DYNAMICS OF MACHINES

UNIT-2(BALANCING OF ROTATING AND RECIPROCATING MASSES

 Balancing is a technique of correcting or eliminating either completely or

partially the effect of inertia forces and centripetal moments acting on
machine parts.
C.G

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CLASSIFICATION

1. Balancing of a single rotating mass by a single mass rotating in the same

plane.

2. Balancing of a single rotating mass by two masses rotating in different

planes.

3. Balancing of different masses rotating in the same plane.

4. Balancing of different masses rotating in different planes

1.Balancing of a single rotating mass by a single Mass rotating in the same

plane.
Disturbing force, Fc1= mω2r

Balancing force , Fc2= mBω2rB

For balancing Fc1= Fc2, mω2r = mBω2rB , mr = mBrB

Unbalancing system:

In a system containing one or more rotating mass and if the Centre of mass of the
system does not lie on the axis of rotation , then it is known as unbalanced
system.

2.Balancing of a single rotating mass by two masses rotating in different

planes.
 The net dynamic force acting on the shaft is equal to zero. This requires
that the line of action of three centrifugal forces must be the same. This is
the condition for static balancing.
1. A mass of 100kg is fixed to a rotating shaft so that distance of its mass centre
from axis of rotation is 228mm. Find the balancing masses in following the
condition.a) Two masses one left of disturbing mass at a distance of 100mm and
radius of 400mm and the other one on right distance of 200mm and radius of
150mm
3. Balancing of several masses rotating in the same plane.
GRAPHICAL METHOD
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1.08
1.2
 Balancing of reciprocating mass:
The unbalanced reciprocating masses will produce a
shaking force(unbalanced force) and a shaking couple
(couple due to the shaking force)
The purpose of balancing the reciprocating masses is to
eliminate the shaking force and a shaking couple
Inertia force is the unbalanced force
Effect of inertia force should be eliminated.
The unbalanced force F U is
given as

F U=

Primary unbalanced force ,

Secondary unbalanced force,

FR

FI
  The primary unbalanced force is maximum, when θ = 0° or 180°. Thus, the
primary force is maximum twice in one revolution of the crank.

 The secondary unbalanced force is maximum, when θ = 0°, 90°,180° and

360°. Thus, the secondary force is maximum four times in one revolution of
the crank.

 Secondary unbalanced force is 1/n times the maximum primary unbalanced

force.

REVOLVING MASS CANNOT COMPLETELY BALANCE A RECIPROCATING

MASS. WHY?

• But unbalanced forces due to reciprocating masses

and remains constant in direction, but varies in

magnitude (since angle is varied).

BALANCING OF SINGLE CYLINDER RECIPROCATING ENGINE

 PROBLEM: 1

A single cylinder horizontal engine runs at 120rpm. The length of stroke is

400mm. The mass of the revolving parts assumed concentrated at the crank pin is
100kg and mass of reciprocating parts is 150kg. Determine the magnitude of the
balancing mass required to be placed opposite to the crank at a radius of 150mm
which is equivalent to all the revolving and 2/3rd of the reciprocating masses. If the
crank turns 300 from the inner dead centre. Find the magnitude of the unbalanced
force due to the balancing mass
 Partial balancing of locomotive:
(Balancing of two cylinder engines)
1. Based on the number of pairs of wheels coupled

a. Coupled locomotive

b. Uncoupled or single locomotive

2. Based on the arrangement of two cylinders

a. Inside cylinder locomotive

b. Outside cylinder locomotive

Partial balancing of locomotive

EFFECT OF PARTIAL BALANCING OF LOCOMOTIVES

• Due to partial balance of reciprocating masses there is

a. An unbalanced force along the line of stroke

b. An unbalanced force perpendicular to the line of stroke.

1.Effect of an unbalanced force along the line of stroke is

- Variation in tractive force along the line of stroke

- Swaying couple
 2.Effect of an unbalanced force perpendicular to the line of stroke is to produce.

- Variation of pressure on this rails, which is known as hammer blow

Tractive force:

The resultant unbalanced force along the line of stroke, is known as tractive force.
Swaying couple:

 The unbalanced forces along the line of stroke for the two cylinders
constitute a couple.

 This couple has swaying effect about a vertical axis

 Tends to sway the engine alternately in clockwise and anticlockwise

directions. Hence the couple is known as swaying couple.
Hammer Blow:

The maximum magnitude of the unbalanced force perpendicular to the line of

stroke is known as hammer blow.
FIRING ORDER