CHAPTER IV

Results and Discussion

This chapter presents the answers to the research questions specified and stated in

Chapter I with their analysis and interpretation.

1. What do the farmers think of the importance of pump irrigation in rice

production?

Irrigation pump holds a significant meaning especially in the agricultural sectors.

According to IWMI (2010), the development of irrigation and agricultural water

management holds significant potential to improve productivity and reduce vulnerability

to climactic volatility in any country. Improved water management for agriculture has

many potential benefits in efforts to reduce vulnerability and improve productivity.

The matrix below summarizes the views and opinions of the subjects on the

importance of pump irrigation in rice production explained under identified theme and

categories.

Theme Category

Role of pump irrigation in production 1. Rice production

2. Quality of rice

Role of pump irrigation in rice production. Water have a huge role in plant's

life, in fact it is one of the three major fundamental needs for a healthy plant. Same goes

for rice, enough water for rice fields and rice gives security that production will be good

joined with supplements needed.

 According to Zewdie et al. (2007) irrigation has been practiced in Egypt, China,

India and other parts of Asia for a long period of time. India and Far East have grown

rice using irrigation nearly for 5000 years.

Pump irrigation is one of the many ways or structures on how to water plants

especially in rice. Good production calls for good water and pump irrigation is the one

which can give that answer.

Rice production. Ghosh & Kumar (2010) analyzed the “Performance of

Irrigation and Agricultural sector on Orissa: An analysis of Missing links” explained

agricultural growth holds the key to the overall development of Orissa state by way of

creating employment, generating income, providing raw materials to the industrial sector

and ensuring self-reliance in food production and food security. However, the agricultural

growth is slow as compared to growth in irrigation sector. The gap between potential

created and potential utilized is to be bridged to provide the benefits to farmers. The

linkage between irrigation and agriculture functionaries needs to be strengthened to tap

the potential and bring about improvement is farming, livelihood of farmers and state’s

economy.

Giving rice and fields water is an important thing to do if you want to have a good

productivity. Water as being a major thing needed by plants help in giving people good

rice production and harvest.

Subject 1 and 5 both agreed that irrigation pump helps in rice production. Their

statements are:

Ayun nga, syempre, pag may patubug ka malaki yung ani, nag-i-increase

yung, yung ano kuha, kuha ng ani, kung halimbawa sapmu magiging
 fifteen yon dahil may patubig nga, kumpleto sa ano, masusuportahan ng

tubig. S1

Nako'y malaki, napakalaking bagay, pagka maganda ang patubig malaki

ang ani. S5

As to what Subject 1 and 5 said, irrigation basically pump irrigation provides huge

help especially in producing rice. If the rice and rice fields gets enough water they said

that they will be satisfied with the results of the production.

Quality of rice. Rice, as a product, is a bundle of characteristics which gives rise to its

utility. Through these characteristics, consumer preferences are expressed (Lancaster,

1966). Perception of rice quality may also be judged based on these characteristics or

attributes, which could be classified as either intrinsic or extrinsic (Demont & Ndour,

2015). The former refers to grain quality traits such as color, cleanliness, purity, grain

shape and size, uniformity of size and shape, head rice (HR), softness, and aroma while

extrinsic attributes include packaging, labeling, and branding. These attributes acquire

meaning through the historical, geographical, and socio-cultural context in which rice

consumption is embedded. For instance, rice which can be cooked firm and dry is widely

preferred by South Asian consumers because the combination of these two attributes

characterizes parboiled rice, which is traditionally consumed in the region (International

Rice Research Institute, 2016). Another example is the preference for broken rice by

Senegalese consumers as a result of long-term importation of cheap broken rice from

Asia (Demont et al., 2013).

The good quality of rice can be based on weight of every grain, and the color, it

can also be based whether it gets the right supply of water.

 Subject 1 stated that giving water to rice and rice fields is like a supplement for

the rice itself. This is the statement:

Aba syempre, pagka may patubig ka, kumbaga, kung sa tao kumpleto

yun sa ano, kumbaga may supplement sya, may, kumbaga vitamins

ganon, dahil kung yan ay wala nang patubig matutuyot yung tanim, kaya

mas maganda may patubig dahil, ayun nga malaking tulong, malaking

bagay sa palay or sa kahit ano mang tanim na may patubig. S1

For a person to live healthy, he/she will need to take at least one vitamin, Subject

1 compared this to a plant particularly for rice who gets enough water. Subject 1 said

that water gives and helps rice to grow healthier.

As for Subject 3, water helps rice to be heavier this is the statement:

Ay mas maganda ang produksyon, ng palay, mabibigat ang butil. S3

Water also help in production as well as quality of rice as what Subject 3 said.

Subject 3 said that it is really needed for rice to have water regularly because it helps

rice grains be better.

General Discussion

Generally, irrigation development remained a key to the sustainable and reliable

agricultural development, and thus, for the overall economic development of the country.

Therefore, in order to ensure food security at the household level, fast growing

population, smaller, medium and large scale irrigation infrastructure needs to be

developed (MoARD, 2010).

 Pump irrigation plays a huge role in rice production. It helps in keeping rice fields

wet for the rice to grow healthier. It gives rice a vitamin or a supplement it need to be

good in quality.

2. What is the status of agricultural productivity in Bacungan?

Agricultural productivity can be measured in many ways. "Magtanim ay di biro,

maghapong nakayuko." As the saying goes, it was never easy to be a farmer. It takes

strength and patience to be a farmer. Their productivity is told by the input they give and

the ratio of the output.

Based on the Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment of the

Australian Government , productivity measures the quantity of output produced with a

given quantity of inputs. Long term productivity growth reflects improvements in farmers’

production efficiency and technological progress. Improving productivity on farms

contributes to profitability and competiveness because it allows farmers to produce more

output using fewer inputs.

The matrix below summarizes the views and opinions of the subjects about the

status of agricultural productivity in Bacungan explained under identified theme and

categories.

Theme Category

Agricultural Productivity 1. Quantity of rice

2. Water stress rice fields

3. Help in other aspects

 Agricultural Productivity. Bacungan is a small barangay in Naujan surrounded

by rice fields. The production of rice in here is good, but not in water stress areas. The

good production also help in many other aspects.

Agricultural Productivity is the measurement of the ratio of agricultural outputs

and agricultural inputs. While individual products are usually measured by weight, their

varying densities make measuring overall agricultural output difficult. Therefore, output is

usually measured as the market value of final output, which excludes intermediate

products such as corn feed used in the meat industry. This output value may be

compared to many different types of inputs such as labor and land (crop yield). These

are called partial measures of productivity. (Wikipedia, 2020)

Productivity goes well with the description of the quantity of rice. Irrigation really

helps in production and to make the number of harvest increase.

Quantity of rice. Rice is grown in more than a hundred countries, with a total

harvested area of approximately 158 million hectares, producing more than 700 million

tons annually (470 million tons of milled rice). Nearly 640 million tons of rice are grown in

Asia, representing 90% of global production. Sub-Saharan Africa produces about 19

million tons and Latin America some 25 million tons. In Asia and sub-Saharan Africa,

almost all rice is grown on small farms of 0.5−3 ha. (CGIAR)

Enough water gives farmers more harvest and healthier rice grains. This just

prove that irrigation pump plays an important role in agricultural productivity.

Subject 1 and 3 both stated that irrigation pump gives a huge help in their

production. This is their statements:

 Ah ay syempre, di depende nga yun ineng sa ano, sa, pag maganda ang

ani, pag ano nga ay syempre, maganda ang ano, maraming kuha,

maganda ang result. S1

Aydi maraming saka. S3

As for what Subject 1 and 3 said, they experience good results and great harvest

when they have pump irrigation. This also help in having a good productivity in their

barangay.

Subject 5 on the other hand, said that the production is really great and it

increases when using pump irrigation but then the price nowadays is not good. This is

the statement:

Ay syempre nakakatuwa ineng, tuwing nagbebenta ka eh, kwan eh,

madami kang ani, madami kang naibebenta kaya lamang ang presyo sa

amin ay napakababa hindi katulad moong una na nakita tayo ng isang

kilo bente, kapag namann gayon, samantalang ngayon

dose...wala...bente sais. S5

The decrease in the price of rice is really not good for farmers but then pump

irrigation fiil the gap between the price and production. Pump irrigation gives huge help

for farmers.

Water stress fields. Water stress occurs when the demand for water exceeds

the available amount during a certain period or when poor quality restricts its use. It also

causes deterioration of fresh water resources in terms of quantity (aquifer over-

exploitation, dry rivers, etc.) and quality (eutrophication, organic matter pollution, saline

intrusion, etc.) (UNEP Freshwater in Europe Glossary)

 Having rice fields that takes time before absorbing water or those we call water

stress areas is really a hindrance but with the help of pump irrigation it became much

better.

Starting from Subject 1, Subject 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, to 7. They all agreed that having

fields in water stress s areas gives them a hard time and becomes gap when it comes to

harvest and production. This is what they say:

Ala eh, baka siguro, konti lang talaga yon dahil hindi, alam mo pagka ng

tanim ay kulang nga sa tubig hindi yon bubunga ng maayos dahil yun nga

kulang, kaya talagang napakahina sigurado non. S1

Ay mahina, halos fifteen percent laang ang nakukuha sa isang ektarya,

kung naani ng isan daan sa isang ektarya pag may patubig, ohdi gayon

laang, mga sixty laang pababa pag walang patubig. S2

Kapag mahirap patubigan ay talagang kakaunti yung ani, dahil madaling

matuyo, hibdi maaabot ng patubig yung iba, sa bukid. S3

Ay napakahina. Baka hindi pa makasingkwenta sa isang...ektarya. S4

Naku ay talagang mahina. Katulad noon, ako'y ilang panahon ng, ilang

aning lugi lagi. S6

Aba aydi nahina na kwan laang ang ani, ang ani laang naming ay mga,

isang, otsenta gay-an. S7

Having fields in water stress areas have come one of the major problems farmers

might be facing but with the help of pump irrigations, it provides continuous flow of water

making the fields adjust and absorb it faster.

 Help in other aspects. Most people’s main source of livelihood is farming. About

70% of people rely directly on agriculture as a livelihood. The result of the non-

development of non-agricultural activities to absorb the fast-growing population is this

high percentage in agriculture. Furthermore, many people are not engaged in agriculture

in developed countries.

With the high demand or prices of many things, it is really needed especially for

farmers to provide for their families. Having irrigation pump as help for production, there

are many other things that it gives h elp too.

For Subject 1, 3, 4 and 5, irrigation pump and its significance to production helps

in their houses. These are their statements:

Aba syempre, syempre pagka malaki yung ani mo, mas marami ang

nabibili non, maraming nabibiling kailangan sa bahay na pang-araw-araw,

katulad ng mga pang-araw-araw nating kailangan, oh. S1

Ay oo, dahil makakabayad sa utang. Pag, pag malakas anga ni, ay pagka

kulang ang ani di lubog sa utang, di makakabayad sa mga gastos sa

bukid. S3

Sa bahay. Ay oo. Malaking, malaking halaga. Pag malakas ang-ehem.

Malaking halaga pag maganda ang ani. Malaking halaga. S4

Eh lalo na ineng, pamilya talaga. Pamilya, pag walang gayon,ku

napakahirap. S5

Food, transportation, thins to pay are just some things that irrigation gives help

to. Increase in productivity means increase in profit which can help farmers supply daily

needs for their families.

 For Subject 8 increase in productivity with the help of irrigation also help their

children. This is the statement:

Oo, syempre, unang-una sa edukasyon ng mga bata, ohde, mo ahh,

mapag aaral mo, mapag, susuportahan, di man hundred percent dun

kinukuha, mas malaki maitutulong kapag maganda yong ani. S8

Education is one of the most important thing in a family. Education is said to be

the key to success and it is a great help for children of farmers to have good productivity

and it will only come with the help of irrigation.

General Discussion

Generally, water stress is due to a low water potential in the plant as a result of

low soil water potential, high evaporative demand and/or a substantial resistance to

water flow through the plant. The water deficit affects many processes in the crop,

although most of the effects are related to the reduction in growth, the most sensitive

process, and to stomatal closure. Mild to moderate deficits do not affect harvest index,

and in some species they may increase it. Instead severe water deficits reduce the HI.

The effect of water stress on crop yield can be quantified by Stewart’s equation which

establishes that the relative reduction in yield is directly proportional to the relative

reduction in ET, with an empirical coefficient (Ky) which ranges between 0.8 and 1.5.

More mechanistic type models may be used to characterize the yield responses to

variable water supply, but they need to be locally calibrated for accuracy.

Productivity in Bacungan is good but can become better if the fields in water

stress areas are watered properly. It can give a huge help in farmers lives, as well as

their families.

3. How does pump irrigation help increase productivity?

 Applying right amount of water in rice fields means increase in productivity. If rice

fields absorbs water in the right time and for the right amount, rice will surely have a

huge increase.

Water helps a plant by transporting important nutrients through the plant.

Nutrients are drawn from the soil and used by the plant. Without enough water in the

cells, the plants droop, so water helps a plant stand. Water carries the dissolved sugar

and other nutrients through the plant

The matrix below summarizes the views and opinions of the subjects about how

irrigation pump help in increasing productivity explained under identified theme and

categories.

Theme Category

Harvest 1. Speed of Harvest

2. Increase in Harvest

Harvest. After almost 5 to 6 months of waiting for rice to sprout, good harvest

can be measured by the amount or number of sacks of rice. Twice a year is the harvest

of farmers meaning they really need. A good supply of water to get a good harvest.

Irrigation affects the spatial distribution of agricultural production by allowing the

growing of crops on land that was unable to sustain agriculture under rain-fed conditions,

the more intensive growing of existing crops, and the growing of alternative crops.

Even though the normal harvest is twice a year, some farmers can get a harvest

thrice a year and it can happen because they have good water source.
 Speed of harvest. Irrigation is the application of controlled amounts of water to

plants at needed intervals. Irrigation helps to grow agricultural crops, maintain

landscapes, and revegetate disturbed soils in dry areas and during periods of less than

average rainfall. Irrigation also has other uses in crop production, including frost

protection, suppressing weed growth in grain fields and preventing soil consolidation. In

contrast, agriculture that relies only on direct rainfall is referred to as rain-fed.

(Wikipedia)

The speed of the growth of rice depends mainly on the major fundamental things

needed by plants and one of them is water. Having a good water source secure farmers

that they will have a fast growth for their plants especially rice.

For Subjects 1, 2 and 3, they all agree that having irrigation pump helping their

plants, it will surely provide them fast growth of their plants. These are their statements:

Oo, sa palagay ko ay mas mabilis ang pag-uhay ng palay, dahil syempre

dire-diretso ang, kumbaga, diga step-step yan, kung walang tubig yan,

kumbaga, halimbawa pagkatalok non at walang, hindi napatubigan

hanggang ano lang yon, hindi masyado syang lalaki, kaya kung may

patubig mas mabilis, ang ano. S1

Oo, naano sya dun sa timing ng kanyang paglago at pag-uhay, hindi sya

na, pagtagtuyot, abala, abala sa pag-uhay nya. S2

Ay, talagang ano yan, unang-una nga eh, pag magaganda ang patubig,

maganda ang, sa simula pa laang sa pagbubukid eh maganda na pati

yung ano ng palay, yung pulas hanggang sa mag-ani. S3

Giving enough water for rice surely provide a huge and fast growth. This growth

help farmers in increasing their productivity throughout the whole years in their harvest.
 Increase in harvest. Irrigated land is more than twice as productive as rainfed

cropland. Today, only 16 percent of the world's croplands are irrigated, but those lands

yield some 36 percent of the global harvest. In the developing countries, irrigation

increases yields for most crops by 100 to 400 percent. Irrigation also allows farmers to

reap the economic benefits of growing higher-value cash crops. Half or even two-thirds

of future gains in crop production are expected to come from irrigated land.

(www.fao.org)

Harvesting for twice a year is a good gift, but the greater gift is harvesting more

than before. Increase in harvest can only be possible if the plant s watered enough and

properly.

Agreeing with the idea that irrigation pump help in increasing productivity is

Subjects 1, 2, 4, 7 and 8. These are their statements:

Ay yun na nga, ang unang-una don ay talagang mas mag-i-increase yung

kanilang ani, kapag gay-on, irrigation o patubig, yon ang unang-unang

ano non. S1

Aba'y siguro, mga increase, siguro mga ano, mga twenty percent, ng

ano, ayan o, mag-i-increase yung iyong ani. S1

Edi ayun nga, katulad ng sabi ko kanina, ang isang ektarya nakaka-isan

daan pag may patubig, kapag naman wala at tagtuyot edi, ano, mababa.

S2

Ay malaki ang kinikita pagka yuong may patubig. S4

Aba ay nahigit sa isan daan. S7

 Mas doble kung sa di napapatubigan masyado, kung, tapos ma, kung

magkakaroon nga ng irigasyon na yan mas doble ang magiging ani,

ganon. S8

As what the subjects agreed to. Irrigation pump really give huge help and

provides great addition in increasing productivity especially in water stress areas, it also

became a solution.

General Discussion

Generally, innovative irrigation practices can enhance water efficiency, gaining

an economic advantage while also reducing environmental burdens. In some cases the

necessary knowledge has been provided by extension services, helping farmers to

adapt and implement viable solutions, thus gaining more benefits from irrigation

technology. Often investment in technological improvements has incurred higher water

prices, however, without gaining the full potential benefits through water efficiency.

Farmers generally lack adequate means and incentives to know crops’ water use, actual

irrigation applications, crops’ yield response to different water management practices,

and thus current on-farm water-efficiency levels. (Les Levidow & Alessandra Scardigno,

2014)

To help increase productivity, along with such fertilizers which help rice to grow,

there is also a help coming from irrigation. Irrigation mainly pump irrigation provides the

last step of having a good outcome in production.

 CHAPTER V

Summary of Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations

This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusions, and recommendations.

Summary of findings

1. What do the farmers think of the importance of pump irrigation in rice production?

Pump irrigation gives a huge help in rice production. It helps increasing productivity

and makes good quality rice.

2. What is the status of agricultural productivity in Bacungan?

Farmers in Bacungan have great productivity with the help of irrigation and also help

supplying water in water stress areas, their productivity also gives help in many other

aspects.

3. How does pump irrigation help increase productivity?

Irrigation helps the farmer's speed of harvest and increases the number of sacks per

harvest.
Conclusions

In views of the preceding findings, the following conclusions are finalized by the

researcher:

1. Pump irrigation performs a role of being a needed supplement for the growth of

rice which makes every grain excellent in quality and also gives way for great

production.

2. Productivity in Bacungan is so far good and can help them in many aspects. Also it

gives the high rate in productivity on the other hand productivity in water stress areas is

in normal rate.

3. Irrigation pump help in the growth of every grain of rice it also help for rice to sprout

faster therefore giving farmer higher productivity.

Recommendations

In reference to the earlier discussion of findings and conclusions, the researcher

offers the following recommendations:

1. The researcher suggests that the use of irrigation pump should be right for greater

outcomes in production.

2. It is also suggested that pump irrigation especially in water stress areas should be

widened for good results in these areas.

3. It is also recommended that farmers seek right usage and also right amount and

timing of watering rice and rice fields with the help of pump irrigation.

4. The researchers also recommend this study to be used by future researchers.