12
18
17
1712 The nuclear equation below shows the decay of a plutonium (Pu) nucleus to an americium (Am)
nucleus and a β-particle.
241 241
Z
Pu 95
Am +β
(a) (i) State the quantity that is represented by the letter Z in this equation.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) State the numerical value of Z.
Z = ..........................................[1]
(b) The americium nucleus decays by the emission of an α-particle into a neptunium (Np)
nucleus.
Complete the nuclear equation for this decay.

241
95
Am
[2]
(c) The half-life of this americium nuclide is 470 years. A sample of this nuclide contains
8.0 × 1014 atoms.
After some time, 6.0 × 1014 americium atoms have decayed.
Calculate the time required for this decay.
time = ...........................................................[3]
[Total: 7]
© UCLES 2016 0625/41/O/N/16

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
393
15
June 2017 Q11
19
18
1811 (a) A radioactive source is tested over a number of hours with a radiation detector. The readings
are shown in Table 11.1.
Table 11.1
time / hours 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
detector reading / (counts / s) 324 96 39 23 21 17 21 20 19 20 18
Use the readings to suggest a value for the background count rate during the test, and to
determine the half-life of the sample.
background count rate = ...............................................................
half-life of sample = ...............................................................

[4]
(b) Hydrogen-3 (tritium) has one proton and two neutrons. The nucleon number of tritium is three.
It decays by emitting a β-particle.
Complete the nuclide equation to show this decay. The symbol X represents the nuclide
produced by this decay.
........... ........... ...........

........... H ........... β + ........... X
[3]

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
394
16
(c) The arrows in Fig. 11.1 show the paths of three α-particles moving towards gold nuclei in a
thin foil.
gold nucleus
gold nucleus
gold nucleus
Fig. 11.1
On Fig. 11.1, complete the paths of the three α-particles. [3]
[Total: 10]
© UCLES 2017 0625/41/M/J/17

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
395
14
Nov. 2017 Q11
20
19
1911 The radioactive isotope carbon-14 (146 C) emits β-particles as it decays.
(a) The decay of carbon-14 produces an isotope of nitrogen (N).
(i) State the nature of a β-particle and state where it is produced.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) Complete the nuclide equation for the radioactive decay of carbon-14.
14 C ..... .....
6 ..... N + ..... β [3]
(b) The half-life of carbon-14 is 5700 years.
Explain what is meant by the term half-life.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) A workman operates a machine that uses β-particles to determine the level of liquid in a
plastic water bottle that is being filled.
Suggest why
(i) α-particles are not suitable for the same purpose,
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) γ-rays are not suitable for the same purpose.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 8]
© UCLES 2017 0625/41/O/N/17

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
15 June 2018 Q11
21
20
11 Radon-222 is radioactive. It can be represented as 222
86
Rn.
(a) For a neutral atom of radon-222, state
1. the number of protons, ...........................
2. the number of neutrons, ...........................
3. the number of electrons. ...........................

[2]
(b) A radon-222 nucleus decays by α-particle emission to a polonium (Po) nucleus.
Complete the equation for the decay of radon-222.
222
86
Rn [2]
(c) Radon-222 has a half-life of 3.8 days.
At a certain time, a sample contains 6.4 × 106 radon nuclei.
Calculate the number of α-particles emitted by the radon nuclei in the following 7.6 days.
number = ...........................................................[3]
[Total: 7]
© UCLES 2018 0625/41/M/J/18

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
14 Nov. 2018 Q11
22
21
11 (a) Fig. 11.1 shows data about nine elements.
proton number element symbol

2 helium He
3 lithium Li
4 beryllium Be
5 boron B
6 carbon C
7 nitrogen N
8 oxygen O
9 fluorine F
10 neon Ne
Fig. 11.1
Carbon-14 is a radioactive isotope with a nucleon number of 14. It decays by emitting

β-particles.
Use any data you need from Fig. 11.1 to write down the nuclide equation for this decay.
[4]
© UCLES 2018 0625/41/O/N/18

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
15
(b) A radioactive sample is placed close to a detector. The radioactive isotope in the sample has
a long half-life. The detector records a count rate of 597 counts / s.
Fig. 11.2 shows the readings when different materials are placed between the radioactive
sample and the detector.
count rate
material
counts / s
a sheet of paper 602
a piece of thin aluminium 598
a piece of thin lead 510
Fig. 11.2
Explain whether any α-particles, β-particles or γ-rays are emitted by the radioactive sample.
α-particles .................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
β-particles .................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
γ-rays ........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total: 7]
© UCLES 2018 0625/41/O/N/18

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
13
23
22
10 (a) Fig. 10.1 is the decay curve for a radioactive isotope that emits only -particles. For
Examiner’s
Use
400
count rate
300
counts / min
200
100
0
0 10 20 30 40
time / min
Fig. 10.1
Use the graph to find the value of the half-life of the isotope.
Indicate, on the graph, how you arrived at your value.
half-life …………………………. [2]
(b) A student determines the percentage of -particles absorbed by a thick aluminium

sheet. He uses a source that is emitting only -particles and that has a long half-life.
(i) In the space below, draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus required, set up to
make the determination.
[2]
(ii) List the readings that the student needs to take.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [3]

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
400
20 Nov. 2016 (V.2) Q11
24
23
11 A radioactive nuclide has a half-life of 4.0 days. A sample contains 9.6 × 108 atoms of the nuclide.
(a) Calculate the number of atoms of the nuclide remaining after 12 days.
number = .......................................................... [2]
(b) The count rate from the sample is measured in a laboratory where the background count rate
is 16 counts / minute.
A detector is placed at a fixed distance from the sample. The initial count rate measured by
the detector is 160 counts / minute.
Calculate the count rate measured by the detector after 12 days.
count rate = .......................................................... [2]
[Total: 4]
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable
effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will
be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
© UCLES 2016 0625/42/O/N/16

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
401
16 Nov. 2017 (V.2) Q11
25
24
11 The radioactive isotope bismuth-210 (210
83 Bi) decays by β-particle emission to an isotope of
polonium (Po).
(a) Complete the nuclide equation that represents this decay.

210 Bi ..... .....
83 ..... Po + ..... β
[3]
(b) A radiation detector is placed on a bench in a laboratory where there are no artificial sources
of radiation. The detector is switched on.
In seven one-minute periods, the detector displays these readings.
24 22 25 25 21 20 24
(i) Explain why, in the absence of any artificial source, there are readings on the detector.
Suggest one origin of this effect.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) Explain why the readings obtained are not all the same.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(iii) The half-life of bismuth-210 is 5.0 days.

A sample of bismuth-210 is brought close to the detector and in one minute, the reading
displayed is 487. The equipment is left in the same place for exactly 10 days.
Predict the reading in a one-minute period at the end of this time.
reading = ...........................................................[3]
[Total: 9]
© UCLES 2017 0625/42/O/N/17

Ahmed
AhmedOsama Castella
Osama Castella
402
18 June 2019 Q9
259 (a) Fig. 9.1 shows a beam of α-particles moving towards a thin sheet of gold in a vacuum.
gold sheet
beam of α-particles
detectors
vacuum
Fig. 9.1
Detectors in the region surrounding the thin gold sheet detect the α-particles and determine
the number of particles that travel in various directions.
State and explain what can be deduced from the following observations.
(i) The majority of the α-particles pass through the gold sheet undeflected and are detected
on the far side.
deduction ...........................................................................................................................
explanation ........................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) A small number of α-particles are deflected as they pass through the gold sheet.
deduction ...........................................................................................................................
explanation ........................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) A very small number of α-particles are deflected through very large angles or return back
the way they came.
deduction ...........................................................................................................................
explanation ........................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2019 0972/41/M/J/19

Ahmed Osama
Ahmed Castella
Osama Castella
403
19
(b) A beam that consists of both α-particles and β-particles is passed through a region of space
where there is a magnetic field perpendicular to the direction of the beam.
State two ways in which the deflection of the α-particles differs from that of the β-particles.
1. ...............................................................................................................................................
2. ...............................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 8]
© UCLES 2019 0972/41/M/J/19

Ahmed Osama
Ahmed Castella
Osama Castella
404
18 Nov. 2019 Q9
269 (a) The chemical symbol of the element lithium is Li. The proton number of lithium is 3.
Fig. 9.1 is a representation of a nucleus of a radioactive isotope of lithium that is about to

decay.
Fig. 9.1
(i) Write down, using nuclide notation, the symbol that represents this isotope of lithium.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) This isotope of lithium decays by β-particle emission to form another nucleus.
Complete Fig. 9.2 to represent this decay by:
• using the same representation as in Fig. 9.1 and in the space after the arrow, draw
a diagram of the nucleus formed by the decay
• writing the name of the particle that is identical to a β-particle on the answer line
provided.
+
.............................................
Fig. 9.2
[3]
(b) A radiation detector is set up in a laboratory where there are no radioactive samples.
On six separate occasions, the detector is switched on for 1.0 minute and the background
count is recorded. The counts are:
23 27 25 24 20 25
(i) State why the readings are not all identical.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest a possible source for this background radiation.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2019 0972/41/O/N/19

Ahmed Osama
Ahmed Castella
Osama Castella
405
19
(iii) A sample containing only one radioactive isotope is brought into the laboratory. The
half-life of the isotope is 15 hours.
The sample is placed near to the radiation detector in this laboratory. The detector is
switched on and, after 1.0 minute, a count of 440 is recorded.
The sample is left next to the detector and the experiment is repeated 45 hours later.
The detector is switched on for 1.0 minute.
Predict the reading for the count obtained on this occasion.
reading ........................................................ [3]
[Total: 9]
© UCLES 2019 0972/41/O/N/19

Ahmed Osama
Ahmed Castella
Osama Castella

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0625

Ahmed Osama Castella

© UCLES 2009 0625/31/M/J/09

(a) State the name of this instrument.

(b) Record the reading shown in Fig. 1.1.

© UCLES 2009 0625/31/O/N/09

Was the statue made of gold? (Tick one box.)

best value = .....................................................................................................................

© UCLES 2012 0625/31/M/J/12

mass of sheet = 60.7 g

Calculate the student’s values for

(i) the volume of the sheet,

volume = .................................................. [2]

(ii) the average thickness of the sheet.

thickness = .................................................. [2]

(i) Name a measuring instrument she could use.

© UCLES 2013 0625/31/M/J/13

© UCLES 2013 0625/31/M/J/13 [Turn over

(a) State the formula needed to calculate the density.

© UCLES 2014 0625/31/M/J/14 [Turn over

© UCLES 2006 0625/03/O/N/06 [Turn over

Ahmed Osama Castella

(a) Describe what happens to the speed of the car

(i) between A and B, .....................................................................................................

(ii) between B and C, .....................................................................................................

(iii) between C and D. .....................................................................................................

© UCLES 2010 0625/31/M/J/10

distance = ................................................ [3]

(c) Calculate the acceleration of the car between C and D.

acceleration = ................................................ [3]

© UCLES 2010 0625/31/M/J/10 [Turn over

© UCLES 2011 0625/31/O/N/11

(a) Describe her motion

(i) from A to B, ..............................................................................................................

(ii) from B to C, ..............................................................................................................

(iii) from C to D. ..............................................................................................................

(i) her average speed from A to D,

average speed = ................................................. [2]

(ii) her maximum speed.

maximum speed = ................................................. [3]

Use the graph to find,

time = .................................................. [1]

(ii) the deceleration of the ball,

deceleration = .................................................. [2]

© UCLES 2013 0625/31/M/J/13

(iii) the maximum height reached by the ball. For

maximum height = .................................................. [2]

© UCLES 2013 0625/31/M/J/13 [Turn over

© UCLES 2016 06_0625_41_2016_1.10

distance = ................................................................. [4]

© UCLES 2016 06_0625_41_2016_1.10 [Turn over

Ahmed Osama Castella

Ahmed Osama Castella

(ii) the ball reaches terminal velocity.

© UCLES 2007 0625/03/O/N/07 [Turn over

(a) Use the graphs to find

acceleration = ................................................ [2]

distance = ................................................ [2]

(iii) the terminal velocity of the plastic ball.

terminal velocity = ................................................ [1]

© UCLES 2008 0625/31/M/J/08

force = ................................................ [2]

© UCLES 2008 0625/31/M/J/08 [Turn over

Fig. 3.1 Fig. 3.2