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Aerospace Science and Technology ••• (••••) •••–•••

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Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
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www.elsevier.com/locate/aescte 73
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Nonlinear vibration of metal foam cylindrical shells reinforced with 77
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13 graphene platelets 79
14 80
15 a a b 81
Yan Qing Wang , Chao Ye , Jean W. Zu
16 82
a 83
17 Department of Mechanics, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
b
18 Schaefer School of Engineering and Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken NJ 07030, USA 84
19 85
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21 a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t 87
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Article history: This paper performs nonlinear vibration analysis of metal foam circular cylindrical shells reinforced with
23 89
Received 13 November 2018 graphene platelets. An improved Donnell nonlinear shell theory is employed to formulate the present
24 Received in revised form 12 December 2018 90
model. The graphene platelet reinforced material properties are evaluated by the Halpin–Tsai equation.
25 Accepted 16 December 2018 91
Different types of porosity and graphene platelet (GPL) distribution are taken into account. Governing
26 Available online xxxx 92
equations are derived via Hamilton’s principle and then they are transformed to ordinary differential
27 equations using the Galerkin method. Afterwards, nonlinear frequencies of the system are solved by using 93
Keywords:
28 the multiple scale method. Our findings demonstrate that GPL reinforced metal foam (GPLRMF) shells 94
Metal foam cylindrical shell
29 Graphene platelets exhibit hardening-spring vibration characteristics. The nonlinear to linear frequency ratio of the shell 95
30 Improved Donnell nonlinear shell theory closely relates to the porosity distributions and GPL patterns. The effect of geometrical size of graphene 96
31 Nonlinear vibration platelets on nonlinear vibration characteristics of GPLRMF cylindrical shells is also highlighted. 97
32
Method of multiple scales © 2018 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved. 98
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1. Introduction bon nanofillers can provide quite excellent mechanical properties
38 104
of structures [13–15]. However, few studies have been reported
39 105
Carbon materials, e.g., carbon nanotubes and graphene platelets to investigate the mechanical behavior of graphene platelet re- 106
40
(GPLs), can provide good reinforcement effect just with a low inforced metal foam (GPLRMF) structures. Post-buckling behavior 107
41
42 volume fraction of the nanofillers [1–6]. Compared to carbon and nonlinear vibration of GPLRMF beams were investigated by 108
43 nanotube reinforced composites, GPL reinforced materials have Chen et al. [16]. Post-buckling of GPLRMF beams embedded in 109
44 more excellent mechanical properties [1,7]. Thus, many attentions nonlinear foundation was examined by Barati and Zenkour [17]. 110
45 have been paid to the investigation of GPL reinforced compos- Gao et al. [18] analyzed nonlinear vibration of GPLRMF plates on 111
46 ite (GPLRC) structures, e.g., bending, buckling, and vibration. An a two-parameter elastic substrate. Free vibration and buckling be- 112
47 experimental study on buckling of GPL reinforced beams was havior of GPLRMF plates was investigated by Yang et al. [19] via 113
48 presented by Rafiee et al. [8]. Post-buckling analysis of GPLRC the Chebyshev–Ritz method. Dong et al. [20,21] studied the lin- 114
49 laminated plates embedded in the elastic media in thermal en- ear vibration and buckling behavior of spinning GPLRMF cylindrical 115
50 vironments was conducted by Shen et al. [9]. Liu et al. [10] shells. 116
51 investigated linear vibration and buckling behavior of initially Cylindrical shell structures possess excellent mechanical prop- 117
52 stressed cylindrical shells reinforced with GPLs via the state-space erties and have been widely used in many fields such as electric 118
53 formulation. Gholami and Ansari [11] examined the geometri- machinery, storage tanks of gas and fluid, spacecraft, etc. Till now, 119
54 cally nonlinear forced vibration of GPLRC plates using Reddy’s some researchers have investigated the dynamic behaviors of cylin- 120
55 higher-order theory. Reddy et al. [12] presented the free vibra- drical shells [22–25]. The impact of stretching thickness on func- 121
56 tion analysis of multi-layer GPLRC plates via finite element ap- tionally graded material plate and shell structures was investigated 122
57 proach. by Carrera et al. [26]. Bich and Nguyen [27] studied the nonlin- 123
58 A metal foam, is an ultralight cellular structure consisting of a ear vibration of cylindrical shells under axial as well as transverse 124
59 solid metal with gas-filled pores comprising a large part of the loads via the Runge–Kutta method. Utilizing the Sanders–Koiter 125
60 volume. It was reported that combining metal foams with car- theory for shell modeling, Strozzi and Pellicano [28] discussed the 126
61 nonlinear vibration behavior of cylindrical shells. Liu et al. [29] 127
62 studied the nonlinear vibration of a simply supported cylindri- 128
63 E-mail address: wangyanqing@mail.neu.edu.cn (Y.Q. Wang). cal shell with small initial geometric imperfection under complex 129
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2018.12.022
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1270-9638/© 2018 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
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Fig. 1. A GPLRMF cylindrical shell.
38 104
39 105
40 loads. Considering the effect of radially pre-stretched membranes 2. GPLRMF cylindrical shells 106
41 at both sides, Zhang et al. [30] conducted nonlinear vibration anal- 107
42 ysis of a laminated cylindrical shell. Free vibration and bending As shown in Fig. 1, a GPLRMF cylindrical shell with the length 108
43 of cylindrical shells reinforced with carbon nanotubes were stud- L, the thickness h and the middle-surface radius R is considered 109
44 ied by Alibeigloo and Jafarian [31] through the three-dimensional in a cylindrical coordinate (x, θ , z). The coordinate system is es- 110
45 elasticity theory. With the consideration of different boundary con- tablished at the shell’s mid-plane. The displacement components 111
46 of points at the shell mid-plane are denoted by u, v and w in 112
ditions, Wang et al. [32] investigated free vibration of a cylindrical
47 the x, θ and z directions, respectively. In the present study, the 113
shell made of metal foams using the Rayleigh–Ritz approach. After-
48 pores in the shell disperse in three ways in the thickness direc- 114
ward, they [33] revealed different thermal effects on free vibration
49 tion. In Porosity I and II, pores are symmetrically distributed with 115
50
characteristics of an FGM cylindrical shell containing porosities. respect to the mid-plane; the size of pores of Porosity-I increases 116
51 A laminated cylindrical shell model under various loads was pre- from inner and outer surfaces to the middle plane while that of 117
52 sented by Zhang et al. [34] for nonlinear vibration analysis via the Porosity-II increases from the middle plane to inner and outer sur- 118
53 Runge–Kutta algorithm. faces. Obviously, these two types of pore distribution show graded 119
54 Literature review shows that there is no investigation about feature like functionally graded materials [35–42]. In Porosity-III, 120
55 nonlinear vibration of GPLRMF cylindrical shells. In the framework pores disperse uniformly, as seen in Fig. 1. 121
56 of an improved Donnell nonlinear shell theory, nonlinear free vi- The effective elastic modulus E, mass density ρ , and Poisson’s 122
57
bration analysis of GPLRMF circular cylindrical shells is carried out ratio μ of the GPLRMF shell take the form of [19] 123
58
in this study. Different porosity distributions and GPL patterns are ⎧ ∗ 124
59
considered in the current study. The properties of GPL reinforced
⎨ E [1 − e 1 cos( πhz )] Porosity-I 125
60 E ( z) = E ∗ {1 − e 2 [1 − cos( πhz )]} Porosity-II (1) 126
material are calculated by the Halpin–Tsai equation. Governing ⎩ ∗
61 E e3 Porosity-III 127
equations are deduced from Hamilton’s principle. Then, nonlinear
62 ⎧ πz
128
solutions are obtained by the Galerkin method as well as the mul- ⎪ ∗
⎨ ρ [1 − em1 cos( h )]
⎪
63 Porosity-I 129
64 tiple scale method. Finally, the influence of some key parameters πz 130
ρ ( z) = ρ ∗ {1 − em2 [1 − cos( )]} Porosity-II (2)
65 on nonlinear vibration characteristics of GPLRMF cylindrical shells ⎪
⎪
131
66 is highlighted.
⎩ ∗ h
132
ρ em3 Porosity-III
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15 Fig. 2. Various GPL distribution patterns in GPLRMF shells. 81
16 82
⎧
 

∗ ⎪
17
μ(z) = μ (3) ⎪
⎪ πz πz
83
18 ⎪
⎪ 1 − em1 cos = 1 − e 1 cos 84
⎪
⎪ h h
19 where e 1 , e 2 , and e 3 are porosity coefficients; em1 , em2 , and em3 are ⎨ 
85
20 mass density coefficients; E ∗ , ρ ∗ , and μ∗ , respectively, are Young’s 
 
 (12) 86
⎪
⎪
πz πz
21 modulus, the mass density, and Poisson’s ratio of GPL reinforced ⎪
⎪ 1 − e m2 1 − cos = 1 − e 2 1 − cos 87
metal without porosities. ⎪
⎪ h h 88
22
⎪
⎩ √
23 E ∗ is calculated by the Halpin–Tsai equation [43–45]: em3 = e 3 89
24
  90
25 ∗ 3 1 + ξ LGPL ηGPL
L V GPL ( z ) All the discussion in this paper is based on the premise that 91
E = Em
26 8 1 − ηGPL
L V GPL ( z )
the total masses of GPLRMF shells for various types of porosity 92
27   and GPL distribution are equal, resulting in 93
28 5 1 + ξW
GPL GPL
ηW V GPL (z) 94
+ Em (4)
29 8 1 − ηGPL
W V GPL ( z ) h/2 h/2 95
30  96
where 1 − e 1 cos(π z/h)dz = 1 − e 2 1 − cos(π z/h) dz
31 97
32 2lGPL 0 0 98
33 ξ LGPL = (5)
h/2 99
t GPL √
34 100
2w GPL = e 3 dz (13)
GPL
35 ξW = (6) 101
36 t GPL 0 102
37 E GPL − E m In Fig. 2, various types of GPL pattern in the thickness direction
103
38 ηGPL
L = (7) 104
E GPL + ξ LGPL E m are shown. For both GPL-A and GPL-B patterns, GPLs are symmet-
39 105
E GPL − E m rically distributed about the middle plane of the shell. For GPL-A,
40 GPL 106
η W = (8) the largest volume fraction V GPL occurs at inner and outer surfaces
41 E GPL + ξ W
GPL
Em 107
42 of the shell; for GPL-B, however, it occurs at the middle surface. 108
43 ρ ∗ and μ∗ can be expressed as [1,19] For GPL-C, GPLs disperse uniformly. GPL volume fraction V GPL (z) 109
44  for various distribution patterns can be expressed as [19] 110
45 ρ ∗ = ρGPL V GPL (z) + ρm 1 − V GPL (z) (9) ⎧ 111
 ⎨ si1 [1 − cos(π z/h)] GPL-A
μ∗ = μGPL V GPL (z) + μm 1 − V GPL (z)
46 112
(10)
47 V GPL ( z) = si2 cos(π z/h) GPL-B (14) 113
⎩
48 In above equations, E GPL , ρGPL , and μGPL are Young’s modulus, si3 GPL-C 114
49 mass density and Poisson’s ratio of GPLs, respectively; E m , ρm , and 115
50 μm are Young’s modulus, mass density and Poisson’s ratio of the where si1 , si2 , and si3 are coefficients of GPL volume fraction. 116
51 matrix material, respectively; V GPL is GPL volume fraction; lGPL , The total GPL volume fraction V TGPL is given by [1] 117
52 w GPL , and t GPL are the length, width, and thickness of GPLs, re- 118
53 spectively. W GPL 119
V TGPL = (15)
54 From Fig. 1 and Eqs. (1) and (2), it can be seen that in the W GPL + (ρGPL /ρm )(1 − W GPL ) 120
55 Porosity-I shell, the minimum values of Young’s modulus and mass 121
56 where W GPL is GPL weight fraction defined by the GPL mass to the 122
density are on the mid-plane, and the maximum values are on
57 total shell mass ratio. 123
the inner and outer surfaces; in the Porosity-II shell, the case is
58 completely opposite. Obviously, in the Porosity-III shell, Young’s The coefficients si1 , si2 , and si3 in Eq. (14) are determined by 124
59 modulus as well as the mass density is unchanged. calculating the following equations 125
60 The relation between E and ρ is [46] ⎧ 126
⎪ h
61
 2 ⎪
⎪
ρ ( z)
si1 2 h [1 − cos(π z/h)] ρ ∗ dz
127
2
h
⎪
⎪ −2
62 E ( z) ρ ( z) ⎨ h
128
= (11) ρ ( z) ρ ( z)
dz = si2 2 h cos(π z/h) ρ ∗ dz
63 129
E∗ ρ∗ V TGPL ∗
(16)
64 ρ ⎪
⎪ −2 130
⎪
⎪ h
65 The mass density coefficients and porosity coefficients can be − h2 ⎪
⎩ si3 2 h ρρ(∗z) dz 131
66 expressed as [19] −2 132
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1 3. Governing equations where A i j , B i j and D i j (i, j = 1, 2, 6) are stretching, coupling and 67

2 bending stiffness coefficients in the form of 68
3 In the plane stress condition, the relationship between stresses 69
⎡ ⎤ h ⎡ ⎤
4 and strains of a GPLRMF circular cylindrical shell is stated as [47] Ai j 1 2 70
5 ⎧ ⎫ ⎡ ⎤⎧ ⎫ ⎣ Bij ⎦ = Q i j ⎣ z ⎦ dz (27) 71
6 ⎨ σx ⎬ Q 11 Q 12 0 ⎨ εx ⎬ Dij z2 72
7 σθ = ⎣ Q 12 Q 22 0 ⎦ εθ (17) h
−2 73
⎩
8 τxθ ⎭ 0 0 Q 66
⎩ ⎭
γxθ The kinetic energy and strain energy of the GPLRMF cylindrical 74
9 75
where εx , εθ and γxθ are strain components; σx , σθ and τxθ , are shell are expressed as
10 76
11
stress components; Q i j (i, j = 1, 2, 6) are reduced stiffnesses given L 2π 
2
2
2  77
by 1 ∂u ∂v ∂w
12 T= ρT + + Rdθ dx (28) 78
13 2 ∂t ∂t ∂t 79
{ Q 11 , Q 22 , Q 12 , Q 66 } 0 0
14   L 2π
80
15 E ( z) E ( z) μ(z) × E (z) E ( z) 1 81
= , , , (18) U= ε T · S · ε Rdθ dx (29)
16 1 − μ( z)2 1 − μ( z)2 1 − μ( z)2 2[1 + μ( z)] 2
82
17 0 0 83
In the Kirchhoff–Love theory [47], the strain relations are:
18 84
19 ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ 0
⎤ ⎡ ⎤ where
85
εx ε χx x
h/2
⎣ εθ ⎦ = ⎢ ⎥
20 86
21 ⎣ εθ ⎦ + z ⎣ χθ ⎦0
(19)
ρT = ρ (z)dz (30) 87
22 γxθ γ0 2χxθ 88
xθ −h/2
23 89
24 where εx0 , εθ0 , and γx0θ are middle plane strains; χx , χθ , and χxθ Using Hamilton’s principle 90
are surface curvatures.
25
t2 91
26 To overcome the inaccuracy of the Donnell nonlinear shell the- 92
27 ory at small circumferential wavenumber, an improved Donnell δ ( T − U )dt = 0 (31) 93
28 nonlinear shell theory is developed by introducing t1 94
29  0 0 0
 and introducing Eqs. (29) and (28) in Eq. (31), and then making 95
30
ε ε γ
x, θ, xθ 96

2

2 the coefficients of δ u, δ v and δ w equal to zero, the nonlinear gov-
31 97
∂u 1 ∂ w 1 ∂v 1 ∂w erning equations of the GPLRMF cylindrical shell can be obtained
32 = + , +w + , 98
∂x 2 ∂x R ∂θ 2R ∂θ as
33  99
34 ∂v 1 ∂u 1 ∂w ∂w ∂ N xθ ∂ Nx ∂ 2u 100
+ + (20) +R = ρT R 2 (32)
35 ∂x R ∂θ R ∂θ ∂ x ∂θ ∂x ∂t 101
36
{χx , χθ , χxθ } 1 ∂ Mθ ∂ M xθ ∂ Nθ ∂ N xθ ∂2v 102
+2 + +R = ρT R 2 (33)
37
 2

 R ∂θ ∂x ∂θ ∂x ∂t 103
38 ∂ w 1 ∂2 w ∂v 1 ∂2 w ∂v 104
= − 2 ,− 2 − , − − (21) ∂ Nθ ∂ w 1 ∂ 2 Mθ ∂ 2 w ∂ N xθ ∂ w
39 ∂x R ∂θ 2 ∂θ R ∂ x∂θ ∂x − Nθ + + + Nθ 2 + 105
40
∂θ ∂θ R ∂θ 2 ∂θ ∂ x ∂θ 106
41
The internal forces and moments are given by [47,48] ∂ N xθ ∂ w ∂ Nx ∂ w ∂ 2 M xθ ∂2 w 107
+ +R +2 + 2N xθ
42 ⎡ ⎤ h ⎡ ⎤ ∂θ ∂ x ∂x ∂x ∂ x∂θ ∂ x∂θ 108
Nx σx 2
43
⎣ Nθ ⎦ = ⎣ σθ ⎦ dz ∂2 w ∂ 2 Mx ∂2 w 109
44 (22) + R Nx 2 + R = ρT R 2 (34) 110
45 N xθ τxθ ∂x ∂ x2 ∂t 111
h
−2 The general boundary conditions are simultaneously obtained
46 112
⎡ ⎤ h ⎡ ⎤ as:
47
Mx 2 σx ⎧
113
48
⎣ Mθ ⎦ = ⎣ σθ ⎦ zdz ⎪ δ u = 0 or N x = 0 114
(23) ⎪
⎪
49 ⎪
⎪
115
M xθ τxθ ⎪
⎪ δ v = 0 or R N xθ + 2M xθ = 0
50 h
−2 ⎪
⎪
116
51 ⎪
⎨ δ w = 0 or 117
By inserting Eqs. (17) and (19) into Eqs. (22) and (23), it yields:
52 x = 0, L (35) 118
⎪
⎪
∂w
+ N xθ
∂w
+R
∂ Mx
+2
∂ M xθ
=0
53
N=S·ε ⎪
⎪ R Nx 119
(24) ⎪
⎪ ∂ x ∂θ ∂ x ∂θ
54 ⎪
⎪
 120
ε are given by ⎪
⎪ ∂w
55 in which N and ⎩δ = 0 or M x = 0
121
56 ∂x 122
NT = { N x , N θ , N xθ , M x , M θ , M xθ } ⎧
57
(25) ⎪ δ u = 0 or N xθ = 0 123
ε T = {εx0 , εθ0 , γx0θ , χx , χθ , 2χxθ } ⎪
⎪
58
⎪
⎪ 1
124
59 ⎪
⎪ δ v or N θ + M θ = 0 125
and S is defined as ⎪
⎪
60 ⎪
⎪ R 126
⎡ ⎤ ⎨ δ w or
61 A 11 A 12 0 B 11 B 12 0 127
θ = 0, 2π (36)
62 ⎢ A 12 A 22 0 B 12 B 22 0 ⎥ ⎪
⎪ ∂w ∂w 1 ∂ Mθ ∂ M xθ 128
⎢ ⎥ ⎪
⎪ Nθ + N xθ + +2 =0
63 ⎢ 0 0 A 66 0 0 B 66 ⎥ ⎪
⎪
129
S=⎢ ⎥ (26) ⎪
⎪

∂θ

∂x R ∂θ ∂x
64 ⎢ B 11 B 12 0 D 11 D 12 0 ⎥ ⎪
⎪
130
65 ⎣ B 12 B 22 0 D 12 D 22 0
⎦ ⎪
⎩δ
∂w
= 0 or M θ = 0 131
66
0 0 B 66 0 0 D 66 ∂θ 132
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1 4. Solution procedure w mn (t ) = ε w 1 ( T 0 , T 1 , T 2 ) + ε 2 w 2 ( T 0 , T 1 , T 2 ) 67
2 3 68
+ ε w 3 (T 0 , T 1 , T 2 ) (47)
3 Under the simply supported boundary condition, the following 69
4 equations should be satisfied at x = 0 and x = L: Substituting Eqs. (45) and (47) in Eq. (42) and then equating 70
5 coefficients of each power of ε to zero, we obtain 71
6 v = w = Nx = Mx = 0 (37) 72
7 D 20 w 1 + ω02 w 1 = 0 (48) 73
8 The displacement functions which satisfy the above boundary 74
D 20 w 2 + ω 2 2
0 w 2 = −2D 0 D 1 w 1 − a2 w 1 (49)
9 condition can be set as 75
10 ⎧ ∞  ∞
 D 20 w 3 + ω 2
0 w 3 = −2D 0 D 1 w 2 − 2D 0 D 2 w 1 − D 21 w 1 76
⎪  mπ x
11 ⎪
⎪ u = u (t ) cos cos(nθ) − 2a2 w 1 w 2 − a3 w 31
77
⎪
⎪ mn (50)
12 ⎪
⎪ = =
L 78
⎪
⎪
m 1 n 1
13 ⎪
⎨ ∞  ∞
 where the linear natural frequency is obtained as 79
mπ x
14
v= v mn (t ) sin sin(nθ) (38) √ 80
15 ⎪
⎪ L ωL = ω0 = a1 (51) 81
⎪
⎪ m =1 n =1
16 ⎪
⎪ ∞  ∞
 82
⎪
⎪  mπ x
The solution of Eq. (48) can be given by
17 ⎪
⎪ =
83
18 ⎩ w w mn ( t ) sin cos(nθ)
iω0 T 0 −iω0 T 0 84
m =1 n =1
L w 1 = A ( T 1 , T 2 )e + Ā ( T 1 , T 2 )e (52)
19 85
20 where m is axial half-wave number and n is circumferential wave Substituting Eq. (52) into Eq. (49) gives 86
21 number. 87
22 Inserting Eq. (38) into Eq. (32), and then utilizing the Galerkin D 20 w 2 + ω02 w 2 = −2iω0 D 1 Ae iω0 T 0 − a2 A 2 e 2iω0 T 0 − a2 A Ā + C C 88
23 method, a set of ordinary differential equations can be obtained as 89
24
(53) 90
follows
25 where C C represents the conjugate function of all the previous 91
2
26 C 11 umn (t ) + C 12 v mn (t ) + C 13 w mn (t ) + C 14 w mn (t ) = ümn (t ) (39) terms. 92
27 The secular terms in Eq. (53) should be eliminated, so we have 93
2
28 C 21 umn (t ) + C 22 v mn (t ) + C 23 w mn (t ) + C 24 w mn (t ) = v̈ mn (t ) (40) 94
29 2
C 31 umn (t ) + C 32 v mn (t ) + C 33 w mn (t ) + C 34 w mn (t ) D1 A = 0 (54) 95
30 96
31
3
+ C 35 w mn (t ) + C 36 umn (t ) w mn (t ) + C 37 v mn (t ) w mn (t ) Then, we obtain 97
32 a2 a2 98
= ẅ mn (t ) (41) w 2 = e 2iω0 T 0 A2 − A Ā + C C (55)
33 3ω02 ω02 99
34 where the coefficients C i j (i, j = 1, 2, · · · , 7) can be found in the 100
35 Appendix A. Substituting w 1 and w 2 into Eq. (50) gives 101
36 Owing to the insignificant effect of inertia terms ümn and v̈ mn , 102
D 20 w 3
+ω 2
0 w3
37 103
they are neglected in Eqs. (39) and (40). By solving umn and v mn in

38
Eqs. (39) and (40), and then substituting the results into Eq. (41), 3 2a22 3 3iω T 104
39 = − a3 A + 2
A e 0 0 105
it yields 3ω0
40

 106
2 3 10a22 2 107
41
ẅ mn (t ) + a1 w mn (t ) + a2 w mn (t ) + a3 w mn (t ) =0 (42) + −3a3 A 2 Ā + A Ā − 2i ω0 D 2 A e iω0 T 0 + C C (56)
42 2 108
3ω0
43 The initial conditions are defined as 109
44  Similarly, the secular terms in Eq. (56) should be eliminated, 110
∂ w mn  namely
45 w mn |t =0 = w max , =0 (43) 111
46 ∂t  t =0 112
10a22
47
where w max is the maximum value of w mn (t). −3a3 A 2 Ā + A 2 Ā − 2iω0 D 2 A = 0 (57) 113
48 3 02
ω 114
Next, the multiple scale method [49–51] is utilized to solve
49 115
Eq. (42). Firstly, we introduce the scaled time as follows The solution of Eq. (57) takes the form of
50 116
51 n 1 117
T n = ε t , n = 0, 1, 2 · · · (44) A= ae iφ
(58)
52 2 118
53 where ε is a small dimensionless parameter. Substituting Eq. (58) into Eq. (57), and then separating real and
119
54 The time derivatives are given in terms of T n as follows 120
imaginary parts, we obtain
55 ⎧ ⎧ 121
56 ⎪
⎪
∂ 2 ⎪ ∂a 122
⎨ = D0 + ε D1 + ε D2 + . . . ⎪
57 ∂t ⎨ ω0 ∂ T 2 = 0
⎪ 123
(45)
58 ⎪
⎪ ∂2 ! (59) 124
⎩ = D 20 + 2ε D 0 D 1 + ε 2 D 21 + 2D 0 D 2 + . . . ⎪
⎪ 5a22 3 3a3 3 ∂φ
59
∂t 2 ⎪
⎩ 2
a − a + ω0 a =0 125
60 12ω0 8 ∂T 2 126
61 where D n is 127
From Eq. (59), we have
62 128
∂
63 Dn = , n = 0, 1 , 2 · · · (46) 9a3 − 10a22 2
ω 2 129
64
∂ Tn φ= 0
a T2 + φ0 (60) 130
24 03 ω
65 The vibration response is the function of different scaled times 131
66 and thus can be written as where φ0 is a constant. 132
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1 Table 1 Table 3 67
2 Comparison of linear natural frequencies ωL of a simply supported homogeneous Comparison of nonlinear to linear frequency ratio ω N L /ω L of a homogeneous cylin- 68
3 cylindrical shell. drical shell (L = 0.4 m, h = 2.54 × 10−3 m, R = 0.254 m, E = 200 GPa, μ = 0.3, 69
ρ = 7800 kg/m3 , w max = h).
4 Modes ωL (Hz) 70
5 m n Qin et al. [52] Pellicano [53] Present Mode (m, n) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) 71
6 1 7 484.6 484.6 489.78 ωN L /ωL Present 1.0009 1.0033 1.0117 72
7 1 8 489.6 489.6 493.56 Raju and Rao [55] 1.0008 1.0060 1.0398 73
1 9 546.2 546.2 549.70 Diff % 0.01 0.27 2.70
8 74
9 1 6 553.3 553.3 561.57 75
1 10 636.8 636.8 640.10
10 76
1 5 722.1 722.1 737.83
11 1 11 750.7 750.7 753.85 77
12 1 12 882.2 882.2 885.36 78
13 2 10 968.1 968.1 973.39 79
2 11 983.4 983.4 987.75
14 80
15 81
16 By inserting Eq. (60) and T 2 = ε 2 t into Eq. (58), it yields 82
17 83


18 1 9a3 ω02 − 10a22 2 2
84
19
A= a exp i 3
a ε t + iφ 0 (61) 85
2 24ω 0
20 86
21 Inserting Eqs. (52), (55), and (61) into Eq. (47) gives 87
22 88
23
w mn (t ) = εa cos(ω N L t + φ0 ) 89
 
24 2 2
ε a a2 1 ! 90
25 − 1 − cos(2ω N L t + 2φ0 ) + O ε 3 (62) 91
2a1 3
26 92
27 where a1 , a2 , a3 are given by Fig. 3. Variations of porosity coefficients e 2 and e 3 with e 1 . 93
28 94
(C 12 C 31 − C 11 C 32 )C 23 C 22 (−C 31 C 13 + C 11 C 33 )
29 a1 = + In order to seek further comparison, a simply supported metal 95
30 C 12 C 21 − C 11 C 22 C 12 C 21 − C 11 C 22 96
foam cylindrical shell is considered. The comparison of nondimen-
31 C 21 (C 32 C 13 − C 12 C 33 ) 97
+ (63) sional linear natural frequencies is listed in Table 2. Again, the
32 C 12 C 21 − C 11 C 22 current results achieve an excellent agreement with the data in 98
33
a2 = 0 (64) literature [54]. 99
34 100
To validate the present nonlinear results, nonlinear to linear
35 a3 = C 35 (65) 101
frequency ratio ω N L /ω L of a simply supported homogeneous cylin-
36 102
By applying the initial conditions in Eq. (43), we obtain drical shell is calculated and compared with those given by Raju
37 103
 and Rao [55], as shown in Table 3. The difference between the cur-
38 φ0 = 0 rent results and the published ones is less than 3%, which proves
104
(66)
39 aε = w max the correctness of the present study.
105
40 106
In the following investigation, the GPLRMF cylindrical shell in
41 Finally, the nonlinear frequency of the GPLRMF shell is obtained 107
Fig. 1 is going to be treated with. Unless otherwise stated, the ge-
42 as 108
ometrical parameters and material properties used are as follows:
43
 109
√ 9a3 a1 − 10a22 !
44 ω N L = a1 1 + ε 2 a2 + O ε 3 (67) E m = 200 GPa, μm = 1/3, ρm = 7850 kg/m , 3 110
45 24a21 111
46 E GPL = 1010 GPa, μGPL = 0.186, 112
47 5. Results and discussion 3 113
48
ρGPL = 1060 kg/m , L = 20R , h = 0.002R , 114
49 Firstly, we conduct a comparison study so as to prove the valid- R = 1 m, t GPL = 1.5 × 10−9 m, 115
50 ity of the present derivation. A homogeneous cylindrical shell with 116
51 simply supported boundary condition is taken into account. Its lGPL = 2.5 × 10−6 m, w GPL = 1.5 × 10−6 m, 117
geometrical parameters and material properties are: h = 0.247 ×
52
W GPL = 1.0%, w max = h. 118
53 10−3 m, R = 0.1 m, L = 0.2 m, ρ = 2796 kg/m3 , μ = 0.31, E = 119
54 71.02 × 109 Pa. As seen in Table 1, linear natural frequencies ob- Given that the total GPL weights together with shell masses are 120
55 tained in this paper show good agreement with the data obtained equal for GPLRMF shells with different types of porosity distribu- 121
56 by Qin et al. [52] and Pellicano [53]. tion and GPL distribution pattern, the relation between porosity 122
57 123
58 Table 2 124
59 Comparison of nondimensional linear natural frequencies of metal foam cylindrical shells considering symmetrically distributed porosities (m = 1, 125
L / R = 0.2, h/ R = 0.01, E 1 = 200 GPa, ρ1 = 7850 kg/m3 , μ = 0.3, Ω = ω R (ρ1 / E 1 )1/2 ).
60 126
61 n=1 n=2 n=3 n=4 127
62 e0 Present Wang and Wu [54] Present Wang and Wu [54] Present Wang and Wu [54] Present Wang and Wu [54] 128
63 0 1.2466 1.2429 1.2425 1.2387 1.2366 1.2325 1.2300 1.2256 129
64 0.2 1.2189 1.2155 1.2153 1.2118 1.2102 1.2064 1.2048 1.2006 130
65 0.4 1.1907 1.1893 1.1878 1.1862 1.1836 1.1818 1.1795 1.1772 131
0.6 1.1637 1.1677 1.1615 1.1653 1.1585 1.1620 1.1560 1.1590
66 132
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22 88
23 89
24 90
25 91
26 92
27 93
28 94
29 95
30 96
31 97
32 98
33 99
34 100
35 101
36 102
37 103
Fig. 4. Variation of nonlinear to linear frequency ratio ωN L /ωL against w max /h (m = 1, n = 3, e1 = 0.5), (a) Porosity-I; (b) Porosity-II; (c) Porosity-III.
38 104
39 105
Table 4 nonlinear to linear frequency ratio while the GPL-A shell has the
40 106
Natural frequencies ωL (Hz) of GPLRMF shell for different modes smallest one among the three types of GPL pattern.
41 (e 1 = 0.5). 107
42
In Fig. 5, variation of nonlinear to linear frequency ratio ω N L /ω L 108
n m=1 m=2 m=3 against porosity coefficient e 1 is shown. One can see that the GPL-
43 109
44
1 20.79 77.55 156.88 B shell has the largest nonlinear to linear frequency ratio while 110
2 5.61 20.87 45.45 the GPL-A shell has the smallest value. As e 1 increases, nonlinear
45 3 5.45 10.60 21.39 111
46 to linear frequency ratio of the Porosity-I shell decreases while that 112
4 9.30 10.66 15.05
47 5 14.74 15.15 16.67 of the Porosity-II shell increases. For the Porosity-III shell, nonlin- 113
48 ear to linear frequency ratios of GPL-A and GPL-B shells show a 114
49 slightly increasing tendency with e 1 . However, nonlinear to linear 115
50 coefficients e 1 , e 2 , and e 3 is investigated by solving Eq. (13). The frequency ratio of the GPL-C shell is unchanged. This is because 116
51 variations of e 1 , e 2 , and e 3 are shown in Fig. 3. It can be seen that the Porosity-III shell with GPL-C has uniform porosity and GPL 117
52 with the increase of e 1 , porosity coefficient e 2 increases while e 3 distribution, which results in synchronous decrease of linear and 118
53 decreases. nonlinear frequencies of structures. 119
54 Linear natural frequencies for different modes of the GPLRMF To demonstrate the effect of porosity distribution, Fig. 6 gives 120
55 shell are tabulated in Table 4, where Porosity-I and GPL-A are nonlinear to linear frequency ratio ω N L /ω L against e 1 for different 121
56 chosen as an example. It is seen that the mode (m = 1, n = 3) cor- porosity distributions and GPL patterns. At a fixed e 1 , it is found 122
57 responds to the smallest natural frequency (fundamental natural that the Porosity-II shell has the largest nonlinear to linear fre- 123
58 frequency) of the GPLRMF shell. Thus, this mode will be consid- quency ratio while the Porosity-I shell has the smallest ratio. With 124
59 ered as a representative mode in the following discussion. the rise of porosity coefficient e 1 , nonlinear to linear frequency ra- 125
60 Fig. 4 shows variation of nonlinear to linear frequency ratio tio of the Porosity-II shell increases while that of the Porosity-I 126
61 ωN L /ωL against vibration amplitude-to-thickness ratio w max /h of shell decreases. However, nonlinear to linear frequency ratio of the 127
62 GPLRMF cylindrical shells with various porosity distributions and Porosity-III shell changes insignificantly with e 1 . 128
63 GPL patterns. One can see that with the increase of vibration am- Fig. 7 shows the variation of nonlinear to linear frequency ratio 129
64 plitude, nonlinear to linear frequency ratio increases for all types with GPL weight fraction W GPL for different porosity distributions 130
65 of GPLRMF shells. The GPLRMF shells show hardening-spring char- and GPL patterns. With the increase of W GPL , nonlinear to linear 131
66 acteristics. It is also found that the GPL-B shell has the largest frequency ratio of the GPL-B shell increases while that of the GPL- 132
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2 68
3 69
4 70
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7 73
8 74
9 75
10 76
11 77
12 78
13 79
14 80
15 81
16 82
17 83
18 84
19 85
20 86
21 87
22 88
23 89
24 90
25 91
26 92
27 93
28 94
29 95
30 96
31 97
32 98
33 99
34 100
35 101
36 102
Fig. 5. Variation of nonlinear to linear frequency ratio ωN L /ωL against e1 (m = 1, n = 3), (a) Porosity-I; (b) Porosity-II; (c) Porosity-III.
37 103
38 104
A shell decreases; for the GPL-C shell, nonlinear to linear frequency 6. Conclusions
39 105
ratio is nearly unchanged. These results show that with the in-
40 106
crease of W GPL , hardening-spring vibration characteristics of the In this study, nonlinear free vibration of GPLRMF circular cylin-
41 107
GPL-B shell strengthen while that of the GPL-A shell weaken. drical shells is examined based on an improved Donnell nonlin-
42 108
Fig. 8 gives the variation of nonlinear to linear frequency ra- ear shell theory. Governing equations are derived via Hamilton’s
43 109
tios ω N L /ω L against GPL length-to-thickness ratio lGPL /t GPL of the principle and then they are transformed to ordinary differential
44 110
45
GPLRMF shell. With the increase of lGPL /t GPL , nonlinear to linear equations using the Galerkin method. Afterwards, the method of 111
46
frequency ratio of the GPL-A shell decreases while that of the multiple scales is employed to determine nonlinear frequencies of 112
47
GPL-B shell increases. As for the GPL-C shell, nonlinear to linear GPLRMF circular cylindrical shells. Results show that: 113
48
frequency ratio is unchanged with lGPL /t GPL , which is due to the 114
49 fact that linear and nonlinear frequencies of this shell increase and 1. GPLRMF circular cylindrical shells show hardening-spring vi- 115
50 decrease synchronously. bration behavior. Porosity-II and GPL-B can enhance the 116
51 The variation of nonlinear to linear frequency ratio ω N L /ω L hardening-spring vibration characteristics while Porosity-I and 117
52 against the GPL length-to-width ratio lGPL / w GPL is presented in GPL-A can weaken hardening-spring characteristics. 118
53 Fig. 9 for different GPL distributions. For the GPL-A shell, non- 2. Porosity coefficient has significant effect on nonlinear vibration 119
54 linear to linear frequency ratio increases with lGPL / w GPL ; for the behavior of GPLRMF circular cylindrical shells, but this effect is 120
55 GPL-B shell, however, the change tendency is totally opposite; for closely related to the porosity distribution and GPL patterns. 121
56 the GPL-C shell, nonlinear to linear frequency ratio has no change 3. GPL weight fraction plays different roles on nonlinear vibra- 122
57 with lGPL / w GPL . tion of GPLRMF shells for different GPL patterns. Increasing the 123
58 Table 5 and Table 6 show nonlinear to linear frequency ra- weight fraction of GPLs will strengthen the nonlinear harden- 124
59 tio ω N L /ω L against length-to-radius ratio (L / R) and thickness-to- ing characteristics for GPL-B shells while weakens this nonlin- 125
60 radius ratio (h/ R) of GPLRMF shells, respectively. As length-to- ear vibration behavior for GPL-A shells. 126
61 radius ratio or/and thickness-to-radius ratio increases, nonlinear 4. The geometric size of GPLs can either increases or decreases 127
62 to linear frequency ratio of GPLRMF shells increases accordingly. nonlinear to linear frequency ratio of GPLRMF shells, depend- 128
63 But the increase becomes smaller and smaller with the further rise ing on GPL distribution patterns. It should also be noted that 129
64 of length-to-radius ratio or/and thickness-to-radius ratio, showing for the GPL-C (uniform GPL dispersion), variation of GPL size 130
65 nonlinear vibration characteristics is sensitive to small length-to- does not change nonlinear to linear frequency ratio of GPLRMF 131
66 radius ratio and thickness-to-radius ratio of the GPLRMF shells. shells. 132
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17 83
18 84
19 85
20 86
21 87
22 88
23 89
24 90
25 91
26 92
27 93
28 94
29 95
30 96
31 97
32 98
Fig. 6. Variation of nonlinear to linear frequency ratio ωN L /ωL against e1 (m = 1, n = 3), (a) GPL-A; (b) GPL-B; (c) GPL-C.
33 99
34 100
35 101
36 102
37 103
38 104
39 105
40 106
41 107
42 108
43 109
44 110
45 111
46 112
47 113
48 114
49 115
50 116
51 117
52 118
53 119
54 120
55 121
56 122
57 123
58 124
59 125
60 126
61 127
62 128
63 129
64 130
65 131
66 Fig. 7. Variation of nonlinear to linear frequency ratio ωN L /ωL against GPL weight fraction W GPL (m = 1, n = 3, e1 = 0.5), (a) Porosity-I; (b) Porosity-II; (c) Porosity-III. 132
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22 88
23 89
24 90
25 91
26 92
27 93
28 94
29 95
30 96
31 97
32 98
33 99
34 100
35 101
36 Fig. 8. Variation of nonlinear to linear frequency ratio ωN L /ωL against lGPL /t GPL (m = 1, n = 3, e1 = 0.5, t GPL = 1.5 × 10−9 m, lGPL = 2w GPL ), (a) GPL-A; (b) GPL-B; (c) GPL-C. 102
37 103
38 104
39 Table 5 105
40
Variation of nonlinear to linear frequency ratio ωN L /ωL against shell length-to-radius ratio L / R (m = 1, 106
n = 3, e 1 = 0.5, R = 1 m, h = 0.002R).
41 107
42 Porosity distribution GPL pattern L/R 108
43 10 20 30 40 50 109
44 Porosity-I GPL-A 1.2536 1.9555 2.1274 2.1632 2.1737 110
45 GPL-B 1.2652 2.1376 2.3887 2.4432 2.4591 111
GPL-C 1.2604 2.0531 2.2649 2.31 2.3232
46 112
Porosity-II GPL-A 1.2802 2.4546 2.8886 2.9898 3.0197
47 113
GPL-B 1.2879 2.7247 3.3735 3.5357 3.5845
48 GPL-C 1.2851 2.6112 3.162 3.2956 3.3355 114
49 Porosity-III GPL-A 1.2626 2.0907 2.3195 2.3686 2.3829 115
50 GPL-B 1.2738 2.3171 2.6654 2.744 2.7672 116
GPL-C 1.2694 2.2149 2.505 2.569 2.5878
51 117
52 118
53 119
54 Table 6 120
55
Variation of nonlinear to linear frequency ratio ωN L /ωL against shell thickness-to-radius ratio h/ R (m = 1, 121
n = 3, e 1 = 0.5, R = 1 m, L = 20R).
56 122
57 Porosity distribution GPL pattern h/ R 123
58 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 124
59 Porosity-I GPL-A 1.9555 2.1117 2.1465 2.1591 2.1651 125
60 GPL-B 2.1376 2.3659 2.4187 2.4381 2.4473 126
GPL-C 2.0531 2.2457 2.2894 2.3054 2.313
61 127
Porosity-II GPL-A 2.4546 2.8486 2.9463 2.9829 3.0004
62 GPL-B 2.7247 3.312 3.4676 3.5271 3.5557 128
63 GPL-C 2.6112 3.1105 3.239 3.2878 3.311 129
64 Porosity-III GPL-A 2.0907 2.2988 2.3463 2.3638 2.3721 130
65 GPL-B 2.3171 2.6336 2.7097 2.738 2.7514 131
GPL-C 2.2149 2.4787 2.5406 2.5635 2.5744
66 132
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20 86
21 87
22 88
23 89
24 90
25 91
26 92
27 93
28 94
29 95
30 96
31 97
32 98
33 99
34 100
35 101
Fig. 9. Variation of nonlinear to linear frequency ratio ωN L /ωL against lGPL / w GPL (m = 1, n = 3, e1 = 0.5, t GPL = 1.5 × 10−9 m, lGPL = 5t GPL ), (a) GPL-A; (b) GPL-B; (c) GPL-C.
36 102
37 103
Conflict of interest statement n( L R A 22 + m
2 2 2
π R B 12 + L R B 22 + L n R B 22 )
2 3 2 2 2
38 C 23 = − 104
39 L 2 R 4 ρT 105
None declared.
40 n(2m2 π 2 R 3 B 66 + m2 π 2 R 2 D 12 + L 2 n2 D 22 + 4m2 π 2 R 2 D 66 ) 106
41
− , 107
L 2 R 4 ρT
42 Acknowledgements 108
43 C 24 = 0, 109
This research was supported by the National Natural Sci- 110
mπ [ L 2 R A 12 + m2 π 2 R 2 B 11 + L 2 n2 ( B 12 + 2B 66 )]
44
45 ence Foundation of China (Grant No. 11672071) and the Fun- C 31 = , 111
46 damental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. L 3 R 2 ρT 112
N170504023).
47
n( L 2 R 2 A 22 + m2 π 2 R 3 B 12 + L 2 R B 22 + L 2 n2 R B 22 ) 113
48 C 32 = − 114
49 Appendix A L 2 R 4 ρT 115
50 n(2m2 π 2 R 3 B 66 + m2 π 2 R 2 D 12 + L 2 n2 D 22 + 4m2 π 2 R 2 D 66 ) 116
The coefficients in Eqs. (39), (40), and (41) are as follows:
− ,
51 L 2 R 4 ρT 117
52 118
m 2
π R A 11 + L n A 66
2 2 2 2
L 4 R 2 A 22 + 2L 2 m2 π 2 R 3 B 12 + 2L 4 n2 R B 22 + m4 π 4 R 4 D 11
53
C 11 = − , C 33 = −
119
54 L 2 R 2 ρT L 4 R 4 ρT 120
55 mnπ ( R A 12 + R A 66 + B 12 + 2B 66 ) 2
2L m n 2 2
π R D 12 + L n D 22 + 4L m n π R D 66
2 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 121
56 C 12 = , − , 122
L R 2 ρT L 4 R 4 ρT
57 123
58 mπ [ L 2 R A 12 + m2 π 2 R 2 B 11 + L 2 n2 ( B 12 + 2B 66 )] C 34 = 0, 124
C 13 = ,
59 L 3 R 2 ρT 125
60 9m4 π 4 R 2 A 11 + L 2 n2 (2m2 π 2 R A 12 + 9L 2 n2 A 22 + 4m2 π 2 A 66 ) 126
C 14 = 0, C 35 = − ,
61 32L 4 R 2 ρ T 127
mnπ ( R A 12 + R A 66 + B 12 + 2B 66 )
62
C 21 = , C 36 = 0,
128
63 L R 2 ρT 129
64
C 22 = −
L 2 n2 R 2 A 22 + m2 π 2 R 4 A 66 + 2L 2 n2 R B 22 + 4m2 π 2 R 3 B 66 + L 2 n2 D 22 + 4m2 π 2 R 2 D 66
, C 37 = 0. 130
65 L 2 R 4 ρT 131
66 132
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