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Applied Electronics and Electrical Machines
Applied Electronics and Electrical Machines
Synchronous Machines
1
INTRODUCTION
They operate at constant speed (𝑁𝑠 ) and constant frequency under steady-
state conditions.
Many generators operate in parallel, even if one generator does not supply
2
CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
3
CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
The rotating speed delivered to the 4-pole generator 15 MW 11 KV 3000 RPM 2 Pole rotor for Paper
needs to be 1500 RPM (50 hertz) or 1800 RPM (60 Mills company.
hertz).
5
CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
Damper Bars:
may undergo mechanical oscillations and speed may vary from synchronous
(similar to cage of an induction motor) on the rotor, currents are induced in the
damper bars, producing a restoring torque to bring the speed to 𝑁𝑠 . They also
6
CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
7
Field Supply
Field Supply:
(a) Supply through slip rings and brushes.
(i) DC excitation by self-excited DC m/c mounted on the same shaft.
(ii) In low speed machines (hydro-electric generator): A pilot exciter excites the
main exciter.
(iii) Solid state excitation systems: ac-to-dc or dc-to-dc power electronic
converters supply the field through brushes and slip rings.
(b) Rotating rectifier (Brushless system): no brushes or slip rings, rectifier on the
shaft.
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Field Supply
11
Field Supply
In a factory a 3 phase, 4 kV, 400 kVA synchronous machine is installed along with
other induction motors. The following are the loads on the machines:
Induction motors: 500 kVA at 0.8 PF Lagging.
Synchronous motor: 300 kVA at 1.0PF.
13
Example 1
Solution :
Synchronous motor:
Power = 300 kW
Reactive Power = 0.0
Factory :
Power = 700 kW
Reactive Power = 300 kVAR
Complex Power = 7002 + 3002 = 762 kVA
700
Power factor = = 0.92 lagging
762 14
Example 1
(b)The maximum leading kVAR that the synchronous motor can draw without
exceeding its rating is
700
Improved factory factor = 700.9 = 0.996
400 kVA
ISM = = 57.75 A
3×4 kV
18
VOLTAGE REGULATION IN GENERATOR
Generally 𝑋𝑠 ≫ 𝑅𝑎 ∶ ∴ 𝑍𝑠 ≅ 𝑗𝑋𝑠
𝐸0 −|𝑉𝑡 |
Percent voltage regulation= × 100
|𝑉𝑡 |
Regulation can be positive, zero or negative depending on the power factor (PF)
and the load.
21
PHASOR DIAGRAMS (Neglecting Ra)
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PHASOR DIAGRAMS (Neglecting Ra)
23
GENERATOR
Phasor diagram for a synchronous motor (neglecting Ra) with a lagging PF current
25
MOTOR
27
PHASOR DIAGRAM (Including Ra), Unity PF load
28
PHASOR DIAGRAM (Including Ra), Lagging PF (Generator)
Phasor diagram for a synchronous generator (including Ra) with a lagging PF load.
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PHASOR DIAGRAM (Including Ra), Leading PF (Generator)
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EXPRESSIONS FOR ACTIVE AND REACTIVE POWERS
31
EXPRESSIONS FOR ACTIVE AND REACTIVE POWERS
From (*):
32
EXPRESSIONS FOR ACTIVE AND REACTIVE POWERS
where
33
EXPRESSIONS FOR ACTIVE AND REACTIVE POWERS
If Xs >> Ra :
Torque (per-phase),
Reactive power:
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TORQUE – SPEED – POWER CHARACTEROSTICS
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