ALI

GARHMUSLI
M UNI
VERSI
TY
MALAPPURAM CENTER

Mi
d-t
erm Assi
gnment

Topi
c:School
sofCr
imi
nol
ogy
Subj
ect:Cr
imi
nol
ogyandPenol
ogy

Submi
tt
edBy:
- Submi
tt
edTo:
-
MohdNat
iqKhan Dr
.AzmatAl
i
18BALLB78 Assi
stantPr
ofessor
GI
0153 Depar
tmentofLaw
I
VthYear(
7sem)
 CONTENT
I
ntr
oduct
ion
SchoolofCr
imi
nol
ogy
1.Pr
e-Cl
assi
calSchool
ofCr
imi
nol
ogy
2.Cl
assi
calSchoolofCr
imi
nol
ogy
3.Neo-
Classi
calSchoolofCr
imi
nol
ogy
4.Posi
ti
vi
stSchoolofCr
imi
nol
ogy
5.Car
togr
aphi
cSchoolofCr
imi
nol
ogy
Concl
usi
on
Ref
erence
I
ntr
oduct
ion
Cri
mi nol ogyisthesci ent i
ficst udyofcr i
measasoci al phenomenon, of
l
awbr eaker si.ecriminal s,andofpenal treat ment .Manyschol ar shav ealso
definedt heterm, someoft hem ar e-Edwi nSut herlandsai d,"Cr i
mi nologyi
s
thebodyofknowl edger egar dingcrimeasasoci alphenomenon"and
Donal dTaf tsaid,"Criminol ogyi nagener al sensei st hest udyofcr i
meand
cri
mi nals.Inaspeci f
icsensei tseekstost udycr i
mi nal behav ior,it
sgoal
beingt or ef
ormt hecr i
mi nal behav i
ororconductoft hei ndi vi
dual which
societycondemns" .Crimi nologyder i
vedf rom t hewor ds" crimi n"and
"l
ogos"whi chmeans" crime/ accusat i
on"and" study "r espect ivelyandi t
wasf irstdefinedin1872.Cr i
mi nol
ogyi ncor por atest hei nv est i
gat i
onofal l
partsofwr ongdoingandl awr equi
rement scr iminal psy chol ogy ,
thesoci al
setti
ngofwr ongdoi ng, denial andant i
cipat ion, exami nat ionandl ocation,
catchanddi scipl
ine.I nthismanner ,asi gni fi
cantnumberofi ndividuals
i
ncludedl awmaker s, social speciali
sts,pr obat i
onof ficer s, judges, andso
onmi ghtbev iewedascr iminol ogi
sts,howev erthewor dnor mal lyall
udes
j
ustt or esearchersandschol ars.

Cr
imi
nol
ogydeal
smai
nlywi
th:-

•TheAct
sofCr
ime

•ThePer
sonCommi
tt
ingt
heCr
imei
.eCr
imi
nal

•Vi
cti
ms•Cr
imecausat
iont
heor
y

•Det
ent
ionandPr
event
ionofcr
imesf
rom gui
l
typar
ti
es

•Ef
fi
ciencyofj
udi
cial
syst
em agai
nstcr
ime

Whencri
minol
ogygai
nedpopul
ari
tyasasubj
ect
,thenmanyschool
sof
t
houghtcameint
oexi
stencemai
nlyi
nthe18t
handt he19t
hcentur
y.
SchoolofCr
imi
nol
ogy
•Pr
e-Cl
assi
cal
School

•Cl
assi
cal
School

•Neo-
Classi
cal
School

•Posi
ti
vi
stSchool

•Car
togr
aphi
cSchool

1.Pr
e-Cl
assi
calSchool
ofCr
imi
nol
ogy
Thisschool isal
socal leddemonol ogicalschool .Dur ingthesevent eent h
century,t
hedemonol ogical theor ysucceededi nEur opewi t
hthest rengthof
thechurchandr el
igion.Thepr incipleofdi vineintervent i
onespeci ally
throughor deal
swasi nv oguei nanci entIndia.Thecommonbel iefwast hat
,
"manbynat urei
ssi mpl eandhi sact i
onsar econt rolledbysomesuper
power "
.Itwasaddi tional l
yf orthemostpar taccept edt hatamancar r
ies
outwr ongdoingbecauseoft hei mpactofsomeout ersoul call
ed' demon'
or'devil
'
,soaccor dingt othisthi nkingof fenderscommi tawrongf ul actnot
becauseofhi sfreewi llbutduet ot hei nfl
uenceofsomesuperpower .
Accordingt othepre- classical school thoughts,crimeandcr iminal sar ethe
proofoft hewayt hatt hei ndividual waspossessedbysomeev i
l power .

Ast
hewor l
dofsci
enti
fi
cknowl edgewasy
ett
obescrat
chedbyt
he
maj
ori
tyofsoci
ety
,theconceptofcri
mewasrat
herv
ague.

However,t
hesystem f
ell
int
odisusewit
htheadv
entofBr
it
ishr
ulei
nIndi
a
andsubsequentr
ati
onali
zat
ionofthePenal
Law.

Pre-
classi
calschoolspanmeanst hespanofthe17thand18t
hcent
ury
whent hedominanceofreli
gioninthest
ateacti
vit
ieswast
hechi
ef
char
act er
ist
icofthatt
ime.Earl
iersi
nful
actswhichweresi
mil
art
othatof
cri
meswer eprevent
edduetothefearofpunishmentbyt hehandsofthe
ki
ng.God'sragewasconsider
edtoofferdiscipli
netotheguil
typar
ti
es.The
pathofthewrongdoerswasthr
oughfights,pelti
ngofstonesandwas
accept
edthatnodamagewoul dbecausedi ft hegui
lt
ypartywasinnocent
.

2.Cl
assi
calSchoolofCr
imi
nol
ogy
Criminal
lawhasi t
sor i
ginintorts,wr ongt oindi
viduals.All
thewr ongs
producedeffor
tsatselfredresst othei njuredparti
esandt heywer e
eventual
lyt
reatedasinjuri
estopar ticularindivi
dualsandaf tert
hegr oup
tookchargeofthetreatmentt heywer eregardedasi njur
iestothegr oupor
state.

Secondlyther
ei sahypothesi
saccordingtowhichcri
minall
awst art
edin
therati
onalprocessofunifi
edsoci
ety.Whenwr ongsoccurr
edt hesoci
ety
tookthoughtandmader ul
essothatthesewrongsdon'tgetrepeat
edi.
e.
theclassi
calschoolofthought
.

CesareBeccaria,Jer
emyBent ham andRomi l
lyaresomeoft hefoundersof
theclassi
calschoolofcri
mi nology.Accordi
ngtot hi
sschoolal
lmenar e
selfi
shandsubsequent l
ytheyent i
cet osubmittheoffenseal
soaspert hi
s
school,menhav eunrest
rainedchoi ceandgoaboutaccor di
ngtotheir
pleasureandtorment(hedoni sm).Thehypothesisofdemonism;
demonst r
ati
onofmenaf fectedbysoul i
sdismissedbyt hi
sschool.

It
ali
ancriminologistCesar eBonesanadi Beccari
a,whoi swi dely
consider
edast hemostt alentedjuri
standoneoft hegr eatestthinkersof
theAgeofEnl i
ght enment ,suggestedt hatdisci
pli
neofwr ongdoingoughtt o
beproporti
onat etoitsrealit
y.Beccaria'sideawaswi t
ht heendgoal t
hat
tor
mentwasi mpr operandi nt hi
swayper mitt
edfrai
ltoi mplicateandt he
soli
dwoul dbedi scoveredbl amelessbef orethemediation.Thephi l
osophy
ofBeccari
ai strail
edbyt hecl assi
cali
st s,
whocent eraroundwr ongdoing,
rat
herthecriminal.Thecl assicalschool f
ocusesont hepr i
ncipl
eof
pr
event
ioni
npl
aceofpuni
shment
.

Thecl
assicalschool
ofcr
imi
nal
lawandcr
imi
nol
ogyhadt
hreei
mpor
tant
pri
nci
ples:-

 Ther
ight
sandl
i
ber
ti
esoft
hei
ndi
vi
dual
mustbeconser
ved(
equal
i
ty)

 Cr
imei
sjudi
cial
abst
ract
ion(
def
ini
tepenal
tyf
oreachcr
ime)

 Puni
shmentshoul
dbel
i
mit
edbyt
hesoci
alneed.

Graduallymodi fi
cati
onscr eptint
othepr acti
cesoft heclassi
calschoolasit
becamecl earthatexcepti
onshadt obemadei ntheapplicat
ionofit
s
pri
nciples.Childrenandlunaticswereexempt edf rom keypunishment;t
his
modifiedappr oachissomet i
mescalled" neoclassical"
.Theclassi
cal
school i
sbasedonhedoni sti
cpsychologyandaccor di
ngt ot
hispsychology
humanconducti sgovernedbyt heconsiderationsofpl easur
eandpai n.
Beccariaappl i
edi tt
openol ogy,i
tsmainpr oposi t
ionswer e:-

 Theact
orhasaf
reewi
l
l.

 Heact
sinaccor
dancewi
tht
hecal
cul
ati
onsofpl
easur
eandpai
n.

 Hei
ssol
elyr
esponsi
blef
orhi
sact
ions.

 Fai
l
uremeanswr
ongandsosoci
etymustt
eachhi
m al
esson.

3.Neo-
Classi
calSchoolofCr
imi
nol
ogy
Theneo- classi
cal school r
ose, inl
argepar t,
tocureapor tionoftheissues
madebyt hecl assical t
houghtschool .Thebasicdoctrineoft hecl
assical
eracont i
nuedt obet hatmani sacr eatureguidedbyr eason,whosewi lli
s
freeandwhot heref oreisresponsibleforhisactsandwhocanbe
controll
edbyhi sfearofpuni shment .Thustheneo-classicalschool
representsprimar i
lyt hemodi f
icati
onsnecessar yi
ntheadmi nist
rati
onof
thecriminal l
awbasedoncl assicaltheory.Needofindividuali
sm and
di
scri
minati
ngj
udgementt
ofi
tindi
vi
dual
cir
cumst
ancesi
sthebasi
cst
ore
oft
histheor
y.

Thepract
ical
dif
ficul
ti
esi
n1791i
ntheappl
i
cat
ionoft
heneo-
classi
cal
theor
yareasfol
lows:-

 Tot
alignoranceofindi
vi
dual
dif
fer
encesandsi
gni
fi
canceof
par
ti
cularsit
uati
ons.

 Treatmenttofi
rstt
imeoffendersandrepeater
sexactl
yali
keont
he
basisofcri
minalactcommitted,notonthebasisofwhatki
ndof
i
ndividual
stheymighthappentobe.

I
ncompetent
si.e.mi
nors,
insanear
etr
eatedasi
ncompet
enti
n
det
ermi
ningtheguil
tandthepuni
shment
.

Somer emi t
tancewasgi venforagui l
typar t
y'
spr eviousrecord.Acourt
needst oconsideraguilt
yparty'
scriminal hi
st oryandl i
feconditionswhen
sett
li
ngonachoi ceaboutsomebody '
ssent ence.Thoughtoughtt obe
giv
enf orfactorsli
keinadequacy,
pat hology,cr azinessandimpr udent
conduct.Likewise,cer
tainpeopl
e, f
orexampl e, youngstersandthe
i
ntell
ectuall
ysick,arecommonl ylessfitforpr act i
cingthei
rexplanati
on.

Neo- cl
assi
cal sty
leschool intensel
yunderscor eschoiceandhuman
discernment;itessent i
all
yrefinedt
hesethought smarginal
lysotheywoul d
wor kineverydayt asksofthecr imi
nalequit
yf ramewor k.Thismodel gavea
ganderatpot enti
al impactsthatcouldsabot agev ol
it
ion.Organi
zati
onsof
socialcontr
ol intotall
yprogressedmechani cal soci
alordershavereceiv
ed
thismodel ofhumanconduct .

4.Posi
ti
vi
stSchoolofCr
imi
nol
ogy
Theposi
ti
vi
stschool wasfor
medi nItal
yin1878anditwasfor
medduet o
somepeculi
arcondi
tionsofthecountrywit
hitsgr
eatandst
rangecontrast
bet
weenthetheoret
icaldoct
rinesandthepainf
ulf
actofaneveri
ncreasing
cr
imi
nal
i
ty.

Theposi tivistschool isf amousl ycalledt heLombr osi anSchool .Cesar e

Lombr osoi n1876i nsist edt heat av i
sticr ootoft hebor ncr i
mi nalsand
proposedast rongconnect i
onbet weencr ime, epilepsy ,insani tyand
degener acyi ngener al assuch, asor tofmanmor epr imi tiveandsav age
thanhi sci v
ili
sedcount er part.
Theor i
gi nat orsoft hist heor yareCesar e
Lombr oso, Enr i
coFer ri,Raf faell
o, andGar ofalo.Posi tivistscent eraround
l
awbr eaker sasopposedt owr ongdoi ng.Theposi tivistsr estri
ctt he
classi cal sty l
eschool '
scompr ehensi onofwr ongdoi ng.Accor dingt othe
posi ti
v ists,eachi ndividual i
suni quesoi st heircompr ehensi onofgoodand
badconsequent ly,thei ndi vidualandnott hewr ongdoi ngoughtt obe
puni shed.Thi sschool wasbegunbyt hinki ngaboutwr ongdoi ngasar esult
ofher edi tyandecol ogi cal variables.Theposi tivistschool ofcr iminologyis
connect edwi thnat ur al,ment alandsoci ological theor yt ocr imi nalconduct.
Posi ti
v ism consi deredi tselftobet hemet hodical di sposal oft he
unrest rai nedchoi cemy stici
sm oft hecl assi cal school andi t
ssubst it
uti
on
byast udyofsoci ety,taki ngonf ori t
sel ftheunder taki ngoft heanni hil
ati
on
ofwr ongdoi ng, I
anTay lor,Paul Wal tonandJockYoungwr otein" TheNew
Crimi nol ogy :ForaSoci al Theor yofDev iance" .Thi snew, determi nisti
c
dev elopmentwassol idifiedbyEnr icoFer ri,whosuppor tedt he
met hodol ogyatt hatpoi ntbei ngut i
li
zedbyanI talianmi litarydoct or,Cesare
Lombr oso.

Theposi t
ivetechniquecompr i
sedofcar eful
lyvi
ewi ngt hechar acteri
sti
cs
ofculpri
tst ogetunderst andi
ngintot heexplanat i
onsbehi ndt heirreser
ved
behaviour.Ferri
didn'
tagr eewit
hall Lombr oso'
sdeci sions,forinstance,
thatacoupl eofindivi
dual sareconsi deredgangst er
sandt hatsomeact ual
featur
es,liketheconditionofaper son' sheadort heposi ti
onofone' s
cheekbones, canenv i
sioncr i
minallead.Regar dless,Ferrit
ookt heinducti
ve
techni
queandsetoutt omakeasci encet hatwoul dexpl ai
nt her easons
behindbadbehav i
orinsidesocietyandt heindiv
idual guil
typar ty.

Theemphasi
sofposi
ti
vi
sm ont
hei
ndi
vi
dual
mayhav
ebeent
hebest
promisetocriminologyandthecr i
minalvaluesy stem.I ti
ncit
edgroupi
ngs
ofguilt
yparti
es,forinst
ance,constantcri
mi nals,j
ustascl assesamong
madnessandr ati
onalsoundness.Itmoreov erincitedtheuseofbrain
scienceinthi
nkingabouttransgressors,
openi ngt hecoursefordif
fer
ent
ki
ndsofsent encesandmedi cinesthatfi
tthecr i
mi nal
andnott hebad
behav i
or.

5.Car
togr
aphi
cSchoolofCr
imi
nol
ogy
Thecart
ogr aphicschoolofcri
minologyhasi t
sori
gini
nt hey
ear1830andi t
hasexplanati
ont hr
oughecology,cult
urewi t
hmapsandst at
ist
ical
methods.Qaet el
tandGuar r
yweret heleadersoft
hisschool
.Thisschool
is
cal
leda'geographicschool'
.

Theschool pri
maril
yconsider
ed"Cri
met obethenecessar yexpr
essi
onof
theenvi
ronment "
.Inotherwords"cr
imeistheexpressi
onoft he
envi
ronment ali
nfl
uencesasthereexist
sfunct
ionalrel
ati
onshipbet
ween
cri
minal
ityandenv i
ronment".

Accor
dingtoAdolfQuel
ter"
Cri
mesagainstper
sonswer
emorepreval
entin
warm cl
imatesandcri
mesagainstpr
opert
yweremorenumer
ousincold
ones"
.

ThegreatRussiananar chistbynamePr inceKr opotkinwenttotheextent

ofprescri
bingaf ormul aforpr edicti
nghomi cidesont hebasisofclimatei.
e.
Numberofhomi cidescommi t
t edduringt hemont h=( Aver
agetemper atur
e
ofthemont h.7)
+(Av erageofhumi di
ty*2).Cl i
matologisthaveal
soev olved
bi
ologicalsexperiodicity
.Incidenceofsexcr imesar emaxi mum i
nMayand
June.Howev erthisisf al
sifi
edbymedi cal sci
ence.Fol l
owingcri
ti
cismsar e
l
eveledagainstthisappr oach: -

I
tignor
esot
herf
act
ors,
Exam -her
edi
ty.

 Ev
eni
nani
deal
env
ironmentcr
imesar
ecommi
tt
ed.Exampl
e-Two
 sonsbor
nint
hesamefami
l
y,onemayt
urnoutt
obeacr
imi
nal
anot
hermaybeasai
nt.

 Someoft
heconcl
usi
onsar
eri
dicul
ous.

I
tpr
event
sinv
est
igat
ionsi
ntor
eal
causesofcr
ime.

Howev er
,onehastoappreci
atet
hatthi
sschooli
ndicat
esseasonasoneof
thecausesofcri
me,somecr i
messhowast r
iki
ngdependenceonthe
seasonandithassti
mulatedsomeimperi
alr
esearchinthi
sdir
ect
ion.
Concl
usi
on
Thepossibil
ityofsocialharm canbeusedt oopenupt hepossi bl
er esul
ts
ofnewr ecordsinessent i
alcriminology,f
orexample,
Gr eenCr i
minol ogy
andecocr i
me, humanoppor tunit
iesandhumansecur it
y .I
tmakest heopen
doorfornewexami nat i
onsofhowt odir
ectover
all
social r
elat
ionsand
el
ecti
vest r
ategiesforenv i
sioningv al
ue.I
nsi
deasocial harm and
supr
anat i
onal f
ramewor k,agr oupingofsoci
alandcriminologicalconcerns
canbeconsi deredi
nanunexpect edway .

Basiccri
mi nological
per spect
ivesallwidelyinsinuat
east rainof
cri
minologyt hatconsiderswrongdoi ngstobet heaf t
ereff
ectofsocial
confl
ict
;conf l
icti
ngpowerandsoci al r
elat
ions;andpat t
ernsofchecking
andsignif
icancemaki ng.Accordi
ngly ,
essent i
alcri
minologieshavei
nv i
ted
aprogressiver econf
iguringofourfixati
onf r
om cr i
minalvaluetosocial
val
ue.

Fundament alcri
minologicalapproachslef
tfrom theposi ti
vi
stsourcesof
standardcri
mi nol
ogyt hathadfocusedinpr i
mar i
lyonthemi ssi
onforthe
purposesbehindbadbehav ior
,rathert
haninvestigati
ngt hebasicorderof
badbehav i
or.
Thesef undament altechni
quesbegant ofocusi nrat
heron
thecyclesbywhi chthelawi smade, andbywhi ch,indi
vidualsand
gatheri
ngsbecomecondemned.

Ther i
seofbasi ccriminologyspoket oanobv i
ousmov eincri
minologi
cal
reasoning.Inthiscoursey ouhavebeenmadef amiliarwithdi
ff
erentkey
thoughtsandl otsofhy pothesesthatdimissedthought sofi
ndiv
idualand
socialpathologyintendencyt ost
r uctur
esthattakeal ookatbadbehav i
or
andanomal ythroughcy cl
esbywhi chcert
ainpr
acticesaredescribed,
namedandpol i
cedbyt hestate.
Ref
erence
 N.
VPar
anj
ape,
Cri
minol
ogyandPenol
ogy

 www.
legal
ser
vicei
ndi
a.com

 www.
thef
act
fact
or.
com

 www.
lawct
opus