Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MCSIR) Straight line

BRAHMASTRA
FINAL REVISION MODULE BEFORE EXAMINATION

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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MCSIR) Straight line

STRAIGHT LINE
1. IMPORTANT NOTE

If P divides AB internally in the ratio m : n & Q divides AB externally in the ratio

m : n then P & Q are said to be harmonic conjugate
0 of each other w.r.t. AB.
2 1 1
Mathematically ; = + i.e. AP, AB & AQ are in H.P.
AB AP AQ

2. CENTROID OF INCENTRE

If A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2), C(x3, y3) are the vertices of triangle ABC, then
 ax1 + bx 2 + cx 3 ay1 + by2 + cy3 
 , 
 a+b+c a+b+c 
Note that incentre divides the angle bisectors in the ratio
(b + c) : a ; (c + a) : b & (a + b) : c.

REMEMBER

(i) Orthocentre , Centroid & circumcentre are always collinear & centroid divides
the line joining orthocentre & circumcentre in the ratio 2 : 1 .
(ii) In an isosceles triangle G, O, I & C lie on the same line .

3. CONDITION OF COLLINEARITY OF THREE POINTS − (SLOPE FORM)

 y −y   y −y 
Points A (x1, y1), B (x2, y2), C(x3, y3) are collinear if  1 2  =  2 3  .
 x1 − x 2   x 2 − x3 

4. EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE IN VARIOUS FORMS

(i) Slope − intercept form: y = mx + c is the equation of a straight line whose slope is m
& which makes an intercept c on the y−axis .
(ii) Slope one point form: y − y1 = m (x − x1) is the equation of a straight line whose slope is
m & which passes through the point (x1, y1).
(iii) Parametric form : The equation of the line in parametric form is given by
0
x − x1 y − y1
= = r (say). Where ‘r’ is the distance of any point (x , y) on the line from
cos  sin 
the fixed point (x1, y1) on the line. r is positive if the point (x, y) is on the right of (x1, y1)
and negative if (x, y) lies on the left of (x1, y1) .
y 2 − y1
(iv) Two point form : y − y1 = (x − x1) is the equation of a straight line which
x 2 − x1
passes through the points (x1, y1) & (x2, y2) .

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x y
(v) Intercept form : + = 1 is the equation of a straight line which makes intercepts a &
a b
bon OX & OY respectively .
(vi) Perpendicular form : xcos  + ysin  = p is the equation of the straight line where
the length of the perpendicular from the origin O on the line is p and this perpendicular
makes angle  with positive side of x−axis .
(vii) General Form : ax + by + c = 0 is the equation of a straight line in the general form

5. POSITION OF THE POINT (x1, y1) RELATIVE TO THE LINE ax + by + c = 0

If ax1 + by1 + c is of the same sign as c, then the point (x1, y1) lie on the origin side of
ax + by + c = 0 . But if the sign of ax1 + by1 + c is opposite to that of c, the point (x1, y1)
will lie on the non-origin side of ax + by + c = 0.

6. LENGTH OF PERPENDICULAR FROM A POINT ON A LINE

0 a x1 + b y1 + c
The length of perpendicular from P(x1, y1) on ax + by + c = 0 is .
a 2 + b2

7. ANGLE BETWEEN TWO STRAIGHT LINES IN TERMS OF THEIR SLOPES

If m1 & m2 are the slopes of two intersecting straight lines (m1 m2  −1) &  is the
m1 − m 2
acute angle between them, then tan  = .
1 + m1 m 2
Note : Let m1, m2, m3 are the slopes of three lines L1 = 0 ; L2 = 0 ; L3 = 0 where
m1 > m2 > m3 then the interior angles of the  ABC found by these lines are given by,
m1 − m 2 m 2 − m3 m3 − m1
tan A = ; tan B = & tan C =
1 + m1 m 2 1 + m 2 m3 1 + m3 m1

8. PARALLEL LINES
(i) When two straight lines are parallel their slopes are equal. Thus any line parallel to
ax + by + c = 0 is of the type ax + by + k = 0 . Where k is a parameter.
(ii) The distance between two parallel lines with equations ax + by + c1 = 0 &

c1 − c 2
ax + by + c2 = 0 is .
a 2 + b2
Note that the coefficients of x & y in both the equations must be same.
p p
(iii) The area of the parallelogram = 1 2 , where p1 & p2 are distances between two pairs of
sin 
opposite sides &  is the angle between any two adjacent sides. Note that area of the

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parallelogram bounded by the lines y = m1x + c1, y = m1x + c2 and y = m2x + d1 ,

(c1 − c2 ) (d1 − d 2 )
y = m2x + d2 is given by 
m1 − m2

9. PERPENDICULAR LINES

(i) When two lines of slopes m1& m2 are at right angles, the product of their slopes is −1, i.e.
m1 m2 = −1. Thus any line perpendicular to a + by + c = 0 is of the form bx − ay + k = 0,
0
where k is any parameter.
(ii) Straight lines ax + by + c = 0 & a x + b y + c = 0 are at right angles if & only if
aa + bb = 0.

10. Equations of straight lines through (x1 , y1) making angle  with y = mx + c are:
(y − y1) = tan ( − ) (x − x1) & (y − y1) = tan ( + ) (x − x1) , where tan  = m.

11. CONDITION OF CONCURRENCY

Three lines a1x + b1y + c1 = 0, a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 & a3x + b3y + c3 = 0 are concurrent if
a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c 2 = 0 . Alternatively : If three constants A, B & C can be found such that
a3 b3 c3
A(a1x + b1y + c1) + B(a2x + b2y + c2) + C(a3x + b3y + c3)  0 , then the three straight
lines are concurrent.

12. AREA OF A TRIANGLE

x1 y1 1
1
If (xi, yi), i = 1, 2, 3 are the vertices of a triangle, then its area is equal to x 2 y2 1 ,
2
x 3 y3 1
provided the vertices are considered in the counter clockwise sense. The above formula
will give a (−) ve area if the vertices (xi, yi) , i = 1, 2, 3 are placed in the clockwise sense.

13. CONDITION OF COLLINEARITY OF THREE POINTS−(AREA FORM)

x1 y1 1
The points (xi , yi) , i = 1 , 2 , 3 are collinear0if x 2 y2 1 .
x3 y3 1

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14. THE EQUATION OF A FAMILY OF STRAIGHT LINES PASSING

THROUGH THE POINTS OF INTERSECTION OF TWO GIVEN LINES

The equation of a family of lines passing through the point of intersection of

a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 & a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 is given by (a1x + b1y + c1) + k(a2x + b2y + c2) = 0,
where k is an arbitrary real number.

Note: If u1 = ax + by + c , u2 = ax + by + d , u3 = ax + by + c , u4 = ax + by + d

then, u1 = 0; u2 = 0; u3 = 0; u4 = 0 form a parallelogram.

u2 u3 − u1 u4 = 0 represents the diagonal BD.

15. BISECTORS OF THE ANGLES BETWEEN TWO LINES

(i) Equations of the bisectors of angles between the lines ax + by + c = 0 &
ax + by + c a x + b y + c
ax + by + c = 0 (ab  ab) are : =±
a 2 + b2 a2 + b2
(ii) To discriminate between the acute angle bisector & the obtuse angle bisector
If  be the angle between one of the lines & one of the bisectors, find tan  .
If tan  < 1, then 2  < 90° so that this bisector is the acute angle bisector.
If tan  > 1, then we get the bisector to be the obtuse angle bisector.
(iii) To discriminate between the bisector of the angle containing the origin & that of the angle not
containing the origin. Rewrite the equations , ax + by + c = 0 & ax + by + c = 0 such
that the constant terms c , c are positive. Then;
ax + by + c a x + b y + c
=+ gives the equation of the bisector of the angle containing the
a +b
2 2
a2 + b2
ax + by + c a x + b y + c
origin & =− gives the equation of the bisector of the angle
a 2 + b2 a2 + b2
not containing the origin.

(iv) To discriminate between acute angle bisector & obtuse angle bisector proceed as follows
Write ax + by + c = 0 & ax + by + c = 0 such that constant terms are positive .

If aa + bb < 0 , then the angle between the lines that contains the origin is acute and the
ax + by + c a x + b y + c
equation of the bisector of this acute angle is =+
a 2 + b2 a2 + b2
ax + by + c a x + b y + c
therefore =− is the equation of other bisector.
a 2 + b2 a2 + b2

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If, however , aa + bb > 0 , then the angle between

the lines that contains the origin is obtuse & the
equation of the bisector of this obtuse angle is:
ax + by + c a x + b y + c
=+ ;
a 2 + b2 a2 + b2
ax + by + c a x + b y + c
therefore =−
a 2 + b2 a2 + b2
is the equation of other bisector.

(v) Another way of identifying an acute and obtuse angle bisector is as follows :
Let L1 = 0 & L2 = 0 are the given lines & u1 = 0 and
u2 = 0 are the bisectors between L1 = 0 & L2 = 0. Take a
point P on any one of the lines L1 = 0 or L2 = 0 and drop
perpendicular on u1 = 0 & u2 = 0 as shown. If ,
p < q  u1 is the acute angle bisector .

p > q  u1 is the obtuse angle bisector .

p = q  the lines L1 & L2 are perpendicular .

Note : Equation of straight lines passing through P(x1, y1) & equally inclined with the
lines a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 & a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 are those which are parallel to the bisectors
between these two lines & passing through the point P .

16. A PAIR OF STRAIGHT LINES THROUGH ORIGIN

(i) A homogeneous equation of degree two of the type ax² + 2hxy + by² = 0 always
represents a pair of straight lines passing through the origin & if :
(a) h² > ab  lines are real & distinct .
(b) h² = ab  lines are coincident .
(c) h² < ab  lines are imaginary with real point of intersection i.e. (0, 0)
(ii) If y = m1x & y = m2x be the two equations represented by ax² + 2hxy + by2 = 0, then;
2h a
m1 + m2 = − & m1 m2 = .
b b
(iii) If  is the acute angle between the pair of straight lines represented by,
2 h2 − a b
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, then; tan  = .
a+b
The condition that these lines are:

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(a) At right angles to each other is a + b = 0. i.e. co−efficient of x2 + coefficient

of y2 =0.
(b) Coincident is h2 = ab.
(c) Equally inclined to the axis of x is h = 0. i.e. coeff. of xy = 0.

Note: A homogeneous equation of degree n represents n straight lines passing through origin.

17. GENERAL EQUATION OF SECOND DEGREE REPRESENTING A PAIR OF STRAIGHT LINES

(i) ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents a pair of straight lines if:
a h g
abc + 2fgh − af2 − bg2 − ch2 = 0, i.e. if h b f = 0.
g f c
(ii) The angle  between the two lines representing by a general equation is the same
as that between the two lines represented by its homogeneous part only .

18. The joint equation of a pair of straight lines joining origin to the points of intersection of
the line given by lx + my + n = 0 ................ (i) &
the 2nd degree curve : ax² + 2hxy + by² + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 ....... (ii)
2
 lx + my   lx + my   lx + my 
is ax2
+ 2hxy + + 2gx 
by2  + 2fy   + c  = 0 ...... (iii)
 −n   −n   −n 
(iii) is obtained by homogenizing (ii) with the help of (i), by writing (i) in the form:
 lx + my 
  = 1.
 −n 

19. The equation to the straight lines bisecting the angle between the straight lines,
x 2 − y2 xy
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 is = .
a−b h

20. The product of the perpendiculars, dropped from (x1, y1) to the pair of lines represented
a x12 + 2 h x1y1 + b y12
by the equation, ax² + 2hxy + by² = 0 is .
(a − b) + 4 h2
2

21. Any second degree curve through the four point of intersection of f(x y) = 0 & xy = 0 is
given by f (x y) +  xy = 0 where f(xy) = 0 is also a second degree curve.

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SOLVED EXAMPLES
1. Let PS be the median of the triangle with vertices, P (2, 2) , Q (6, - 1) and R (7, 3) .The
equation of the line passing through (1, − 1) and parallel to PS is [JEE 2000]
(A) 2 x − 9 y − 7 = 0 (B) 2 x − 9 y − 11 = 0
(C) 2 x + 9 y − 11 = 0 (D) 2 x + 9 y + 7 = 0

Ans. (B)
 6 + 7 −1 + 3   13 
Sol. S  ,    ,1
 2 2  2 
2 −1 2
m PS = =−
13 9
2−
2
−2
 Equation line passing through the point (1, –1) and parallel to PS is y + 1 = (x − 1)
9
 2x + 9y + 7 = 0

2. Let PQR be a right angled isosceles triangle, right angled at P(2, 1). If the equation of the
line QR is 2x + y = 3, then the equation representing the pair of lines PQ and PR is
[JEE 99]
(A) 3x – 3y + 8xy + 20x + 10y + 25 = 0 (B) 3x – 3y + 8xy – 20x – 10y + 25 = 0
2 2 2 2

(C) 3x2 – 3y2 + 8xy + 10x + 15y + 20 = 0 (D) 3x2 – 3y2 – 8xy – 10x – 15y – 20 = 0

Ans. (B)
m+2
Sol.  tan 45 =
1 − 2m
1
 m = 3 or −
3
 Equation of line PQ & PR are
1
y − 1 = 3(x − 2) & y − 1 = − (x − 2)
3
 Combined equation of PQ & PR is
3(x − 2) − (y − 1)  (x − 2) + 3(y − 1)  = 0
 3x 2 − 3y2 + 8xy − 20x −10y + 25 = 0

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3. A straight-line L through the point (3, –2) is inclined at an angle 60° to the line
3 x + y = 1. If L is also intersects the x-axis, then the equation of L is
[IIT 2011]
(A) y + 3 x + 2 – 3 3 = 0 (B) y – 3x + 2 + 3 3 = 0
(C) 3y – x + 3 + 2 3= 0 (D) 3y +x – 3 +2 3=0

Ans. (B)
Sol. Let slope of line L be m
m+ 3 m+ 3
 tan 60 =  = 3
1 − 3m 1 − 3m
 m+ 3 =  ( 3 − 3m )
 m = 0 or m = 3
Reject
Line L does not intersect with x-axis
 Equation of line L is y + 2 = 3 ( x − 3)
 y − 3x + 2 + 3 3 = 0

4. For points P = (x1, y1) and Q = (x2, y2) of the co-ordinate plane, a new distance d(P, Q) is
defined by d (P, Q) = x1 − x2 + y1 − y2 . Let O = (0, 0) and A = (3, 2). Prove that the
set of points in the first quadrant which are equidistant (with respect to the new distance)
from O and A consists of the union of a line segment of finite length and an infinite ray.
Sketch this set in a labelled diagram. [JEE 2000 (Mains)]

Sol. Let P(x,y) be any points in the first quadrant (x , y > 0)

 d(P, 0) = x − 0 + y − 0 = x + y{ x, y  0}
&d(P, A) = x − 3 + y − 2
Given : - d(P,0) = d(P, A)
 x + y = x −3 + y−2
Case(i) 0  x  3,0  y  2
 x + y = −x + 3 − y + 2
5
x+y=
2
Case(ii) 0  x  3, y  2
 x + y = −x + 3 + y − 2
1
x=
2
Case(ii) x  3,0  y  2
 x + y = x −3− y + 2
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1
y=− Rejected
2
Case (iv) x  3, y  2
 x + y = x − 3 + y − 2  0 = −5 Rejected
Hence the solution set is
 1   5 
 x = for y  2    x + y = , 0  x  3, 0  y  2  Hence proved
 2   2 
Graph is :-
y
x= ,y2

O x
1/2 (5/2,0) 3
(0, 0)
0) 0)

5. for a > b > c > 0, the distance between (1, 1) and the point of intersection of the lines
ax + by + c = 0 and bx + ay + c = 0 is less then 2 2 . Then [IIT JEE Adv. 2013]
(A) a + b – c > 0 (B) a – b + c < 0 (C) a – b + c > 0 (D) a + b – c < 0

Ans. (AC)
Sol. a  b  c  0 (Given)
 a −c  0&b  0
Add  a + b − c  0  Option A
Again, a >b and c > 0
Add  a – b + c > 0  Option C
 −c −c 
The point of intersection for ax+by+c =0 and bx+ay+c =0 is  , 
 a+b a+b
 −c −c 
The distance between (1,1) and  ,  is less than 2 2
 a+b a+b
2 2
 c   c 
 1 +  + 1 +  2 2
 a+b  a+b 
 a+b+c 
  22 2
 a+b 
 ( a + b + c )  2a + 2b
 (a + b − c)  0
So ,from the above results we can conclude that options A,C are correct.

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6. For a point P in the plane, let d1(P) and d2(P) be the distances of the point P from the lines
x – y = 0 and x + y = 0 respectively. The area of the region R consisting of all points P
lying in the first quadrant of the plane and satisfying 2  d1(P) + d2(P)  4, is
[IIT JEE Adv. 2014]

Ans. (6)
Y
Sol. Y=X
Y=–X
P(T, B)
Required

x−y x+y
d1 = , d2 =
2 2

Therefore, according to the question (Fig.)

x−y x+y
2 + 4
2 2

2 2  x−y + x+y 4 2 (1)

Since x, y  0 in the first quadrant.

when x  y

x − y = x − y and x + y = x + y

Therefore, Eq. (1) is true given that,

2 2  x−y+x+y  4 2  2  x  2 2

Similarly, when y  x →

2 2  y−x+x+y  4 2

 2y2 2

 Area of this region = (2 2)2 − ( 2 ) = 6sq.unit

2

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7. Let the orthocentre and centroid of a triangle be A(–3, 5) and B(3, 3) respectively. If C is
the circumcentre of this triangle, then the radius of the circle having line segment AC as
diameter, is : [JEE Main 2018]
3 5 5
(A) (B) 10 (C) 2 10 (D) 3
2 2
Ans. (D)
Sol. 2:1
A(– 3, 5) B(3, 3) C (x, y)
Centroid divides line segment joining orthocentre & circumcentre in 2:1
2x − 3 2y + 5
 = 3 x = 6 & = 3 y = 2
3 3
C(6, 2)
 Diameter AC = (6 + 3) 2 + (2 − 5) 2 = 90 = 3 10
AC 3
 Radius = = 10
2 2

8. If the two lines x + (a – 1) y = 1 and 2x + a2y = 1 (a  R – {0, 1}) are perpendicular, then
the distance of their point of intersection from the origin is : [JEE Main 2019]
2 2 2 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
5 5 5 5

Ans. (D)
Sol. Line are ⊥ r
−1  −2 
 m1  m 2 = −1     = −1
a −1  a 2 
 a 3 − a 2 + 2 = 0  (a + 1)(a 2 − 2a + 2) = 0
 a = −1
 Lines are x – 2y – 1 = 0 & 2x + y – 1 = 0
3 1
Point of intersection of these lines is P  , − 
5 5
1 9 2
 distance of P from origin = + =
25 25 5

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9. A point P moves on the line 2x – 3y + 4 = 0. If Q (1, 4) and R (3,– 2) are fixed points, then
the locus of the centroid of PQR is line : [JEE Main 2019]
3 2
(A) with slope (B) parallel to x axis (C) with slope (D) parallel to y – axis
2 3

Ans. (C)
Sol. Let centroid G  ( h, k ) & P (a, b)
a +1+ 3 b+4−2 P(a,b)
So h = and k = 2x-3y+4=0
3 3
a = (3h − 4) , b = (3k − 2)
since ,(a,b) lies on 2x − 3y + 4 = 0
2(3h − 4) − 3(3k − 2) + 4 = 0 .G(h,k)
6x − 9y + 2 = 0
2 Q(1,4) R(3,-2)
slope =
3

10. If a circle of radius R passes through the origin O and intersecting the coordinate axes at A
and B, then the locus of the foot of perpendicular from O on AB is : [JEE Main 2019]
(A) (x + y ) = 4Rx y
2 2 2 2 2
(B) (x +y ) (x+y) = R xy
2 2 2 2

(C) (x2 + y2)3 = 4R2x2y2 (D) (x2 +y2)2 = 4R2x2y2

Ans. (C)
Sol. Let P  (h, k) is foot of perpendicular from O to AB
k
mOP =
h
−h
 equation of AB is y − k = (x– h)
k
 h2 + k2   h2 + k2 
 A , 0  & B  0, 
 h   k 
 AB = Diamter = 2R
2
 h2 + k2   h2 + k2 
 (AB) = 4R    +  = 4R
2 2 2

 h   k 
h → x, k → y
 Locus is (x2 + y2)3 = 4x2y2R2

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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MCSIR) Straight line

11. A ray of light coming from the point (2, 2 3 ) is incident at an angle 30º on the line x = 1
at the point A. The ray gets reflected on the line x = 1 and meets x-axis at the point B.
Then, the line AB passes through the point : [JEE-MAIN 2020]
 1   3
(A) (4, – 3 ) (B)  3, –  (C) (3, – 3 ) (D)  4, – 
 3  2 

Ans. (C)
Sol. For point A
2 3−k
tan 60°=
2 −1
3 = 2 3 −k
 k= 3
so point A(1, 3)
Now slope of line AB is mAB = tan 120°
mAB = – 3
Now equation of line AB is
y − 3 = − 3(x − 1)
3x + y = 2 3
So, the line AB passes through (3, – 3 )

12. Consider the set of all lines px + qy + r = 0 such that 3p + 2q + 4r = 0. Which one of the
following statement is true ? [JEE-MAIN 2019]
3 1
(A) The lines are concurrent at the point  , 
4 2
(B) Each line passes through the origin
(C) The lines are all parallel
(D) The lines are not concurrent

Ans. (A)
Sol. Set of lines are px + qy + r = 0 ….(1)
Condition which all the lines statisfy is 3p + 2q + 4r = 0
3 1
   p +   q + r = 0 ….(2)
4 2
On comparing (1) & (2), we get x = 3/4, y = 1/2
3 1
 All line are concurrent at the point.  , 
4 2

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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MCSIR) Straight line

1 2
13. If the line, 2x – y + 3 = 0 is at a distance and from the lines 4x – 2y +  = 0 and
5 5
6x – 3y +  = 0, respectively, then the sum of all possible values of  and  is
[JEE-MAIN 2020]

Ans. (30)
 1
Sol.  Distance between 2x – y + 3 = 0 & 2x – y + = 0 is
2 5
3− / 2 1
 =   = 8, 4
5 5

Again
 2
Distance between lines 2x – y + 3 = 0 & 2x – y + = 0 is .
3 5
3− / 3 2
 =   = 15, 3
5 5
 Sum of all possible values of  &  = 8 + 4 + 15 + 3 = 30

14. The equation of two equal sides AB and AC of an isosceles triangle ABC are x + y = 5 &
7x – y = 3 respectively. Find the equation of the sides BC if the area of the triangle of
ABC is 5 units. [JEE 99]
(A) 3x + y −12 = 0 (B) x − 3y + 21 = 0
(C) 3x + y − 2 = 0 (D) x − 3y + 1 = 0

Ans. (ABCD)
Sol. Equation of the angle bisector of the AB and AC will be perpendicular bisector of the BC
 Equation of the angle bisector is
x + y−5 7x − y − 3
= A(1,4)
2 5 2
 Obtuse angle bisector : x − 3y + 11 = 0;

acute angle bisector : 3x + y − 7 = 0
So equation of BC is 3x + y + k = 0; x − 3y + = 0 7x – y=3
Coordinates of A  (1, 4) x
7 +1 4
Angle between lines is tan 2 = = x tan 
1− 7 3
B D C
Acute angle between the bisector line and AB is
4
for, tan 2 =
3
2 tan 
tan 2 =
1 − tan 2 

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1
 tan  =
2
4
for, tan 2 = −
3
2 tan 
tan 2 =
1 − tan 2 
 tan  = 2
Let the length of the perpendicular is x then
1
Area of ABC = 2  x  x tan 
2
5
For tan  = 2  x =
2
1
For tan  =  x = 10
2
Distance x of the BC from the (1,4)
5
= 10 or
2
For x = 10
1− 3 4 +
= 10
10
= 21,1
so, equations become x − 3y + 21 = 0, x − 3y + 1 = 0
5
For x =
2
3 1 + 4 + k 5
=
10 2
k = −12, −2
so, equations become 3x + y −12 = 0,3x + y − 2 = 0

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