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ICoSITeR 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 830 (2021) 012062 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/830/1/012062

Analysis of The Impact of Biochar Application on Soil Fertility

and Productivity
Nova Anika1, David Septian Sumanto Marpaung1 , Yazid Bindar2
1
Biosystem Engineering, Institut Teknologi sumatera, South Lampung, Indonesia
2
Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, West Java, Indonesia

Corresponding Author : nova.anika@tbs.itera.ac.id

Abstract. The increase agricultural production through intensification and
extensification programs does not only provide solutions to food security, but it raises
several challenges in sustainable production. In addition to increasing greenhouse
emissions which have an impact on global warming, increased production also escalate
the production of biomass waste. Although biomass waste is more environmentally
friendly than oil-based waste, without proper treatment, this solid waste will have a
negative impact on the environment and the sustainability of agricultural production.
The conversion of biomass waste into new technology must be adapted to the
characteristics of the biomass. Several studies have shown that biomass waste has the
potential to be converted into products of higher value such as biochar. Biochar is a
material converted from organic waste or agricultural / plantation waste that is rich in
carbon, used to increase soil productivity . The long-term advantage of biochar
application for the availability of plant nutrients is related to the high stability of organic
carbon. The effectiveness of biochar application depends on the biochar production
process, the amount of biochar that applied, the soil characteristic, the type of crop being
cultivated.
Keywords : Biomass Waste, Biochar, Soil fertility, Soil Productivity

1. Introduction
World population growth in 2050 is predicted to reach 9-11 billion people [1], of which around 6 billion people
are residents of developing countries [2]. Population growth must be followed by an increase in agricultural
production to meet food needs. Over the past 50-60 years, agricultural research and development has focused on
maximizing yields, coupled with increased specialization in production and expansion of agricultural land [3].
Increasing agricultural production through intensification and extensification does not only provide solutions
to food security, but raises several challenges in sustainable production. In order to meet food needs for the next
40 years, agricultural emissions will increase by around 60% [4]. Apart from increasing greenhouse emissions
which have an impact on global warming, increased production also increases the production of biomass waste.
The agricultural, forestry, domestic and industrial sectors produce around 10 billion tons of waste per year on a
global scale, and 2 billion tons of total waste constitute agricultural waste whose numbers tend to increase over
time [5]. Although biomass waste is more environmentally friendly than oil-based waste, without proper treatment,
this solid waste will have a negative impact on the environment and the sustainability of agricultural production.
The conversion of biomass waste into new technology must be adapted to the characteristics of the biomass.
Several studies have shown that biomass waste has the potential to be converted into products of higher value such
as biochar. Biochar is a charcoal that is formed by biomass pyrolysis. The conversion of chemical composition in
biomass into biochar occured in the absence or restriction of oxygen supply at particular temperatures and
pressures. The highly porous structure of biochar can contain quantities of extractable, humic-like and fluvic-like
substances [6]. Meanwhile, the molecular structure of biochar show high degree of chemical and microbial stability
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ICoSITeR 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 830 (2021) 012062 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/830/1/012062

[7]. The basic structure of biochar typically contains carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and some lower nutrients, such
as K, Ca, Na, and Mg [8]. Biochar has a high specific surface area and a variety of polar or non-polar compounds
that have a good attraction to inorganic ions such as heavy metal ions, phosphates and nitrates he majority of
biochar compound is suitable in soil quality improvement for agriculture purposes.
Biochar was reported improve the soil chemical and physical properties [9]. Besides, Biochar also able to
improve the soil microbial properties [7]. Many studies have shown that the combination of biochar and soil able
to improve soil structure, increase porosity, reduce bulk density, and increase aggregation and water retention [10].
Further, Biochar is also increase soil electrical conductivity [11], cation exchange capacity [12], reduce soil acidity
[11], increase soil biology community composition, and increase microbial biomass [13]. It is indicated that
Biochar is potentially component for increase the agriculture productivity through increase the soil fertility.
The majority of Indonesian agricultural soils are acidic and low in both total and available phosphorus [14].
Approximately 104 million ha (68 per cent) out of a total of 148 million ha are acidic and mainly found in Sumatra,
Kalimantan and Papua [15]. The utilization of Biochar in soil productivity for many Indonesia agriculture
commodities still less discussed. In this review study, we addressed objectively the effect of biochar on soil fertility
and productivity.

2. Production of Biochar
The high quality of Biochar is produced from biomass with the proper process. Common strategy for production
of Biochar for high yield agriculture product showed in Fig 1. There are various thermochemical processes for
the processing of biochar along with their characteristics. Each of process resulted different Biochar characteristic
product and yield.

Figure 1. Strategy to produce Biochar for high yield agriculture product

2.1 Pyrolisis
Pyrolysis is a method for decomposing organic materials thermally under depleted oxygen conditions within a
temperature range of 300 ~ 900 ° C [16, 17] The cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin in biomass undergo their own
reaction mechanisms, including cross-linking, depolymerization and fragmentation at their own temperature,
creating solid , liquid and gaseous materials, during its thermal decomposition [18]. The factors that influence the
quality of products in pyrolysis processes include the reaction temperature, heating rate, and residence time.
Meanwhile, the yields of the pyrolysis products rely on the characteristics of the raw biomass materials and the
pyrolysis processes adapted [18]. Therefore, the proper pryolysis process will determined quality of Biochar
resulted. There are 2 type of pyrolysis methods in Biochar production process, including slow pyrolisis and fast
pyrolysis [19]. Slow pyrolysis is a process in which biomass is decomposed at a comparatively mild temperature,
which gives ample time for biomass pyrolysis vapor. "Slow" in the slow pyrolysis process implies a low heating
rate; meanwhile, the "optimum carbon forming temperature area" [20].

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ICoSITeR 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 830 (2021) 012062 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/830/1/012062

Table 1. The yield and biochar composition from pyrolysis process

Biochar Composition (Wt. %)
Biomass Yield Reference
C H N S O
Coffee husk 39.82 69.96 3.63 3.58 0.24 - [21]
Pine wood 43.7 71.3 4.7 - - - [22]
Wheat straw 26 56 2.3 1.0 - - [23]
Cow manure 58.0 51.30 4.52 1.70 - - [24]
Sweet sorghum 23.8 69.03 2.78 0.59 - 27.6 [25]
Rice husk 38.86 44.73 1.80 0.73 - 7.69 [26]
Brown macroalga 56.08 30.67 2.72 2.09 - 64.53 [27]

In contrast to slow pyrolysis, fast pyrolysis occurred in very high heating rates, about 1000 °C/min, to the
pyrolysis temperature around 500 °C, and the residence time of vapor is normally <2s [27]. Biomass particles are
rapidly decomposed to produce pyrolysis vapors and biochars (10–15 wt.%) in fast pyrolysis process [18]. The
yield and biochar composition from biomass conversion process was showed in Table 1.

2.2 Gasification
The thermochemical partial oxidation process, called gasification, is converting carbonaceous materials to gaseous
products using agents. Gasification typically occurs at a temperature of 700–1000 ° C [18]. The biomass undergoes
incomplete combustion of different gasifying agents in such temperature condition [20]. The gasification process
can be divided into several stages including drying, pyrolysis, oxidation and gasification (Fig 2.). Each step could
not be clearly distinguished from the others in terms of temperature and pressure [18].

Figure 2. Gasification process [18]

In the drying step, the biomass will be evaporated and the energy used in this step will not be recovered. This
step is required to introduce the biomass into the gasifier when the moisture content is too high. After that, the
biomass will be heated in pyrolysis process. It takes place over the temperature range, 150-400oC. In this process
resulted the product include H2, CO, CO2, H2O and CH4. Reaction temperature, pressure and temperature rising
rate will determine the product composition in this step. Oxidation and combustion of some gas species and char
are important sources of energy required for gasification reactions. The carbon formed during the pyrolysis step is
converted to CO, CH4, and H2 by a variety of gasification reactions. More oxygen molecules in the gasification
process can cause a strong removal of biochar, reduce its mechanical strength and yield, and increase its ash
content.

2.3 Torrefaction
Torrefaction is a mild form of pyrolysis at temperatures typically between 200 and 320 °C of biomass into better
fuel quality for combustion and gasification applications. This thermal-chemical process is able to produce char
product that can be used as a fuel and/or soil amendment [28]. Besides, this thermal-chemical process is usually
used to improve the thermochemical properties of biomass used for combustion, gasification, and co-combustion
with coal. There are several biomasses that used for Biochar production with torrefaction process, including stem
wood, sugarcane base, corn stover and bamboo (Table 2).

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 ICoSITeR 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 830 (2021) 012062 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/830/1/012062

Table 2. Biochar from torrefaction process of biomass

Biomass Sources References

Stem wood [29]

Sugarcane bagasse [30]
Corn stover [31]
Rice straw [32]
Bamboo [33]

3. Application of Biochar to Improve Physical and Chemical Properties of Soil

Soil fertility and land productivity are two important aspect in agriculture activity. The improvement of physical
properties of soils by biochar occurred through its high total porosity [34], its impact on increase of available water
capacity [35], formation and stability of soil aggregates [36], its impact on increase soil pore structure [37], and
its impact on ameliorate compaction [35]. Until now, several studies have focused on the use of biochar to the
physico-chemical properties of different soils (Table 3).

Table 3. Biochar application effect on hysico-chemical properties of different soils

Cation
Incuba
Biochar rate Soil type Location pH Available N Available K Available P exchange Reference
tion capacity
Cocoa Peel (15 42 Lampung, 14.87 0.32
Red clay soils 4.27 0.09% - [38]
t/Ha) Days Indonesia ppm ppm
42 Lampung, 12.43 0.04
Rice Husk(15 t/Ha) Red clay soils 4.07 0.087% - [38]
Days Indonesia ppm ppm
Chicken manure
5 South 62.66 0.44
(16.7% ) + Biochar
Peat land Month Kalimantan, 3.6 1.1 % - (ppm (cmol(+) [39]
from coconut shell
s Indonesia P2O5) kg-1)
(83.3%)
Veget South
Galam stem (16
Peat land ative Kalimantan, 4.15 1.02 % 1012% 156.58% - [39]
t/Ha)
Phase Indonesia
Veget South
Rice husk (16 t/Ha) Peat land ative Kalimantan, 4.11 1.02% 1118% 296.37% - [39]
Phase Indonesia
Veget South
Palm midrib (16
Peat land ative Kalimantan, 4.19 0.96% 0.561% 160.38% - [39]
t/Ha)
Phase Indonesia
Veget South
Coconut shell (16
Peat land ative Kalimantan, 4.29 1.02% 0.651% 129.96% - [39]
t/Ha)
Phase Indonesia
Wood—450, Sandy clay Abergwyngre
Year 3 6.6 - - - - [40]
50 t ha− loam gyn, Wales
2.1
Peanut hull—500, 2 Day Southeastern 145 (mg 33 (mg
Sandy soil 7.4 - (cmol [41]
% 120 USA kg−1) kg−1)
kg−1)
Pineapple peel— Day Hangzhou, 1790 (mg
Red soil 6.83 - 116(mg kg−1) [42]
500, 3 % 100 China. kg−1)
10.8
White lead trees— Day Pingtung
Acidic soil 5.07 - - - (cmol [43]
700, 5 % 105 Taiwan
kg−1)

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ICoSITeR 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 830 (2021) 012062 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/830/1/012062

4. The effect of biochar application on soil productivity

The effectiveness of biochar also depends on the amount of biochar that applied and the type of crop being
cultivated. The amount of biochar to be applied depending on the degree of soil degradation and its characteristics
such as pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), soil texture and C-organic content [38]. In addition, the effect of
biochar on crop productivity such as corn can be seen in Table 4.

Table 4. Biochar application effect on corn productivity of different soils

Biochar Rate Soil Location Yield (ton/ha) References
Without biochar
Typic 0.37
Biochar of rice husk—7,5 Lampung, Indonesia [44]
Kanhapludult. 2.31
ton/ha
Without biochar
4.50
Biochar of coconut shell—15 Sandy loam Lombok Utara, Indonesia [45]
5.20
ton/ha
Without biochar
4.17
Biochar of legume---5 ton/ha
Alfisol Indonesia 6.57 [46]
Biochar of legume --- 10
8.15
ton.ha
Maize grain
yield did not
significantly
increase in
the first year
after the
biochar
application,
Biochar of paper fiber sludge
HaplicLuvisol Malanta, Slovakia but it [47]
and grain husks—20 ton/ha increased
over the
control by
28%, 30%
and 140% in
three
following
years
Maize grain
yield did not
significantly
increase in
the first year
after the
biochar
application,
Llanos Orientales,
Biochar of wood Oxisol but it [48]
Columbia increased
over the
control by
28%, 30%
and 140% in
three
following
years

5. Conclusion
Biochar is promising agent in soil fertility and productivity improvement. The different thermochemical process
will resulted different characteristic of Biochar products. Moreover, the use of Biochar will also affect on pH,
avalaible N, P, K, and cation exchange. On the other hands, the improvement of physical and chemical properties
of soil will also affect to its productivity.

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ICoSITeR 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 830 (2021) 012062 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/830/1/012062

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