MELC 29-32 CLM 1-

General Chemistry 12 G12-1st Sem

Introductory Message

To the Parents:

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Chemistry 1. This is composed of discussions and activities where your child can learn. The
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what is already known and what is about to be learned. The Development part provides the
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and activities to further develop your knowledge, understanding and skills in General
Chemistry 2. The lesson has four parts: Introduction, Development, Engagement and
Assimilation.
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Happy learning!

1
Grade Level: Grade 12
Quarter:
Week:
1st
3-4
Changes in Solutions
No of Days: 8

Introduction

What I Need to Know

After the lessons, the learners will be able to:

1. Interpret the phase diagram of water and carbon dioxide.

2. Determine and explain the heating and cooling curve of a substance.

Like gases, solids and liquids have

properties that distinguish them from
other states of matter. In this topic, we
will understand the nature of solids
and liquids.

https://whenyouriseup.com/courses/young-science-solids-liquids-gasses/

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 Lesson 1 Phase Change

Start up

Pre-quiz

True or False.

1. The particles of solids are orderly arranged.

2. The particles of solids do not have a fixed location.
3. Ionic solids are the result of electrostatic attractions between positive and negative ions.
4. Unlike gases, solids and liquids do not adhere to the kinetic molecular theory.
5. Adhesive forces are attractive forces between same molecules

Discussion

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=29x7vArV2NI

3
 Our environment is mostly affected by the changes in temperature and pressure. Changes in
these tow environmental factors can result in phase changes. A phase change refers to the change of
a substance from one state to another. In the above example, moth balls, after being left inside the
cabinet will disappear without a trace as time passes by. The phase change that the moth balls
underwent is sublimation. A phase change is reversible since only the physical property of the
substance is change. There are six common phase changes of matter namely freezing, melting,
condensation, vaporization, sublimation and deposition.

What happens during a phase change? https://www.slideshare.net/jdrin001/phase-changes-52550614

1. Heat is either absorbed or released.

2. Heat energy is release and molecules slow down and move closer together.
3. Heat is absorbed and molecules speed up and expand.

Six common phase changes:

(https://study.com/academy/lesson/phase-change-evaporation-condensation-freezing-
melting.html#:~:text=Learn%20the%20six%20changes%20of,%2C%20vaporization%2C%20sublimation%20and%20deposition)

✓ Freezing: the substance changes from a liquid to a solid.

✓ Melting: the substance changes back from the solid to the liquid.
✓ Condensation: the substance changes from a gas to a liquid.
✓ Vaporization: the substance changes from a liquid to a gas.
✓ Sublimation: the substance changes directly from a solid to a gas without going through the
liquid phase.
✓ Deposition: the substance changes directly from a gas to a solid without going through the
liquid phase.

http://www.chemistry.wustl.edu/~edudev/LabTutorials/CourseTutorials/bb/Thermochem/Phase.htm

Using the concept of phase changes, observations can be presented in two ways through the heating
curve or cooling curve and the phase diagram. The heating curve and the cooling curve are graphical
illustrations of the effects of heat when the pressure is held constant.

4
 https://www.worldwisetutoring.com/heating-and-cooling-curves/

Notice that heating curve and cooling curve are just the opposite of each other. In heating curve, the
temperature goes up as heat is added to the substance. In addition, when the curve becomes flat or
horizontal (called plateaus) phase change happens. During this stage, two phases happen. Solid and
liquid are in equilibrium during melting. However, liquid and gas phases are in equilibrium during boiling.
Super heating may occur when the temperature of the liquid exceeds the boiling point.

Principles of Heating and Cooling Curve (Discover Science Chemistry)

When heat is constantly added to a solid material, the following are expected to happen:

1. There will be constant rise in the temperature of the solid until it melting process begins.
2. Temperature stops rising once melting begins and remains constant until the solid material is
completely melted.
3. Temperature will begin to rise again at a constant rate until boiling begins.
4. Temperature stops rising once boiling starts. It remains constant until the liquid is completely
converted to gas.
5. The temperature of the gas rises at a steady rate.

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Phase Diagram

The phase diagram on the other hand, is a graphical illustration showing the effects of both pressure
and temperature. It shows the relationship among temperature, pressure and the three states of matter.
Temperature is always plotted in the x-axis while pressure is plotted in the y-axis.

Important Parts of The Phase Diagram https://slideplayer.com/slide/9797615/

Melting curve – also called the solid-liquid equilibrium line, it shows the temperature and pressure that
a solid undergoes to become liquid and vice versa. This line points upward from the triple point.

Vapor curve – also called the liquid-gas equilibrium line, it shows the temperature and pressure that a
liquid undergoes to become a gas and vice versa. This line extends in a curved upward manner (due
to the compressibility of gases) and to the higher temperature side of the triple point. It ends at the
critical point or the maximum temperature at which any liquid can exist. The critical point occurs under
conditions at which no phase boundaries exist.

Sublimation curve – also called the solid-gas equilibrium line, it shows the temperature and pressure
that a solid undergoes to become a gas. This line extends in a downward curve manner (due to the
compressibility of gases) and to the lower temperature side of the triple point.

Triple point – the temperature and pressure where there is equilibrium between the three states of
matter.

Fig. 1 phase diagram showing the three major parts.

http://www.sklogwiki.org/SklogWiki/index.php/Phase_diagrams:_Pressure-temperature_plane

6
 Fig. 2 phase diagram showing the different phases of the three states of matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_diagram#/media/File:Phase-diag2.svg

Engagement
What’s More?
Part I. Supply the missing words.

7
Part II Copy and analyze the diagrams and answer the questions in your answer
sheet. Use graphing paper.

Assessment
Part I.

8
https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-chemistry-second-edition/r18/section/16.6/

Part II. Label the parts.

9
 Lesson 2 Gases, Solids and Liquids in Mixtures

Introduction
1. Use different ways of expressing concentration of solutions: percent by mass, mole
fraction, molarity, molality, percent by volume, ppm
2. Perform stoichiometric calculations for reactions in solutions.
3. Describe the effect of concentration on the colligative properties of solutions.

https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/270990102556387345/

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 Start up

Pre-activity
Illustrate the molecular set up of solid, liquid and gas and describe each.

Solid Liquid Gas

Description Description Description

Discussion

In your General Chemistry 1, you were introduced to the different stoichiometric

calculations like the mole, molar mass, molality, etc. We are all familiar with recipe books and
step by steps guidebooks in making different products such as our favorite food. As first timers,
we carefully follow the instructions until we memorize the procedure by heart. In this lesson,
we will use our knowledge in stoichiometric calculations in expressing concentrations of
solutions.

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Solution

A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances. The two parts of a

solution are the solute which is the dissolved matter and the solvent which is the medium
capable of dissolving the solute. An aqueous solution is a solution where the solvent used is
water. Most of the products that we use at home are such as vinegar, are aqueous solutions.
Just like the principle that matter exists in all three states, solutions also exist in all three
states.

In a solution, components may be solid, liquid or gas. On this basis solutions can be divided
into following three types: https://10upon10.com/class12/12phychem/chemistry-solutions-1.html

• Gaseous solution
• Liquid solution
• Solid solution

1. Gaseous solutions.

Solutions in which solvent is present in gaseous state are called Gaseous solution. Gaseous
solutions can be divided into following three types on the basis of phases of solute and solvent.
https://10upon10.com/class12/12phychem/chemistry-solutions-1.html

a. Gas-gas solutions. Gaseous mixtures come in homogenous state just like the
earth’s atmosphere. The atmosphere is made up of the combination of different
gases (nitrogen, oxygen, helium, argon, etc.) which are vital to survival.
b. Liquid-gas solution. When the solute is in liquid state and solvent is in gaseous
state, are called Liquid-Gas Solution. For example - solution (mixture) of chloroform
in nitrogen gas.
c. Solid Gas Solution. The solute is in solid state and solvent is in gaseous state, are
called Solid-Gas Solutions. For example - Solution (mixture) of camphor in nitrogen
gas.
2. Liquid Solution:

These are solutions in which the solvent present is in liquid state. Liquid solutions can be
classified into following three types: Gas - Liquid Solution, Liquid - Liquid Solution, Solid
- Liquid Solution https://10upon10.com/class12/12phychem/chemistry-solutions-1.html

a. Gas - Liquid Solution. Solutions having solute in gaseous state and solvent in liquid
state, are called Gas - Liquid Solutions. For example - Solution (mixture) of oxygen in
water, mixture of carbon dioxide in water. Coca cola, a beverage, is an example of gas
- liquid solution, as it has carbon dioxide dissolved in water.

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 b. Liquid - Liquid Solution. Solutions, in which solute and solvent both are present in liquid
state, are called liquid liquid solutions. For example - Vinegar solution, vinegar is the
mixture of ethanoic acid and water. Solution of ethanol in water, etc.
c. Solid - Liquid Solution. Solutions, in which solutes present in solid state and solvent is
in liquid state, are called solid liquid solutions. For example - Solution of salt in water,
solution of glucose in water, etc.
3. Solid Solution

Solutions having solvent in solid state, are called solid solutions. Solid solution can be divided
into following three categories: Gas - Solid Solution Liquid, Solid Solution Solid, Solid
Solution https://10upon10.com/class12/12phychem/chemistry-solutions-1.html

a. Gas - Solid Solution. Solutions having solvent in solid state and solute in gaseous state
are called gas-solid solutions. Example - solution of hydrogen in palladium.
b. Liquid - Solid Solution. Solutions having solvent in solid state and solute in liquid state
are called liquid - solid solutions. Example amalgum of mercury with sodium.
c. Solid - solid solution. Solutions having solvent and solute both in solid state are called
solid – solid solutions. Example - Solution of gold and copper.

Another set of criteria in distinguishing solutions are the following:

https://www.toppr.com/guides/chemistry/solutions/types-of-solutions/

On the Basis of Water as Solvent

Based on the whether the solvent is water or not, solutions are of two types.

✓ Aqueous solutions: These solutions have water as the solvent. Examples of such
solutions are sugar in water, carbon dioxide in water, etc.
✓ Non-Aqueous Solutions: These solutions have a solvent that is not water. It could be
ether, benzene, petrol, carbon tetrachloride etc. Common examples include sulfur in
carbon disulphide, naphthalene in benzene, etc.

On the Basis of the Amount of Solute Added

Based on the amount of solute present in the solution, we can classify them into the
following types.

✓ Unsaturated Solution: An unsaturated is one that can dissolve more solute at a definite
temperature. It means that we can still add more solute to the solvent.
✓ Saturated Solution: A solution is said to be saturated when we can’t add any more
solute to the solvent. This means that the solution can’t dissolve any more solute at a
definite temperature.
✓ Supersaturated Solution: A supersaturated solution is one where the solute is present
in an excess amount. This solute is dissolved forcefully by raising the temperature or

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 pressure of the solution. These generally crystal out in the bottom by the method called
crystallization.

On the Basis of Amount of Solvent Added

✓ Concentrated Solution: A concentrated solution has large amounts of solute in the
given solvent. Examples include Brine solution, Orange juice, dark colour tea.
✓ Dilute Solution: A dilute solution has a small amount of solute in a large amount of
solvent. Examples include Salt solution, light colour tea.

On the Basis of Concentration of Solute in Two Solutions

✓ Isotonic Solution: These solutions have the same concentration of the solute in it
✓ Hypertonic Solution: A solution that contains more dissolved particles (such as salt
and other electrolytes) than is found in normal cells and blood.
✓ Hypotonic Solution: A solution that has a lower solute concentration compared to
another solution.

Dissolution and Solubility

✓ Dissolution- the process by which a solid or liquid, forms a homogenous mixture with
a solvent to form a solution.
✓ Solubility – a measure of how much solute can be dissolved in a specific solvent.

Factors affecting dissolution and solubility:

✓ Temperature. Higher temperature increases solubility.

✓ Particle size. The larger sized particles are harder to be dissolved.
✓ Stirring. Stirring increases the speed of the process. It increases the movement of the
solvent and exposes the solute to fresh portions of the solvent.
✓ Pressure. Most solids and liquids are not affected with pressure, but for a gas, it
follows Henry’s law that states that solubility of the gas is directly proportional to the
solubility of the gas.
✓ Polarity. In most cases, solutes dissolve in solvents that have the same polarity with
that of the solutes.

Miscibility- the ability of a liquid to dissolve uniformly in another liquid.

Solutions Stoichiometry

In the first quarter, you learned about stoichiometry and other calculations. Now you will
learn how to apply the concepts of stoichiometry in dealing with solutions.

Solution stoichiometry- the study of quantities of reactants and products of chemical

reactions taking place in solutions.

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It must be remembered that the objective of stoichiometry is to get data from balanced
chemical equation. The following data can be calculated depending on the type of problem:

1. mole of reactants and products

2. Molar mass

3. volume of gas

4. mole ratio

Stoichiometry usually includes:

• Mole
• Molar mass
• Molarity
• molality
• Empirical formula
• Percent composition
• Equivalent weights
• Limiting reagent

Ways of Expressing Concentration of Solutions

1. Molarity - the most common unit of concentration. Defined as the number of moles
of solute dissolved in 1 liter of solution.
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑚
Molarity (M) = or
𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑛

Where: where n is the number of moles solute, v is the volume in liters

Example:
What is the molarity of a 5-L solution that is formed by adding a 2.6 g of HCl in a
certain amount of water?

Step 1: Find the moles of HCl by dividing the amount in grams by its molar mass.

H=1x1 = 1 Cl = 35 x 1 = 35
35+ 1 = 36
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐶𝑙
2.6 g of HCl x = 0.072 mol of HCl
36 𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐶𝑙

Step 2: Compute for molarity

0.072 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐶𝑙
M=
5.0 𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

= 0.014 mol/L or 0.014 molar

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2. Molality - the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent
𝑚𝑜𝑙
m=
𝑘𝑔

Where: mol = moles of solute

kg= 1 kg of solvent

Example:
Suppose that 0.15 mole of table salt is dissolved in 1.26 kg of water. What is the
molal concentration of this solution?
0.15 𝑚𝑜𝑙
mol = = 0.12 molal (m) or 0.12 mol/kg
1.26 𝑘𝑔

3. Percent composition - The percent by mass of each element in a compound

𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
% composition = x ( ) x 100%
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠

4. Percentage by mass - the mass of solute per unit mass of solution.

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
% mass = ( ) x 100%
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Example:
What is the concentration of a solution made by dissolving 2.1 grams of salt in 8.3 g
of water?
Solution:
Mass of solution = 2.1 g + 8.3 g = 10.4 g
2.1 𝑔
% mass = ( ) x 100% = 20%
10.4 𝑔

5. Percentage by volume - the volume of the solute per unit volume of the solution.
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
% volume = ( ) x 100%
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Example:
A solution is prepared by dissolving 90 milliliters of pure hydrogen peroxide in
enough water to make 3000 milliliters of solution. What is the concentration of the
hydrogen peroxide solution?
Given data:
Volume of solute = 90 mL
Volume of solution = 3000 mL
90 𝑚𝑙
% volume = ( ) x 100% = 3%
3000 𝑚𝑙

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 6. Parts per million and parts per billion
Parts per million and parts per billion is similar to the concentration by percentage by
mass or volume, only the multiplier must be changed into 106 and 109 respectively.
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Parts per million (ppm) = ( ) x 1,000,000
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Parts per billion (ppb) = ( ) x 1,000,000,000
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Relationships in Solving Stoichiometric Problems

1. Mass to Mass
-in terms of mass the masses of the reactant and the products must be obtained first.
Ex.: What will be the mass of NaCl used if 500.00 g of AlCl3 was produced in the
reaction?
6 NaCl + Al2(SO4)3 → 3 Na2SO4 + 2 AlCl3
First find the molar mass of the reactant and the products. Then multiply it with the
number of moles based on the BCE (balanced chemical equation)
NaCl = 58 x 6 = 348
Al2(SO4)3 = 342 x 1 =342
Na2SO4 = 142 x 3 = 426
AlCl3 = 133 x 2 = 266

6 NaCl + Al2(SO4)3 → 3 Na2SO4 + 2 AlCl3

x 500.00g
348 266
Cross multiply.
X= 654.14 g of NaCl
2. Mole to Mole
How many moles of Al2(SO4)3 is needed to produce 5.0 moles of Na2So4?
6 NaCl + Al2(SO4)3 → 3 Na2SO4 + 2 AlCl3
X 5.0 moles
1 mole 3 moles

Cross multiply.

Answer: 1.7 moles

3. Mole to Mass
Problem: How many moles of H2 gas will be produced if you use 50.0 g of Al?
2 Al + 6 HCl → 2 AlCl3 + 3 H2
50.0 g x
53.96 g 3 moles

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 Cross multiply.
Answer: 2.78 moles of H2
4. Volume to Volume
- Volume to volume relationship is applicable only to gases. according to
Avogadro’s Law, one mole of gas at standard temperature and pressure (STP)
is equal to 22.4 L volume which is called the molar volume of a gas.
- Example: What volume of oxygen gas would react with 25.0 L of hydrogen
has at STP?
2 H2(g) + O2(g) → 2 H2O(g)
25.0 L X
44.8 L 22.4 L
To solve for H2, multiply 22.4 by 2. Thus, the answer is 44.8 L.
Cross multiply.
X= 12.5 L of O2

Normality - Normality (N) of a solution is the number of equivalents of solute per liter of
solution. It is another way of expressing concentration of solution. However, the term is not
used in the SI system. Slowly normality is being replaced by molarity.

𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒

N= ( )
𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

The number of equivalents or gram-equivalent weight (g eq wt) is determined by getting the

ratio of the weight in grams of solute and its equivalent weight.

𝑔
No. of equivalent solute = ( )
𝑒𝑞 𝑤𝑡

Based on Arrhenius’ concept, an acid is a substance that yields H+ ions in water solution,
while a base is a substance that yields OH- ions in water solution. Salt on the other hand, is
one of the products of neutralization reactions. Svante August Arrhenius, a Swedish physicist
and chemist and a Nobel prize winner for chemistry was the one who espoused this concept.
The equivalent weight of an acid is the weight in grams that will furnish 1 mole of H+ ions.

Example:
1. HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
1 mole of HCl (36.5 g) furnishes 1 mole of H+; therefore, 1 equivalent weight of HCl weighs
36.5 g.

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2. H2SO4 + Mg(OH)2 → MgSO4 + 2H2O
1 mole of H2SO4 (98 g) furnishes 2 moles of H+; therefore, 1 equivalent weight of H 2SO4
weighs 49 g.

Determining the Equivalent Weight of Acids, Bases and Salts

Acid:
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑡
Eq wt = ( )
𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐻+

Example:
98
1. H3PO4 = ( ) = 32.66
3

98 is the molecular weight of H3PO4

3 came from the number of H+ in the equation
98
2. H2SO4 = ( ) = 49
2

98 is the molecular weight of H2SO4

2 came from the number of H+ in the equation

Engagement

Activity1: Polarity Experiment (Experiment #3)

Materials:

• Water • sugar
• Vinegar • 6 disposable glasses
• Oil • a spoon
Procedure:
1. Obtain 6 clean disposable glasses and prepare the following set-up.
Set-up 1: 1 cup water + 4 tablespoons vinegar
Set-up 2: 1 cup water + 4 tablespoons oil
Set-up 3: 1 cup water + 4 tablespoons sugar
Set-up 4: 1 cup vinegar + 4 tablespoons oil
Set-up 5: 1 cup vinegar + 4 tablespoons sugar
Set-up 6: 5 tablespoon oil + 4 tablespoons alcohol
2. Thoroughly stir each mixture and observe carefully.

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Note: •Do not forget to wash and dry the spoon after each use.
• Properly label each set-up.
• Samples with oil should first be mixed with dishwashing liquid before disposing down the
sink
Guide Question:
a. Which of the following set-ups mixed well? Which did not?
b. What can you infer from the result of this activity?

Activity 2. Problem solving

Compute for the following:

1. A saline solution with a mass of 355 g has 36.5 g NaCl dissolved in it. What is the
mass/mass percent concentration of the solution?
2. What is the percent by mass concentration of 12.5 grams NaCl dissolved in 20 g of
water?

Assessment
Generalization
✓ Solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances
✓ Three types of solutions are:
• Gaseous solution
• Liquid solution
• Solid solution
✓ Factors affecting dissolution and solubility are temperature, particle size, stirring,
pressure and molarity

Assessment

Part I. Compute for the following. Show your solutions.

1. Calculate the volume/volume percent solution formed by combining 25 milliliters of ethanol

with enough water to make 200 milliliters of solution.
2. If 6.3mL of acetone are dissolved in a water solution such that the total volume of solution
is 500.0mL, what is the concentration of the acetone expressed as a volume percent?

20
Part 2. Compute for the equivalent weights. Show your solutions.

1. HNO3
2. HNO2
3. H3PO4
4. NaOH
5. Mg(OH)2
6. NH4OH
7. Al(OH)3
8. KOH
9. HF
10. HBr
11. HI
12. H2S

Reflection:

“Happiness is a solid and joy is a liquid.”

— J.D. Salinger
https://quotefancy.com/quote/962541/J-D-Salinger-Happiness-is-a-solid-and-joy-is-a-liquid

References:

✓ Discover Science Chemistry by Diwa Learning Center © 2012

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=29x7vArV2NI
https://slideplayer.com/slide/9797615/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_diagram#/media/File:Phase-diag2.svg
http://www.sklogwiki.org/SklogWiki/index.php/Phase_diagrams:_Pressure-
temperature_plane
https://studylib.net/doc/9524768/a.2-heat-curves-phase-diagram-worksheet-key

https://studylib.net/doc/17618107/chemistry--name--__________________-heating-curve-
workshe...
https://www.sophia.org/tutorials/labeling-a-phase-change-diagram
https://studylib.net/doc/8562750/heating-curves-and-phase-change-diagrams
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Map
s/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Ma
tter/States_of_Matter/Phase_Transitions/Phase_Diagrams
https://www.studocu.com/en-us/document/university-of-houston-downtown/introductory-
chemistry/tutorial-work/ws-f-phase-change-problems-worksheet/7012135/view

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