Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Solid Waste Management
Solid Waste Management
Waste Management
Prof. Dan Tsang
Solid Waste
Solid waste
HK EPD classifies waste by making reference to the source of waste
and the institutional arrangements for waste collection and disposal
major waste types
municipal solid waste (MSW)
construction & demolition (C&D) waste
chemical waste, special waste and other waste
Solid Waste
Municipal solid waste (MSW) in Hong Kong
domestic solid waste
households and public areas
residential buildings, public litter bins, streets,
marine areas, and country parks
commercial solid waste
shops, restaurants, hotels, offices, and markets
in private housing estates
industrial solid waste
from all industries, except construction waste,
chemical waste, or other special waste
Video (10 min)
Landfill Disposal (landfill design & operation)
Landfill closure
Landscaping and Surface water
cover maintenance control
Landfill design
Landfill gas management
Final cover
Gas conversion design
to electricity
Surface water
drainage
Gas Reactions
flaring occurring in Site planning
landfills Gas
collection
system design
Liner design
Leachate Leachate
Gas well and collection treatment
Load
ambient air Weight inspection
reduction in use of fossil fuel for power
generation = reduction of 25000 tonnes per
year of Green House Gas emission
Video (21 min)
Biological Treatment (food waste recycling_Jun2016)
Anaerobic digestion
Biological Treatment
In‐vessel composting system
Incineration
Waste‐to‐energy (WTE)
combustion process (incineration = complete combustion)
significant volume reduction (~90% by volume, ~75% by weight)
energy recovery for community (~10,000 kJ/kg)
destruction of hazardous organic chemicals and pathogens (>99.99%)
relatively small area
applicable for developed countries with high population densities
HK phased out three outdated incinerators in Kwai Chung, Kennedy
Town and Lai Chi Kok in 1990‐1997
in replacement three strategic landfills came into operation in 1993‐95
Incineration
Integrated Waste Management Facilities
key components
environmental education centre
mechanical sorting and recycling facility
waste heat recovery and power generation system
advanced incineration facility
Video (21 min)
Incineration (incineration_1_Jun2016)
Integrated Waste Management Facilities
moving grate
Incineration
Integrated Waste Management Facilities
Incineration
Integrated Waste Management Facilities
flue gas cleansing
Video (21 min)
Incineration (incineration_2_Jun2016)
Integrated Waste Management Facilities
Waste Characterization
Waste Characterization
physical characteristics
particle size distribution
moisture content
density
chemical characteristics
proximate analysis
ultimate analysis
energy content (heating value)
Waste Characterization
physical characteristics
moisture content (%)
wet‐weight basis
mass of moisture
moisture content (%) 100%
total mass of waste
dry‐weight basis
mass of moisture
moisture content (%) 100%
dry mass of waste
density (kg/m3)
mass
density
volume
Waste Characterization
chemical characteristics
proximate analysis
moisture (weight loss at 105oC for 1 h)
volatile matter (additional weight loss on ignition at 950oC in a
closed crucible)
fixed carbon (residue from the above)
ash (residue from combustion at 950oC in an open crucible)
ultimate analysis (elemental analysis)
C (carbon), H (hydrogen), O (oxygen), N (nitrogen), S (sulphur) by
elemental analyzer
ash content
Waste Characterization
Energy content
heating value – calorific value
MSW composition
moisture content
ash content
standard test to measure gross heat value
burn the MSW sample completely in a bomb calorimeter
measure the rise in temperature of a surrounding water bath
results known as higher heat value (HHV), or gross heat value
Waste Characterization
Energy content
alternatively, HHV can be estimated based on empirical equations
HHV = 53.5 (F + 3.6 CP) + 372 PLR
(Khan and Abu‐Ghararah, 1991)
HHV = higher heat value (kJ kg‐1)
F = mass % of food
CP = mass % of cardboard & paper
PLR = mass % of plastic, rubber, and leather
Waste Characterization
Incineration
favourable for wastes having
high energy content
low moisture content
low ash content (inorganics)
e.g., paper, plastics, textiles, rubber,
leather, and wood
Waste Characterization
Energy content
alternatively, HHV can be estimated based on empirical equations
HHV = 337 (C) + 1428 (H – O/8) + 9 (S)
(Modified Dulong formula)
HHV = 339 (C) + 1440 (H) – 139 (O) + 105 (S)
(Rhyner et al., 1995)
HHV = higher heat value (kJ kg‐1)
C = dry mass % of carbon
H = dry mass % of hydrogen
O = dry mass % of oxygen
S = dry mass % of sulphur
Waste Characterization
Energy content
lower heat value (LHV), or net energy, for estimating energy recovery
LHV = HHV – energy loss in vaporized water
energy loss in vaporized water due to
converting moisture into vapour
hydrogen in waste that react with oxygen to form water
1 kg of vaporized moisture loses 2440 kJ at 25oC
2440 kJ per kg of H2O
1 kg of hydrogen produce 9 kg of water vapour
total water vapour = initial moisture content + 9 (hydrogen content)
Waste Characterization
Energy content
energy loss in vaporized water
QL = 2440(W + 9H)
QL = latent heat of water vapour released (kJ)
W = kg of moisture in waste
H = kg of hydrogen in dry waste
Solid Waste
Transfer stations in HK
Island East Transfer Station & North Lantau Transfer Station
Solid Waste
Transfer stations in HK
Solid Waste
Transfer stations
tipping floor, hoppers, compaction equipment
large containers shipped by rail or sea
more economical with increasing distance to treatment/disposal sites
and amount of waste
thus particularly suitable for larger cities
Transfer
station
Transfer station
Break-even
Disposal
site
Transfer Collection point
Station route
Special Waste
Facilities
Video (21 min)
Solid Waste (waste management_May2016)
Waste management hierarchy
Solid Waste
Solid Waste
Targets
Solid Waste
Waste Charging Scheme
objectives
charging does not bear a revenue‐generating objective
Waste Charging
Construction waste
inert substances (known as public fill)
over 80% of construction waste, including debris, rubble, earth, and concrete
suitable for land reclamation and site formation
non‐inert substances
bamboo, timber, vegetation, packaging waste, and other organic materials
landfill disposal
Waste Charging
Construction waste disposal charging
Waste Charging
Waste Charging Scheme
objectives
reduce waste generation at source
increase waste recovery rate
foster behavioural change
Integrated Waste Management
Re‐visiting waste hierarchy