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Demystifying SPSS It's Not As Complicated As You Might Think
Demystifying SPSS It's Not As Complicated As You Might Think
0 = Male
1 = Female
1
1
2
1
1
1
3
4
1
2
1 = Strongly Disagree
2 = Disagree
3 = I don’t know
4 = Agree
5 = Strongly Agree
Now, let’s define our variables
Levels of Measurement
Data
Categorical Scale
Qualitative Quantitative
0 = Male
ASK Week Spring 2011
1 = Female
Identify the level of measurement for each variable
1 = Strongly Disagree
2 = Disagree
3 = I don’t know
4 = Agree
ASK Week Spring 2011 5 = Strongly Agree
ENTERING DATA
Choose ONE
Save as type:
.sav for data files
.spo for output files
Variable names
(Row 1)
If NOT
Enter correct range here
Categorical
1 Variable
e.g., Gender
Frequency table
Mode and/or Median
use Frequencies in SPSS
Categorical
2 Variables
e.g., Stress by Gender
Contingency table
use Crosstabs in SPSS
Quantitative
1 Variable
e.g., Travel time (min)
Descriptive Stats
use Frequencies or
Descriptive Statistics in SPSS
Descriptives
option
Frequencies
option
ASK Week Spring 2011
Summarising Variables Numerically
Quantitative – Scale
Quantitative
Quantitative
by
Categorical
e.g., Travel time by
Mode of travel
Descriptive Stats
use Explore in SPSS
Level of Measurement?
Categorical
1 Variable
e.g., Job Satisfaction
Frequency table
Mode and/or Median
use Frequencies in SPSS
Statistics
Charts
• Bar
• Pie
• Histogram
Frequency tables
Total A
Total B
White/European Male
Asian Female
West Indian
African
Level of Measurement?
Categorical
2 Variables
e.g., Ethnicity by
Gender
Contingency table
use Crosstabs in SPSS
Contingency table
(Counts or %’s)
•Observed tallies
• Expected tallies
Crosstab statistics
• Chi-square
• Correlations
Clustered bar charts
Add 1 or more
categorical
variables for row
and column
Output
One crosstabs table
between each row
and column variable
SPSS helps out by
identifying which
stats should be
used on certain
data types
Cases
Valid Missing Total
N Percent N Percent N Percent
Ethnic Group * Gender 70 100.0% 0 .0% 70 100.0%
Gender
female male Total
Ethnic White/European Count 22 14 36
Observed
Group Expected Count 20.1 15.9 36.0 Expected
% of Total 31.4% 20.0% 51.4%
% out of 70
Asian Count 8 10 18
Expected Count 10.0 8.0 18.0
% of Total 11.4% 14.3% 25.7%
West Indian Count 8 6 14
Expected Count 7.8 6.2 14.0
% of Total 11.4% 8.6% 20.0%
African Count 1 1 2
Expected Count 1.1 .9 2.0
% of Total 1.4% 1.4% 2.9%
Total Count 39 31 70
Expected Count 39.0 31.0 70.0
% of Total 55.7% 44.3% 100.0%
Level of Measurement?
Summarising Variables Numerically
Quantitative – Scale
Quantitative
1 Variable
e.g., Gross Annual Income
Descriptive Stats
use Frequencies or
Descriptive Statistics in SPSS
Statistics
Charts
• Bar
• Pie
• Histogram
Frequency tables
Limited statistics
• Mean, SE of Mean
• Stdev, Variance
• Range, Min, Max
• Skewness, Kurtosis
Standardised values
saved as variables:
Z-values for Gross
Annual Income
Level of Measurement?
Summarising Variables Numerically
Quantitative – Scale
Quantitative
Quantitative
by
Categorical
e.g., Gross Annual Income by
Gender
Descriptive Stats
use Explore in SPSS
Statistics
Plots
• Boxplots
• Stem-and-leaf
• Histogram
• Normality plots
Outputs most
descriptives
Add 1 or more
offered under
categorical
Frequencies
variables here
• Undergraduates:
Friday 12.00-13.00
ASK area, ground floor of library
• Post Graduates:
Thursdays 13.30-15.00
Graduate School Training Room
(it’s in with the offices on the top floor)