IOT DEVICES IN HOTEL INDUSTRY

A STATISTICS FOR MANAGEMENT ASSIGNMENT

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

S. No. Topic Page No.

1 Introduction 3

2 Literature Review 5
Comparison of skills based on gender (2 Sample Z-
3 8
test)
Comparison of useful of IOT based on gender (2
4 12
Sample Z-test)
Comparison of Intention to work based on gender (2
5 15
Sample Z-test)
Comparison of experience and Intention in ANOVA
6 18
test
Comparison of communication & experience in
7 21
ANOVA test
Comparison of experience & usefulness in ANOVA
8. 24
test
Regression Skill and Communication related to
9. 27
productivity
Regression Social influence and Intention related to
10. 28
productivity
Regression Useful and Communication related to
11 30
productivity
 INTRODUCTION

We use numerous appliances which are making our life easier, every day. We can count those
objects as we read this report. From your electric kettle to water geyser, to even a lightbulb.
They all perform a defined function every time, to provide us with a predictable accessibility,
and we have come to accept that. A switch will turn them on, and it will power them off. Simple
as that, right!
Now, imagine if you have an option of accessing these devices with a simple click of a button on
your smartphone or a voice command on Google Assistant or Alexa or any internet device for
that matter. Sounds interesting. Well, it is. Imagine returning from work, and opening Google
Home app on your phone and setting a preset trigger, so when you reach home, your geyser has
already warmed up, your porch lights are on, the smart speakers in your living room start to play
your favorite evening playlist. It’s all seamless, and triggers otherwise repetitive tasks with a tap.
These actions are all possible because of IoT devices.
Internet of Things (IoT) are devices that are non-conforming to networking compatibility
but can broadcast information wirelessly when connected over a network. These devices are
quite easy to find these days. They can be a simple Halonix Smart Hue bulb, can be connected to
your 2.4GHz Wi-Fi network and controlled via smartphone app. You can change the brightness,
hue, and schedule when to turn it on or off right from your phone.
Another example is a smart plug, which can be plugged into an ordinary socket and used to
power wired devices through it. You can connect a simple table lamp by plugging to that socket
and accessing it via your phone. To know their status, you don’t need to be connected to the
same wireless network. You can be in another part of the country and still be able to access them
as long your phone and these devices are connected to a wireless network (here, Internet).
Even the older devices can be converted into IoT devices, for instance, older televisions can be
connected to the internet via USB Sticks (Amazon Fire TV Stick) that give them a hardware-
based upgrade from transmitting cable channels, to streaming content over the internet.
Another dimension of IoT devices include GPS & Bluetooth. They are the reason why we
receive push notifications and ads about a place we passed by a couple days back, because the
GPS tracked our information and businesses retrieved that information from data collectors to
serve us with their details.
I was able to convert a non-smart speaker into wireless one just by using a Bluetooth device that
cost me ₹300/- only. So, in addition to their functionality, they are also cheaper, so easier to
integrate in pre-established infrastructure.

3
 Types of IoT Devices
Smart Lightings Plumbing Sensors
Smart thermostats Occupancy sensors
Automated door locks Modular switches
Wall socket

One of the advantages of IoT devices is simplified data collection and consolidation. In Hotel
industry, consortium of data about connected devices can serve multiple benefits:
1. Customers can control various devices in the hotel room right from a tablet or their
smartphone. The customer can easily control the room thermostat, A.C.s, and other
electrical devices from their phone. This has been incorporated by big hospitality chains like
Marriot where they have a connected room model that serves this purpose. The integration
has endless possibilities and it’s diversifying its reach every day, with more and more devices
being backward compatible with the technology. IoT devices can even let you control room
lights from your television.

2. With GPS and motion sensors, it becomes easier for hotels to serve you with personalized
triggers. One such example is automatically turning off lights and other appliances as the
customer exits the room. This can save a lot of energy and expenses on the part of hotels.
This also serves as a double-edged sword by collecting user habits and preferences, which in
turn helps them to personalize their services to best serve their customers. This is possible
because these devices collect key information, which though can’t trace it back to the
customer, but it can understand their behaviour in using these devices.

3. Use of IoT devices enables the customers at hotels to book services with the help of smart
speakers, making the process much faster. For example, customer can ask for basic
information from these devices, without leaving the room for customer help desk.

Applications of IOT in hotel industry

Automated check-in Key card integrations
Location based information Improved event rooms
Asset tracking Integration of tablet and smartphones
Smart locks and security solutions Smart room customizations
Voice controlled customer service

4
 LITERATURE REVIEW

1. COMMUNICATION AND USEFULNESS

The goal of a workplace is to provide a pleasant and secure operating environment that motivates
employees to cooperate and be efficient. It can be difficult - IoT devices are the solution.
Multi-location office management
Even while workplace administration via security cameras and smart cards is not regarded novel,
there are ways IoT advancement may improve it.
With such a network of connected senses, you can make educated judgments on the go. It
enhances your knowledge of approaching office operational problems such as a shortage of
resources, unexpected guests, or damaged stock. Even if you're on tour, you can handle it right
away, whether it's a motion sensor detecting strange behaviour at midnight or a savvy coffee pot
going out of grounds.
Employee onboarding
Greeting newcomers is yet another regular workplace duty that usually necessitates human
attendance. Typically, all they need to to understand concerning their job is available on a
website or via a mobile phone app. A mandatory excursion might alternatively be self-contained.
A geo - fencing or compass technology system can be utilised to provide a go information and
navigational functionalities. Both technologies establish a networked atmosphere throughout the
office by data transmission over Enabled devices or Bluetooth.
Room booking, availability, and management
IoT enhances meeting planning and schedule visibility by making conference rooms smart. It
means that employees can schedule a meeting in the most suitable room remotely, book the
equipment required, and confirm one’s presence or absence — all without a verbal agreement.
For managers, it means seeing and monitoring rooms availability and equipment workload in real
time.
Restricted access and control
If there is a need for advanced security and employee-only access on-premises, like in a banking
or a military facility, there are IoT solutions that don’t interfere with the workflow. For secure
authentication in the restricted areas, there are biometric-based methods involving fingerprints,
retina, voice and face recognition. 
The moderation of the system is available to facility managers through a unified platform. All
data streams get analyzed, visualized into statistics, and complemented with options. For an
instant 

5
Well-being: lighting and climate control
To make the daily life of your employees more comfortable and prevent disputes and complaints,
IoT offers precise control over mechanisms and electric appliances around the office. One can
open a window to a certain degree, or dim the lights simply by a tap on a screen, without leaving
one’s
IoT makes your office self-sustained
Smart IoT-driven office means more time for business and less  for office-keeping chores and
bureaucratic procedures like ordering maintenance. Your employees get distracted less and save
time on organizing their workspace. 
Smart office IoT systems are totally scalable and modular. They may include any number of
trackable parameters in any combinations to deal with day-to-day tasks. From as simple as in-
building navigation, to managing security, inventory, consumption, supplies, and visitors at the
same time.
2. SOCIAL INFLUENCE & INTENTION
For the hospitality industry, IoT means reduced costs and a better guest experience. Once you
picture smart homes powered by IoT, picturing IoT in a hotel is not all that big of a big leap.
For hotel guests, IoT creates a seamless visit
For guests, IoT in their accommodations makes for a more comfortable and customized stay.
Guests might stay in automated rooms where they can adjust the lights or call the front desk from
their beds via their TV or mobile device.
And speaking of mobile devices, hospitality can be more integrated with guests’ personal
gadgets thanks to IoT. Guests can check into a hotel and unlock their room via their mobile
device, providing a seamless hospitality experience.
Moreover, mobile integration gives you data (with the guests’ permission) that lets you
remember guest preferences. Hoteliers can take it a step further and customize their reservation
based on previous stays.
For hoteliers, IoT creates more efficiencies
Guests aren’t the only ones experiencing the benefits of IoT in hospitality. Hoteliers are saving
money because of increased automation and data-sharing.
3. COMMUNICATION AND SKILL
The link between communication and skills denotes the amount of expertise that employees have
in communicating via IOT devices. To utilise IOT devices, employees must be skilled. The

6
hospitality industry places a high value on providing its staff with IOT devices. In today's world,
IoT devices play a key role in transforming the hospitality business. As a result, it is critical for
staff to be fully proficient in the use of this equipment.
4. EXPERIENCE AND COMMUNICATION
Employees with greater expertise in the hospitality sector will be able to utilize IOT devices for
communication more effectively than employees with little experience since they are fully aware
of it and equipped with the device. They have a greater understanding of how things function and
how to communicate effectively and efficiently.
5. EXPERIENCE AND INTENTION
Experienced employees know the wants and needs of its customers. They employ IoT devices to
deliver customized solutions such as devices powered by apps and automated equipment such as
automatic telephones, or electric blinds that are interconnected via a shared network that
provides the required services by the visitors. enhanced maintenance service to be provided by
the hospitality team, as well as enhanced room service, energy savings, and facility maintenance.
6. EXPERIENCE AND USEFULNESS
Employees with greater expertise in the hotel sector understand the significance of IOT devices
and have firsthand experience with their use and benefits. They see the potential of these gadgets
to tackle outstanding issues that have hampered the business.
7. GENDER AND SKILLS
The link between skills and gender simply suggests that men and women have varying levels of
ability in using IOT devices. Women have proven to be just as effective as males at utilising IOT
devices, defying stereotypes. Even after testing our hypothesis, we discovered that there is no
substantial difference in the talents of men and women in IOT devices.
8. GENDER AND USEFULNESS
The Gender and Usefulness relationship essentially means that the usefulness of IOT devices in
the hospitality sector is the same for men and women. IoT devices are being used successfully
and efficiently by both genders. Even after testing our hypothesis, we discovered that there is no
significant difference in the average degree of usefulness of IOT for males and females.
9. INTENTION AND GENDER
Gender and Intention connection simply means how men and women utilise IOT devices and
whether they have the same degree. Both men and women work equally in the hospitality sector
utilizing IOT devices, and there is no major difference in the aim of working with IOT in both
genders.

7
Comparing the significant difference in average level of skills possessed by
employees in IOT based on gender

8
9
 Analysis

Step 1: Setting up the hypothesis

Null Hypothesis (H0): X1=X2, There is no significant difference between the average skill level in
IOT of male and female.
Alternate Hypothesis (HA): X1<>X2, There is significant difference between the average skill
level in IOT of male and female (two tailed, two sample hypothesis)

Step 2: Determining the appropriate test

Both the data sets which we are dealing with are quantitative in nature.
N1= 73: N2= 56
Sample size for both the variables that is males and females is greater than 20. This means that
we will apply Z-test on this data set.
Also, we can observe that we are comparing the mean of the two samples that is the mean of
the two segments of the population (male and female) so we will apply two sample test on this.
Hence, we will apply Two sample Z test on this data.

Step 3: Setting up of Level Significance:

The level of significance will be set at 5% that is 0.05. (as not provided we will assume it to be
5%.

Step 4: Setting Up The Decision Rule:

Value of Two Sample Z-Test: -0.006.
Hence, X1<X2

Step 5: Collecting The Data:

As we are not having enough evidence in favour of any 1 variable, so we will analyse based on
two-tailed hypothesis.
P Two Tail= 0.99

Step 6: Analysing The Results:

As we can see that Z calculated -0.006 < 1.95+Z tabulated, therefore, we will accept alternate
hypothesis and reject null hypothesis.

10
Also, from P two tail value, it can be observed that P two tail value is greater than 0.05,
therefore, we will accept null hypothesis and reject alternate hypothesis.

Step 7: Conclusion:
From the Z-test (Calculated and Tabulated) and P value it can be concluded that:
There is no significant difference between the male average level of skilled IOT and the female
average level of skilled in IOT.

11
Comparing the significant difference in average level employees who find IOT
useful in their job based on gender

12
 Analysis
Step 1: Setting up the hypothesis
Null Hypothesis (H0): X1=X2, There is no significant difference between the average usefulness
in IOT of male and female.

13
Alternate Hypothesis (HA): X1<>X2, There is significant difference between the average
usefulness in IOT of male and female (two tailed, two sample hypothesis)

Step 2: Determining the appropriate test

Both the data sets which we are dealing with are quantitative in nature.
N1= 73: N2= 56
Sample size for both the variables that is males and females is greater than 20. This means that
we will apply Z-test on this data set.
Also, we can observe that we are comparing the mean of the two samples that is the mean of
the two segments of the population (male and female) so we will apply two sample test on this.
Hence, we will apply Two sample Z test on this data.

Step 3: Setting up of Level Significance:

The level of significance will be set at 5% that is 0.05. (as not provided we will assume it to be
5%.

Step 4: Setting Up The Decision Rule:

Value of Two Sample Z-Test: -1.01.
Hence, X1<X2

Step 5: Collecting The Data:

As we are not having enough evidence in favour of any 1 variable, so we will analyse based on
two-tailed hypothesis.
P Two Tail= 0.30

Step 6: Analysing The Results:

As we can see that Z calculated 1.01 < -1.95+Z tabulated, therefore, we will accept alternate
hypothesis and reject null hypothesis.
Also, from P two tail value, it can be observed that P two tail value is greater than 0.05,
therefore, we will accept null hypothesis and reject alternate hypothesis.

Step 7: Conclusion:
From the Z-test (Calculated and Tabulated) and P value it can be concluded that:
There is no significant difference between the average level of usefulness of IOT for male and
female

14
Comparing the significant difference in average level employees who intend to
work with IOT based on gender

15
 Analysis
Step 1: Setting up the hypothesis
Null Hypothesis (H0): X1=X2, There is no significant difference between the average intent in
IOT of male and female.

16
Alternate Hypothesis (HA): X1<>X2, There is significant difference between the average intent
in IOT of male and female (two tailed, two sample hypothesis)

Step 2: Determining the appropriate test

Both the data sets which we are dealing with are quantitative in nature.
N1= 73: N2= 56
Sample size for both the variables that is males and females is greater than 20. This means that
we will apply Z-test on this data set.
Also, we can observe that we are comparing the mean of the two samples that is the mean of
the two segments of the population (male and female) so we will apply two sample test on this.
Hence, we will apply Two sample Z test on this data.

Step 3: Setting up of Level Significance:

The level of significance will be set at 5% that is 0.05. (as not provided we will assume it to be
5%.

Step 4: Setting Up The Decision Rule:

Value of Two Sample Z-Test: -0.79.
Hence, X1<X2

Step 5: Collecting The Data:

As we are not having enough evidence in favour of any 1 variable, so we will analyse based on
two-tailed hypothesis.
P Two Tail= 0.42

Step 6: Analysing The Results:

As we can see that Z calculated -0.79 < 1.95+Z tabulated, therefore, we will accept alternate
hypothesis and reject null hypothesis.
Also, from P two tail value, it can be observed that P two tail value is greater than 0.05,
therefore, we will accept null hypothesis and reject alternate hypothesis.

Step 7: Conclusion:
From the Z-test (Calculated and Tabulated) and P value it can be concluded that:
There is no significant difference between the average intention of working with IOT for male
and the female.

17
ANOVA test – Dependent Variable is Intention, and Independent variable is
Experience

18
 Analysis

We have three categories of experience Less than two, two to four years and more than 4 years
of experience and we will be analyzing whether experience has any impact on the
communication of the employees.
Independent Variable: Experience
Dependent Variable: Intentions
Let's start with the 7-Step hypothesis testing to know the same.
X1= Less than 2 years
X2= 2 – 4 years
X3= More than 4 years

Step 1: Framing of Hypothesis:

Null Hypothesis (H0) : X1=X2=X3=X4
There is no significant difference in averages of intentions of the person compared to their
experience.
Alternate Hypothesis (HA) : X1<>X2<>X3<>X4
There is a significant difference in averages intensions of the person compared to their
experience.

19
Step 2: Determining the Appropriate Test:
The data sets which we are dealing with are quantitative in nature.
N1= 55, N2= 56, N3=19
Also, we can observe that we are comparing the mean of the three samples that is the mean of
the three segments having different experience, which is an independent variable (less than
two, two to four years and more than 4 years). Hence, we will apply ANOVA Test on this data.

Step 3: Setting up of Level Significance:

The level of significance will be set at 5% that is 0.05. (not provided we will assume it to be 5%)

Step 4: Setting Up The Decision Rule:

Value of F calculated: 1.47
And, average of intentions of employees having less than 2 years of experience is less than
employees having 2 – 4 years of experience which is less than more than 4 years of experience.
X1<X2<X3
Also, employees with two to four years of experience are more consistent with their intensions
than in less than two years of experience. Employees with least consistency are with highest
experience that is more than four years.
V3<V1<V2

Step 5: Collecting Data:

As we are not having enough evidence in favour of any 1 variable, so we will analyse based on P
value.
P Value= 0.23

Step 6: Analysing Results:

As we can see that (F calculated) 1.47< +-3.07 (F tabulated), therefore, we will accept null
hypothesis and reject alternate hypothesis.
Also, from P Value, it can be observed that P Value is greater than 0.05, therefore, we will
accept null hypothesis and reject alternate hypothesis.

Step 7: Conclusion:
From the ANOVA Test (Calculated and Tabulated) and P value it can be concluded that: There is
no significant difference in averages intentions of employees compared to their working
experience.

20
ANOVA test – Dependent Variable is Communication, and independent
variable is Experience

21
 Analysis

We have three categories of experience Less than two, two to four years and more than 4
years of experience
and we will be analysing whether experience has any impact on the usefulness of the
employees.
Independent Variable: Experience
Dependent Variable: Communication
Let's start with the 7-Step hypothesis testing to know the same.
X1= Less than 2 years
X2= 2 – 4 years
X3= More than 4 years

Step 1: Framing of Hypothesis:

Null Hypothesis (H0) : X1=X2=X3=X4
There is no significant difference in averages of communication of the person compared to their
experience.
Alternate Hypothesis (HA) : X1<>X2<>X3<>X4
There is a significant difference in averages communication of the person compared to their
experience.

Step 2: Determining the Appropriate Test:

22
The data sets which we are dealing with are quantitative in nature.
N1= 55, N2= 56, N3=19
Also, we can observe that we are comparing the mean of the three samples that is the mean of
the three segments having different experience, which is an independent variable (less than
two, two to four years and more than 4 years). Hence, we will apply ANOVA Test on this data.

Step 3: Setting up of Level Significance:

The level of significance will be set at 5% that is 0.05. (not provided we will assume it to be 5%)

Step 4: Setting Up Decision Rule:

Value of F calculated: 6.72
And, average of communication of employees having less than 2 years of experience is less than
employees having more than 4 years of experience which is less than 2 - 4 years of experience.
X1<X2<X3
Also, employees with more than four years of experience are more consistent in, than
employees with 2 – 4 years of experience. Employees with least consistency are with least
experience that is less than 2 years.
V3<V2<V1

Step 5: Collecting Data:

As we are not having enough evidence in favour of any 1 variable, so we will analyse based on P
value.
P Value= 0.00

Step 6: Analysing Results:

As we can see that (F calculated) 6.72> +-3.07 (F tabulated), therefore, we will accept
alternative hypothesis and reject null hypothesis.
Also, from P Value, it can be observed that P Value is less than 0.05, therefore, we will accept
alternative hypothesis and reject null hypothesis.

Step 7: Conclusion:
From the ANOVA Test (Calculated and Tabulated) and P value it can be concluded that:
There is a significant difference in averages communication of employees compared to their
working experience.

23
ANOVA test – Dependent Variable is Usefulness, and independent variable is
Experience

24
 Analysis

We have three categories of experience Less than two, two to four years and more than 4
years of experience
and we will be analysing whether experience has any impact on the intentions of the
employees.
Independent Variable: Experience
Dependent Variable: Usefulness
Let's start with the 7-Step hypothesis testing to know the same.
X1= Less than 2 years
X2= 2 – 4 years
X3= More than 4 years

Step 1: Framing of Hypothesis:

Null Hypothesis (H0) : X1=X2=X3=X4
There is no significant difference in averages of usefulness of the person compared to their
experience.
Alternate Hypothesis (HA) : X1<>X2<>X3<>X4

25
There is a significant difference in averages usefulness of the person compared to their
experience.

Step 2: Determining the Appropriate Test:

The data sets which we are dealing with are quantitative in nature.
N1= 55, N2= 56, N3=19
Also, we can observe that we are comparing the mean of the three samples that is the mean of
the three segments having different experience, which is an independent variable (less than
two, two to four years and more than 4 years). Hence, we will apply ANOVA Test on this data.

Step 3: Setting up of Level Significance:

The level of significance will be set at 5% that is 0.05. (not provided we will assume it to be 5%)

Step 4: Setting Up Decision Rule:

Value of F calculated: 6.21
And, average of usefulness of employees having less than 2 years of experience is less than
employees having 2 - 4 years of experience which is less than more than 4 years of experience.
X1<X2<X3
Also, employees with 2 – 4 years of experience are more consistent in, than employees with 4
years of experience. Employees with least consistency are with least experience that is less than
2 years.
V3<V2<V1

Step 5: Collecting Data:

As we are not having enough evidence in favour of any 1 variable, so we will analyse based on P
value.
P Value= 0.00

Step 6: Analysing Results:

As we can see that (F calculated) 6.21> +-3.07 (F tabulated), therefore, we will accept
alternative hypothesis and reject null hypothesis.
Also, from P Value, it can be observed that P Value is less than 0.05, therefore, we will accept
alternative hypothesis and reject null hypothesis.

Step 7: Conclusion:

26
From the ANOVA Test (Calculated and Tabulated) and P value it can be concluded that:
There is a significant difference in averages usefulness of employees compared to their
working experience.

Regression

Skill & Communication related to productivity:

Step 1: Setting up the hypothesis

(H1)
H1 there is a positive and significant impact of skill on productivity

(H2)
H2 there is a positive and significant impact of communication on productivity.

Step 2: Determining the Appropriate Test:

The data sets which we are dealing with are quantitative in nature.
N1= 130, N2=130, N=130

Step 3: Setting up of Level Significance:

27
The level of significance will be set at 5% that is 0.05. (as not provided we will assume it to be
5%.

Step 4: Setting Up The Decision Rule:

R square is the Coefficient of Determination which is 0.43. Hence, skill and skill impacting
productivity by 43%
Coefficient or regression tells the impact and direction of relationship.
Productivity= 1.5+0.38(P)+0.33(I)

Step 5: Analysing Results:

From the regression equation it can be concluded that,
If communication increases by 1 unit, the productivity will increase by 0.38units.
If the skill increase by 1 unit, the attitude will increase by 0.33 units.
Step 6: Conclusion:
As we can see that P value of communication 0.00<0.05 (significant)
P value of skill is 0.00 < 0.05 (significant)
Therefore, there is a positive and significant impact of communication and skill on productivity.

Social influence & Intention on productivity:

Step 1: Setting up the hypothesis

28
 (H1)
H1 there is a positive and significant impact of intension on productivity

(H2)
H2 there is a positive and significant impact of social influence on productivity.

Step 2: Determining the Appropriate Test:

The data sets which we are dealing with are quantitative in nature.
N1= 130, N2=130, N=130

Step 3: Setting up of Level Significance:

The level of significance will be set at 5% that is 0.05. (as not provided we will assume it to be
5%.

Step 4: Setting U Decision Rule:

R square is the Coefficient of Determination which is 0.43. Hence, usefulness and
communication impacting productivity by 43%
Coefficient or regression tells the impact and direction of relationship.
Productivity= 1.14+0.25(P)+0.53(I)

Step 5: Analysis Results:

From the regression equation it can be concluded that,
If social influence increases by 1 unit, the productivity will increase by 0.25 units.
If the intension increase by 1 unit, the attitude will increase by 0.53 units.
Step 6: Conclusion:
As we can see that P value of social influence l0.00<0.05 (significant)
P value of intension is 0.00 < 0.05 (significant)
Therefore, there is a positive and significant impact of social influence and intension on
productivity.

29
Useful and communication on the productivity:

Step 1: Setting up the hypothesis

(H1)
H1 there is a positive and significant impact of usefulness on productivity

(H2)
H2 there is a positive and significant impact of communication on productivity.

Step 2: Determining the Appropriate Test:

The data sets which we are dealing with are quantitative in nature.
N1= 130, N2=130, N=130

Step 3: Setting up of Level Significance:

The level of significance will be set at 5% that is 0.05. (as not provided we will assume it to be
5%.

Step 4: Setting Up The Decision Rule:

R square is the Coefficient of Determination which is 0.40. Hence, usefulness and
communication impacting productivity by 40%
Coefficient or regression tells the impact and direction of relationship.

30
Productivity= 1.77+0.26(P)+0.41(I)

Step 5: Analysing The Results:

From the regression equation it can be concluded that,
If usefulness increases by 1 unit, the productivity will increase by 0.26 units.
If the communication increase by 1 unit, the attitude will increase by 0.41 units.
Step 6: Conclusion:
As we can see that P value of useful0.03<0.05 (significant)
P value of communication is 0.00 < 0.05 (significant)
Therefore, there is a positive and significant impact of communication and usefulness on
productivity.

31