UNIT- : Daohoblity Tegy

Epinok 4 i o phgtal pmouns o) aclen uhen tutromes an

Obtaved orå noted.
oll
wwww
The Sinqe perfomane of an espuimert (whith has outrn)
callid a tiotl
Camplk SpocE &et of oll postble Duttomu of on expesrnet : calltd
Somple 8pace. Denotd by 3)
Psobabtlty-70 the cach Outtome deined n o Somple 3pace Jiol
9Ap a
Dn-DAgpEe DuToker collecd a. pr Chokilit
frd t is a funtHon.
E alte the Somple Spoce of the txperfment rolig a de.
Samplu Spact e 1olling cice1,,3,4,56
Wrtte the Sample spate experfmerit dech ef Sa coadt.

34 ia,4a,3,0,5,4,3,2,9, 10,8,1,2
hat is the probobility o qeting 8tk a Buteome ohen oe
Condut the Experimert oToltra the dlee.
Let A' be the getYng B s buttore
onnt hoo ioo
P)- Jssbrd lad
p eSAmple Sgoce
Thae axe too
tpa oCanph Spatesi:h tontruus Sampk gotoi
at) Dtcvete Oamplk patte
n Covdhoucus &ample spat sthe Budtomes ae cordrurudy distrtbuit
In Atrrdt Somple &pate, the Bucttames ale tscvete in nate

Prohabilty of A , P{A) 70
A f r an cvent, uohere eveot
the dubset of the dampk pac
number
then A t non
probabslty tf ne gative
2.The probabtlty d dample Spate is always ne(
, The probabilty o Cer toin event (ov) fure Cvent it aluiays
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Bne(1) becaue it wi alsay omes a an Suttomt m for univesal
 auo P(PS)- .
truths
-

4 is impoible evend, thm probabt liy o impetble cvebt t

(01) The Probability of null &t i zuo
16, P(
AA>,Ag --An0 n Dumber of cven toen the probabiity
Unionp no-e venta r cgual to Jum e ird ivid ual prohabit

b evct
then, P(,)pa)

6,3,4,58}lous
P()-

EVent Event s the dubet ef the dample space, Some times we can
Say we tan day t it the uttome f the expeiiment.

here 0ve deret types of evenu,, o ofoge hob

Ctrlain and mpouible 'evenlg0 pp
si sd a

a)Mutually Extlustve eventu

) Equally Litely Evts
Exhouwtive eventcolectvely kxhoutve Evenli oh a
9 Eguality tj tvent oP
Havouroble Event h amhg sil sog sdiad, nulao)d

An event is Certain ,t t alaus oppeau au ao

Outcome.
An event which never O(tuY an
2mp0sfble event
Mutualy Excuive Exco
On two evnla in
Exper iment bave, no commorn Outomes then
thty ae &atd to be mutualy exclusve event

yilorg sd
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 Expeximent
3qualy tky kvah
July h a iven ont of the evena to
hen the two
aSample Spate docanot operd on anothey &verrt,
cveri av called
pually ükely CVenl.
3.
4) Exhautive &Xng tAl postble evenit in a Sample Space avt alltd
Exhautive Everta.
Considey an Expeb olltoa a ohe ,the Exhaustive fven ar 6,
4 ihe Cose otton Wtee the Exhaustive Evenu au 36,
41 t & the case 7 deck dl Cauds, the Exhauutive kverig au 5).

5avourable ven-In a given Expe. the no e Qutcomes ,which

01e fovou able to qet the eguird Cventt ae talled favourable
(o3) 3
Cven
k9ra a king tvom a deck (ov) pack o 5 cadi, then
he favousáble Evenu au A
l n a aolling dfce xpe. what ave the Ddd number Dutcemes

ND.0 savouiable tvent buttoms au 3,

ualty Kventîn a given Sample Space tuoo evenG au called

Equal boh Evni have the ame Elemen

A ()7
f an vonb and 8 another Event h | AB ,then
avt tgual évenu. do
o

Aand B

tlastol bootoo ef obuity at defined a he, 7ab ef

psible Bukome.
4the no pvouable butcemy to thetotal no-e

mathe matieal modal of an Expeviment, oe

l e are desiqnîng a

folloing three things,

Deed to onsider h
) Assignmert D Sample space
)Deftration 01 Event f inests i colldon
ptodor
S Make alehat all thre axioms au sattsyicd
asstqnment to the even &uth that the
, making Propabilty
axomu au ottied
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 phen tuwo diceu are yoled the fla verii are

0 Sum h dum= zs 410 i Sur LS12

hen nd he Probab:ltu this hrt &venth

Oample Spate of the expevimert

(1,) 1,2) (,3) (,4) (1, )
(,2) (1,3) (2,)
6,) 3 (33) (3,u) (3,9) (3)
(4, (42) 4,3 (u) (4 ()
6) 5)&) (5,19 (S,9 6
6) 6,2) (6,3) (6,1) (6,9 6,)
Ket Pbe the Sum-7. (ro) 13h o m pri e
hen the
P(o) 6 36 dnsv socunvo
g8hug rsiotu bid sdt-co arGsq 3th
met B be the Sum orilo9
LSL10.
then he PB)
36

i) Ket ¬ be ahe 8um3308eS212

3O 3
then the Plc) -
lu

*Cloyiel ireto Robabi Pa)NA toal oukt

he &irstoeo lsl BRpRash
lhe ClaKical definatfon f Coruidered f all the i evn
Carple dpate 01 Efualy ly o amotot ddoroo
t h e Evenu au not Egually likey then uoe cannet, deline the

Probabiy. Jobor sho insifor

phs swo s
+ he totah no.hvouaaie butt emui ate in linfty Hor a gNen
ExP then e auo we canntt k fine the prvbab?ty
Phobabittyo COuninglep intenuidy taynvs o

btl vo unoiro
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Relative unydelirition e/ Probabtlty ) od)0
A
gf a 20ndom oxpeiment ie bepeattd by 'n' no 4ims hen
fventt OCcuu for 'n(a) no-of time then probabili o

OCCwingthe Event deflne

PIA) J A)
h>

tatios aboe pehad- udblsb

roo Hmes then he
f he vandom Exper iment perfoxmed for mbre

Probabilty happening an Evet s decyeased

Axiomaiedefoatoo tor Pebabstty od6

)The Probability ef occuance of the Event ' tes betioer 0 and 1,

hith s a non-neqative numbe 02 P(A) 2 1aua)y

(8)The probability otuLnarite of 6ample space s Egual to ont Pl):1

B)4f thevt avc no bmutually excuive évent thtn

N'
tigplAN):1E0ea.)
P,AAy Anv hen Plo)a PlA)PLA me)

auo Hhe 9nsexsecten of an Vens 1a null tet s ld

h 1,2,3

The Pobabi Dul ce pa dfta, an

bov
Po 0 ( (aa
a
4 n(A UB -n (p)+ n (9)- n(an8)
Proof ishih

niAU) n(o-an(p n) an(8-

n)-n(np@)+n(opgn/4)-nhns
nlnuB) n(a)4 n(8)- n(e ne
A-BBA
ADB

5n(n8) o(o)+n(8)- n{ouB) (

6 D(AU D(n) tn(B) ;A,B a mutually txeluive évents

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8) A-1-A
 (onB)u (n6)
10 AnB bB d
AOB B-A
*Joot ond Codtionol Probobttty
Jebt BsbetyTf A,8 a any tuo0 tVenla Qny 9
Cample spae hen the jotnt probabsly ef Dctutant Évend t
deineo by,

Lohtee, n(n8 the

happening
the joind Event e and 'n
the total ne-ef fmu the Eepestmant t paybimud
P(eve)-p(a)+ P{B). PAn8) vhopor grr

o
TAB a7e too înde pendent Evenlubeo oarg
Condttonal pba probabibty bvert ' shen the
verd'B aheadu cciud it knosn a Condt
hat
tona Probabi
Ard Egual to h eulatfve hequuny OCumante
tvent AB,h apect to brcman t joi
b the Event B has

Plols)-
n()
dividethe nr. and d . bu' () a-9ua

na)erlfny (BY,
J

n(
n n nr-(a)as (o)o8
P/o)Pon
P P( if P() +0.
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The Conelrttohal vobobsbty Bi 9ivep 4

P/Yh) PhoR
P
40.n
Total rboEy Jeoum:
Contider a given Oope Space 's' is divdecl into ' nD-e mutualy

Excausfve Even
e, Brpn :,mts
Then he Saople Space,,' can be givn as,
1
B,0B,UB VBy o
e Any Event in he
Sample Space then, Aobabibty ooctwane
A, Pe) Expreeo in tevms ol Coreh fonal paobabiik hs;

dubctpmple poe A ubset [hc

hen, Ans-A
An

AAen,
taking the probability On Both elde,hum 6

Pb)UPons,? on o
Stntt Bn is mutually Excluive Cvenls,then An8, s also
mutually Ereluve tvnt

wing the axiomatie definfton oPobabihy,

N
Pn) Pla ob,)
Pl) /)p(&) by Cormlitioal probabilty
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 bay the orm4 stotu that the conliHiOnal probabtthy

tolal Probabi(ty P(o) a

t(B/p xpresedn tet my pf he

Pe-/o) Pone)
P(a) (nh

P&4)P(0nB)
. 24
2

P(6)Ple.). ()
Pns.)Pe)
The Probabtlit P(Bn) ave knoon as apiori. ie, ther probabitey
easuud bpu the corduction pf the Expeaimtrd.)
The probabs(ite P(Bn/n) 4 P(fe/B, a knoon a apétt apiosi e
A
these poobabiltties a masd ates the Conductlon he xpesimad
A-20
+Robokilhy wganudadiors gpd onbioad'ocw
Ihe peamuiations a wed in electing the Brodey D diHerente fo
no- thiings rom a given 'n' no-el hin.gs. Henice he novf ayg
te dhis Peimutotiona bsu,18 pi
PP
(n-1 lo at(
Cembinalfon au ued oheu he Brcer of pocfeunceis not impertant
taken from 'n'
nobins and aho:0 ay te do thit cembinatiena

nC
(n-ly

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 Bevngul a t u h e holkieh involves only the too éven
ou the Dutcomes nd theue tratls aYe Xeptoted fov 'N ho D trafl,
heue no-o trafk on called as Bernouliy hat
EgTossthq O coin for 4housond no-b e s ,the Expesimert ohte
involves the hHthg toget te hu he bamplesof
Benoult thotly
The Pyobabilty happeniny tvent txactly for k no-o tmts,
h e Expesiment üs pe/ormed Hor Nno-of Hraflu i ven by

P)- Nc,p N-K)

Binomial appaoximatton.
probabit ty Dhappering o fvecvt A
(
P-
9 probabiG* o not hoppentrg t fvcrd ,o hat Pa9-1
Tf N i Very lange and P s vevy Small then the approximaton
Can be given accov ding to the po?ttons OpprOximatior

PA Exactly fox k time), Can be iven by n r

Pla)-2 aNP sdod iok nioo
4 k and N-k aæ VeTy tatge then the approxfmation nO

changu te Demofvie lapla e approximation.hunis l

-NP)2
P(A Exattly k timas), P(n) e ANR-D
V2NP-P
An perfment Conutst o Dbtevinq the Sum b euteomts hen too

7olr o'u throon,fnd )Probab?thy that tHe Sum

au

h Phobabtly that the Jum s >10.

)favousable utcom for sum to be 7 C,6) (2,) (3,)

tu,3) ), 6,)

Sum 1o s
6,9, (6,0,(6,)f
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 Single Caxd i dhaon from a 52 Cosd deck,what th

obabilPty hat he Cand i Jack.

CyProbab:lty that he (ad is 5 o) smalls
mthe CaAd a ed 10ent e l dov
) aobabt ity fov a Jack
Po) (0t) 3 13

)Paobability for5 o) les,

't.3
B)
131 pittindord -9

1uth Aphabity a ved io rdoiarg

PC)2
ofyorget snot S2C
h ro 9h
26
ovip d

TwO Car a aasn rom a oetk e Sa taxd, 4ind the

Probabty that boh the Casds a ates [].
gtts the disuei tet o Sample Spat

4f A, is the Evert o drawfng heigt caid as ACe and A , t

the Event of drawnghe setoroCard s Ai ot 3eu

then, P(): P//A1)itta b h

ot
P(,n0,) p1obabilitydiawing both ace Cards.
P(pine,): wOu3 slaruu
P/o).7(P)

P(PP & Probabiity dawing econd taud as ace if aluua

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s t casd dra
 (os)
P(o,na)- C
ANumbty Yi ele cted vandomy fron a set o , 2 , 3 - - ,100

G fven thaf the numbex tlected dtviPble by 2. Find he prcka lH-

h o t i s diviible by 3 Dy 5

p(A) Probabtlty +hat no. dvithle by So

oD
A he fvent Considered tht ho. is
divisiblk by 3
AP sfs he
he Eventcontidevel h t hoisdivioible by S

P(A)33 P() : 5
DD
honohi0Pok tosteoqm
tosfeoqm rh
P(A,UA3 A) s he pphabr1y hotu7he no 1s divfsible by
3c0) 5 ohith is alteady divitfble by
on)it upreaendcolby U.

P(B,UPs/e,) P(,Un)nn)th 000 oo) sa0 o3

bdgslst
PCR) tud toit v/todoct

P(PsUPa/a) A n A) + P(fa nA)-P(A%Dn)n (nsna,)

Pp,vns) p) Pl0,nA)+P(h3n n)- pP(n, n9,nh)

fooP(h)
ivisible hy both 243
dvisble b bott 2
PlP,0P) 100 00

P(A,nnns) dhvieible by al 213,S

P(A,Un3/A)=1/100 1De/0

ale)1(al
50
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 selected rondonly , ohat , the
5) 4f a oligft
fou pin fs

eupeated dig1t fn he pln lum

Probabtlty hot the a no

oe f he thautt e delrebng a nofom 10

S0 Sam fov all 4 blauks
oul
hen total comes is 10 10Cj 10cy 10

to be mafntatned a the digit Should Dt b

0ade it imporBant
no

eiepecded8o 1aveuabt Duftemes lOp,1o wiri 3

Pln)1P,
bhosglo AstA2(0)

6 Box One Contafns 2000 dliodes Dfohich 1 1 0 au defecf v e .

BOx Hwo (ontains 3000 dfodes ofohfoh 5 au detetive

trom a Tandomuy Seleted box
picked (1404)3a0
Find the
ToO diodes au

that both dipdes a detective .

Probabrlty
the pro babiltty that heu
y4 both a defective then wohat &

Came om box 1 tiS+ defecfive dfade,

a4
onuicks tht vent D
Da as seond defecfie diock
00 O1
G
19
1999: O 099

b PO). PC/B)-P(®) +PPIs,)+P(e)- .ts by total pyoba

theod
P(°/8) P(o,nD,)
P(a/p)P(D)
199 20D
1999
129
1919 0 9.9Sx10
Plp/8,) P(%/p) p{P) oo
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4
 P(D) 9:9s r 3 o
o:fia 2u9 x 10xO ior)

6iXIo
Co
(/6,)-2006 P8) 1soC
2009 C
3000C
95io

i (S/eP7BP d iccosdhgo Baythegver

6915x103

A Box
Pe/08
Contaîns 100 coin,they ave of
8%)6s,0
4 colous in Egual numbers
Pf we dra A co fns one by one , khat is he probobt(ty

that the Cofns a o f Sarne Colou

aPatHeLdar 'colou coln
Xct A bethe Evet of drawino
Pla)
Probabiliy draWfng amt colour o coin PlelA)
P(A/na) 23 (al)
lg

P/A/nar) 22
Tota Probability = + 233

3:22 xlo3

(D)
2S Cu
3-2
x1o
Total Probabti 10o0 lu
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 8)An Chdravy Sa cad deck tt +hovoughy shul|ledo
what ts the Probobtlty hat
au dealt Wth 4 Cands

alt the our Cards au

P)4C
51Cu
3-69 X1p

9A Box ontafna 5 athite ball,2 ecl ond 3 block bally,

+three ballu au dvan ip Succesion ohat is the prDbabilh

geting 3 ballu diHelent Coloug

5 l , 2 R, 3B

80G
P)509GX3C,

1D P BOx B, hou tD hite balk cofns ,5 Red con and Box B, lay
pwitst drawn from Eath box,
20ohPe Coîns t0 Red con
thod bDxis ohite and box 2 ' ed
phat thu probab?t
POlle) 0C

P/e)01 10
300 30

Pp)1
dsdor otar
B0

0 21
(o

Oortodortafo
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ind the hobabtlty of ptcking a hed (ov) king Cad yo

a deck o 5a(axd. visss li

uoTotal Noef caidlsi s3
5

P
Rdot

to d1st
12) Sn a Box there ae 100 ves fstoxs havîng wtstante and tolejane
values a given inthe Habe. ket a Pesistorbe selected from

box Astume, that tath uistor has the Same livelyh0od 7atio.
fhe oe definethoee Evenu as,
oraoing a 47 usttox
(b) orawinga wsistoy with 5/. toluana.

Cc) drawing a 100- Haiton.

tnd ahe ndivioual pobatilies , jpirt probabilHs and Conoltiond

Pyobabithy
Reufstane ToleanteTotal ro ndiyidual Cbabte
n) 5% 10. P(A)-4100
14 4")164)(al
P(-62
1DO
16a44a -0)e0PC) 3
100 32 32
00
OD 0 188 0
Total 63 38 Joiot pobakittet
Conditenal Rrobaklltt PAn) P(R) P(A) 8
(00100
P(leP(ong). o4 8t(att02 028
Pl
the ae 24 , 5

P(A) P(anB)0 63 P(Bnc)- tolelune i o 0

PCA) P)-Plon o
P(Ble) Pfen075 Pldpr
PCe) 0-PCnA)=
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commo
from www.notesforu.com fo

PC/8) PCen .3
5ABinasy Summetfcal chonel s wAed fov communfcalion
belhoeen
beloeen aa Htonumttlex and accefver .Atranumittes trammi t u

POscTe /p's as o br-Thei Probabsttq o thanriing

'o' bt f O:u5 and the probobtt y ef 4rangming bt
OS5. At the suuivcs End thee ae 4 po«?h Gres.
The pvobabitly of tranumftlfmg a Zeo Bt & eci b

) TTe probabtty of +anamfling a t e c e i n g o2

i) Te pobobts ef transmftina 'tbt oeteving iu o2.

do he probabiliky thanumtng bt ecetving Bt is Ont

nd the prpbabthes o Psfble bt& at he oeceie end
s 27130 O0t

P(B) 45, PB):0 OB, FA A

P/8 o oliTae

Pa,je.)
P(o.18,) 08 sof eBmary Symmetical thannel.

Pn1eP(B,) i koion au EAD probabili t he

eccive Siode

Plo,/B)P(0. 16 a Coyveet probabitties

(
PO)R(nle) (B,)+ p (^ Ve.)P6,)
0a(0us)+ D.(0-ss) F

0 36t O 1)
90 Jlot
(a)e-o)t(Gue

ox(ous)t 0gx(o»s5)ana
(
(aa)
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:53 (b
 Condtional Probabilts ra/n)
The
P(/o).p(/a),P( /,) au
valuatcding the Baye Ahe ov eo, had olt
PS/)P(4,n8,)a al
P(PD

P//6e)
O8(ovus)
O.76(71

P//) p(,n0)
Ple)G)
P(e)-P(e,)
O x OSS
O

0 93

toP(n)

00 tort btiedor

0 2xDS
D53
od Orlloot u sid

P//e)Pe)
Pn,)

053 , aat o11

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0 83
 ) ot fas cofh s 4oued 3o0 4ns, ohot he pmbabrl,
that headk will be dhom tm s
1Do
u hsi
1 R an Evot e &hoing o head, 1
ie, k -oo
200
Oinét N, k and (N-E) ae larqe, ue Demoîvyc lap lace approximaton

(x-NP)
P(Hcad Shouas 100
imes C C2NPI-PJ

OrNPI-P) O
S(r00-200(') 7
e0)8)(-0

D0S6 4
15) A pafr of far dte is olleod 1o mes nd
(a) Probabt lty that he no oill Show atleast Dnte
D ProbobHy that the no. I Sho 'attast hol
A, -10

P
ke ue Binowal opproxima-liorn here,
P(k)atisîntinite Seaies,e tate
P-)- 1-P(ka ) g
4henko
1-PK0).a
P)Nc Pdi6
N-
x
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1-P-0P=/%,91-P: 2ro
duppduppler receives 000 shirt from a extfe company The

Probabtihy thot the 8htt ts defective 10, phat +he

Probabrlty that theu i be move +han 5 shnt au defecthive

N- 1000
P 10 0:01
Qs N is large Pis Small, se ue pofsons approxtma
Po) NP

The Pieguheol prohabiltu fs k>5 , we con find by -ke5

P -P(1-te

1000(0o)
10

P-Res) I-P- Pt ) +Pl-Pte-3 +P 4)

94

18)teter 1s knon ha tol have Come

frorn the c?ty Tataagaa
(ov) Caluta Dn the Envelop jut too Consecutive lettu
TA a
vistbe. ind the probabity hat the letter hau come trom
Calcuta. Condttonal Probabtlty.

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