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19th Century Architecture of Mumbai

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Mumbai– the city of dreams, the city that never sleeps, has been captivating for all – archi-
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tects, dreamers, travellers, andwill
soassume
on. The
thatcity
you of
aredreams isit.divided into seven wards, out
happy with
of which, most of the development during the 19th century took place in the Fort area, i.e.,
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in South Bombay, as it was a commercial district with colonial-era offices. This culturally
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rich city, that holds many communities under its name, defines the evolution of architec-
ture in India through its diversity of styles: Colonial, Victorian, Gothic, and Modernism.
Mumbai keeps on blurring the lines between modernism and urbanistic and traditional
approaches with new infrastructures like monorails, multi-lane fast highways, and skylines
while still preserving areas like Khotachiwadi and Colaba. Throughout the development,
Mumbai has lost few of the heritage charm, including the Tramway which served for al-
most 90 years, and also the Jewish culture. Mumbai is a city developed through the contri-
butions of architects and engineers like Sir Bartle Frere & James Trubshaw, William
Emerson, Thomas Cowper, Sir George Gilbert Scott and many more, to the latest archi-
tects like Studio PKA, RMA Architects, SJK Architects, etc. All these personalities have
helped improve and inspire the infrastructure we see today around the city.

Mumbai in the 19th Century_©www.past-india.com/photos-items/aerial-view-of-mumbai-old-photo-

postcard-1920

The Pyaavs or the Drinking Water Fountains of

Mumbai | Architecture of Mumbai
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Starting from the small salient features of architecture in Mumbai, built on the roadside
were the Pyaavs or the ‘Drinking Water Fountains
OK of Mumbai’ that helped people around

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the city fulfil their thirst needs while continuing their daily tasks. These structures symbol-
ise both functionality and a memoir to the deceased. The tradition of erecting these utility
structures began in the 18th century. The main components of pyaav is a stone basin with
a spout at human level and stone trough at the ground level for animals. These structures
were one of the places where caste and status did not matter.

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Today, the surviving pyaavs can be found in neglectable status, due to which only a keen
observer can find them. Dr Varsha Shirgaonakar has been assisting the Mumbai
Metropolitan Heritage Conservation Society in exploring and restoring these pyaavs found
in areas like Colaba, Parel, Dadar, Kings Circle, Matunga and Bandra.

Today, these Drinking Water Fountains are not only dry but are also in dilapidated condi-
tion. Many of these have suffered structural damages due to time, or surrounding condi-
tions, while many can be found surrounded by heaps of garbage.

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Pyaav circuit and existing Pyaavs of Mumbai_©www.sahapedia.org/pyaavs-the-drinking-

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water-fountains-of-mumbai
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Keneseth Eliyahoo Synagogue  | Architecture of

Mumbai
Many cultures have left a trace of their existence on Mumbai’s facade, and one of those is
the Jewish Culture. The history of Jews in Mumbai dates back to the 18th century, that is
when one of the second oldest Synagogues, the Keneseth Eliyahoo Synagogue, still stand-
ing tall, was considered to be the center of Jewish Cultural and Religious life in Mumbai.

Keneseth Eliyahoo Synagogue_©www.wmf.org/project/keneseth-eliyahoo-synagogue

The structure combines Jewish tradition with Indian and English Victorian influences. The
structure is made of brick masonry, which sits over a plinth made of stone masonry.

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Keneseth Eliyahoo Synagogue_©www.wmf.org/project/keneseth-eliyahoo-synagogue

Commonly known as the Blue Synagogue of Mumbai because of its blue colour, the
Synagogue was never originally blue. During a restoration carried out by conservation ar-
chitect Abha Narain Lambah in 2018-19, the colours were restored to white, with bright
indigo borders, which were originally used during the 1884 construction. During this
restoration, the
We use cookies to synagogue
ensure that werepairs
give you included the roofs,
the best experience recovery
on our website. Ifof decorative
you elements,
continue to use this site we
and restoration of the nineteenth-century
will assume thatstained glasswith
you are happy windows.
it. This restoration gave
the Synagogue an Award of Merit at the 2019OKUNESCO Asia-Pacific Awards for Cultural
Heritage Conservation.
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Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Mandai | Architecture of

Mumbai
Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Mandai is a marketplace, which is commonly and famously known
as Crawford Market, a name earned after the city’s Municipal Commissioner, Arthur
Crawford. Crawford Market is known for its architecture, which was constructed with the
help of ‘Kurla stone’ and ‘Red stone’ from Bassein, covering a large area of 72,000 square
yards. .

Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Mandai or Crawford Market_© www.oldindianphotos.in/2010/11/bombay-

mumbai-crawford-market-19th.html  ©en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawford_Market

The market building was constructed in 1869, designed and conceptualised by William
Emerson; the business operations began in 1871. Visitors are amazed by the magnificent
frieze at the market’s entrance, which are still the same as seen in the above image. The
space is also constructed in such a way that it receives enough natural light throughout
the day. The initial design had three entrance doors, each separated by  a  column, includ-
ing an area for a carved panel portraying everyday life. Two such panels were designed by
John Lockwood Kipling, depicting the life of workers working in fields.

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Today the market houses many stalls, from wholesale fruits, vegetables and poultry to
OK
clothes, dress materials, toys, jewellery, and even a pet store. While there have been talks
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about the restoration and redevelopment of the market space, still there has been no fur-
ther action taken.

Horniman Circle | Architecture of Mumbai

Horniman Circle, once referred to as the city’s most dynamic urban design statement, is
located in the centre of the Fort area and is bordered by some of the prime banks of India.
The circle encompasses an area of 2½ acres, which includes the four buildings- Bharat
Insurance Building, Botawala Building, Town Hall, Horniman building and the central gar-
den- Horniman Circle Garden, where the Native Share and the Stockbrokers Association
was established and was further manifested as the Bombay Stock Exchange.

The area before development in 1767_©en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horniman_Circle_Gardens

The construction began in 1821 but took more than 12 years to completely finish. The area
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was a mere dump yard for coconut shellsthatand
will assume youdebris,
are happyfrom
with it.which, Police Commissioner

Charles Forjett, with the support of Lord Elphinstone

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and Sir Bartle Frère, converted it into
the place we see today, the Horniman Circle.
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Horniman Circle_©www.udri.org/projects/conservation-study-horniman-circle/

Once known as the city’s financial centre, Horniman Circle, today has lost its title of
financial district of the city due to advancement in building technology like escalators, lifts,
better infrastructure, spacious floor plans and also due to the damages caused by the sur-
rounding developments.  

The Horniman Circle Trust, which also commissioned this research in 1998, renovated the
garden in 1995 and restored the cast iron fencing that  encloses  it. The Horniman Circle
Association was founded in 1999 as a result of the study, and it has since developed a
thorough conservation design for the restoration of this heritage district, as well as archi-
tectural regulations to be observed by all buildings in the area. Today the location hosts
the annual Sufi festival and musical concerts during the Kala Ghoda Festival. The circle has
also been a significant attraction for the film industry because of its architectural features.

Watson’s Hotel
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Watson’s Esplanade Hotel, today will known as the
assume that Esplanade
you are happy withMansion,
it. is India’s oldest surviv-
ing cast-iron building, which is located in Kala Ghoda. After the Menier Chocolate Factory
OK
in Noisiel, France, Watson Hotel is the world’s oldest multi-level cast-iron structure. The
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hotel’s cast and wrought iron structure was fabricated in England, and the building was
constructed in 1867-69. The hotel was designed by civil engineer Rowland Mason Ordish,
who later worked on many more cast and wrought-iron structures like bridges and market
halls, including Albert Bridge in London.

Watson’s Hotel, Bombay in the 19th century_©en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watson%27s_Hotel

As time passed, the Esplanade Mansion changed from owner to owner. Hence, the func-
tions of the buildings also changed from being a 150-room hotel to small commercial spa-
ces acquired by doctors and lawyers who were practising in Bombay High Court or
Mumbai City Civil and Sessions Court.

Even though the Watson Hotel holds a treasure chest for architectural enthusiasts, art his-
torians, and conservationists,
We use cookies with
to ensure that we give you its
the declining condition
best experience and zero
on our website. fundings
If you continue toreceived,
use this sitethe
we

building has been literally falling willapart

assumefrom thearegenerations
that you happy with it. of users.  The building also

received fundings from architects like RenzoOK

Piano, from which Urban Design Research
Institute (UDRI) prepared an in-depth report about the architectural conditions, and was
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even able to be listed on the 50 most endangered buildings globally, under the World
Monuments Fund; but the restoration process was still not able to start because of the ac-
commodators. Even today, architects and engineers are trying to conserve the building by
giving it the ‘World Heritage Site’ tag.

Watson’s Esplanade Hotel_©www.thetimes.co.uk/article/fate-of-historic-watsons-hotel-in-mumbai-

hangs-in-the-balance-92p3gr0dv

Overall, the city holds many 19th-century elements, whether they are architectural ele-
ments, or caves, or the poster art of Mumbai’s film city, or documents. Mumbai holds trea-
sures like Taj Hotel, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus (formerly known as Victoria
Terminus), old Portuguese Churches, and so on; but today these structures have been lost
between the concrete jungles of the 21st century and are hard to observe. We are familiar
with Mumbai and its impression on the world, but many impressions are vanishing with 
time.

References:

1. “Pyaavs of Mumbai: From Past to Present.” Sahapedia,

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will assume that you are happy with it.
https:/  www.sahapedia.org/pyaavs-of-mumbai-past-present.
OK

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3/26/22, 9:39 PM 19th Century Architecture of Mumbai - RTF | Rethinking The Future

1. “Pyaavs: The Drinking Water Fountains of Mumbai.” Sahapedia,

https:/  www.sahapedia.org/pyaavs-the-drinking-water-fountains-of-mumbai.

1. Water Charity: What the Drinking Fountains of Mumbai Tell Us : Indigenus.

http:/ blogs.nature.com/indigenus/2019/09/water-charity-what-the-drinking-fountains-of-
mu mbai-tell-us.html.

1. “Keneseth Eliyahoo Synagogue.” World Monuments Fund, https:/

www.wmf.org/project/keneseth-eliyahoo-synagogue

2. “Knesset Eliyahoo.” Wikipedia, 17 Apr. 2021. Wikipedia,

https:/    en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knesset_Eliyahoo&oldid=1018242239.

1. Photos, Old Indian. Bombay (Mumbai) – Crawford Market – 19th Century

Photograph. http:/ www.oldindianphotos.in/2010/11/bombay-mumbai-crawford-
market-19th.html.

2. “Crawford Market.” Wikipedia, 24 Sept. 2020. Wikipedia,

https:/    en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crawford_Market&oldid=980081888.

1. Arthur Crawford Municipal Market (Former Name), Mumbai, by Sir William Emerson.
https:/ victorianweb.org/art/architecture/emerson/3.html.

2. “Conservation Study of Horniman Circle.” URBAN DESIGN RESEARCH INSTITUTE, 23

Aug. 2016, http:/ www.udri.org/projects/conservation-study-horniman-circle/.

3. “Horniman Circle Gardens.” Wikipedia, 17 Apr. 2021. Wikipedia,

https:/     en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Horniman_Circle_Gardens&oldid=1018313701

1. “Esplanade Mansion: As 155-Year-Old Mumbai Landmark Faces Its End, a Look at Its
We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. If you continue to use this site we
Past, Present and Future.”willFirstpost,
assume that you are happy with it.

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3/26/22, 9:39 PM 19th Century Architecture of Mumbai - RTF | Rethinking The Future

https:/ www.firstpost.com/long-reads/esplanade-mansion-as-155-year-old-mumbai-land-
mark- faces-its-end-a-look-at-its-past-present-and-future-6968751.html.

+4

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19TH CENTURY ARCHITECTURE HERITAGE HISTORY

KENESETH ELIYAHOO SYNAGOGUE MUMBAI SKYLINE VICTORIAN

WATSON’S HOTEL
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Samanata Kumar
Samanata Kumar, is a young interior designer, driven by keen interest for Architectural
heritage and culture. Her curiosity includes parameters of architecture and design,
photography, travelling, writing, roller skating and air rifle shooting for leisure. Her latest
focus includes gaining knowledge in development of housing typologies around the
world, space psychology and conspiracies in architecture.

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will assume that you are happy with it.

OK

https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/city-and-architecture/a6336-19th-century-architecture-of-mumbai/ 38/38