ALI

GARHMUSLI
M UNI
VERSI
TY
MALAPPURAM CENTER

GCT-
1

Topi
c:Concept
,Nat
ureandScopeofCr
ime
Subj
ect:Cr
imi
nol
ogyandPenol
ogy

Submi
tt
edBy:
- Submi
tt
edTo:
-
MohdNat
iqKhan Dr
.AzmatAl
i
18BALLB78 Assi
stantPr
ofessor
GI
0153 Depar
tmentofLaw
I
VthYear(
7sem)
 CONTENT
I
NTRODUCTI
ON

CONCEPTOFCRI
ME

HI
STORI
CALBACKGROUNDOFCRI
ME

TYPESOFCRI
ME

a)CRI
MEAGAI
NSTTHEPERSON

b)CRI
MEAGAI
NSTTHEPROPERTY

c)CRI
MEAGAI
NSTTHESTATE

ELEMENTSOFCRI
ME

CAUSEOFCRI
ME

CONCEPTOFCRI
MINALOGY

NATUREOFCRI
MINALOGY

SCOPEOFCRI
MINALOGY

THESOCI
OLOGYOFLAW

CRI
MINOLOGYETI
OLOGY

PENOLOGY

CONCLUSI
ON

BI
BLI
OGRAPHY
I
NTRODUCTI
ON
Acr imei sabr eachofast atutoryduty,iti salsoknownasanof fence.
Whenaper sondoesacr imehi sli
abili
tyi sdet erminedtheelement sof
cri
me.Whi char egui l
tyintentionandwr ongact /thuswhent heset oo
const i
tutet ogetherandcr imei sperformed.Thet erm cri
medenot esan
unlawf ulactpuni shablebyast at
e.Thet er m cri
medoesnot ,inmoder n
cri
mi nal l
aw, hav eanysi mpl eanduni v
er sallyaccept eddefi
nit
ion,though
statutorydef init
ionshav ebeenpr ovidedf orcertai
npur poses.Themost
popul arviewi st hatcrimei sacat egorycr eatedbyl aw;inotherwor ds,
somet hi
ngi sacr imeorof fence( orcrimi nal off
ence)isanacthar mf ulnot
onlytosomei ndivi
dual orindivi
dualsbutal sot oacommuni ty,societ
yor
thest ate.Suchact saref orbiddenandpuni shablebyl aw.
CONCEPTOFCRI
ME
Crimeisanint
enti
onalactoromissioninvi
olati
onofcrimi
nall
aw, (
statutor
y
andcaselaw)commi t
tedwi t
houtdefenseorjust
if
icat
ionandsuctionedby
thestat
easaf el
onyormi sdemeanor.Soacrimecomesasar esul
toft he
breachofaspeci
ficcr
iminallaw'

HI
STORI
CALBACKGROUNDOFCRI
ME
Normal l
yt her eisnosoci et
ywi thoutthepr oblem ofcr i
meandcr i
mi nal
s.
Theconceptofcr i
mei sessent iall
yconcer nedwi ththesoci etyorder .I
tis
wellknownt hatman' sinterestsarebestpr otectedasamemberoft he
communi ty.Ev eryoneowescer tai
ndut iest ohisfellowmenandatt he
samet i
mehascer tainrightsandpr i
vil
egeswhi chheexpect sotherst o
ensuref orhim.Thi ssenseofmut ual r
espectandt r
ustfort her i
ghtof
othersregul atest heconductoft hemember sofsoci et
yi nterse.Although
mostpeopl ebel ievei nliveandl etli
v epol i
cyy ett
her earef ewwhof orsome
reasonort heot her, deviatefrom thisobv iouslyimposesanobl i
gationon
thestatet omai ntainnor mal cyinsoci ety.Thisar duorstaskofpr otecti
ng
thelawbi ndi ngci t
izensandpuni shingt helawbr eaker sthisr easonl ed
Salmondt odef inel awast he" r
uleofact i
on"regul ati
ngt heconductof
i
ndividualint hesoci ety.Theconductwhi char epr ohibi
tedbyt helawar e
knownaswr ongf ul actsandt heconductwhi char epermi ssibleundert he
l
awar eknownasl awf ulacts'.

THEEARLYCONCEPTOFCRI
ME
Historicall
y,theconceptofcr i
meseemst ohav eal waysbeenchanging
witht hev ar
iati
onint hesocialcondi ti
onsdur i
ngt heev ol
uti
onarystagesof
humansoci et y
.Thiscanbeexpl ai nedtot hefactt hatduri
ngtheear l
y
Englishsoci etyin12and13cent ur i
esitincludeonl ythoseactswhichwere
commi ttedagainstthestateort her eli
gion.Treason, r
apeandbl asphemy
weret r
eatedascr i
mewher emur derwasnot 3.
Theearlysocietyfail
edt odiffenti
atebet weent helawofcr i
meandt helaw
oftor
tstheyonl yknewt hel awofwr ongs.Thi sisduetot hef actthatthe
bondoff amil
ywasf arstrongert hant hatoft hecommuni ty,theinjured
part
yandhi skindredcoul dav enget hewr ongbypr iv
atev engeanceandsel f
redr
ess.Duringt hi
stimet her ecourset olegal r
emediedwasconsi dered
merelyanopt i
onal al
ternati
v etoselfr edress.Sothewr ongdoerwas
supposedtoof fercompensat iontot heper sonwronged,t hecompensat i
on
dependont heext entofthewr ongcausedandt hestat
usoft hesuf f
erer.
Thecompensat ionpai dwer eknownas' bei twashawayt hegui ltof
wrongdoerandputhi mt otheposi ti
onasi fhehaddonenowr ong.

EI
GHTEENTHANDNI
NITEENTHCENTURY
Theconceptofcr imei scloselyrelatedt othesocial policyofagi vent i
me.
Theear li
eremphasi soncr i
me, theideat hatcrimewast her esul
tofdi vine
displeasure,t
hesuper stit
ionandmy th.Butdur i
ngt he18and19cent uryin
Europeancount r
iesespeci al
lyinItalyandFr ancewewi tnessedanewer a
ofmi racul
ousr eori
entationincr i
mi nologicalt
hinking.Theear lyi
deaswas
abandonedandt hest udyofcr imeandcr i
minalwasst artedbasingon
scientif
icbases.Duet ot hatchangesi tonceest ablishedt hatnooneel se
thant heoffenderhimsel fcouldbeat tr
ibutedcriminal responsibil
i
tyf orhis
crime.Thisseemst hatwheni thappent hatweret herear eideological
changesi nthesoci et
yt heconceptofcr i
meal sochanges.

TWENTI
ETHCENTURYUPTODAY.
I
thappent hatnowday st herehasbeenconsi derabl
eincreaseincrimerate
i
nal l overthewor l
d.Butsomeoft hecountriestherateofcr i
mei snot
highert hi
swasduet ot hev ariat
ionofsocialconditi
oni nthosecountri
es
forexampl einI ndi
a.Thef actorssuchasgr eatercontroloffamil
yov ert
he
war dandr espectofmor alit
yandr el
i
gionhav eactedasef fect
ive
i
nst rumentt or educether ateofcrimei nt
hosecount ri
es.Thedev el
opment
ofsci enceandt echnologywhi chlewdt ot
hedi scoveryofcomput ers
i
ncr easet her ateofcri
mel i
kecy bercri
me
TYPESOFCRI
ME
Gener
all
yther
ear
ethr
eet
ypesofcr
imet
hisi
ncl
ude

a)Cr
imeagai
nstt
heper
son

b)Cr
imeagai
nstt
hepr
oper
ty

c)Cr
imeagai
nstt
hest
ate

Cr
imeagai
nstper
son
Thesekindofcr i
mei ncludeallwrongpersoncancommi tagai
nstanother
person.Underv i
olentper sonalcri
minalbehav
ior
,cl
inar
dandqui nneyli
sted
homi ci
de,assaultandf orcibl
erapes.Thesecri
meshav eonethi
ngi n
common, alsoitincludecr imelikeassaul
tandbatt
ery'
.

Cr
imeagai
nstpr
oper
ty
Thisgroupofcr i
mei ncl
udeal lt
ypesoftheftorsteali
ngsuchasshoplift
ing,
palfr
ey,br
eakingandent eri
ng, t
heftormotorvehicl
esorsparepart
sand
accessori
es,forger
y,andot hercri
mel i
kethisareviol
enceagai
nstproper t
y.
Crimescommi t
tedagainstproperty,muchmor ethancri
mesofv i
olence,
haveshownar emarkableincreaseandtherearemuchpr event
edinur ban
areathaninruralar
ea.

ELEMENTSOFCRI
ME
Cri
meconst it
uteoftwoelementsAct usreusandMensrea.Theser eferto
physi
calandment al
element
s.Theact usreusandmensreai sa
coi
ncidenceast heymustco-exi
st.Hencet her
emustbet heov ertact
whichisactusreusandthemental el
ement( mensrea)t
ofor m anintenti
on.
Thi
sissuppor t
edbyt hecommonl awmaxi m,`act
usnonf aci
treumni smens
si
trea'
.I
nBrat
tyvAGNor t
hernIr
elandi
twaspoi
ntedoutt
hat
,noacti
s
puni
shabl
eifi
tisdonei
nvol
untar
il
y .

Howev ert
hereareexcept
ionswhi
chincasesofst
ri
ctl
iabi
l
ityandvi
car
ious
l
iabi
l
itywhereonlyactusr
eusisr
equi
redtoprov
ethecommi ssi
onofcr
ime
andnotmensr ea.

CAUSESOFCRI
ME.
Crimecanbedef inedi nmanydi f
ferentway s.Di f
ferentsocieti
esmayal so
chooset odef i
necrimesdi fferentl
y.Howev er,ingeneral,cri
mecansi mpl y
bedefinedast hebr eachofl awst hatar elaiddownbyt her uli
ngaut horit
y
oftheland.Ther ecanbemanydi f
ferentcausesofcr imeandmanyst udies
areconduct edallaroundt hewor ldtounder standandbr ingdowncr iminal
acti
vit
ies.Itisaconst antendeav orofgov ernment sandpol ici
ng
organi
zationsallaroundt hewor l
dtobr i
ngdowncr imer atestot hatthe
worldbecomesasaf erplacet oli
vei n.Thef ightagainstcrimei snotanew
oneinhumani t
yandi thas, sincetheest ablishmentofsoci ety
,tri
edt obring
cri
mesdown.Letasnowat temptt ol ookatsomeoft hecausesofcr imes.

Cri
mei sani
ntent
ionalactoromi
ssi
oninvi
olati
onofcri
minal
lawcanbe
causedbydi
ffer
entfactor
swhichwecancategori
zei
tint
othree.Economi
c,
Social
andpol
iti
calcause.

Economi cf
actorli
kePov erty
: Economi cdepr iv
at i
onorsi mplypovertyi
sa
majorcameofcr imeal laroundt hewor ld.Peopleareof tendri
ventogreat
l
engthsofdesper ati
onbypov ert
yandt hi sisamaj orcauseofcr imeall
aroundthewor ld.Thef actt hatsuchf rustrati
oni screatedisinit
selfaver
y
dangerousthi
ngf orsoci et
yont hewhol easgl obal i
nflati
onhasr i
sen
si
gnifi
cantl
yov ert helastfewy ears.Althoughi tdoesseem t hati
nour
worldtoday,t
her ichgetr i
cherandt hepoorgetpoor er'
.

Soci
alfactorwher
ebyunderthi
ssi
tuat
iont
hereisover
popul
ati
on,
raci
sm,
soci
alclasses,
famil
ycondi
ti
on,dr
ugs.Rel
i
gion.Rel
i
gionhasal
sobeenone
ofthecausesofcr i
meinthewor ld.Thisdoesnotmeant hatreli
gioni t
sel
f
encouragedcrimesbutt heencour agementhascomef rom thedifferent
sectswhichoriginatedint
hedi f
ferencesofopini
onbet weenpeopl eon
mat t
ersofrel
igionandi nt
hehat redforotherr
eli
gions.Inagener al way,of
course,communal ri
otandcrimessuchasl ooti
ng,mur derandsoon,
perpetr
atedinor dertoi
ncreasethenumberofone' sownr el
igionandt o
i
njureanotherreligi
onhavealway sbeenhappeninginmanydi ffer
entar ea9.

Poli
ti
csfactorisof t
enacauseofcr i
me.I ti
sseent hatmanypol i
ti
cal
associ
ati
onsal laroundthewor l
dhav ethei
rownmaf i
asrunningwhi chthey
usetomani pul
ateandsubj ugatepeople.Poli
ti
calpowerisoftenmi sused
totakeadvantageofweakergr oupsandpeopl eandt hedissi
dencet hat
ri
sesoutofsuchsi t
uati
onsoftenforcethevicti
mst oresortt
ocrimes.
Poli
ti
csismor er el
atedtocri
meonamuchl argerandamuchhei nouslevel
thananyt
hingelse.
CONCEPTOFCRI
MINALOGY
Thewor dcr
iminol
ogyiscomposit
eoftwowor dscr
iminal
+ol ogy.
Li
teral
l
yitmeansasystemati
cstudyofthecr
iminal
s,t
hatis,
per sonswho
breakoroff
endthesocial
orgrouplaw.

Howev er,sincet heoffencescommi ttedbycr iminalsar ecri

mes, andas
cri
mesoccuri nsociety,t
het erm cr i
mi nologyful
lymeansast udyofcr imes
aswel lascr i
mi nal
si nrel
at i
ont osoci ety.Ital
sot r
iest odeterminet he
causesoft heseandal sot herebyr ecommendpr eventivemeasur es.The
scienceofcr iminologyisasci ent if
icandsy st
emat icstudyofasoci al
phenomenon.Var i
oussci enti
fict echni quesandmet hodsareempl oyedfor
thestudyoft hisphenomenon.Ascr imi nologyvi
ewsmanasasoci al
animal,ittr
iest ostudysoci alinteract i
onsandphenomenat opl acei t
s
subjectmat terinapr operper spect i
v e.Thesci enceofcr i
minologyal so
i
nv esti
gatest hestructureandf unctionofsoci all
aws, rulesandr egulati
ons.

Inordertounderst
andthenat
ureofcr
iminology,
itisessent
ial
toexami
ne
closelyt
hedefi
niti
onsgiv
enbylear
nedsociologi
stsandeminent
criminol
ogi
sts.

AccordingtoEll
iottM.A.andMer r
ill
.F.E."Cri
minologymaybedef i
nedas
thescient
ifi
cstudyofcrimeandi tstreat
ment .
'Thedef ini
ti
on,emphasizi
ng
thescient
ifi
cinvesti
gati
onintothenat ur
eandet i
ologyofcr ime,st
resses
thepracti
calorutil
it
ari
annatureofthisbodyofknowl edge,namely,
devisi
ngway sandmeanst opreventorreducethei ncidenceofcri
meand
torehabil
it
atecri
mi nal
sasnor malmember softhesoci ety
.

Accor dingt oD. R.Taft."Cri

minologyisthestudywhi chi ncludesal l
the
subjectmat ternecessar ytotheunder st
andingandpr ev entionofcr i
mes
togetherwi ththepuni shmentandt reatmentofdelinquent sandcr i
minal
s".
"
Thedef i
ni t
ioniscompr ehensi
veandi tdescribestheoretical aswellas
practical aspectsoft hestudy.Itbri
ngsoutcl earl
ythef act,whi chmayget
overlookedusual ly,
thatcr i
minologyisconcer nednotwi tht heoffences
commi ttedbyadul t
sonl ybutalsowi t
hjuvenileoff
ences.
Accor di
ngt oWebst erDict
ionar
y.Cri
mi nologymaybedescri
bedtobe" t
he
scientif
icstudyofcrimeasasoci alphenomenon, orofcr
imi
nalsandtheir
ment altrai
ts,habi
tsanddiscipl
ineetc.t
2."Thisdef
ini
ti
onhasthemeritof
emphasi zingequall
yt hesociol
ogi
cal aswellaspsychol
ogi
calaspect
sof
thecrimeandt hecriminal
.

NATUREOFCRI
MINOLOGY
Fundament al
lyspeaking,thet askofcr i
minol
ogyi sasci entif
ic,systematic,
stat
isti
cal,
structur
alandf unct i
onal indepthstudyofcr i
me, andt he
behaviorcovertl
ydeviant,l
iablet obecomeov ert
lyoffensiveofsoci al
normsandl aws, bothfrom soci ologicalandpsychological standpoints.
Besideshav i
ngat heoreti
cal under standi
ngofcrime, cri
mi nal andhis
behavior,
til
eobjectofcr i
mi nologyi salsotodeviseef f
ectivet ool
st o
minimizetheincidenceofcr ime, reform andrehabil
i
tatet hecr iminal'
.
SCOPEOFCRI
MINOLOGY
Likeot hersocialsci
ences, t
hescopeofcr i
minologyisal soquiteextensi
ve.
Itisrelatedtoeachandev erysoci
alclassandstructure.Thought hescope
ofcr i
mi nol
ogyi sveryv astandcoext ensivewit
hmanysci ences,t
he
criminologistshavetriedt ol i
mitit
sscopei nordertobeabl etostudythe
subjectsci enti
fi
call
y,sy stemat i
cal
lyandexhaustivel
y '
.Thev iewpointsof
certainnotablecriminol ogistsaregivenbelow

Accor dingtoE.H.Suther l
andandD. R.Cressey thescienceofcr iminology,
"i
ncludeswi thi
nitsscopet hepr ocessesofmaki nglaws, ofbreakinglaws,
andofr eact
ingtowar dsthebr eaki
ngoflaws" ."
'I
nt heopinionofSut herl
and
cri
mi nologyhast hreedisti
nctaspectsordepar tments.'
Thoughdi st
inct,
thesear enonethelessnoti ndependent,butinter-l
i
nked.At hor
oughst udy
oftheseaspect sexhaust st hescopeofcr i
mi nology,t
ost udyall oft
hem is
thesameasst udyingt hewhol esci
enceofcr iminology.Inaccor dancewi t
h
Suther l
and'sdescript
ionoft hescopeofcr i
mi nology,wecandi videinto

TheSoci
ologyofLaw.
Int
hiswest
udyt
henat
ureofcr
ime
fr
omlegali
sti
cpointofvi
ew.Al sowei nvesti
gat
eint
ot heef f
ectsofpresent
l
awsuponcr i
meandst udythepossi bl
er ef
ormsinthel awsinorderto
prev
entandcontrolt
heoccurrenceofcr i
me'.Themajorconcer nofthe
soci
ologyoflawist
ocrit
ical
lyexami netheimpactofv ari
ouslegalsyst
ems
uponcrime.Thi
sstudycangoal ongwayt oevol
vesuitablechangesinthe
l
awst ocurbcri
me.

Cr
imi
nalEt
iol
ogy
.Int
hisdepar
tmentasy
stemat
ici
nvest
igat
ioni
ntot
he
vari
ouscausesofcri
meismade.Her
ewest udyt
hesoci
aland
personalf
act
orsr
esponsi
blef
ort
heoccur
renceofcr
imeandgrowt
hof
cri
minals'
.

Penol
ogy
.Besi
desknowl
edgeanddet
ermi
nat
ionoft
hecauses
andfact
orswhichgener
ateorencour
agecr
ime,i
tisequal
l
y,i
fnotmore,
essenti
alt
oknowtheway sandmeansofcont
rol
li
ngandprevent
ingt
he
cri
melt
.Thi
saspecti sstudi
edsy st
ematical
lyandinascient
if
icmannerto
achi
evecontr
olovercri
me.Thef actsandtheori
esinthi
sregardf
ormt he
scopeofPenology,
animportantdepartmentofcri
minol
ogydepartments.
CONCLUSI
ON
Thedev elopmentofcr imedependsf rom t
imet oti
me, thi
sisduet othe
factthatCr i
mecausat ionisadev el
opmentalprocesst hatstart
sbefore
bir
thandcont i
nuesthroughoutt heli
fecourse.Indi
vidualfactorsi
nter
act
withsoci alfactorstodeterminet heonset,l
ength,andendofcr i
minal
careers.Theykeyt heoret
icalissuesinvol
vecont i
nuityandchangei ncri
me.
Somet heor i
espr edi
ctcontinuit
yacrossthelif
ecour se;otherspredi
ct
continuityforsomeof f
ender sandchangef orotherof f
enders;andsome
predictcont i
nuityandchangef orthesameof fenders.
BI
BLI
OGRAPHY
I
ntr
oduct
iont
oCr
imi
nol
ogy
,Thi
rdedi
ti
onBar
law,
D.H

 Cr
imi
nol
ogyandPenol
ogy
,Par
anj
apeV C.
15edn(
1997)

 www.
legal
ser
vicei
ndi
a.i
n

 bl
og.
ipl
eader
.i
n

 www.
lawct
opus.
com