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Calc 111 Module 3 WK 4 5 1
Calc 111 Module 3 WK 4 5 1
Calc 111 Module 3 WK 4 5 1
MODULE 3
THE DERIVATIVES
Module 3
- It contains the topic of the course “THE DERIVATIVES”. The
students.
DERIVATIVES
f ' (x)=
dx
= lim
dt Δx → 0 (
f ( x + Δx )−f ( x)
Δx )
The distance x at time x + Δx is f(x + Δx) and the distance at time x is f(x). Subtracting the
two gives the change in distance, Δx, between (x + Δx) and (x). That is,
Δx =f ( x + Δx ) −f ( x ), where Δ is the symbol for change and is read as “delta”.
f ' ( x)=
dx
= lim ( )
Δx
dt Δx → 0 Δt
Δx dx
This is known as Leibniz notation, where approaches .
Δt dt
CALC 111 / DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS Page 2
MODULE 3: THE DERIVATIVES
It should be clearly noted that Δx is not the product of Δ and x, instead it is the change in x.
Δx dx
Also, is a single notation. Therefore, we don’t cancel Δ. Same with , we don’t cancel d.
Δt dt
Examples:
1. Find the derivative of y=4 x +6
Solution:
Step 1: Identify f (x).
f ( x )= y =4 x +6
Step 2: Substitute ∆ x + x for all values of x in the function and subtract the given f (x),
f ' ( x )=f ( ∆ x + x )−f ( x )
Since f ( x )=4 x +6,
f ' ( x )=(4 ( ∆ x+ x ) +6)−(4 x+ 6)
f ' ( x )=4 ∆ x + 4 x+ 6−4 x−6 ¿
'( x )
f =4 Δx
Step 3: Divide the answer of Step 2 with Δx.
4 Δx
f ' ( x )= =4
Δx
Step 4: Since there is no Δx in the equation, therefore, the derivative is 4.
f ' ( x )=3 ( 0 ) +6 x +2
'
f ( x )=6 x +2
Therefore, the derivative of y=3 x 2 +2 x +1is 6 x +2.
1
3. Find the derivative of y= .
x
Solution:
Step 1: Identify f ( x).
1
f ( x )= y =
x
Step 2: Substitute ∆ x + x for all values of x in the function and subtract the given f ( x),
' −1
lim f (x )= lim ( 2 2
)
Δx → 0 Δx → 0 ∆x +x
' −1
f ( x )=
(0)2 + x 2
−1
f ' ( x )= 2
x
1 −1
Therefore, the derivative of y= is 2 .
x x
Note: When a derivative is negative, the function is decreasing and Δf is less than or below zero,
the graph goes downward and the slope is negative. (The graph and slope will be discussed
in the succeeding lessons.)
lim ( f ( ∆ x+ x ) −f ( x) )
' n→0
f ( x )=
lim ( ∆ x )
n→0
The quantity lim ( f ( ∆ x + x )−f ( x) ) becomes zero as the limit slowly approaches
n→ 0
zero, while the derivative f ' ( x ) becomes zero as fast as ∆ x becomes zero.
Therefore, a function with a derivative should be continuous at a point.
Inversely, a function can be continuous at a point even without a derivative.
and used this in finding the derivatives of linear and non-linear functions. Additional
differentiation rules will be presented enabling us to find derivatives without undergoing long
processes.
2.3.1 Constant Function Rule
This rule involves a constant C in the equation.
Applying the formula above for the function f(x) = C,
' C−C 0
f ( x )= = =0
∆x ∆x
This is applicable for all constants, no matter what value it is. Therefore, the derivative of
any constant is always zero.
' dy
f ( x )= =0
dx
( ∆ x+ x ) −x
x )=
∆x
∆ x+ x−x
x )=
∆x
x )=1
This rule is applicable when the given differentiable function has an exponent, whether a
positive, negative or fractional number. It follows the idea that the derivative of the function
is simply equal to the product of the exponent and the n-1 power of the base given. Simply,
Examples:
f ( x )=n ( x )
' n−1
Solution: since n =3,
If the given function is f ( x )=C xn , it can be observed that the constant C is the numerical
coefficient of the function. The derivative of the function can be solved as,
' n−1
f ( x )=Cn x
Examples:
' 2
f ( x )=12 x
)( )
1
( 1 −1
Solution: f ' ( x )=5 x2
2
' 5 −1 /2
f ( x )= x
2
Linearity applies when we add or subtract functions and multiply them by constants of the
equation. This can be illustrated as
d du dv
( u ± v )= ± =u' ( x ) ± v ' ( x)
dx dx dx
Examples:
Find the derivative of the following equations using the Power of Linearity.
1. y=x 2 + x
Solution:
' ' 2−1
y =f ( x )=2 x +1
'
f ( x )=2 x+1
−1
2. f ( x )=x 2−x 2
Solution:
−1
' 2−1 −1 2
−1
f ( x )=2 x −( )( x )
2
' 1 −3 /2
f ( x )=2 x+ x
2
3. f ( x )=3 x 2 +4 x 6
Solution:
' 2 5
f ( x )=6 x +24 x
16 4 3
4. y= 4 x −12 x
Solution:
16
f ( x )= ( 4 ) ( x )−12( 3)(x )
' 4−1 3−1
4
f ' ( x )=16 x 3−36 x 2
5. y=x 2 +3 x−x−1 /2
−1
' 2−1 −1 2
−1
Solution: f ( x )=2 x +3 ( 1 )−( )(x )
2
' 1 −3 / 2
f ( x )=2 x+3+ x
2
For a given function f ( x )=u ( x ) ∙ v ( x), the derivative can be solved by multiplying the first
factor by the derivative of the second factor and adding the product of the second factor and
the derivative of the first. In symbol,
' dv du '
f ( x )=u + v =u ( x ) ∙ v ( x )+ v ( x ) ∙u ' ( x)
dx dx
Example:
Solution:
'
Let u ( x )=2 x and u ( x ) =2
v ( x )=( x +2 )
2 '
and v ( x )=2 x
The Product Rule can also be accomplished by taking the product uv, then apply the
linearity rule. That is,
y=2 x ( x +2 )
2
y ' =6 x 2 +4
This equation can be analyzed similar to that of product rule because as what we can
observe below, the function can also be written as:
1
f ( x )=u ( x ) ∙
v(x)
This equation corresponds to the rule used for the quotient rule.
Examples:
2x
1. Find the derivative of y= 2 .
x
Solution: Let u ( x )=2 x and v ( x )=x 2
'
u ( x ) =2 and v' ( x )=2 x
Substituting the following values to the rule:
v ( x ) ∙ u' ( x )−u( x)∙ v ' ( x)
f ' ( x )= 2
(v ' ( x ))
' (x 2) ( 2 )−2 x (2 x )
f ( x )= 2 2
(x )
2 2
2 x −4 x
f ' ( x )=
x4
' −2 x 2 −2 −2
f ( x )= 4 = 2 =−2 x
x x
15
2. Find the derivative of f ( x )= .
3 x2
Solution:
' (6 x )( 0 )−15(6 x )
f ( x )= 2 2
(3 x )
' 0−90 x
f ( x )= 4
9x
3 x−12
3. Find the derivative of f ( x )= 2 .
4 x +5 x
Solution:
2
Let u ( x )=3 x−12 and v ( x )=4 x +5 x
' '
u ( x ) =3 and v ( x )=8 x+ 5
'
' v ( x ) ∙ u ( x )−u( x)∙ v ' ( x)
f ( x )= ' 2
( v ( x ))
2
' 3 24 x −81 x−60
f ( x )= 2
−
4 x +5 x ( 4 x 2+ 5 x )2
Mathalino.com
ACTIVITY 8 Score:
DERIVATIVES: POWER RULE AND CONSTANT MULTIPLE RULE
Instruction: Find the derivative of the following functions using the Power Rule.
1. y=x 10
2. y=6 x 3 / 4
3. y=x −7
4. y=x −1 /2
5. f ( x )=9 x −2
ACTIVITY 9 Score:
DERIVATIVES USING PRODUCT RULE
Apply the Rule of Linearity and Product Rule to the following examples to find the value of
the derivative.
1. f ( x )=15 ( 3 x 3 +2 x 2 +5 )
2. f ( x )=12 x ( 3 x 2 +2 )
−3 5 1 3
3. y=4 x (8 x + 4 x +2 x)
2 3 4 −3
5. f ( x )= 3 x (4 x −3 x )
ACTIVITY 10 Score:
DERIVATIVES USING QUOTIENT RULE
Instruction: Find the derivative of the following functions using the Quotient Rule.
6x
1. y= 3
12 x
15 x+ 4
2. f ( x )= 4 x
4 2
5 x +5 x
3. f ( x )= 3
2x
3 x 3+ 4 x
4. y= 2
2x