Pumps Study Materials

Pumps Study Materials

Pumps: Classification:
Pump is a device which is used to convert According to the piston being in contact with
mechanical energy into hydraulic energy. Here piston or plunger.
hydraulic energy refers to potential and kinetic a) Single acting pump
energy of a liquid Hydraulic pumps are the b) Double acting pump
energy-absorbing machines. Since, it requires According to the number of cylinders provided,
mechanical power to run. a) Single cylinder pump
b) Double cylinder pump
Classification of pumps c) Triple cylinder pump
d) Duplux double acting pump
e) Quantiplex pump
Discharge work done and power required to
drive Reciprocating pump:
Case (i): Single acting pump
Let D = Diameter of the cylinder
A = Area of cross section of the cylinder or
π
piston = 4 D2

r = Radius of crank
Reciprocating pumps: N = Speed of the crank in rpm
The reciprocating pump is a positive L = Length of the stroke (= 2r)
displacement pump. It operates on a principle of hs = Height of the axis of the cylinder from
actual displacement or pushing of liquid by a water surface in sump
piston or plunger that reciprocates in a closely hd = Height of the delivery outlet above the
fitting cylinder. These pumps usually have one cylinder axis.
or more cylinders which are alternatively filled Volume of water delivered in one revolution =
with liquid to be pumped and then emptied Area × Length of stroke
again. In this pump, the mechanical energy is =A×L
converted into hydraulic energy by sucking the N
Number of revolution per second = 60
liquid into a cylinder in which a piston is ALN
reciprocating and exerts the thrust on the liquid Discharge / sec = Q = 60
and increases its hydraulic energy. The Weight of water delivered per second
WALN
reciprocating pumps are generally employed for W = WQ =
60
light at pumping, feeding small boiler
condensate return and pneumatic pressure
systems.
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Work done per second = Weight of water 3. Number of stages:

lifted/sec × Total height through which liquid is a) Single stage
lifted WALN b) Multistage
WALN 4. Liquid handled
= W(hs+hd) = (hs+hd)
60
a) closed impeller pump
where W = Weight density of liquid.
b) semi-closed impeller pump
Case (ii) Double acting pump
2ALN c) open impeller pump
Discharge, Q = 5. Specified speed
60
2WALN
Work done per second = (hs+hd) a) Low specific speed pumps
60
Power required to drive the pump b) Medium specific speed pumps
2WALN c) High specific speed pumps
P= hs + hd 6. Number of entrances to the impeller
60
a) Single suction pr single entry pump
Slip of a Reciprocating pump: b) Double suction or double entry pump
The difference between the theoretical discharge Workdone by the Impeller of a centrifugal
and actual discharge is called slip of the pump. pump:
Centrifugal pumps: Let
Centrifugal pumps are the devices which D1 = Diameter of the impeller at inlet.
converts mechanical energy into hydraulic u1 = tangential velocity of the impeller at inlet =
πD 1 N
energy by means of centrifugal force acting on
60
the fluid. v1 = Absolute velocity of water at inlet
Centrifugal pumps are classified as roto vw1 = Velocity of whirl at inlet
dynamic type of pumps in which a dynamic vr1 = Relative velocity of liquid at inlet
pressure is developed to lift liquids from a lower
vf1 = Velocity of flow at inlet
to a higher level. The basic working principle of
α = Angle made by v1 at inlet with the direction
centrifugal pump is that when a certain mass of
of motion of vane
liquid is made to rotate by an external force, it is
θ = Angle made by vri at inlet with the direction
thrown away from the central axis of rotation
of motion of vane.
and a centrifucal pressure is developed which w
Wor'kdone = g Vw 1 ± Vw 2 u2
raises the liquid to higher level.
Classification of centrifugal pumps: where w = weight of the liquid per second that
1. Shape and type of casing passes through the impeller = pgQ
a) Volute or spiral casing θ = Volume of liquid = πD1 B1 × Vf 1
b) Vortex or whirlpool casing = πD2 B2 × 2
c) Volute casing with guide blades where B1 and B2 are the width of the impeller at
2. Working head inlet and outlet respectively.
a) Low head (upto 15m) Since α=90° and Vw 1 =0
b) Medium head (15m to 40m) Workdone by the impeller on water per second
c) High head (over 40m)
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 Pumps Study Materials

W p1
= (Vw 2 u2 ) ⇒ Pressure head at inlet of the pump = hs
g w
v 21
Head and Efficiencies of a pump ⇒ Velocity head at inlet of the pump
2g
i) Suction head (hs):
Z1 = Vertical height of the pump inlet from the
It is the vertical height of the centre line of the
datum line
pump shaft above the liquid surface in the sump p2 v2
from which the liquid is being raised. + 2g2 and Z2 are corresponding values of
w
Delivery head (hd): pressure head, velocity head and datum head at
It is the vertical height of the liquid surface in outlet of the pump.
the tank/ reservoir to which the liquid is Efficiencies of a pump:
delivered above the centre line at the pump i) Manometric efficiency ηmano :
shade. Manometric head
ηmano = Head imparted by impeller
Static head (Hstat):
Hm gH m
The sum of suction and delivery head is known = Vw 2u2 =V
w 2 u2
g
as static head.
Power actually delivered by the pump
Hstart = hs + hd ηmano = Power imparted by the impeller
Manometric head (Hm): or
It is the head against which a centrifugal pump Output of the pump
ηmano = Power
has to work. It is given by the following imparted by the impeller

expressions. Volumetric efficiency (𝛈𝐧 ):

Hm = Head imparted by the impeller to liquid It is defined as the ratio of quantity of liquid
loss of head in the pump discharged per second from the pump to the
Vw 2 u2 quantity passing per second through the
Hm = − hLi + hLc
g impeller.
where hLi ⇒ Loss of head in the impeller Mechanical Efficiency (ηmech ):
hLc ⇒ Loss of head in the casing Power at the impeller
Vw 2 u2
ηmech = Power at the shaft
Hm = → if there is no loss in the W Vw 2u2
g
g 1000
V 2d ηmech = Shaft
b) Hm = Hstat+ Losses in pipes+ 2g power in kW
Output efficiency (h0):
V 2d
Hm = hs + hd + his + hid + 2g η0 =
Power output of the pump
Power input to the pump
where WQH m
=
hfs ⇒frictional loss in the suction pipe P

hfd ⇒ frictional loss in the delivery pipe vd ⇒ η0 = ηmano × ηv × ηmech

velocity of liquid in the delivery pipe Impeller Blade Profiles:
c) Hm = Total head at outlet of the pump - Backward curved vanes:
Total head at the inlet of the pump The blade angle ϕ <90°
p2 v2 p1 v2 Radial vane:
= + 2g2 + z2 − + 2g1 + z1
w w ϕ= 90°
where Forward curved vanes:
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ϕ > 90° uf2

Kf =
Specific speed for a pump (Ns): 2gHm
The specific speed of a centrifugal pump is Value of K f varies from 0.1 to 0.25
defined as the speed of a geometrically similar
pump which will deliver unit quantity (i.e. 1
litre of liquid per second) against a unit head Outlet diameter of impeller (D2):
(i.e. 1 meter) 84.6K u Hm
N Q D2 =
Specific speed, Ns = 3/4
πN
Hm
Inlet diameter of impeller (D1):
The above equation gives the specific speed in D1 = 0.5 D2
terms of discharge and manometric head. Least diameter of impeller:
Sometimes another definition of the specific
97.68 Hm
speed may be used which is based on unit D2 =
N
power.
Diameter of suction pipe (Ds):
N p
Ns = 5/4
Hm 4Q
Ds =
Centrifugal pumps with the corresponding πVs
ranges of specific speeds. Diameter of delivery pipe
S.No. Types of impeller Specific 4Q
Speed, Ns Dd : πV d

1. Slow speed radial 10 - 30 Pumps in series:

flow A number of impeller are mounted on the same
2. Medium speed 30 – 50 shaft in series to obtain a high head. If n
3. High
radialspeed
flow radial 50 – 80 identical impellers are mounted on the same
4. Mixed
flow flow 80 – 160 shaft in series, then the total head developed
5. Axial flow 160 – 500 will be
Design Aspects of a centrifugal pump: Htotal = n × Hn
I) Speed ratio (Ku): The discharge passing through each impeller is
It is the ratio of peripheral speed at outlet (u2) to same. Pipes in series are employed for
the theoretical velocity of jet corresponding to delivering a relatively small quantity of liquid
manometric head Hm. against very high head.
u2
Ku = Pumps in parallel:
2gHm A number of pumps are connected in parallel for
K u varies from 0.95 to 1.25 obtaining high discharge. Here the impellers are
ii) Flow ratio (Kf): mounted on separate shafts. Each unit works
It is the ratio of the velocity of flow at exit (Vf2) separately and the discharge from various
to the theoretical velocity of the jet impellers are collected in common delivery
corresponding to manometric head (Hm). pipe.

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If Q is the discharge capacity for one impeller
and there is ~ identical impellers arranged in
parallel then totai discharge will be Qtotal = n ×
Q pitting and erosion of blade surfaces in the
when a large quantity of liquid is required to be
pumped against a relatively small head, then
pump in parallel arrangement is used.
Pump characteristics:
i) Main characteristics curves (H, p, η, VSQ)
ii) Operating characteristic curves (H, p, η VSQ)
iii) Constant efficiency or Muschel curves (H
VS Q)
iv) Constant head and constant discharge curves
(Q VS N, H=const ; H VS N, Q = const)
Cavitations in Hydraulic Machines:
Hydraulic machines subjected to cavitations are
reaction turbines and centrifugal pumps.
Cavitation is defined as the phenomenon of
formation of vapour bubbles of a flowing liquid
in a region where the pressure Of the liquid falls
below its vapour pressure and the sudden
collapsing of these vapour bubbles in a region of
higher pressure. The collapsing pressure of
bubbles may be as high as 100 atmospheres and
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Pumps Study Materials
this may cause a local mechanical failure of the
solid surface. The ultimate effect may be the
breakdown of the machine itself due to severe
region of cavitation. The cavitation in a pump
can be noted by a sudden drop in efficiency,
head and more power requirement.
Harmful effects of cavitation are:
• Pitting and erosion of surface due to continuous
hammering action of the collapsing bubbles.
• Sudden drop in head, efficiency and the power
delivered to the fluid.
• Noise and vibrations produced by the collapse
of vapour bubbles.
Priming of a centrifugal pump:
The operation of filling liquid (which is to be
pumped) in the suction pipe, casing of the pump
and a portion of the delivery pipe upto delivery
valve before starting the pump is called priming
of a centrifugal pump.
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