SETTLEMENT

LEVEL STUDIES
WRT SITE

101118010- Gautham Kumar

101118022- Manideep Mamidala
101118027- Dinesh Pathiwada
101118028- Jayanth Ponnam
Introduction
Vernacular architecture is a category of architecture based on local needs and construction materials, and
reflecting local traditions. The ‘vernacular’, in India, denotes low cost, traditional village and small town
settlements, where construction is carried out without the help of architects and professionals, where building
activity is regulated by a long tradition that stretches back for many centuries, in many cases. Climate, of
course, is a predominant factor in determining the forms of vernacular architecture in India. Vernacular
settlements in India often take on the shape and form that is dictated by the climate they are in, or the
socio-cultural norms that they are designed to preserve and protect. It is the informal functional architecture of
structures, often in rural areas of India, built of local materials and designed to meet the needs of local people.

Factors affecting vernacular architecture

● Climate of the region
● Geography of the region
● Availability of material

We will be showing the following things in brief :

● planning principles
● access
● Circulation
● Utilities
● zoning
 Table of Contents

01 02
MAHARASHTRA ASSAM
Gondia district, near Nagpur in Brahmaputra valley, the Barak
Maharashtra valley and the Karbi Anglong
range.

03 04
KARNATAKA ANDHRA PRADESH
A case study of a Vernacular
Chilakaluripet, Guntur district, India
House in Allur Village,
Kalaburagi, India
 Table of Contents

05 06
CHATTISGARH HIMACHAL PRADESH
Main city – Raipur, Bilaspur, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
Durg.

07 08
UTTAR PRADESH RAJASTHAN
Study of Traditional Dwelling,
Traditional house, Jaipur
Sikandra, Uttar Pradesh
 01
MAHARASHTRA
Gondia district, near Nagpur in Maharashtra
INTRODUCTION
● Gondia district (almost on Maharashtra and MP border) is located near Nagpur in Mahrashtra.
● The traditional dwellings situated there, are typical for that region.
● The houses varied from small single storied mud structures to three or even more, in similar
pattern.

● This is a study of a three storied haveli

belonging to a zamindar.
● But unfortunately the front courtyard was a
mere shadow of its original form.
● So, the information gathered here is a
combination of a couple of other similar
structures.
● So the main building of the original haveli is
combined to the courtyard and
livestock-shelters of the second, completing
the original traditional dwelling as it would
have had been.
● Spaces are arranged about
a central space which is the
main bedroom.
● The plan is a rough 7×7 grid.
● The wall thicknesses vary
from 1m and downwards.
FLOOR PLANS
ELEVATIONS AND
VIEWS

● A stepped pyramidal structure with

sloping roofs.
● No open terrace and minimal
openings.
SECTIONAL PLAN SHOWING THE ISOMETRIC VIEW SHOWING THE
ZONING INSIDE HAVELI ZONING INSIDE HAVELI
 VILLAGE GATHERINGS 1. Use of courtyard for livestock
management.
1. Gatherings of males of the village happened daily in the 2. Storage on 1st floor, replenished
evenings after the days work. each year.
2. Sometimes small scale social functions also happen here.
3. This activity is completely public and thus no privacy is required.

● Front verandah for minor and

personal gatherings
● A large courtyard suitable for holding
mini functions
● Seating outside the main gate.
 STORAGE
● The whole built form has more combined space for storages
than any other purposes.
● This is mainly because the amindar/ tehsildar the whole
harvest produced on their land is stored in the haveli.
● Further there is a large collection of livestock, and storage is
required for their fodder as well.
● Also an emergency food storage is kept for the family
members.
SLEEPING
● Sleeping was the activity done in the central
room.
● The zamindar slept in both in the afternoon
and night.
● It is a space where outsiders are not allowed.
● Adjacent side storage is used for storing the
bedding whenever not in use.
TOWERING STRUCTURE GRAND ENTRANCE

● As one approaches the village ● Though entries to all residences

the 2nd floor of the haveli is in the village are big, the main
seen towering on top of other gate to a haveli is the largest
single and double storeyed measuring about 3m x 3m and
structures. outer walls being 5m tall.
● Though built as an outpost for
watching the estate the 2nd
floor works rather as an
identification mark.

COURTYARD SIZE

● Courtyard of the haveli is much

larger than any other in the
village measuring almost 17m
x15m, making it an ideal spot for
social functions.
 02
ASSAM
Brahmaputra valley, the Barak valley and the
Karbi Anglong range.
Introduction
Type of the house is Assam type house. In Assam British started their kingdom in 1826. During 120 yrs of their
role in Assam they had constructed many buildings, bridges, bungalow, school and colleges etc.

BRITISH COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE

● Before the British the building constructed by

kings was very uneconomical and the
construction system was very difficult. It was
not possible for common people.
● The house of the common people was of
thatch roof with bamboo walls plastered
with a mixture of mud and cow dung.
● The British studied the local environment and
local building materials and accordingly
designed comfortable and beautiful
buildings.
● They had started a special type of
construction, which finally become the
typical building type and called” Assam type
house”.
Topography of Assam
● LATITUDE - 26.25 dg.N
● LONGITUDE - 91.8dg.E

Topographically, the state can be divided into three parts, viz.

1. Brahmaputra valley, the Barak valley and the Karbi Anglong range.
2. Assam falls in a zone prone to earthquake.
3. Though mild shaking are familiar to the region, high-intensity earthquakes are rather infrequent.

BUILDING TYPE
● The building is of two storied house.
● Building is symmetrical on both side.
● 1st floor is connected with a timber staircase.
● Open spaces in front (chotal) and back side (bari) of the
house.
BUILDING MATERIAL
● Walls are of timber frame work, inside those panels ikara
used to fill.
● These ikaras are cut in size of the panel and laid vertically.
● The horizontal members usually bamboo.
● After putting the ikara it is left to dry for few days.
● Then it is plastered in both side with mud mortar. From finished floor level the walls are of half
● 3 layers of plaster are done alternatively after dying of each brick thick brick walls up to a ht. 60 cm.
coat.
● Finished coat is of liquid mix of mud and cow dung.

Section of the Plinth

The plinth is made of one brick thick Fixing of steel pillars with nuts and bolts.
brick wall.
SPECIAL FEATURES
1. Front facade
as the site is compact with so many houses, so as to provide better ventilation, front façade is very important.
i. Contains large no of openings.
ii. Sheds are provided, restrict rainfall.
iii. Arrange in different level.
iv. Better ventilation in front rooms.
v. Sill level of the window is about 60 cm only
vi. Roof is of sloping from to provide shed during rain
2. High plinth level
plinth is of about 60-70 cm.
i. To provide foundation.
ii. Reduce dust and smoke of roads to enter inside the house.
iii. To provide better air circulation for light inside.
3. Entrance
a. Two entrances.
b. Directly open to the street.
c. Ideally built according to their needs.
d. 10 mts of open space in front of the house.
4. Ceiling
a. Made of wooden beams.
b. Wooden members are stick very close to each other.
c. Supported by vertical wooden /steel column.
d. A fully wooden structure.
5. Flooring
a. Flooring is of cement flooring.
b. Accommodation of dust coming from the street in all rooms in the front side.
 03
KARNATAKA
- A case study of a Vernacular House in Allur Village,
Kalaburagi, India
Introduction

Traditional architecture is the outcome of centuries of optimization of climate consideration, of material use,
construction techniques. Ancient buildings demonstrate the passive architecture of that specific region. Without
mechanical means these buildings are better than the newly designed buildings.
The vernacular architecture is constructed by indigenous people without any knowledge about architecture
which is a more functional design rather than an aesthetic design for satisfying the initial needs
Vernacular architecture with hundreds of years of experience behind it has evolved appropriate building
methods for each type of climate.

DESIGN PROCESS IN KALABURAGI:

Decisions to be made during the design process in hot dry climate include: -
• Planning Decisions
• Functional Decisions
• Material Related Decision
House Plans:
• Compact Plans are preferred as these will expose minimum surface to harsh solar radiations.
• Deeper rooms are better against hot outside solar radiations.
• Inward looking plans best suits for this type of climate as these straight away protect us from external solar
heat and radiation.
• Courtyard planning along with some trees and small water body creates very good cool microclimate as
evaporative cooling effects occurs in this type of courtyard.
• Thicker external walls with the minimum windows should be used to avoid heat and solar radiations.
• Heat producing areas should be separated from other areas of house.

DEEPER WINDOWS AND WALLS

COURTYARD CONCEPT WITH THICKER WALLS
FUNCTIONAL DECISIONS: (OPENINGS)

• Physical Access
• Fresh Air inlet.
• Used (hot) air outlet.
• Light
• Visual Access
• Audial Access

Small Openings Provided for Ventilation and Visual Access

MATERIAL RELATED DECISIONS:

Material and Construction Technique is vital in setting forth the chemistry of

building with external elements through its thermal coefficient, material
properties and dynamics of its physics. If sunburnt clay block is taken as a unit of
energy demand of material, cement is nearly 10 times energy intensive, steel is
30 times and aluminium 160 times. Finishes and Surface Articulation: Although
Seemingly micro, the skin rendering turn out to be the first aspects of building to Shahabad Stone Used for Indoor and Outdoor
negotiate with environmental conditions. As the first soldier, it takes most of the Flooring
burns of nature.
 Shahabad Stone is one of the wonders of Mother Nature. Slabs stacked neatly say it all. And it’s just below
the topsoil, not much effort required to haul them out. Here's one of the quarries while travelling between
Chittapur and Shahabad.
There is nothing that binds these stones together. If we closely observe we find they are placed skilfully one
above the other. The use of local materials, local technology for construction of buildings with the help of
local artisans helps vernacular buildings energy efficient. The most widespread building materials are
sandstone, Basalt (Deccan trap) stone, schist, granite (pink or grey colour), lime, shale, timber, mud, Shahabad
stone, etc.

A multi-storey house and a smaller house which is totally constructed using Shahabad stones from foundation to roof

Massive Walls
The walls of vernacular buildings are massive with the thickness varying from 45cm
to 60cm. The thick walls are constructed with Shahabad lime stones and mortar of
lime and surkhi, the walls are sometime pointed or remained unfinished without
plaster, thick walls stores large amount of heat due to large heat capacities and
create a larger timeline, this helps the inside cool during day time when it is most
inconvenient outside, on the other hand in winter heating requirements are reduced
due to heat stored in the walls which is radiated during night.
 Roof Construction
• Sloped roof
• Pitched roof
• Brick bat slab
• Flat stone slab roof
The massive roof construction of thickness (15 to 30
cm) ensures a very large time lag for sun radiations to
penetrate the interiors.Roofs were constructed with
the help of wooden logs and Shahabad stones for the
covering. Metal ‘I’ sections were used as an alternate
material to support roofs and lime mortar as
weathering coat.

CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY:
• Foundations are built out of stone with lime mortar.
• Walls (1’6” to 3’6” thick) are built out of finely cut or rough tooled sand stone, basalt stone or Shahabad stone with
lime mortar.
• Roofs are covered with stone slabs supported by wooden beams & rafters in the natural form topped by lime
mortar. In some places stone slabs supported by wooden beams & joists cut into required size & it is topped by lime
concrete & finished with lime mortar.
• The paving of entrance lobby & court is generally in the rough stone slabs set either regularly or random rubble
fashion. Floors of veranda & rooms are of stone slabs
SHADING DEVICES:
The natural cooling may be achieved by cutting off the sun’s radiations, reducing the
absorption and slowing down the transmission of heat. The sunshades not only protect
from sun’s radiations through the windows but walls too. Vernacular buildings have
deep and inclined sun shades which are more effective as they cover the more surface
area. Deep carving on building exteriors causes mutual shading in the day and in the
evening and the extended surface area increases convective heat transfer to the air.
Tapered windows with smaller section inside also increase the velocity of entering air.
The hot air rises up in a domed space and the vents near the ceiling allow hot air to
escape. A small window on a huge wall, as we see in most of the buildings in hot dry &
composite allows the wind to move inside the building with a greater force (Gupta
1984). When the air with a greater velocity enters into a wider space, sudden expansion
results in lowering down of the temperature of inside spaces of the buildings.

LATTICE SCREEN:
Another strong feature which makes the internal spaces cool is lattice
screen or jaali. Jaali is used frequently in buildings of composite & hot dry
region architecture and is a prominent element. On one hand, it provides
privacy and it controls the airflow and lower down the temperature of
internal spaces on the other. When there is sunshine outside in the day, the
internal spaces are not clearly visible from outside however, the diffused
light is spread throughout the interiors. To get a clear outside view, a
cutout is provided at eye level for the viewer sitting on the floor
ABOUT THE HOUSES: ➢ The façade is usually symmetrical around a central
projection. The tallest and most impressive feature of the
house.
➢ There is a huge front façade made of stone and a little
of wood, it acts as an entrance to the house. ➢ There are
two doors in the entrance one for the main entry to the
house, and the other door is for the entry of the cows.
➢ As we proceed towards inside, there is a central
courtyard which is open to sky and as a teak wood pillars
on all side. In hot dry and hot humid climates, courtyard
is the centre of the building provides a comfortable place
for living. The courtyard makes a plan internally oriented
and prevents the internal spaces from solar radiations
and hot-and-dusty winds. It always shaded throughout
the day even if the building is oriented to any direction. In
the evening, air temperature falls considerably due to
reradiation to the night sky.
➢ Around this courtyard we find a mezzanine floor on
the either side. At one side it is used for storing of grains
and fodders for the cattles and on the either side it is
used for sleeping. Central courtyard has a sloping stone
roof to face the onslaught of the torrential monsoon.
➢ A narrow corridor runs all around the courtyard
connecting to the room in the upper floor.
➢ In the upper floor there are eight rooms which
consist of two halls and six rooms which are used
mainly for sleeping and storing grains, and drying
grains.
➢ Light and ventilation is obtained through small
windows and openings.
➢ The house is made primarily of stone.
➢ The principle building material is stone and wood.
➢ The house is totally made using locally available
materials accessible around area to suit the climatic
and traditions of the owner.
➢ The lime plaster is used to help to keep the insects’
away and also reflected sunlight to reduce the heat
within the house.
➢ The roof of the house is also covered with flat
stones, slabs, packed with mud.
➢ The wooden pillars support the roof.
➢ The kitchen is at the rear of the house or even a
little away to keep the smoke away.
➢ There was a separate toilet area for ladies which
are placed at the rear side of the house.
➢ The unique feature of that house is that men and
women share kind of respect, status and position.
➢ The whole façade is constructed using Shahabad
stone.
➢ Small windows are provided so that hot air should
not enter the building
ANDHRA PRADESH
04
Chilakaluripet, Guntur district, India
Introduction
The type of architecture we are discussing today is typical architecture prevailing in this area. This is situated in
a small town called CHILAKALURIPET near Guntur district in Andhra Pradesh. It was first in 1940’s to provide
shelter for a single family. But now it is used to provide shelter for three families. The houses are provided with
a open well to provide water for the needs of the family.

Culture and the House

● The thresholds of the doors is given special importance.
● They are made prominent and decorative with yellow, red and green colors.
● This is evolved from the custom of applying turmeric to prevent the entry of
insects in to the house specially during the harvest period.

The well was once the only

source of water and all the
washing and other related
activities happen around the
well.
FEATURES
● There are benches between every two adjacent gates of the house as
shown.
● This is used by the family members in the evenings to sit and chat with
the neighbors.
● These benches are made of cuddapah stone tiles.
● The terrace is an important space for household and daily activities.
● It is used for drying clothes, spices and in the evenings by children to
study and play.
● Family members sleep here during summers.
● The staircase is narrow and have risers as high as 250mm.
● The space under the stair case is used as a storage area for frequently
used items.
● The stone tiles used for flooring are locally available called the
cuddapah stones.
● The foundation of the house is also made of cuddapah stone blocks.
SITE PLAN
● The site plan shows most of the houses having the
similar rectangular linear forms of houses
depicting the typical architectural culture of the
area.
● The houses are compactly planned minimizing
heat gain and heat loss.
● Little plantation area.

MAIN FEATURES

● Separate kitchens, bathrooms and toilet areas.

● The house is a joint plan of three individual linear houses.
● Similar house plans in the entire region.
● Common verandah and courtyard for the three houses.
● Includes cultural elements like thresholds at every door.
● Use of locally available building materials.
● Good climatic response.
 PLANS

Plan of old house constructed in 1940’S. Plan of new house constructed in recent years.
SECTIONS - SPACE ZONING
COMPARISON
1. Elevation

There are no major changes in the elevation of the old and new house.
2. Verandah

● OLD HOUSE – Common verandah with circular columns.

● NEW HOUSE – Partitioned verandah decorated with iron grills for security.
3. Courtyard

● OLD HOUSE: Open space (courtyard) between the house and kitchen.
● NEW HOUSE: Courtyard divided and transformed in to dining rooms.
05
CHATTISGARH
Main city – Raipur, Bilaspur, Durg.
 ABOUT CHHATTISGARH
● Geography – Present Chhattisgarh came into existence on
1st nov. 2000. Extracted from Madhya Pradesh.
● Main city – Raipur, Bilaspur, Durg.
● Climate – the tropic of cancer passes through Chhattisgarh.
Hence the northern part gets warmer after 2nd march.
During this time the temperatures in southern districts remain
high. It is a region of high rainfall.
● Front façade of the house.
● It has a lot of empty space known as ”bayara”

Roofing:
● The roof is mainly made of bamboo hay and
“khapraels”.
● For proper ventilation slits have been provided in the
roofing.
LAYOUT PLAN

● 4 Bedroom
● 1 Drawing
● 1 Guest room
● 1 Kitchen
● 3 Extra room
● 1 Gaushala
● 2 Store room
SITE PLAN
● There is a courtyard in middle of the house.
● Empty space in front and back portion.
● Location of house from the main road.

SECTION
● We can see the activity and the truss ,tiles which is used
in the house.
FEATURES
● From the verandah there is door to kitchen and bedrooms. Cement
flooring is used in courtyard.
● Verandah which is used as kitchen ,sitting purpose, around the
courtyard ,courtyard is also used for this purpose.
● There is a way like a corridor to the gaushala and store. It is used
very common for animals.
● We can see the gaushala which has no door for animals, the
bamboo is used as a tightening purpose. Small window in the wall
can be seen.
● We can see the floor of gaushala, where animals tied ,floor is very
rough. There is a verandah next to the front door which is
● We can see the partition in gaushala ,i.e. For animals cant fight used as a sitting purpose like baithak .There is
with each other. mud flooring in verandah.

We can see the

interior of the house, In the roofing
uses of spaces, wiring materials used-
,old furniture of the Bamboo, tiles,
house. We can see the mud etc.
level of door which is
quite above the
ground.
HIMACHAL PRADESH
06
Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
Traditional dwelling which have evolved over the ages have been influenced by
these factors:
● Climatic response to the environment.
● Cultural pattern of the inhabitants.
● Adaptability of the house according to the social lifestyle.
● Locally available construction material.

LOCATION
● The house is located in village Basal, Solan in Himachal Pradesh.
● Built on a gentle hill slope which is sparsely populated, it has a
small water channel running besides it.
● The dwelling was built in 1923 and occupied by a n agrarian
family whose main preoccupation was to stores grains efficiently.
● Built around 80 years back, the house belongs to an agrarian
family.
● Situated along a gentle slope,the density of houses is less and lot
of greenery.
● Hills give this house it scenic beauty.
● The house has been built taking into account the furious winters
when it snows and the summers, which make the house really Site plan showing the scarcity of houses

warm.
LAYOUT PLAN
● The house has been built such that the cow-shed and kitchen form a separate unit, away from the living
quarters.
● The living quarters basically include bedrooms and stores for storage of grains.
 ELEVATIONS

● The sloping roof as seen in the traditional dwelling is a common feature in all the houses in the area as is compact
planning of the house.
 THE ATTIC
● An interesting part of the house is the attic which is used to store
corn which forms the staple diet of the people.
● The two windows on the sides ventilate and dry the corn at the
SECTION same time protecting from the rain.
● Although the main function of the attic is to insulate the house, it
● The house which
serves as an excellent storage space.
constitutes many stores
has been built for storage
of grains which formed BUILDING MATERIALS
the backbone of the
agrarian family. ● This is the kind of ladder used to go to the attic where the corn is stored.
● Boxes of various sizes can ● All the building construction material used is locally available like the stone
been found. and sand of which the walls are made, the timber is also readily available.
● The staircase used to reach the first floor of the house is made of timber, with
stone slabs also introduced.
 BUILT FORM
The timber truss
● The built form of the house constitutes about 60% of the plot area. which covers the first
floor roof is effective
● The house in its totality forms a compact unit. in insulating the
● As a general rule the houses do not have a boundary wall. house as well.

The cow shed and

north side elevation
of the house

The house as seen from south side. (Paper Model)

07
UTTAR PRADESH
Study of Traditional Dwelling, Sikandra, Uttar Pradesh
Introduction

It is about Shyam Kuti built by Architect Late Pt. Shyam Lalji. It was built by the architect himself in 1929. This
is a perfect example highlighting how Colonial Architecture mixed into the age old Indian Tradition. Located in
Sikandra, a small township near Agra of Uttar Pradesh, “Shyam Kuti” is built right on the banks of Yamuna. The
famous Akbar’s tomb is just 4 kms from the site. The house is situated on a slope of 1:4.4. During the time this
house was built, the river used to flood and rise up to just 5 metres below the road level, which meant that the
major part of the slope which housed Shyam Kuti would also get flooded. The site also was at a height of around
2.4 metres from the road level. The site is south-east facing.
Social context of the house
● Pt. Shyam Lalji always wanted to spend the last days of his life in the
service of God.
● According to his family traditions, he built a temple for his family, “Prem
Mandir” which opened for public only before Baisakhi every year, when
Sadhus and fakirs in hundreds would be invited for the Maha Yagya.
● He had to think of how to accommodate these flow of Sadhus and fakirs.
● It was for this reason, that he built a very big open basement so that this
area could be used a dormitory for the sadhus.
● The house has been built in such a way that the private life of the family is
not disturbed by the presence of so many guests At one period of the year.
● When he was building the house, he had to keep in mind not to disturb the
ethics of the mandir with his family life.
● He wanted to have a private life for his family and also a very public life for
the mandir.
● His widow mother also lived with him. And in those days the widows were
not supposed to come out in the public.
● They were supposed to have a separate kitchen of their own.
● As such the pious widow had a separate kitchen just next to her bedroom.
● The bedroom was also place cleverly very near to the mandir so that the
bhajans and pujas of the mandir could be heard easily by the widow from
her room itself, without her having to come out.
 PLANS

Basement floor plan Semi - basement floor plan

 Plan of entire compound

Ground floor plan

The Terrace

● Chattri on the terrace.

● Built so that the house and the mandir complement each other.
● The terrace was also used as public seating space.
● Thus there is a public staircase which lead to the terrace.
08
RAJASTHAN
Traditional dwelling, Jaipur
● The house belongs to an affluent family of the town and
is about 70 yrs old.
● The house was designed and built in during the colonial
period with rapidly changing Indian society and new life
styles, therefore reflects the features of the period.
● As the house is now divided into two halves each
belonging to the two brothers, defines how a dwelling
modify itself over time.

ABOUT SITE
● The site lies in the city of Jaipur, capital of Rajasthan. It was the first planned
colony that came up outside the main walled city, around early 20th century.
● It acts as a link between the traditional Rajput architectural setup and that of
planning of modern Jaipur.
● The roads run parallel nd perpendicular to each other with service lanes.
● It is in form of bungalow system surrounded by houses of same status and
period.
● It is in close vicinity to railway station, bus stand and main markets.
 DESIGN AND PLANNING

● The house stands well in approximately square plan

with nearly 55% of carpet area.
● The plan well facilitates the need of the family and the
customs they follow.

FEATURES
● Courtyard house.
● Mirror image along central axis into halves.
● Two flights of stair case.
● First floor construction in three parts.
● Bedroom on southwest.
● Pooja & study in north.
● Guest room & servants quarter in east.
ZONING AND SPACE TYPES

As seen in most of vernacular planning, due to social customs, the whole house is clearly divided into public & private
zones.There is not much vertical zoning as the family lived as a unit. As the first floor is built in three parts. The rooms
are not separated by any corridor or any other space and open into each other at the cost of individual privacy.

In this case:

● The right half is the public

zone or men’s area, which
belonged to the head of the
family.
● The left half is the private
zone with study, bedrooms
specially for the ladies,
kitchen and dining.
 ELEVATION

● As the building was built in the colonial period it

reflects the elements of influence like the pillars &
the arches.

FEATURES
● Courtyard house.
● Mirror image along central axis into halves.
● Two flights of stair case.
● First floor construction in three parts.
● Bedroom on southwest.
● Pooja & study in north.
● Guest room & servants quarter in east.
The façade is colored white
blended with Jaipur style.
VIEWS
SECTIONS
Thanks