Page 1 of 7 2019-IACC-0908

A Parameter Extraction Method for the Thevenin Equivalent Circuit Model of Li-ion
Batteries

Monowar Hossain, Student Member, IEEE, S.Saha, Member, IEEE, M. E. Haque, Senior Member, IEEE, M.T
Arif, Member, IEEE, AMT.Oo, Senior Member, IEEE.
Deakin University, VIC 3220, Australia.
hossainm@deakin.edu.au

Abstract – This paper presents a novel parameter extraction
method for the Thevenin equivalent circuit model of Lithium-ion
batteries. The proposed approach represents each of the RC
parallel branches of the Thevenin equivalent circuit model of a
Lithium-ion battery as a first order linear time-invariant (LTI)
system. The resistance and capacitance values for each of the RC
branches in the model have been identified as the parameters of a
standard LTI system using system identification theory. The
proposed approach is easy to implement, as opposed to the
existing approaches and yields a good degree of accuracy. The
accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed approach have been
validated by determining Thevenin equivalent circuit model
parameters of a lithium-iron-phosphate battery cell from
experimental data obtained by performing controlled pulse
discharge tests on the battery cell in the LabVIEW platform. The
accuracy of estimated parameters has been validated by
developing a Thevenin equivalent circuit model of the battery
using extracted parameters, and simulating voltage responses of
the battery in Matlab/Simulink platform and comparing the
responses with the experimental results.
Index Terms-- Li-ion battery; battery equivalent circuit
model, first-order LTI system; energy storage; parameter
extraction
I. INTRODUCTION
The energy storage system (ESS) based on different kinds
of batteries is considered with paramount importance as a part
of a rapidly evolving renewable based smart grid. This is due
to the fact that an ESS provides greater flexibility, improved
efficiency, reduced cost of energy, and decarbonization of the
smart grid by enabling a seamless operation of intermittent
renewable energy [1]. Accurate modeling of a battery is of
great significance from the aspect of battery operator, battery
pack designers, and other relevant personnel, as the battery
model is commonly used to estimate the battery performance
indicators, such as state of charge (SoC), state of health (SoH),
battery cycle life, etc. [2].
Different battery modeling approaches are reported in the
literature for the application of batteries as ESS in micro-grids,
electric vehicles (EVs), and consumer electronics. Commonly
used battery models include electrochemical models (EMs) [1],
[3]-[4], analytical models [5], computational intelligence-
based models [6]-[7], and the equivalent circuit-based models
(ECM) [8]-[11]. A detailed literature review of different
battery modeling techniques can be found in [12]-[14].
Among the available battery modeling techniques in
literature, ECM is one of the most popular methods of battery
modeling, because of its fast execution time, simplicity,
accurate SOC and OCV prediction under dynamic load and
current conditions. Again, the ECM does not require an in-
depth understanding of electrochemistry of the battery, but it
still capable of providing useful insight into battery dynamics
[11]. In simple words, this model includes electrical circuit
components such as resistors, capacitors, voltage, and current
sources to represent the electrical characteristics of a battery
[12].
The ECM can be broadly divided into two categories: the
impedance model and the Thevenin equivalent circuit model
[15]. The impedance-based ECM model of a battery is
developed by exciting the battery with a small voltage/current
signal over a range of frequencies (from kHz to Hz) and
analyzing the impedance spectrum of the battery over that
frequency range. Based on the impedance spectrum, the
impedance model of a battery includes impedance components
for different frequency bands (low, mid, and high) that
characterizes the battery under those frequency bands. This
method of determining impedance model of a battery is called
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) [10]. Though
the EIS based impedance model of a battery can accurately
represent battery characteristics under a wide range of
operating conditions, the online implementation of this method
is regarded expensive, as it requires additional and complex
circuitry [15].
On the other hand, the Thevenin based ECM model is very
popular and widely used due to its simplicity and no
requirements of the impedance measuring device [16]. In this
model, a battery is represented by its Thevenin equivalent
circuit model. The parameters of the Thevenin equivalent
circuit model of a battery is commonly determined through
pulse charge (CP), and pulse discharge (PD) tests carried out
on the battery in a laboratory environment [11]. The main
challenge in developing the Thevenin equivalent circuit model
of a battery is determining the corresponding resistance and
capacitance parameters. Huria et al. [2] proposed a parameter
extraction method for the Thevenin equivalent circuit model of
a battery, including the thermal dependence of the battery
parameters. Though the proposed approach in [2] shows good
accuracy in including the thermal dependence of battery
parameters, this method is developed based on an iterative

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 2019-IACC-0908 Page 2 of 7

modification of battery parameters so that the experimental circuit voltage of the battery, a series resistor and n number of
response of a battery matches the response of the simulated RC parallel branches.
model. Moreover, this study considers only one RC branch in
the modeling, which is unlikely to capture entirely both fast
and slow transient of a battery.
An ECM of a NiMH battery for the application in the high
power automotive is presented in [17], where the authors
parameterized the proposed model from a short discharge of
0.5Sec. The parameterization in this approach lacks
mathematical details and unlikely to capture all the battery
Fig. 1. A Thevenin equivalent electrical model of a Li-ion battery with nth RC
transients, as short discharge response is used to determine branches.
battery parameters. Moreover, the SOC of the battery is not In the battery Thevenin equivalent circuit model, the voltage
constants during a pulse discharge, which magnifies the error source 𝑉𝑜𝑐 represents the open circuit voltage (OCV) of the
of the parameter estimation. Liao et al. [18] investigated an battery which is a function of battery state of charge and the
ECM of LFP battery for the application in the EV where the operating temperature, the series resistance Rs accounts for the
authors used curve fitting tools in Matlab to find the parameters battery surface layer resistance and the bulk resistance, it is
of the battery model. responsible for an instantaneous change in battery terminal
Hentunen et al. [11] proposed a time domain parameter voltage following a charge/discharge pulse. The n RC parallel
extraction method for the Thevenin based ECM of the battery. branches in the model represent the transient behavior of the
The authors used widely known mathematics to separate the battery. The 1st RC branch represents the fastest component of
time constant of battery transient. Moreover, the authors used battery voltage transient, and the other n-1 RC branches
two RC circuits in their proposed model, where the 1 st RC represent relatively slower transient voltage components of a
branch covers fast transient, and 2nd RC circuit covers slow battery. Following the battery Thevenin equivalent circuit
transient. A practical Li-ion battery modeling with voltage model in Fig. 1, the battery terminal voltage can be written as
response and state of energy prediction is presented in [9] follows
where the authors used the same parameters extraction method
n
proposed in [11] with a different flavor. They also used two RC
branches in their ECM of the battery. Additionally, they
 
Vbatt t  VOC SoC,T VRS ibatt     VRC,i ibatt ,t 
i 1
considered a small offset voltage after the slow transient to the (1)
beginning of the next discharge cycle. In (1), 𝑉𝑂𝐶 is the open circuit voltage, which is a function of
With a view to present a simpler yet accurate ECM of Li-
battery SoC and operating temperature, T. The term 𝑉𝑅𝑆 in the
ion batteries, in this paper each of the RC parallel branches of
equation is the instantaneous voltage change in the series
the Thevenin equivalent circuit model of a Lithium-ion battery
resistance 𝑅𝑆 of the battery model following a change in the
has been represented as a first-order linear time-invariant (LTI)
battery charging or discharging current. In other words,
system. The R and C parameters of the model are determined
using system identification theory. The main contribution of VRS  IRs (2)
the proposed approach is as follows: where ∆𝐼 is the amplitude of the step change in battery current.
 In the proposed method, each of the RC branch in the Dynamics of the voltage across the ith RC branch can be written
Thevenin equivalent circuit model of the Li-ion battery as follows:
is represented as a first-order LTI system with no zeros. dVRC ,i VRC ,i 1
 The parameters of each of the RC branches are   i (3)
dt RiC i C i batt
determined using the concept of system identification
theory and step response of a first order linear time- In the frequency domain, the following equation represents the
invariant (LTI) system. change in the ith RC branch voltage due to a change in battery
 The proposed approach has been rigorously validated current:
through developing an equivalent circuit model of a Li- 1
ion battery from the experimental charging and
discharging experimental data of the battery.
VRC ,i s    Ci
(4)
ibatt s  1
s
II. DERIVATION OF 1ST ORDER LTI SYSTEM FROM THEVENIN RiC i
BASED ECM
Defining, 𝜏𝑖 = 𝑅𝑖 𝐶𝑖 and𝐾𝑖 = 1/𝐶𝑖 , one can write (5) in the
Fig.1 shows a Thevenin equivalent circuit model of Li-ion form of a simple first order linear time-invariant (LTI) system
battery which comprises a voltage source representing open as follows:

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Page 3 of 7 2019-IACC-0908

   H s  Ki
Y s presented in the following section III, where each of the RC

X s 
 (5) branches in the Thevenin equivalent circuit model is
s 1 considered as 1st order LTI systems and the parameters of
i which are extracted using system identification theory.
where 𝑌 = 𝑉𝑅𝐶,𝑖 and 𝑋 = 𝑖𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡 represent the output and the
input of the 1st order system, which can be represented as the III. PROPOSED PARAMETER EXTRACTION METHOD
1st order LTI system, shown in Fig. 2 and 3. If there is a step
A. Step 1: Determination of the Series Resistance
change in the battery current∆𝐼, the ith RC branch voltage will
be as below. The ohmic resistance Rs is identified using Ohm’s law
presented in (2). Fig. 4 illustrates the transient voltage and
Ki Ki I
VRC,i s    
ibatt s 
s
(6) voltage drop due to the ohmic resistance Rs. The voltage drop
s 1 s 1 due to Rs is determined at the time instants when a current
i i pulse in a discharge experiment is ending (see Fig.4), or it can
In time domain applying inverse Laplace transformation be determined when the current pulse is beginning.
on(6), the following yields.
Vi
 t   t 
 
VRC ,i t   IRi 1  e

i 

 Vi 1  e i 

 
(7)
   
   
The n RC branches in the Thevenin equivalent circuit model
can be represented by the sum of n number of 1st order LTI
systems, each excited with the battery current 𝑖𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡 . Using(1),
(2) and(7), the terminal voltage of a battery as per the Thevenin
equivalent circuit model, following a step change in battery
current ∆𝐼 can be written as below:
n  t 
 
Vbatt  VOC SoC,T  IRs  Vi  1  e i 
 
i 1  

(8)
Fig. 4. Determination of Rs in pulse discharge test

B. Step 2: Separation of Periods of Different Transients

Fig. 2. 1st order LTI system representation of the ith RC branch in a
Thevenin ECM.
Fig. 3. Representation of n RC branches in the battery Thevenin ECM as 1st
order LTI systems.
The proposed parameter extraction method has been
Among n RC branches in a Thevenin equivalent circuit of a
battery, the first RC branch is responsible for the short/fast
transient, whereas, second and the rest RC branches are
responsible for the longtime transient [9]-[11]. Since the
battery SoC remains constant at rest period, it is more
appropriate to calculate the values of R and C components of
the parallel RC branches from the rest phase of the battery
characterization test. Consider a typical pulse discharge (PD)
and rest cycle for a battery characterization test presented in
Fig.5. Here, 𝑡𝑐𝑝𝑓 is the moment when the battery pulse current
falling toward zero and 𝑡𝑐𝑝𝑒/𝑠𝑜𝑟 is the moment when the
current pulse ended to zero, starting the rest period. 𝑡𝑒𝑜𝑟/𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑝
is the end of the rest period or just before the beginning of the
next pulse when the battery reached the equilibrium condition.
𝑡𝑒𝑜𝑠 and 𝑡𝑠𝑜𝑙 are the ending of short time transient and start of
the longtime transient respectively which is considered same
instant of time. 𝑡𝑒𝑜𝑙 is the end of a longtime dynamic period
which is considered the moment before 𝑡𝑒𝑜𝑟/𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑝 . The voltage
between 𝑡𝑐𝑝𝑒/𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑜𝑟/𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑝 is referred to the battery
dynamic or transient voltage which is because of RC
components of the battery.

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The studies in [2], [9], [11] and [19] reported that the directly during the characterization experiment. It can be
selection of 𝑡𝑒𝑜𝑠 , 𝑡𝑠𝑜𝑙 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑜𝑙 is purely arbitrary and the obtained from the data analysis obtained from the PD test [11].
−𝑡
effects of fast transients end within a short period of time. Thus, In this study, the time required 𝑉𝑖 𝑒 ⁄𝜏𝑖 to decay 37% of its
to ensure the minimal effect of fast transient to the rest of the initial value is considered as the time constant for each of the
transient voltages, this study considers 𝑡𝑐𝑝𝑒/𝑠𝑜𝑟 = 0 𝑠𝑒𝑐 respective RC branch as presented in Fig.6.
and 𝑡𝑒𝑜𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑠𝑜𝑙 = 100 𝑠𝑒𝑐. Similarly, to minimize the effects
of the transient voltage of any specific RC branch after the 1 st D. Step 4: Calculation of R and C values
RC branch, time periods for the second and rest of the As described in (4-6), the transient output voltage of a first-
transients are considered five times than the time period of the order LTI system (considering 1st RC branch only) to step
short transient as shown in Fig.5. current input I can be written as follows:
I K1

VRC ,1 s  
s 1 s
(9)

Again, as presented in Fig 6, the final value theorem can be

applied to the step response (transient voltage) of the battery
(considering the 1st RC branch only) as follows to determine
the steady state response of the 1st RC branch.


lim VRC ,1 t   lim sVRC ,1 s
t  s 0

K1 I
  lim s (10)
s 0 s  1 s
1
 K1 1 I  VRC ,1
SS

where VRC ,1 is the steady-state voltage for the 1st RC

SS

branch. From (10) and the definition of Ki and i the

st
Fig. 5. Separation of different transients. resistance of the 1 RC branch yields.
C. Step 3: Calculation of Time Constants (𝜏𝑖 ) VRC,1
R1  SS
(11)
From (7), it is clear that the time constant (𝜏𝑖 ) for each of I
the nth RC branch in a battery can be calculated from the
−𝑡 From the definition of i and the determined value of 1 in
transient response 𝑉𝑖 𝑒 ⁄𝜏𝑖 . As of definition [20], the time st
step 3, the capacitance of the 1 RC branch can be determined
constant of a first-order LTI system to step input is the time as follows:
−𝑡⁄
required 𝑉𝑖 𝑒 𝜏𝑖 to decay to 37% of its initial value. Fig.6
illustrates the terminal voltage 𝑉𝑖 − 𝑉𝑖 𝑒
−𝑡⁄
𝜏𝑖 and transient C1  1 (12)
−𝑡
R1
voltage 𝑉𝑖 𝑒 ⁄𝜏𝑖 obtained from a rest phase of the battery.
E. Step 5: Repeat step 1-4 for rest of the RC branches

IV. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP FOR CHARACTERIZATION TEST

Fig. 6. The terminal and transient voltage of a battery cell with step current
input.
The transient voltage obtained from a battery characterization Fig. 7. Experimental setup for battery characterization test.
test is not a real measurable quantity and cannot be measured

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Page 5 of 7
An experimental setup has been built in the laboratory for
the battery pulse discharge test. The experimental setup
consists of a lithium-iron-phosphate cell, Pt100 sensor,
temperature transducer, power analyzer, data logger, dc power
supply, temperature controlled chamber, programmable dc
load and a high-speed computer as shown in Fig.7.
A. Battery Cell under Test
A raw IFR26650 lithium-iron-phosphate cell with a nominal
capacity of 3.3Ah@0.2C and a nominal voltage of 3.2V is used
for the characterization tests. The battery cell is charged in
constant current and constant voltage method (CCCV) using a
specialized lithium-iron-phosphate cell charger. First, it is
charged in constant current (CC) method with 0.2C rate until
the voltage reached to 3.65V. Then, it is charged in constant
voltage (CV) method with 3.65V (cut-off-voltage) till the
charge current decline to ≤ 0.05C. The fully charged cell is
placed inside a temperature controlled chamber having a
temperature of 25ºC for 24hours to be completely stabilized the
battery voltage. The cell was pulse discharged a couple of
times with 1C rate to calibrate its original capacity. The
calibrated capacity is the 3.47Ah@1C rate. The discharge
operating temperature and discharge-cut-off voltage of the cell
is -20 ºC~60 ºC and 2V, respectively.
B. Load
A 2.4kW electronic programmable dc load (EL 9000) from
Electro-Automatik has been used in this experiment. The load
is driven by 0-160V dc voltage and 0-100Amp dc current. The
device allowed to discharge the cell under constant current,
constant voltage, and constant power mode. Further, the load
is controlled by a program developed in LabVIEW.
C. Measurement Units
A pt100 sensor is attached on top of the battery cell to
monitor its skin temperature. The output of the pt100 sensor is
the input of a temperature transducer (LKM 104) which is
sending the temperature output to the NI 9215 16 bits DAQ
(data logger). A dc power supply (MP 3842) with 24V output
is used to operate the temperature transducer. A power analyzer
(PA1000) from Tektronix has been used to measure the
voltage, current, capacity, and the power consumption of the
battery. The power analyzer has been used to log these data in
a USB and also it has been sending battery voltage to the NI
9215 DAQ. The communication between the personal
computer and NI 9215 DAQ is established by a program
developed in LabVIEW. The entire discharge test of the battery
cell is performed with a temperature controlled environment of
25ºC using the temperature chamber.
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A pulse discharge (PD) characterization test has been
performed on the 3.47Ah cell at 25ºC. It is programmed in the
LabVIEW such that the fully charged and the stabilized cell is
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2019-IACC-0908
discharged at 1C rate until the endpoint voltage of the cell
reaches to 2V. The every pulse discharge period is 360 seconds
with a rest period of 1 hour. The SOC has been determined
based on the coulomb counting method during the
characterization test. At the end of each 1 hour rest period, the
terminal voltage of the cell is considered stable enough to
estimate the OCV of the cell presented in Fig.8 as a function of
the SOC. The SOC remains constant during the rest period of
the characterization test. A 10% SOC declination has been set
as a target in the LabVIEW program in each of the pulse
discharge cycles during the SOC range of 11-100% whereas,
5% SOC declination was set as a target during the SOC range
of 0-10% to capture the highly dynamic behavior of the cell in
this stage.
Fig. 8. OCV Vs. SOC of the cell under test
A. Parameter Extraction
The impedance parameters of the cell consist of resistance
𝑅𝑡1 , 𝑅𝑡2 , 𝑅𝑡3 , … … 𝑅𝑡𝑛 and capacitance 𝐶𝑡1 , 𝐶𝑡2 , 𝐶𝑡3 , … … 𝐶𝑡𝑛 .
The value of these parameters is computed based on the 4 step
process described in the proposed methodology in section III.
The SOC of the cell is considered constant in a rest cycle thus,
the parameters are calculated during the rest period of the cell
after a short pulse discharge. Firstly, time periods of different
transients have been separated. The selection of starting and
ending of different transients in the rest is purely arbitrary as
reported in [9], [11] and [19]. The first-order LTI system
consists of 𝑅𝑡1 and 𝐶𝑡1 is responsible fast/short transient in the
rest cycle. This study considered that the fast transient voltage
declined to zero within a period of 100 seconds which is 2.78%
of the total rest period. The second and rest of the RC circuits
(first-order LTI system) are responsible for the slow transient
in the rest cycle. It is considered that the ending time of the fast
transient is the start time of the slow transient as shown in
Fig.5. This study considered that the slow transient voltage due
to second and rest of the RC circuits become vicinity to zero
within a regular period of 5 times than the period in slow
transient.
Based on this proposed method, the offline parameters
extraction results find that 3 first-order LTI system (RC
circuits) is capable of capturing the whole transient voltage in
the rest cycle. After 𝑡𝑒𝑜𝑙 (2), a very small voltage typically
about 0-4 mV is considered an offset voltage that does not have
any effect on the fast and slow transient voltage as it is
subtracted from both of them. A method to separate offset
 2019-IACC-0908
voltage after fast and slow transient is described in [9] and [19].
Secondly, the time constant has been computed for the fast and
slow transients with the method described in section III. The
average value of the time constants for the 3 first-order LTI
system (RC circuits) were 23.62, 187.43, 254.28 seconds
respectively. Finally, the value of R and C were calculated with
the final value theorem described in section III. The value of
ohmic resistance(𝑅𝑠 ) was calculated according to (2).
The resistance (𝑅𝑠 , 𝑅𝑡1 , 𝑅𝑡2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑡3) and capacitance
(𝐶𝑡1 , 𝐶𝑡2 , 𝐶𝑡3 ) parameters are presented in Fig.9 and Fig.10,
respectively, obtained from the proposed parameters extraction
method.
Fig. 9. Resistance parameters mapping at the 1C discharge rate and at 25ºC.
Fig. 10. Capacitance parameters mapping at the 1C discharge rate and at
25ºC.
It is seen in Fig 9 that the value of 𝑅𝑡1 , 𝑅𝑡2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑡3 increased
significantly at the low SOC range. At low SOC range, these
parameters become large due to slow mass transport and
diffusion limitations especially 𝑅𝑡1 increased dramatically.
The average value of 𝑅𝑡1 , 𝑅𝑡2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑡3 was 15.80, 4.50, and
1.21mΩ respectively in the SOC range of 6-100% whereas
their value was 66.28, 11.55, and 3.50mΩ respectively below
6% of SOC range. The ohmic resistance (𝑅𝑠 ) keeps similar
characteristics with an average value of 25 mΩ throughout the
whole SOC range. The parameters mapping 𝐶𝑡1 , 𝐶𝑡2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝑡3
shows both falling and rising trend throughout the whole SOC
range. The average value of 𝐶𝑡1 , 𝐶𝑡2 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝑡3 was 1.99, 59.43,
and 373.97kF respectively at the SOC of 90.55% whereas their
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value was 0.5, 12.03, and 56.92kF respectively when the cell
was empty.
B. Validation by Simulation
In order to validate the proposed parameter extraction
method, a battery equivalent circuit model (ECM) as shown in
Fig.1 has been developed in Matlab/Simulink environment. In
the simulated ECM, 3 RC circuit has been used where each of
the RC circuits works as the first-order LTI system. The first
RC circuit represents fast transient whereas, the second and
third RC circuits represent slow transient of the cell in the rest
phase. Fig.11 illustrates the agreement between the simulated
and measured voltage of the ECM developed in
Matlab/Simulink using the parameters obtained from the
proposed method. The graph shows a very close agreement
between the measured and simulated voltage between the SOC
ranges from 100% to 5%. In the last 5% of the SOC range,
when the battery almost entirely discharged, the cell voltage
suffers a quick fall due to the building large concentration
gradient and slower mass transport. The overall RMSE error
between simulated and measured voltage calculated is 2.15%.
Fig. 11. Measured Vs simulated voltage profile of the cell at the 1C discharge
rate and at 25ºC
VI. CONCLUSION
This paper presents an approach for the extraction of battery
parameters of the Thevenin equivalent circuit model from the
discharge experiments. In this proposed technique, each of the
RC circuits in the Thevenin based equivalent circuit model
(ECM) of the battery is derived as the first order linear time-
invariant (LTI) system using system identification theory. A
LabVIEW program has been developed to perform pulse
discharge experiments on a lithium-iron-phosphate cell in the
laboratory. Then the battery parameters are estimated from the
experimental data using the proposed method. Finally, a
battery model has been developed in the Matlab/Simulink
environment to validate the proposed method where the
estimated parameters are used to mimic the measured voltage
obtained in the experiments. The validation shows a good
agreement between simulated and experimental voltage. The
Page 7 of 7 2019-IACC-0908

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT "Investigating the error sources of the online state of charge
estimation methods for lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles,"
The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions of vol. 377, pp. 161-188, 2018.
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