Chemical Bonding

Attractive force that holds ions and atoms together and stabilizes them by overall loss of energy
atoms - - -
atoms
Ionic Bond + + Covalent Bond + +

-
Formed by complete transfer Bonds in which two atoms
sharing
of valence electrons to attain Transfer share a pair of electrons
Of of
stability Electron electrons
- Covalent Attraction

Compounds
- -
+ +
+ +
Nucleus
- + +
- -
Positive Ion Negative Ion Shared Molecule
Coordinate Bond electrons

H
A covalent chemical bond - - - -
between two atoms that is + + + + +
produced when one atom shares H N H - - - -
+ + + + Metallic Bond
a pair of electrons with another
atom lacking such a pair. Also - - - - Bond is formed when metals
called coordinate covalent bond H + + + + share their electrons

Hydrogen Bond

Inter Molecular Hydrogen bonding Hydrogen bond is the chemical bond Intra Molecular Hydrogen bonding
between H-atom and electronegative atom
O
O O
HO N N H
O O
O
HO N
p- nitrophenol o-nitrophenol
O
(Intermolecular hydrogen bonding) Intramolecular hydrogen bonding

Bond Parameters Polarity of Bonds

Bond Length State of atom or molecule having positive and negative charges
in case of magnetic or an electrical poles
Bond Length
A B
Average distance between rA rB
nuclei of two bonded atoms Polar bonds/molecules Non-polar bonds/molecules
in a molecule. Examples- HCl, NH3 Examples- BF3, CCl4

Bond multiplicity
Factors affecting H Cl
F
Size of the atom

Bond Angle .. B
A bond angle is the angle O N
formed between three atoms F F
across at least two bonds. H H H H F
Contribute to the shape of a molecule. Bond Angle H

Bond Enthalpy
Cl
Enthalpy change when one mole of bonds are broken in Bond Order
a substance at 298 K.
The higher its value, the stronger the bond and the more Number of bonds that form
energy required to break it. between two atoms C
H H Cl Cl
Atomic size
Bond order is 1
N N
Factors affecting Electronegativity Cl
Bond order is 3
Extent of overlapping O O
Bond order is 2