PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF GOVERNORS

1. Sensitiveness:

• The movement of sleeve for fractional change in speed is measure

of sensitiveness.
 2. Isochronism:
• A governor with range of speed is zero is known as
isochronous governor.
• During isochronisms, the governor maintain constant
speed for all radius of rotation.

Speed radius(cm)

150 20
150 25
150 30
150 35
3.Hunting:
• A governor is said to be hunt if the speed of engine
fluctuates above and below mean speed.

• The hunting process will takes place when the governor has
high sensitiveness.

Speed Height (cm)

150 2
151 3
152 4
153 5
154 6
 4. Stability:
• A governor is said to be stable when it brings the speed of
engine to required speed quickly without too much hunting.
• Stability and sensitiveness are two opposite characteristics.
• For stable governor , if equilibrium speed increases, the
radius of rotation of ball must also increases.
Speed Height (cm)
150 2
151 2
152 2.2
153 2.4
Controlling force:
• The inward force acting on the rotating ball to resist centrifugal
force is called controlling force.
controlling force = Fc  m r
2
1 , , 2 
STABILITY OF PORTER GOVERNOR
Coefficient of insensitiveness:
• The ratio of range in speed to mean speed is called as Cs.

N1  N 2 F
Cs  
N (m  M ) g
 Rotates independently on its axis.

 Used to control the direction of rockets, missiles and ships

Gyroscopic effect:

 Active gyroscopic effect –Centripetal force

 Reactive gyroscopic effect- Centrifugal force
GYROSCOPIC COUPLE
Gyroscopic couple:

Active GE
Precision axis

Left turn
Rear CW

Spin axis

Reactive GE couple axis

C  I  p
Problem:
A uniform disc of diameter 300 mm and of mass 5 kg is mounted on
one end of an arm of length 600 mm. The other end of the arm is free
to rotate in a universal bearing. If the disc rotates about the arm with
a speed of 300 r.p.m. clockwise, looking from the front, with what
speed will it precess about the vertical axis?

mr 2
r  0.15m; I
2
 0.056kgm 2

m  5kg ; C  F  l  5  9.81 .6  29.43Nm

l  0.6m C  I  p
N  300rpm;  p  16.7 rad / s
P  ?
 Gyroscopic effect chart for Aeroplanes

Axis of spin (Rear view)t Turn Reactive Gyroscopic effect

clockwise left Raise the nose-Dip the tail
Clockwise right Dip the nose-raise the tail
Counter clockwise left Dip the nose-raise the tail

Counter Clockwise right Raise the nose-Dip the tail

Axis of spin (Front view) Turn Reactive Gyroscopic effect

clockwise left Dip the nose-raise the tail

Clockwise right Raise the nose-Dip the tail

Counter clockwise left Raise the nose-Dip the tail

Counter Clockwise right Dip the nose-raise the tail

GYROSCOPIC COUPLE ON NAVAL SHIPS

PORT

STAR BOARD
GYROSCOPIC EFFECT DURING STEERING
 GYROSCOPIC EFFECT ON ROLLING
• Rolling – sideway motion of the ship about
its longitudinal axis.
• Axis of rolling (spin) and that of rotor .
• No precession of axis of spin, No gyroscopic
effect when the ship rolls.
STABILITY OF A FOUR- WHEEL MOVING IN CURVED PATH
The following four forces act on the vehicle. They are

1. Reaction due to weight of the vehicle (W)

2. Reaction of gyroscpic couple due to four wheels ( P)

From rear
side

3. Reaction of gyroscopic couple due to

rotating parts of engine (F)

From side view

4. Reaction due to centrifugal couple (Q)

 FRONT FRONT REAR REAR
A B (OUTER) C (INNER) D (OUTER)
(INNER)
W +W/4 +W/4 +W/4 +W/4

P -P/2 +P/2 -P/2 +P/2

F -F/2 -F/2 +F/2 +F/2

Q -Q/2 +Q/2 -Q/2 +Q/2