University of the Immaculate

Coneption Father Selga street, Davao

City
College of
Medical and Biological Sciences

NAME:__________________________________________ SECTION:___________________________

ENDOCRINE GLAND

Endocrine Glands

- A system made up of glands that produce and secretes ________________.

HORMONES

- A chemical substance that is produced in the endocrine glands that functions as signaling molecules

FUNCTIONS: - Located below the brain in a small cavity on the sphenoid

bone____________ (Turkish saddle)
1. Controls GROWTH
1.___________- localized dispersal in interstitial
2. For repair and reproduction
fluid of through short loops of blood vessels
3. ________________________
2. ___________- a signaling molecule remains on
the secreting cell’s surface or adjacent ECM;
PITUITARY GLAND affects target cells when the cells make contact

- a.k.a HYPOPHYSIS (undergrowth) ; pituitary means to “Spit 3. ____________- cells may produce molecules
mucus”; “Master Gland” that act on themselves or on cells of the same
type

- formed in the embryo partly from the developing brain and partly from the developing oral cavity

- __________________________ –an out-pocketing of ectoderm from the roof of the primitive mouth where
the oral component arises

2 GLANDS CONSISTING THE PITUITARY GLAND

1. NEUROHYPOPHYSIS- posterior
- Storage and release of ____________ and _____________

2. ADENOHYPOPHYSIS- anterior
-largest portion; originates from the Rathke’s pouch
-3 parts: PARS DISTALIS (anterior lobe); PARS TUBERALIS; PARS MEDIA
-Hormones:_________________________________________________

HYPOTHALAMIC- HYPOPHYSEAL PORTAL SYSTEM

1. ADENOHYPOPHYSIS

-PARS DISTALIS

-Accounts for 75% of the adenohypophysis and has thin fibrous capsule
-Separated in 2 broad groups: CHROMOPHILS and CHROMOPHOBES
 Histology2019-Notes-MEB

University of
the
Immaculate
Coneption Father Selga street, Davao
City
College of Medical and Biological Sciences

1.CHROMOPHILS- ____________; hormones are stored in cytoplasmic granules

2. CHROMOPHOBES-stains weakly; w/ few or no secretory granules

-PARS TUBERALIS

-A smaller funnel-shaped region surrounding the infundibulum of the neurohypophysis; most cell are
________________.

-PARS INTERMIDIA
-Narrow zone between pars distalis and pars nervosa
-Produces 2 forms of melanocyte-stimulating hormone; gamma-LPH & beta-endorphin
HORMONE TARGET ACTION
GLAND

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Gonads Directs testosterone production from Leydig cells in men; ovulation in
women

Follicle-stimulating Gonads
Hormone (FSH)

Thyroid Stimulating Thyroid Thyroid hormone production (T3 &T4)

Hormone (TSH)

Adrenocorticotropin Adrenal
Hormone (ACTH)

Growth Hormone Multiple

Prolactin Breast Breastmilk production

2. ADENOHYPOPHYSIS

-consists of PARS NERVOSA and the INFUNDIBULAR STALK

-does not contain the cells that synthesizes the two hormones: VASOPRESSIN (ADH) and OXYTOCIN -PITUICYTES-
highly branched glial cells that resembles astrocytes
-______________________________ – axonal dilations where oxytocin and vasopressin accumulates

• Oxytocin- is produced in the _______________ of the hypothalamus

• Vasopressin/ADH- is produced in ______________ of the hypothalamus

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP

WHAT IS DIABETES INSIPIDUS?

_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
 Histology2019-Notes-MEB

University of
the
Immaculate
Coneption Father Selga street, Davao
City
College of Medical and Biological Sciences

ADRENAL GLAND

-a.k.a ___________________
-paired organs lying near the superior ___________________; flattened structure with half-moon shape
-covered with ____________________________
-FUNCTION: secretes hormones that helps regulates metabolism, immune system, blood pressure and
response to stress
-has 2 region: ________________ and __________________
-cells of the adrenal cortex have characteristic feature of steroid-secreting cells
-Major cortex hormones:

__________________________________________________________ 1. ADRENAL CORTEX

ZONE HORMONE ACTION

Zona Affects uptake of Sodium, Potassium & Water by renal cells

_____________
(10%)

Zona Fasciculata Affects carbohydrate metabolism by stimulating

(65- 85%) gluconeogenesis; glycogen synthesis

Zona Converted to testosterone

_____________
(10%)

MAKE YOUR OWN MNEMONICS:__________________________________________________

2.ADRENAL MEDULLA
-composed of large, pale-staining polyhedral cells arranged in cords or clumps and supported by a
reticular fiber network
- ____________________ medullary parenchymal cells; for storage and secretion of catecholamines:
EPINEPHRINE & NOREPINEPHRINE; “FIGHT OR FLIGHT”

HORMONE ACTION
Epinephrine Increases heart rate, dilates
bronchioles, and dilates arteries
of cardiac and skeletal muscle
PANCREATIC ISLETS
-a.k.a ________________________
ADDISON DISEASE or ___________________ is a
disorder, usually autoimmune in origin, which causes
degeneration in any layer of adrenal cortex

Constricts vessels of the digestive

system and skin, increasing blood
____________ WHAT IS DIABETES MELLITUS?
flow to the heart, muscles, and
______________________________________
brain
______________________________________
______________________________________ ____

-compact spherical or ovoid masses of the endocrine cells embedded within the acinar exocrine tissue of
the pancreas
-cells of the islets ______________________, smaller, and more lightly stained than the surrounding
acinar cells

CELL TYPE INCLUDES & HORMONE PRODUCED:

Histology2019-Notes-MEB

University of
the
Immaculate
Coneption Father Selga street, Davao
City
College of Medical and Biological Sciences

THYROID GLAND
-located anterior and inferior to the larynx, consists of two lobes united by an ________________ -
synthesizes the thyroid hormones ________________ , ____________________, ______________

1.Thyroid Follicle- rounded epithelial that composes the parenchyma of the thyroid; filled with colloid
2.____________________- large glycoprotein that fills the thyroid colloid; the precursor for the active
thyroid hormones
3. THYROCYTES- follicular cells; range in shape from squamous to low columnar; controlled by TSH
4._____________________- found inside the lamina of the follicular epithelium or as isolated clusters of
the follicles;_________________________________

MAJOR ACTIVITIES:

1. Production of Thyroglobulin

2. Uptake of Iodide

3. Iodination of Tyrosyl residues

4. Formation of T3 & T4

5. Endocytosis of iodinated thyroglobulin

6. Secretion of T3 & T4

-T3 & T4 is bounded to TBG (thyroxine - and pale staining, slightly acidophilic cytoplasm;
binding globulin) or Albumin contains PTH
-T4 is _______________; 90%
3 MAJOR TARGETS of PARATHYROID HORMONE
-T3 is _______________
1.Osteoblast respond to PTH by producing an
osteoclast-stimulating factor, which increases the
number of osteoclast; ____________ calcium levels
PARATHYROID GLAND 2.________________________________________
-are small ovoid masses __________________________________________
-located at the ___________________ - __________________________________________ _
__________________- endocrine cells of the
parathyroid gland; polygonal cells with round nuclei 3. PTH indirectly increase calcium absorption in the
small intestine by stimulating Vit. D activation

-___________________- larger than Chief cells;______________________; secretes low levels of PTH

PINEAL GLAND -a.k.a __________________________

-small, pine-cone shaped organ; 1.________________- prominent and abundant
-develops from the neuroectoderm in the posterior wall secretory cells; slightly basophilic cytoplasm and
of the third ventricle and remains attached to the brain irregular euchromatic nuclei; produced
by a short stalk ______________
-______________________________________ 2. ASTROCYTES- interstitial glial cells; represent
5% of the cells
3.__________________- brain sand; variously sized
Additional Reading: concretions of calcium & magnesium salts; formed
What is Grave’s Disease? by mineralization of extracellular deposits
CELLS OF THE PINEAL GLAND

Histology2019-Notes-MEB