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A BREIF OVERVIEW ON ASPARAGUS RACEMOUS
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A BREIF OVERVIEW ON ASPARAGUS

RACEMOUS
Shweta Parihar 1* , Devender Sharma 2,3
1
Research Scholar, Department of Pharmacognosy, Maharshi Dayanand University, Near Delhi Bypass,
Rohtak, Haryana-124001, India
2
Research Scholar, Department of Pharmaceutics, Lovely Institute of Technology (Pharmacy), Lovely
Professional University, Punjab-144411, India
3
Associate Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics, R. J. World College of Pharmacy Education and
Technology, Jakhod, Surajgarh, Rajasthan -333033, India
ABSTRACT
Asparagus racemosus a well-known female tonic species, a well-known home grown herb in India,
that belong to the Asparagus genus of the Asparagaceae family. The Asparagus racemosus roots,
stems, flowers and leaves are employed in herbal therapy, and also used as a food and
nutraceutical supplement. Pharmacological and therapeutic research, phytochemistry of the
Asparagus racemosus and its active components are presented in this overview.
KEYWORDS- Asparagus racemosus, Asparagaceae, Pharmacology, Marketed formulations,

Phytochemistry
1 INTRODUCTION
A wide variety of therapeutic plants can be found all over the world. Many weeds in our
environment are highly effective medicinal plants that can help with a variety of significant health
issues (Parihar and Sharma, 2021; Chaudhary et al., 2021). India has long been known as a
great store of natural remedies among ancient cultures (Parihar and Sharma, 2021). Who has a
hundred husbands or is agreeable to many, Shatavari means. It is used as a general tonic as
well as a female reproductive tonic. Shatavari literally means ‘’100 spouses,’’ Queen of herbs’’ in
Ayurveda because it fosters love and devotion. Shatavari is the principal Ayurvedic rejuvenate
tonic for women, whereas Withania is the main Ayurvedic rejuvenate tonic for men. The two main
sources on Ayurvedic remedies, Charak Samhita authored by Charak and Astang Hridyam
written by Vagbhata, both feature Asparagus racemosus as a part of the formulae to treat
problems affecting women’s heath (Sharma et al., 2003; Garde, 1970; Atreya, 1999; Srikantha,
1997). As rasayana, the rejuvenator herbs that improve heath by improving immunity, vigour, and
resistance, imparting lifespan as well as protection against stress (Puri, 2003), and medhya, the
plants that increases intelligence and promote learning and memory (Sharma, 1993). This herb
is also known as balya, which means strength booster, ‘’stanya which means ‘’galactogogue’’
and jeevaniya which means erythropoetic.’’ Asparagus racemosus was originally classified as a
IJRAR21D1848 International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org 959
member of the Liliaceae family, but it has since been reclassified as a member of the
Asparagaceae family. In the Ayurvedic samhitas, there is repeated mentioning of the drug in the
treatment aspects of Rakthapitta (bleeding disorders), Sthanyavardhaka (galactagogue),
Rakshoghna of Vranitha and Soothika (antimicrobial activity), and in Mutrakchracikitsa (urinary
disorders). Since the time of the puranas, the drug has been mentioned. The Rakshogahna
property is mentioned in the agnipurana and is employed in homas (rituals). A detailed description
of the drug’s therapeutic properties and widespread use in the treatment of Sthreeroga
(gynaecology), Varna (surgival wounds), Rakthapitta (haemorrhage), Muthrakrchra (urinary
disorders), Vajeekarana (aphrodisiac), Rasayana (immune stimulant), and other conditions can
be found in the Samhitha period (Sharma, 1993; Puri, 2003 ). It's an area found in Asia, Australia,
and Africa at low altitudes in the shade and in tropical climes. A. racemosus, one of several
Asparagus species produced in India, is the most widely utilised in home-grown medicine (Simon
1997).
2 TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION OF SHATAVARI

Table-1
Kingdom Plantae
Division Magnoliophyte
Class Liliopsida
Order Asparagales
Family Asparagaceae Liliaceae
Genus Asparagus
Species Racemosus
Botanical name Asparagus racemosus
wild
Thompson 2002
3 BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
3.1 MACROSCOPY
Satavar is a perennial foliage plant with woody terte stems and recurved or rarely straight spines
that grows upto 2 m tall (Chawla et al., 2011). Young stems are fragile, bitter, and smooth.
Cladodes triquetrous, curved in tufts of 2-6; leaves reduced to minute chaffy scales and spines;
cladodes triquetrous, curved in tufts of 2-6. Flowers are white, fragrant, and in simple or branched
racemes on the bare nodes of the main shoot or in the axils of the thorns, similar to baid sada
flowers (Kirtikar and Basu, 2003; Sharma and Sharma, 2013). The fruits are small, red, spherical,
and resemble gramme (Ghani, 2010; Tariq, 2010; Hakeem, 2002; Sharma and Sharma, 2013)
lobed pulpy berries with 1-2 seeds, purple black when ripe, 15 seeds have a harsh and brittle
taste. The rootstock are tuberous, with multiple fusiform, succulent roots that are 30-100 cm long,
1-2 cm thick, 20 yellowish cream in colour, delicious in taste with mucilage, and 30-100 cm long,
1-2 cm thick. And these roots are soft as first but harden as they mature (Ghani, 2010; Tariq,
2010; Hakeem, 2002; Sharma and Sharma, 2013).
3.2 MICROSCOPY
Microscopic examination of the tuberous roots reveals an exterior layer of piliferous cells that is
occasionally perforated, as well as unicellular root hairs. The outer cortex is made up of 6 or 7
layers of polygonal, thick-walled, lignified cells, while the inner cortex is made up of 20 to 23
layers of oval to polygonal cells with thin walls. Stone cells and calcium oxalate raphides were
also found in this area. Stone cells in two or three layers encircle the endodermis, which is made
up of a single layer of thin-walled parenchymatous cells. Pericycle is a single layer of compactly
organised cells that exists beneath the endodermis. Ex arch and radial is the position of the stele.
Vessels, tracheids, and parenchyma make up the xylem; xylem vessels show pitted thickening.
Patches of phloem can be seen alternating with xylem vessels. Pith is made up of
parenchymatous cells that range in size from round to oval (Arya et al., 2018).
3.3 POWDER MACROSCOPY

Organoleptic characters of powder of the tuberous root revealed slightly brownish colour, rough
in textue, odour characteristic and sweetish with slight bitter taste. It was sparingly soluble in
water (Arya et al., 2018).
3.4 POWDER MICROSCOPY
Powder microscopy revealed presence of acicular crystals, raphides of calcium crystals, pitted
vessels, tracheids etc. (Arya et al., 2018).
4 CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
Table-2
S.NO. PHYTOCHEMICAL PHYTOCONSTITUENTS References
CLASS
1 Steroidal saponins Shatavarin I-VI (Joshi et
al.,1988,
Gaitonde et
al.,1969, Nair et
al.,1969).
2 Polycyclic alkaloid Asparagamine A, Isoflavones 8- (Patricia et

methoxy-5,6,4-trihydroxy al.,2006; Sekine
isoflavone-7-O-beta-D- et al., 1997;
glucopyranoside Saxena et al.,
2001, Srikant al.,
1997).
3 Oligospirostanoside Carboxylic acid, Asparagusic acid (Handa et al.,

2003).
4 Cyclic hydrocarbons Racemosol, (Wiboonpun et

Dihydrophenantherene al., 2004).
5 Furan compound Racemofuran (Kamat et al.,

2000).
6 Carbohydrates Polysaccharides, Mucilage (Sharma 1981).
7 Flavonoids Glycosides of quercitin, rutin, and (Singh, 1991).

hyperoside
8 Sterols Sitosterol, 4,6-dihydroxy-2-O(-2- (Choudhary, &
hydroxy isobutyl)benzaldehyde, Kar, 1992).
Undecanyl cetanoate, Kaempferol
9 Trace elements Copper, zinc, manganese, cobalt, (Mohanta et al.,

magnesium, calcium, potassium, 2003, Ahmad et
selenium, iron al., 1991).
10 Miscellaneous constituents Gamma linolenic acid, vitamins A, (Tambvekar,

B1, B2, C &E, Folic acid, 1985).
Diosgenin, Arginine, tyrosine, resin,
tannin
5 THERAPEUTIC DOSAGE: 5-7 g, 7-12 g
6 MARKETED FORMULATION
1. Shatavari kalpa,
2. Eranda paka,
3. Bhrihatchagaladya Puga khanda,
4. ghrita,
1. Phalaghrita,
2. Narayana taila,
3. Shatavaryadi ghrita,
4. Garbhachintamani rasa,
5. Vishnu taila
6. Shatavari modaka,
7. Shatamoolyadi lauha,
8. Shatavari panaka,
9. Brihatashwagandha ghrita ( Sharma et al., 2000).
Table-3 Medicinal uses of different parts of the Shatavari
S.NO. PLANT PARTS USES

1 Roots Diarrhea, chronic colic, dysentery, boiled roots with bland
oil is used in various skin diseases, roots boiled with milk
help in dealing with problems related to females fertility.
2 Whole plant Rheumatism, diabetes, brain complaints, management of
behavioral disorder, minimal brain dysfunction (Sheth et
al., 1991).
3 Rhizome Soothing tonic for circulatory, digestive, respiratory,
female reproductive organs, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac,
demulcent, diuretic, galactogogue and refrigerants
(Chopra et al., 1986). gonorrhoea
4 Powder Diabetic patients, spermaturia

(shatavari+gurmarbuti
leaves)
5 Fresh juice of leaves Demulcent, leucorrhoea
with honey
6 Boiled leaves with Applied to boils, smallpox to prevent confluence
ghee
7 Sharbat Urinary disorder treatment
(shatavar+kharkhask)
7 Pharmacological activities of Shatavari
Table-4
S.NO. PHARMACOLOGICAL EXTRACT OF ACTION

ACTIVITY SHATAVARI
1 Galactogogue action Milk decoction of The Galactogogue action of
(Kumar et al., 2008; shatavari and shatavari was discovered by
Singh et al., 2012; Garg aqueous increasing plasma prolactin
and Gupta, 2010; decoction of levels and increasing mother
Gupta and Shaw, 2011) shatavari and baby body weight.
2 Uterine muscle Ethanolic extract It was discovered to cause
relaxation (Suwannachat of shatavari considerable uterine
et al., 2012) muscular relaxation in
pregnant rats, but not in non-
pregnant rats. Calcium-
dependent and calcium-
independent mechanisms
were also engaged.
3 Aphrodisiac activity Aqueous extract It resulted in a significant
(Thakur et al., 2009) decrease in mount latency,
ejaculation latency,
hesitating time, and mount
frequency, as well as
improved penile erection.
The effects seen were sillier
to those of testosterone.
4 Aphrodisiac activity Lyophilized In male wistar rats, it was
(Thakur et al., 2012) Aqueous extract also found to boost
pendiculatory activity and in
vitro sperm count, indicating
that shatavari has
aphrodisiac activity.
5 Adaptogenic activity Ethanolic extract In chemical writhing and
(Joshi et al., 2012) of roots swimming endurance tests,
they were found to improve
stress tolerance.
Furthermore, the extract
significantly reduced stree-
induced increases in blood

glucose, triglycerides, and
cholesterol levels.
6 Adaptogenic activity Methanolic and Serum corticosterone levels
(Kanwar and Bhutani, aqueous extract of were found to be lower,
2010) roots indicating a positive effect in
stress management.
7 Antidepressant activity Methanolic extract In mice, it reduced
(Sravani and Krishna, of seeds immobility time in the forced
2013; Dhingra and swim test (FST) and tail
Kumar, 2007) suspension test (TST) to a
level comparable to
imipramine, and also
boosted dopamine levels in
vitro.
8 Antiamnesic activity Methanolic root In the EPM and Morris water
(Dhwaj and Singh, extract maze models in mice, it was
2011) discovered to cure amnesia
caused by scopolamine and
sodium nitrite.
9 Antiamnesic activity Ethanolic root In the elevated plus maze
extract (EPM) model in mice, to
produce a strong dose-
dependent increase of
memory, with an impact that
was significantly higher than
piracetam.
10 Antianxiety effect Methanolic extract In rats, the openfield test
(Garabadu and of roots (OFT), hole-board, and
Krishnamurthy, 2014) (EPM) tests revealed a
considerable antianxiety
effect, with activity
comparable to that of a
conventional medication,
diazepam.
11 Antiepileptic activity Methanolic and In MES, picrotoxin, and
(Shastry et al., 2015) ethanolic extract strychinine-induced
seizures, Swiss albino mice

showed antiepileptic activity.
12 Anticonvulsant activity ethanolic extract In albino mice, both maximal
(Amberkar et al., 2011) electroshock seizures (MES)
and pentylenetetrazole
(PTZ) produced seizures
had a significant
anticonvulsant activity.
13 Antisecretory and Methanolic extract It was discovered that
antiulcer activity of roots shatavari repaired peptic
(Sairam et al., 2003) ulcer and boosted mucosal
defence characteristics such
mucus secretion, cellular
mucus, and cell life span in
several models of
gastrodudenal ulcers such
as pyloric ligation, cold
stress, and cysteamine
induced ulcers.
14 Antisecretory and Aqueous extract of By preventing and mending

antiulcer activity (Joshi roots stomach ulcers and
and Thatte, 2012) erosions, it was discovered
to have a cytoprotective
effect.
15 Antisecretory and Crude extract Has been discovered to
antiulcer activity lower stomach acid output
(Bhatnagar and Sisodia, and at a pace comparable to
2006) ranitidine, it heals stomach
ulcers.
16 Hepatoprotective Hydroalcoholic By decreasing the
activity (Acharya et al., extract development of lipid
2012) peroxides in the liver of rats,
it has a hepatoprotective
activity.
17 Hepatoprotective Ethanolic root In isoniazid-induced
activity (Palanisamy and extract hepatotoxicity in rats, the
Manian, 2011)
herb was revealed to have

hepatoprotective activity.
18 Hepatoprotective Aqueous extract In swiss albino mice, it
activity (Sharma and reduced the hepatotoxic
Verma, 2012) effects of lead.
19 Neuroprotective activity Ethanolic root By correcting the cognitive
(Uddin et al., 2016) extract impairment and oxidative
stress caused by ethanol in
the rat brain, it provided
neuroprotection.
20 Nephroprotective Methanolic and Acetaminophen-induced
activity (Roy et al., hydromethanolic uremia in rats was reduced,
1971) extract indicating a
nephroprotective activity.
21 Antineoplastic activity Shatavarins 4 root In both in vitro and in vivo
(Mitra et al., 2012) extract experimental models, they
show considerable
anticancer efficiacy.
22 Antineoplastic activity Aqueous extract of In diethylnitrosamine-treated
(Aggarwal et al., 2008) roots rats, it was found to reduced
the incidence of
hepatocarcinogenesis.
23 Immunomodulatory Steroidal In experimental animal
activity (Sharma et al., sapogenin extract models, produced an
20211) of roots immunostimulant effect.
24 Immunoadjuvant Aqueous extract of T-cell activation was shown
activity (Gautam et al., roots to considerably raise CD3
2009) (+) and CD4/CD8(+) % IN
EXPERIMENTAL MICE,
Iimplying T-cell activation.
These mice also has
considerable up-regulation
of Th1 (IL-2.IFN-g) and Th2
(IL-4) cytokines, implying
that shatavari has mixed
Th1/Th2 adjuvant action.
25 Antioxidant effect Crude extract In rat liver mitochondria,
(Kamat et al., 2000) where oxidative damage
was caused by 450 gray

gamma radiatiom, they
showed an antioxidant
effect. Glutathione and
ascorbic acid had similar
effects.
26 Antioxidant effect Aqueous and Stop lipid peroxidation.
(Visavadiya et al., ethanolic extract
2009)
27 Anti-inflammatory Liposomes Invitro, it had anti-
activity (Plangsombat et prepared from inflammatory activity efficacy
al., 2016) shatavari root to that of dexamethasone.
extract
28 Anti-inflammatory Ethanolic leaf Anti-inflammatory activity
activity (Battu and extract
Kumar, 2010)
29 Analgesic activity Aqueous and In eddy’s hot plate and heat
(Rahiman et al., 2011) alcholic extract conduction models in Swiss
albino mice, produce.
30 Analgesic activity Ethanolic extract inhibit writhing reflex in
(Karmakar et al., 2012) acetic acid induced
writhing model in mice
produced analgesic activity.
31 Antiprotozoal activity Crude alcholic In vitro, there was an
extract of roots inhibitory effect on the
growth of Entamoeba
histolytica. 5
32 Antifungal activity (Uma Methanolic extract Inhibited the growth of
et al., 2009) numerous candida species
isolated from individuals with
vaginal thrush, with an
efficacy comparable to
fluconazole.
33 Antitussive effect Methanolic roots Sulphur dioxide-induced
(Mandal et al., 2000) extract cough in mice was found to
have considerable
antitussive effect. This
drug’s ability to supress
cough was found to be

comparable to that of
codeine phosphate.
34 Antiurolithiatic effect Ethanolic extract Reduced calcium,
(Jagannath et al., 2012) phosphorous, urea, and
creatinine levels in the
blood, as well as protecting
renal tissues from ethylene
glycol and ammonium
chloride injury.
35 Diuretic action (Kumar Aqueous root it was equivalent to the usual
et al., 2010) extract medicine, frurosemide, rats
at a dose of 3200 mg/kg.
36 Antidiabetic activity Ethanolic extract Antidiabetic activity
(Hannan et al., 2007; and five different
Hannan et al., 2012) partition fractions
of roots
37 Wound healing Aqueous root Wound healing properties
properties (Kodancha et extract
al., 2011)
38 Effect on Aqueous root Effect on Cardiovascular
Cardiovascular system extract system
(Roy et al., 1971)
39 Antidiarrheal effect Whole plant In a castor oil-induced
extract duarrhoea model in mice, it
was discovered to have an
antidiarrheal effect
40 Antianemia (Chaudhary Methanolic extract the quantity of red blood

et al., 2016) corpuscles RBC and
haemoglobin % both
increased.
8 SUBSTITUTES AND ADULTERANTS
1. Roots of Asparagus sarmentosus Linn

2. Roots of Asparagus filicinus Ham
3. Roots of Asparagus curillus Ham
4. Roots of Asparagus sprengeri Regel
(Sharma et al., 2000).
9 CONCLUSIONS
Numerous investigations on various components of Shatavari have been undertaken, and this
plant has been produced as a medication by pharmaceutical companies. Identification,
categorization, and recording of plants required a through and methodical investigation, which
could be a useful strategy to promote traditional knowledge of the therapeutic herbal plant.
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A BREIF OVERVIEW ON ASPARAGUS RACEMOUS

Article · December 2021

Shweta Parihar Devender Sharma

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A BREIF OVERVIEW ON ASPARAGUS

KEYWORDS- Asparagus racemosus, Asparagaceae, Pharmacology, Marketed formulations,

2 TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION OF SHATAVARI

3.3 POWDER MACROSCOPY

2 Polycyclic alkaloid Asparagamine A, Isoflavones 8- (Patricia et

3 Oligospirostanoside Carboxylic acid, Asparagusic acid (Handa et al.,

4 Cyclic hydrocarbons Racemosol, (Wiboonpun et

5 Furan compound Racemofuran (Kamat et al.,

6 Carbohydrates Polysaccharides, Mucilage (Sharma 1981).

7 Flavonoids Glycosides of quercitin, rutin, and (Singh, 1991).

9 Trace elements Copper, zinc, manganese, cobalt, (Mohanta et al.,

10 Miscellaneous constituents Gamma linolenic acid, vitamins A, (Tambvekar,

5 THERAPEUTIC DOSAGE: 5-7 g, 7-12 g

Table-3 Medicinal uses of different parts of the Shatavari

S.NO. PLANT PARTS USES

4 Powder Diabetic patients, spermaturia

7 Pharmacological activities of Shatavari

S.NO. PHARMACOLOGICAL EXTRACT OF ACTION

induced increases in blood

seizures, Swiss albino mice

14 Antisecretory and Aqueous extract of By preventing and mending

herb was revealed to have

was caused by 450 gray

cough was found to be

40 Antianemia (Chaudhary Methanolic extract the quantity of red blood

8 SUBSTITUTES AND ADULTERANTS

1. Roots of Asparagus sarmentosus Linn

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