DMWWKCE
DM KCEIE MH
MHT\
T\MM OK@NCN
@NCNK
K\MW
\MW

^ ZM\WEHKW
LNMHMW
LNM []M
HMW FM\M
FM\MDN ZEWMMH
DNTK
TK\N
\NEW
EW
Oert
Oert Hnhk`k
Hnhk`khgg
hgge
e G÷rd
G÷rdev
evkk
 

NHOE\@KGN×H9
NHOE\@KGN×H9 ><;4><;;4
 

Ksp
Kspmg
mgte
tess bmhmrkcms9 pe
pesm
smsn
sn÷
÷h vs pr
prep
epnm
nmd
dkd
Ck pesm
pesmsn
sn÷h
÷h99 uh gehgm
ehgmpt
pte
e `ës
`ës oëgtn
ëgtngge qum
qum iurà
iuràdn
dngge, qum
qum sm trkd
trkdug
ugm
m uh mi
mimr
mrgn
gngn
gne
e dm fmgfe
fmgfe dm uh pedm
pedmr 
r 
selr
selrm
m uh lnmh.
lnmh.

Ces Zcmhes
Zcmhes Gkskte
Gkskternes
rnes NN y N_ te`kh
te`kh ge`e
ge`e lksm lksm ck degtrnh
degtrnhk
k dm Ierbm
Ierbm M. Gkstkû
Gkstkûmdk
mdk Zmr
Zmrkctk
kctk,, m
mh
h ck gukc sm
dmstkgk ck ndmk dm –utncndkd mgeh÷`ng
mgeh÷`ngk‐ k‐.. Ms dmgnr qum mc pesmmder mimrgntk uh pedmr selrm mc lnmh qum sm
trkdugm
trkdugm mh uh –prevmgfe
–prevmgfe mgeh÷`
mgeh÷`ng
nge‐
e‐..

Ksà
Ksà sm kdvnm
kdvnmrt
rtm
m ck dnomr
dnomrmh
mhgn
gnk
k mhtr
mhtrm
m pesms
pesmsn÷h
n÷h y sm
smrvn
rvnder
der dm ck pesms
pesmsn÷h
n÷h.. Mc smrvn
smrvnder
der tnmhm
tnmhm uh geht
gehtkg
kgte
te geh
geh mc
lnmh,
lnmh, pmr
pmre
e he eltnmhm
eltnmhm uh prevm
prevmgfe
gfe mgeh÷`
mgeh÷`nge
nge.. Kc geht
gehtrk
rkrn
rne,
e, gekdy
gekdyuvk
uvk k qum etre
etre tm
tmhbk
hbk tkc prevm
prevmgfe
gfe..

Ck pesm
pesmsn
sn÷h
÷h ge`e
ge`e fm
fmgf
gfe
e y ck pe
pesm
smsn
sn÷h
÷h ge`e
ge`e dm
dmrm
rmgf
gfe9
e9 uh dncm
dncm`k
`k `k
`kcc pckh
pckhtm
tmkd
kde.
e.
 

Zre
repn
pnmd
mdkd
kd y pes
esms
msn÷
n÷h
h

Ck prepnm
prepnmdkd
dkd ms uh dmrmg
dmrmgfe
fe sulim
sulimtnv
tnve,
e, qum eter
eterb
bk k`pcn
k`pcnks
ks okg
kguct
uctkdm
kdmss selr
selrm
m uh lnmh.
lnmh.

Wm pumdm
pumdm smr
smr prepn
prepnmt
mtkr
krne
ne sn
snh
h pesm
pesmsn
sn÷h
÷h y sm
smrr pesmm
pesmmder
der snh
snh smr
smr prepn
prepnmt
mtkr
krne.
ne. Ck pesms
pesmsn÷h
n÷h ms uh
nhdng
nhdngkt
ktnv
nve
e dm ck prepn
prepnmd
mdkd
kd,, pmr
pmre rm
rmck
cktnv
tnve9
e9 –Mc pesmm
pesmmder
der sm prms
prmsu`
u`mm prepn
prepnmt
mtkr
krne
ne‐‐ (k
(krt.
rt. >;<
>;< dm
dmcc GG).
GG).

Zrepnmd
Zrepnmdkd
kd mh sm
smhtnd
htnde
e gehstn
gehstntugn
tugnehkc
ehkc y prepnm
prepnmdkd
dkd mh sm
smhtn
htnde
de gnvnc.
gnvnc.

Ck pesmsn
pesmsn÷h
÷h gehcc
gehccmv
mvk k k ck pr
prepn
epnmd
mdkd
kd `mdnk
`mdnkht
htm
m ck us
usug
ugkpn
kpn÷h9
÷h9 mc smrv
smrvnd
nder
er dm ck pes
pesms
msn÷
n÷h
h ik`ës
ik`ës pumdm
pumdm
usugkpnrr e prmsgr
usugkpn prmsgrnln
nlnrr.
 

µTutmck gehs
gehstn
tntu
tugn
gne
ehk
hkcc dm ck pes
esms
msn÷
n÷h5
h5
• WTG
WTG Hº 7:=:-<:;;-Z
7:=:-<:;;-ZK, K, ouhdk`mhte
ouhd k`mhte =9 [um mh mstm erdmh dm ndmks gklm smûkckr qum mc Trnluhkc Trnluhkc
Gehstntugnehkc vnmhm sulrkykh
sulrkykhde de mh su iurnsprudmhgnk qum –(...) sn lnmh
lnmh mc dm
dmrm
rmgf
gfe
e dm prep
prepnmnmdk
dkd d tnmh
tnmhmm
rmgeheg
rmgehegn`n
n`nmh
mhte
te y pretmg
pretmggn÷
gn÷h
h gehstn
gehstntugtugneh
nehkc
kc dm gehoer
gehoer`nd
`ndkdkd geh ce mstklc
mstklcmgn
mgnde
de mh humstrk
humstrk Gehstnt
Gehstntugn÷
ugn÷hh
Zecàtngk
Zecàtngk dmc Mstkde
Mstkde,, he tedes ces kspmgtes dm dngfe ktrnlute
ktrnlute ouhdk`mhtkc
ouhdk`mhtkc pumdmh
pumdmh gehsndmrkrsm
gehsndmrkrsm dm
rmcmvkhgnk gehstntugnehkc. Ms mstemste ùctn`e ce qum sugmdm prmgnsk`mhtm geh ck pesmsn÷h qum, he elstkh elstkhtmtm
gehonburkrs
geho nburkrsm m ge
ge`e
`e uhe dm ces mcm`mhtes
mcm`mhtes qum nhtmbrk
nhtmbrk ckck prepnmdkd, he pmrtmhmgm
pmrtmhmgm kc hùgcme
hùgcme dure e
ge
gehtm
htmhnd
hndee msmhgnkc
msmhgnkc dm ck `ns`k , gkrmgnmhde per tkhte tkhte dm pretmggn÷h mh smdm gehstntugnehkc, cn`ntëhdesm
cn`ntëhdesm
su rmg
rmgehe
ehegngn`n
`nmh
mhte
te y mv
mvmh
mhtuk
tukcc tutmc
tutmck
k k ces
ces supum
supumst
stes
es y `mgkhn
`mgkhns` es Qcmbkcms qum ck cmy ms
s`es mstkl
tklcmg
cmgmP k tr
trkv
kvîs
îs  
dm ces pregm
pregmses
ses erdn
erdnhkrn es (…)‐ QGor. WT
hkrnes WTG
G H.
H.¹¹ 722
7227-
7-<:
<::4-
:4- KKKK/T
/TG
G y \T
\TG
G :7;:
:7;::-<
:-<::?-
::?-Z
ZK/T
K/TG,
G, \T
\TG
G ==26
==26-<:
-<::?-
:?-
ZK/TG, \T
\TGG :777?-<::
:777?-<::6- 6-
ZK/TG y \TG :<;:;-<::>-Z
:<;:;-<::>-ZK/TG
K/TG,, mh
mhtr
trm
m et
etrrks
ksP.
P.
 

Zrelcm`ks dmrnvkdes dmc N_ Zcmhe Gkskterne

Cumb
Cumbe
eli ee dm
elimt
mte dm ck dk
dkgn
Zcm gn÷h
Zcmhes
hes÷h dmc
dm
Iur c N_
Iurnsd
nsdngg Zc
Zcmh
mhe
nggneh e Gk
nehkcmGksk
s eskt
kcms ter
dmern
neepum
pr , mcumst
prep `n
`ns`
s`e
stks e brk
ks pk
pkrkmh
mhmr
mr÷
Zcm÷hes.
`ù
`ùct
Zcmhes . ctnnpc
pcms
ms pr
prel
elcm
cm`k
`kss qu
qum
m fk
fkh
h sn
snde
de

Dmskce
Dmskceie
ie vs Zrm
Zrmsgr
sgrnpg
npgn÷h
n÷h Kdq
Kdquns
unsnt
ntnv
nvk
k dm De`nhne
De`nhne..

Dmskce
Dmskceie
ie per vmh
vmhgn
gn`nm
`nmht
hte
e dm geht
gehtrk
rkte
te..

Dmsk
Dmskce
ceie
ie y ck Cm
Cmy
y Hº 7:
7:<:
<:;
; (Cm
(Cmy
y dm
dmcc –Dm
–Dmsk
skce
ceie
ie Mx
Mxpr
prms
mss‐
s‐).
).

Dmskceie
Dmskceie mhtrm
mhtrm ok`ncnk
ok`ncnkrms
rms.
 

Dmsk
Dmskce
ceie
ie mhtr
mhtrm
m ok`n
ok`ncn
cnkr
krms
ms
Ck pre
prelcm
lcm`ë
`ëtntngk
gk dmc dmskce
dmskceieie mhtr
mhtrm
m ok`ncn
ok`ncnkrm
krmss he kpkrmg
kpkrmgm
m `mhgne
`mhgnehkd
hkdk
k mxpc
mxpcàg
àgnt
ntk`
k`mh
mhtm
tm mh
mc tm
tmxt
xte
e dm ck sm
smht
htmh
mhgn
gnk
k dmc
dmc N_ Zcmh
Zcmhee Gksk
Gkskte
tern
rne
e Gnvn
Gnvnc.
c.

]h ok
ok`
`ncnk
ncnkrr pu
pumd
mdm m e he tmh
mhmr
mr uh tàt
àtuc
ucee hmbe
hmbeggnkc
nkc pkrk pesmmr, per
per ce qu
qumm mh mstm gkse
gkse sm
cm pum
pumdm
dm kpc
kpcngk
ngkrr cks rmb
rmbcks
cks bmh
bmhmrk
mrkcms
cms.. Mim`pc
Mim`pce9
e9 mc prepnm
prepnmtk
tkrne
rne pumdm
pumdm gmcmlr
gmcmlrkr
kr uh kgte
kgte
 iuràdnge geh uh ok`ncnkr suye, mh vnrtud dmc gukc mstm dmvnmhm mh cmbàtn`e pesmmd pesmmder.
er.

µMxnst
xnstm
m lk
lksm
sm her`
her`kt
ktnv
nvk
k pk
pkrk
rk ge
gehs
hsnd
ndmr
mrk
kr qu
qum
m ck se
seck
ck ok`n
ok`ncn
cnkr
krnd
ndkd
kd e pkrm
pkrmht
htms
msgge ms
bmhmrkde
bmhm rkderr dm uh tàtuce
tàtuce pkrk
pkrk pesmmr5
pesmmr5
 

Grntmrnes iurnsprudmhgnkcms selrm mc dmskceie

mhtr
mhtrm
m ok
ok`n
`ncn
cnkr
krms
ms
Zrm
Zrmde
de`n
`nh
hk mc kh
khëc
ëcns
nsns
ns dmc gk
gksse pe
perr gkse, he pu
pudn
dnî
îhd
hdes
esm
m gehs
ehsndmr
ndmrkr
kr

qum
qu m ck seck
seck ok`n
cmbntn`kder. ok`ncn
cnkr
krnd
ndkd
kd dk cubkr
ubkr sn
snm`
m`pr
prm
m k uh tà
tàtu
tuce
ce pe
pesm
smse
sern
rne
e

Wm kdvnmrtm qum sm pregurk ck tutmck dm ck uhndkd ok`ncnkr,

mvkcukhde
mvkcu khde qum mc dms
dmskceie
kceie he qun
qunmlrm
mlrm ck `ns`k
`ns`k (Gks. Hº ;264
;264--
<:;<
<:;<-N
-Ngk
gk y Gk
Gks.
s. Hº ;>64
;>64-<
-<:;
:;2-
2-Cn
Cn`k
`k Wur)
Wur)..
 

Grntmrnes iurnsprudmhgnkcms selrm mc dmskceie

mhtr
mh trm
m ok
ok`n
`ncn
cnkr
krms
ms
Wm nh
nhv
vegkh
egkh tk
tk`l
`lnî nîh
h ge
gehs
hsndndmr
mrkg
kgne
nehm
hmss dm gkr
gkrëgtm
ëgtmrr ge
gehs
hstntntu
tugn
gneh
ehkc
kc,, ge`e
ge`e ck tu
tutm
tmck
ck dm ck
dnbhndkd fu`khk, ck ok`ncnk, mh mh mspmgnkc dm ces hnûes y khgnkhes mh sntukgn÷h dm
vuchmrkl
vuchm rklncndk
ncndkd,
d, ksà ge`e
ge`e ces dmlm
dmlmrms
rms dm ksnstmhgn
ksnstmhgnkk rm
rmgàp
gàpre
regk
gk mhtr
mhtrm m pkdr
pkdrms
ms m fni
fnies,
es,
geho
ehoer`m
er`m k ce
cess krtà
krtàgu
guce
cess ;, 4 y ? dm ck Ge
Gehs
hstn
tntu
tugn
gn÷h
÷h (G
(Gks
ks.. Hº <>4=
<>4=-< -<:;
:;7-
7-Cn
Cn`k
`k y Gk
Gks.
s. Hº
44<=-<:;=-Cn`k
44<=-<: ;=-Cn`k Mstm).

Cks gehsndmr
gehsndmrkgne
kgnehms
hms dm erdmh
erdmh gehs
gehstntug
tntugneh
nehkc
kc pumdm
pumdmh
h m`pcmkrs
m`pcmkrsm
m pkrk
pkrk dmsms
dmsmstn`kr
tn`kr ck
dm`khdk
dm`khd k dm dms
dmskce
kceie
ie mh
mhtr
trm
m ok
ok`nc
`ncnk
nkrm
rms,
s, sn ms qum hm
hmbk
bkrr mc dmskce
dmskceie
ie pmr
pmriud
iudng
ngk
k dmrmgf
dmrmgfes es
ou
ouhd
hdk`
k`mh
mhtk
tkcc y k`
k`mh
mhkz
kzkk ck su
suls
lsns
nstm
tmhg
hgnk
nk `ns`
`ns`k k dm ck pkrt
pkrtmm dm
dm`k
`khdhdkh
khtm
tm (G
(Gks
ks.. Hº 42
424<
4<--
<:;2-Gusge).
 

Grntmrnes iurnsprudmhgnkcms selrm mc dmskceie

mhtr
mhtrm
m ok
ok`n
`ncn
cnkr
krms
ms
Khëcnsn
snss. Ck gums
msttn÷h dm ck mxtmhsn÷h dmc dmrmgfe dm use k
ces ok`
k`nc
ncnk
nkrm
rms.
s.

Mc gkse
gk
tntn
tn ckrse
tnck dm
r dm
dmc ck`uml
c nh
nh`uGert
Ge rtm
mcm,dm
mlcm Kremq
, pmr
mremqun
unp
qum
qu mpyk9k fn
fnik
heikce
ormh
ormht
mstpe
m kr pk
per pkdr
drm
m sm
fklmr
fkl qum
qu
mrsm m ou
oum
m
momg
mo mgtu
tukd
kdee kh
khtn
tngn
gnpe
pe dm cmbàt
cmbàtn`
n`kk mh okokver dm ck
ck dm
dm`k
`khd
hdkh
khtm
tm..
 

Dmrmgfe k ck vnvnmhdk y kcn`mhtes

Mc kcgkh
kcgkhgm
gm dmc d
dmr
mrmgf
mgfe
e k ces kcn
kcn`mh
`mhtes
tes99 ck vnvnm
vnvnmhdk
hdk..

µDmlmr
µDmlmrsm
sm kcn
kcn`mh
`mhte
tess n`p
n`pcng
cngk
k dml
dmlmr
mrsm
sm vnv
vnvnmh
nmhdk5
dk5

µMhtrm
µMht rm qu
qunm
nmhm
hmss fk
fky
y el
elcn
cnb
bkg
kgn÷
n÷h
h kcn`m
kcn`mht
htkr
krnk
nk y gu
gukh
khde
de5
5 ]hk gu
gums
mstn
tn÷h
÷h grug
grugnk
nkc9
c9 µq
µqun
unîh
îh
tnmh
tnmhm
m ck gkrbk dm ck prum
uml lk5

µZumdm
µZum dm kh
khkc
kcnz
nzkr
krsm
sm ck sntu
sntukg
kgn÷
n÷h
h dm ces kcn`m
kcn`mhthtes
es mh mc pr
pregm
egmse
se dm dmskc
dmskcei
eie5
e5 Wà
Wà,, pe
perq
rqum
um
mc N_ Zc
Zcmh
mhe
e Gk
Gksk
skte
tern
rne
e, rmoer
moerzzkde
kde pe
perr mc NV Zcm
Zcmhe
he Gksk
Gkskte
tern
rne
e, pm
pmr`
r`nt
ntm
m
 

Fkgnk uh humve mhoequm9 Zcmhe Gnvnc dm Cn`k

dmc <:;>
Cks cm
cmym
ymss mspmgn
mspmgnkcm
kcmss tutmck
tutmckhh dm oe
oer`
r`k
k
mspm
ms pmgn
gnkc
kc k cks
cks pmr
pmrse
sehk
hkss mh sntu
sntukg
kgn÷
n÷h
h dm
vuchmrklncndkd, mspmgnkc`mhtm
mspmgnkc`mhtm k ces
hnûe
hnûes,
s, hn
hnûk
ûks,s, kdec
kdecms
msgmgmht
htms
ms y kduct
kductes
es Ces kcn`mhte
kcn`mhtess mh mc
mc G÷dnbe
G÷dnbe dm ces
ces
`kye
`k yerm
rms,
s, dm gehoe
gehoer` r`nd
ndkd
kd geh
geh mc Hnûes y Kdecmsgmhtms y su rmckgn÷h geh

G÷dnb
G÷dnbe dm ce
cess Hnûe
Hnûess y Kdec
Kdecms
msggmh
mhttms ‗ ck vnvnm
vnvnmhdk
hdk99 krtà
krtàguc
guce
e >< dm mstm
mstm G÷dnb
G÷dnbe.
e.
Cmy Hº<2772 y Cmy Hº7:4>: - Cmy dm ck
Zmrsehk
Zmrsehk Kductk
Kductk @kye
@kyerr.
 

Fkgnk uh humve mhoequm9 Zcmhe Gnvnc dm Cn`k

dmc <:;>

K`pcne kcgkhgm dm ck Mc k`pc

k`pcnene kcgk
kcgkhg
hgmm dm
ck elcnbkgn÷h dm
elcnbkgn÷
elcnbkgn÷h
h dm prms
prmstk
tkrr ]hndkd ok`ncnkr mh
prmstkr
prms tkr vnvnmhdk mh
mh
vnvnmhdk mh okver dmc okver dmc hnûe y dmc
okver
ok ver dm ces kductes
kd uctes
hnûe y dmc kdecmsgmh
kdecmsgmhtmtm99 krtàguce
krtàguce
kdecmsgmh
kdecm sgmhtm9
tm9 krtàguce
krtàguce 6 dm mstm G÷dn
G÷dnb be. `kyerm
`kye rms9
s9 krtàguce
krtàguce
2.;.
2.;.l
l dm mst
mstk Cmy
Cmy
>7 dm mstm G÷d
G÷dnbe
nbe.
mspmgnkc.
 

Dmsk
Dmskce
ceie
ie y pes
esms
msn÷
n÷h
h fmrmdntkrnk
krnk

µZu
Zumd
mdee pc
pck
khtmkr uh dmdmsk
skce
ceie
ie se
selr
lrm
m ck lk
lksmsm dm ck gehd
hdng
ngn÷
n÷hh dm
fmrrmd
fm mdmr
mree5 Wà
Wà,, pu
pums
ms mc dm
dmrrmg
mgfe
fe fm
fmrrmd
mdntntkr
krne
ne m`
m`kh
khkk dm ck cm
cmy
y y ck
pret
pretmg
mggn
gn÷h
÷h dmc lnm
lnmh
h fm
fmrm
rmdnt
dntkr
krne
ne gk
gkcno
cnong
ngkk ge`e
ge`e kgkgte
te dm kd`nh
kd`nhns nstr
trkg
kgn÷
n÷h.
h.

µ[uî sug
µ[uî sugmd
mdm
m mh uhk d dm`
m`kh khdk
dk dm dm
dmsk
skce
ceie
ie d dm
m fmr
fmrmd
mdmr
mree geh
ehtr
trk
k
fmrrmd
fm mdmr
mre
e5 He prpreg
egmd
mdm,m, pu
pumsms mc dm
dm`k
`khdhdkd
kde e tm
tmhd
hdrà
ràk
k ck geh
ehdn
dngn
gn÷h
÷h dm
gepre
prepn
pnm
mtkrn
rne
e. Ck pk
pkrt
rtnd
ndkk dm hk
hkgn
gn`n
`nmh
mhtte y mc DH
DHNN sm
smrà
ràk
k `ë
`ëss qum
suong
suongnm
nmht
htm
m pk
pkrrk kg
kgrm
rmdn
dntk
tkrr mc tàt
tàtuce
uce sug
sugms
mser
erne
ne..
 

NHOE\@KGN×H9
NHOE\@KGN×H9 ><;4><;;4
 

Dmsk
Dmskce
ceie
ie y pes
esms
msn÷
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