The Earth is crying out because of the human civilization manifestations, emphasizing

that maintaining luxury is only by further corrupting the nature elements. In 2005,
50% of the world's population lived in cities consuming over 75% of the world's
energy use; as human development (as measured by the UN index) energy use will
increase faster than the increase in population. By 2030, it is predicted that over 60%
of the world's population will live in cities with this percentage continuing to rise to
the end of the century. Urban areas are particularly vulnerable to the effects of global
warming, particularly extreme weather events such as floods, storm surges, drought
and heat waves (Stern et al. 2006; IPCC 2007). With modern urban lifestyles cities are
consuming ever more power, which is still largely generated by fossil fuel
combustion; the main uses are heating or air conditioning homes and buildings and
powering vehicles, with industry in cities now taking a relatively small proportion. In
fact cities discharge an amount of heat comparable to that received from solar
radiation. Inevitably they contribute to greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel
combustion and also from waste disposal management practices. As rapidly growing
cities are clearing forests and vegetated areas, they are reducing the surface absorption
of greenhouse gases and thereby further increasing their concentration in the
atmosphere.

Therefore, cities have special responsibilities both to their own citizens and to
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everyone else to mitigate future climate change, at the same time helping their
communities to adapt to the growing seriousness of the consequences for people's
health and welfare.

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Human activities contribute to climate change by causing changes in
Earth’s atmosphere in the amounts of greenhouse gases, aerosols (small particles), and
cloudiness. The largest known contribution comes from the burning of fossil fuels,
which releases carbon dioxide gas to the atmosphere.

Global warming is the result of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations

which is caused primarily by the combustion of fossil energy sources such as
petroleum, coal, and natural gas, and to an unknown extent by destruction of forests,
increased methane, volcanic activity and cement production. Such massive alteration
of the global carbon cycle has only been possible because of the availability and
deployment of advanced technologies, ranging in application from fossil fuel
exploration, extraction, distribution, refining, and combustion in power plants and
automobile engines and advanced farming practices.

Because the global climate is a connected system, and the increasing in the
temperature due to global warming and increase in the percentage of CO2
the impacts of climate change are felt everywhere. Among the most important impact
are: Changing ecosystems , Rising sea levels , Melting ice , Heat waves and
droughts .

 Changing ecosystems: As the world warms, entire ecosystems will move.

Already rising temperatures at the equator have pushed such staple crops as rice
north into once cooler areas, many fish species have migrated long distances to stay
in waters that are the proper temperature for them. In once colder waters, this may
increase fishermen’s catches; in warmer waters, it may eliminate fishing; in man
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places, such as on the East Coast of the US, it will require fishermen to go further to
reach fishing grounds.

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 Rising sea levels: Average sea level around the world rose about 8 inches (20 cm)
in the past 100 years; climate scientists expect it to rise more and more rapidly in the
next 100 years.
Coastal cities such as New York are already seeing an increased number of flooding
events and by 2050 many such cities may require sea walls to survive. Estimates vary,
but conservatively sea levels are expected to rise 1 to 4 feet (30 to 100 cm), enough to
flood many small Pacific island states (Vanatu), famous beach resorts (Hilton Head)
and coastal cities (Bangkok, Boston).

If the Greenland ice cap

and/or the Antarctic ice
shelf collapses, sea
levels could rise by as
much as 20 ft (6 m),
inundating,for example,
large parts of Florida,
the Gulf Coast, New
Orleans and Houston.

 Melting ice: Projections suggest that within the next 100 years, if not sooner, the
world’s glaciers will have disappeared, as will the Polar ice cap, and the huge
Antarctic ice shelf, Greenland may be green again, and snow will have become a rare
phenomenon at what are now the world’s most popular ski resorts.

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 Heat waves and droughts: Despite downpours in some places, droughts and
prolonged heat waves will become common.
Rising temperatures are hardly surprising, although they do not mean that some parts
of the world will not “enjoy” record cold temperatures and terrible winter storms.
(Heating disturbs the entire global weather system and can shift cold upper air
currents as well as hot dry ones. Single snowballs and snowstorms do not make
climate change refutations.)

Increasingly, however, hot, dry places will get hotter and drier, and places that were
once temperate and had regular rainfall will become much hotter and much drier.

The string of record high temperature years and the record number of global droughts
of the past decade will become the norm, not the surprise that they have seemed.

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The Kyoto Protocol :
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The UNFCCC was
adopted at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 and entered into force on March 21, 1994.
The Convention commits its Parties to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by
setting internationally binding emission reduction targets.
The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in 1997 and entered into force on February 16,
2005. It implements the objective of the UNFCCC to stabilize GHG concentrations
“at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic (human induced) interference
with the climate system”1, setting a heavier burden on developed nations under the
principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities”2, because of their historical
responsibility for current levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

The REACH Regulation (EC) 1907/2006:

Chemicals are indispensable in our society. They play an important role in the
economy. There are international rules to assess, control and reduce the risks of
chemicals. On June 1, 2007, the ‘new’ European Chemicals Regulation (EC)
1907/2006 called REACH came into force. The REACH Regulation aims to improve
the protection of human health and the environment through the better and earlier
identification of the intrinsic properties of chemical substances. This is done by the
four core processes of REACH, namely the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization
and Restriction of Chemicals. Climate Change

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Paris Agreement 2016 :
Paris Agreement, in full Paris Agreement Under the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change, also called Paris Climate Agreement or COP21,
international treaty, named for the city of Paris, France, in which it was adopted in
December 2015, which aimed to reduce the emission of gases that contribute
to global warming. The Paris Agreement set out to improve upon and replace
the Kyoto Protocol, an earlier international treaty designed to curb the release
of greenhouse gases. It entered into force on November 4, 2016, and has been signed
by 197 countries and ratified by 185 as of January 2019.
From November 30 to December 11, 2015, France hosted representatives from 196
countries at the United Nations (UN) climate change conference, one of the most
important and most ambitious global climate meetings ever assembled. The objective
was no less than a binding and universal agreement designed to limit greenhouse
gas emissions to levels that would prevent global temperatures from increasing more
than 2 °C (3.6 °F) above the temperature benchmark set before the beginning of
the Industrial Revolution.

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