A

PROJECT REPORT

ON

TRAFFIC ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT LOCATION

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN

CIVIL ENGINEERING

Submitted By

MOHAMMED NOUMAN DAID 19M25AO102

MOHAMMED MUQEET UDDIN 19M25A0105
MOHAMMED MUJEEB UDDIN 19M25A0118
SYED ZIYAUDDIN 19M25A0132
Under the guidance

Of

Ms. SYED SHIMROZE

Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE-New Delhi and Accredited by NAAC ‘A’ grade Affiliated to
JNTU HYD
A.Y 2021-2022
 LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE-New Delhi and Accredited by NAAC ‘A’ grade Affiliated to
JNTU HYD Survey No-32, Himayath Sagar, Hyderabad )

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work entitled

“TRAFFIC ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT LOCATIONS” is submitted by

MOHAMMED NOUMAN DAID 19M25AO102

MOHAMMED MUQEET UDDIN 19M25A0105
MOHAMMED MUJEEB UDDIN 19M25A0118
SYED ZIYAUDDIN 19M25A0132

In partial fulfilment for the award of degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

In “CIVIL ENGINEERING” of JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, HYDERABAD during the academic year 2020-2021. The project
report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirement in report of project
work prescribed for the bachelor of technology.

Ms.SYED SHIMROZE DR.SYED ANISUDDIN

(PROJECT GUIDE) (HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT)

Mr. MOHAMMED SAFIUDDIN

(PROJECT CO-ORDINATOR) (EXTERNAL EXAMINER)

Dr. C.V. NARASIMHULU

PRINCIPAL
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We thank the capable faculty of LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY for providing us with an opportunity to conduct project work in
college.
We express our deep sense of gratitude towards CHAIRMAN, SECRETARY for
tremendous support, encouragement and inspiration.

We are thankful to Dr. C.V. NARASIMHULU principal of LORDS INSTITUTE

OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY for his motivation during the tenure of
project work.

We convey our deep sense of gratitude to Dr. SYED ANISUDDIN, Head of the
department of Civil Engineering in Lords Institute of Engineering And Technology
for his valuable guidance, inspiration and encouragement associated to the project
work.

We wish our deepest sense of gratitude to our internal guide Ms. SYED
SHIMROZE Assistant Professor, Lords Institute of Engineering and Technology
for her valuable advice and guidance in the critical review, project implementation
and thesis preparation.

We whole heartedly thank all staff members of Department of Civil Engineering of

Lords Institute of Engineering and Technology for their support and encouragement
related to our project work.

Lastly, we thank all those who helped us directly and indirectly with this project
work which turned out to be very successful, and we finally thank our beloved
parents and family for their extreme support throughout the project.
 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the project report entitled “TRAFFIC ANALYSIS DIFFERENT
LOCATIONS” submitted to LORDS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY, in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN CIVIL ENGINEERING is a record of bonafide project
work carried out by us under the guidance of Ms. SYED SHIMROZE We further declare
that the work reported in this project has not been submitted and will not be submitted, either
in partial or in full, for the award of any other degree in this institute or any institute or
university.

DATE:

PLACE: HYDERABAD

MOHAMMED NOUMAN DAID 19M25AO102

MOHAMMED MUQEET UDDIN 19M25A0105
MOHAMMED MUJEEB UDDIN 19M25A0118
SYED ZIYAUDDIN 19M25A0132
 ABSTRACT

Traffic congestion has been one of the major issues that most metropolitan cities are facing
due to lack of measures being taken to mitigate and reduce it In the recent past, traffic
congestion has emerged as one of the main challenge for engineers, planners and policy
makers in urban areas. Modern social and economic structures, shaped by car-oriented urban
development and rapid growth in vehicle ownership, have established congestion as an
inescapable reality of urban life. The growing impact of congestion is seen in terms of
deteriorating urban air quality besides other adverse effects on quality of urban living.

The capacity of a road is impact by the number of lanes, width of lane, width gradient, the
total population of that area and also depend on the type of area that means if it is industrial
area then automatically the capacity is more because of commercial vehicles as well as
personal vehicles. With the help of Passenger Car Unit (PCU) the capacity is expressed. In
India due to heterogeneous traffic and the movement of vehicles is not in discipline lane it is
not easy to study and analyse the traffic flow and capacity. data is converted into PCU units

After analysing the traffic flow and the capacity some of the important improvement are
required which will suggested in our research which will help to control the traffic volume
and the capacity of road.
 TABLE OF CONTENT

TITLE PAGE NO

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 General 1

1.2 Overview

1.3 ADT (AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC)

1.4 AADT (ANNUAL AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC)

1.5 Need for the Study 3

1.6 Scope of the Study 3

1.7 Objectives of the Study 3

1. 8Limitations of the Study 3

CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW 4

CHAPTER 3 : METHODS OF TRAFFIC ANALYSIS 6

3.1 Manual Count Method 6

3.2 Automatic Count Method 6

3.2.1 Pneumatic Tube Detector 7

3.2.2 Video Image Detector 7

3.2.3 Infrared Sensors 7

CHAPTER 4 : 8
CHAPTER 5 : METHODOLOGY 9

CHAPTER 6 : STUDY AREA 9

6.1 NANAL NAGAR X ROAD 9

6.2 TSPA JUNCTION 9

CHAPTER 7 : SURVEY AND DATA COLLECTION 12

CHAPTER 8 : TRAFFIC VOLUME OBSERVATION 13

CHAPTER 9 : CONCLUSION 19

9.1 RECOMMENDATION 19

CHAPTER 10 : REFERENCES 20

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. DECLARATION PAGE NO

8.1 NANAL NAGAR 15-11-21 13

8.2 TSPA JUNCTION 16-11-21 15

8.3 TSPA JUNCTION 18-11-21 16

8.4 NANAL NAGAR 19-11-21 17

 CHAPTER - 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 General

Traffic flow studies are accompanied to determine the number, movement and type of
vehicles at a given location. Traffic flow analysis helps to improve the capacity of flow.
Traffic flow analysis also help to reduce the accident level. Traffic flow concepts to also
describe in the mathematically way the interaction between vehicles and driver.

Traffic flow analysis

1.2 OVERVIEW

The concept of traffic flow is a relationship between vehicles, drivers and type of
infrastructure like highways, expressways, signals and devices which is install to control
the traffic flow. The main purpose of understanding the traffic network is to help to
reduce the traffic congestion. Due to increasing of population and transportation day by
day the traffic +volume is increase to reduce this traffic we need to use some new
technology which are discuss in this research. Traffic volume is the most important part
while we are studying the traffic flow and capacity. According to traffic volume the
design and planning of the road system has to plan. Basically traffic is congested in
developing countries or developing cities like India. The main reason of traffic in India is
the nature of traffic. The nature of traffic in India is heterogeneous. In this the traffic, the
vehicles do not follow the lane rules which are specified for every type of vehicles. Due
to this, the traffic flow get slow and increase the traffic volume also. The main problem
due to heterogeneous traffic to analysing the traffic volume and analysing the data for the
further requirement or improvement in future.

Here Traffic volume study was used to identify the problem and for collection of data.
Traffic volume is the number of vehicles crossing a section of road per unit of time at any
selected period. Traffic volume is a quantity measure of flow, the commonly used units
are vehicles per day and vehicles per hour. A complete traffic volume study may include
the classified volume study by recording the volume of various types and classes of
traffic, the distribution by direction and turning movements and distinction on different
lanes per unit time transport plays a significant role in the overall economic development.
1
Transportation results into growth of infrastructure, Industrialization and massive
production. Advancement in the transport sector has resulted into comfort and
convenience. Well-functioning transportation systems form the basis for economic
prosperity and social well-being of societies.

Road network in India is one of the largest networks in the world. The country’s road
network consists of Expressways, National Highways, State Highways, Major District
Roads, Other District Roads and Village Roads. Roads are the dominant mode of
transportation in India. They are an indispensable means of communication and has come
a long way. It is today regarded as one of the most ideal and cost-effective modes of
transportation in India. The Indian Roadways play a crucial role in connecting the
different parts of the country. One of the most important advancement in transportation
system is outer ring road, which helps in the development of the state or city.

The outer ring road is the rim of the cartwheel. While it is now also used by the traffic to
bypass a town, its original purpose was to link the outer communities and promote
development infill by acting as a distributor between radials, thus these ring roads are
generally located within the lower density outer fringes of urban development, and they
tend to be more circumferential than inner ring-roads.

Their quality of demand and completeness depend upon needs at specific locations. Outer
ring roads are not heavily used by public transport, it is mainly to divert the heavy motor
vehicles from the inner-city traffic.

Traffic volume studies are conducted to determine the number, movements, and
classifications of roadway vehicles at a given location. These data help to identify critical
flow time periods, determining the influence of large vehicles or pedestrians on vehicular
traffic flow. The length of sampling period depends on the type of count being taken and
the intended use of recorded data. Two methods are available for conducting traffic
volume counts: (1) manual and (2) automatic. Manual counts are typically used to gather
data for determination of vehicle classification, turning movements, direction of travel,
and vehicle occupancy.

2
1.3 ADT

Average daily traffic or ADT, and sometimes also mean daily traffic, is the average
number of vehicles two-way passing a specific point in a 24-hour period, normally
measured throughout a year. ADT is the standard measurement for vehicle traffic load
on a section of road, and the basis for most decisions regard transport planning or to the
environmental hazards of pollution related to road transport. Road authorities have
norms based on ADT, with decisions to expand road capacity at given thresholds.

1.4 AADT

Annual average daily traffic, abbreviated AADT, is a measure It is the total volume of
vehicle traffic of a highway or road for a year divided by 365 days. AADT is a useful
and simple measurement of how busy the road is. It is also sometimes reported as
"average annual daily traffic".

Hourly Expansion Factor (HEF):

hour particular for Volume volume hours 24 Total Daily Expansion Factor (DEF):

(MEF): month particular of ADT and AADT

1.5 NEED FOR THE STUDY

 Generally, it is adopted as a measure of relative importance of road in deciding

the priority.
 For planning, traffic operations and control of new and existing facilities.
 The traffic volume count i.e Commercial vehicle per day CVPD is helpful in
finding the cumulative number of standard axles.
 To analyze the traffic trends and pattern.

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

 To check existing, operating service condition of a roadway section.

 Design of intersection and signal timings

3
 Conducting Origin and destination survey

1.7 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

 To conduct traffic volume survey along ORR.

 To analyze the traffic volume survey data.

 I Suggest to Reduce traffic congestion and to accelerate urban Growth.

 Provide high speed connectivity to 22 forthcoming satellite townships.

1.8 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

 As the volume count is conducted manually, a 24-hour data collection is

difficult, unless the team is adequate for a 24-hour reading by dividing shifts.
 The traffic volume manual count conducted in peak hours is Quite difficult
when compared to non-peak hours.
 . The climatic conditions especially in rainy season, it is difficult to conduct the
manual traffic volume count

4
 CHAPTER - 2

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

The study of traffic flow analysis is an interface between driver, vehicles and
infrastructure of the roadway. The main purpose of traffic flow analysis is analyse a
new idea to control the traffic flow and able to understand the road network by a
common person. In also help to reduce the traffic jam and save the precious time of
everyone.

Review on Traffic flow analysis and Highway Capacity

L B Zala et al. (2014) in this the author calculated the different type of traffic
parameters of a selected area on the concept of previous parameters of that area which
the author select. Author conducted different type of analysis like traffic volume,
speed etc. also find the capacity of the road.

S.Yamuna et al. (2014) author expressed in his research some of the fundamental
traffic flow according to the behaviour of transportation system. The main purpose the
author is to define the feature of the traffic flow according to the speed of the vehicle
and flow of traffic. Basically the heterogeneous traffic is in urban areas. The main
purpose of the author is to evaluate the headway of the traffic and modelled a wide
range of traffic flow for the vehicles.

Babitha Elizabeth Philip et al.(2014) traffic flow model is done to study interactions
between vehicles and to develop an optimal road network with efficient traffic
movement and reduced traffic congestion. Efficient management of traffic is the aim
for sculpting the traffic flow. While sculpting the main focus is on speed, flow and
concentration of vehicles. The model discussed in this paper is based on queuing
theory. The model can be developed for all types of junctions. Here, the model for a
straight lane is developed. The general causes, effects and solutions for traffic
congestion are studied in this paper.

K Gunsekaran et al.(2015) according to this author the traffic flow is count by GPS
is very easiest method in author using different types of method are used to count the
traffic volume. In this author study the behaviour of heterogeneous traffic, GPS were

5
fitted in the cars and probe vehicles formed 1-3% of the traffic flow to estimate the
heterogeneous

Dr.M Ali Ahmed et at (2013) in this research author was purposed a rotary at an
intersection. India traffic is heterogeneous, heterogeneous traffic is traffic where the
driver’s will not follow the lane rules. Intersection is one when either three or more
road meets or intersects each other. It has been observed that the entry capacity of
vehicles become comparatively lower at intersection than that of the straight portion
of the road due to reduction in speed. Hence, long queues on intersections often
observed, causing huge fuel consumption as well as environmental pollution in the
urban area beside considerable time loss. 17 CHAPTER 3 RATIONALE AND
SCOPE OF STUDY Basically traffic volume analysis is studied to calculate the total
number of vehicles flow at thtraffic speed and capacity was reduced at work zones on
urban roads

Madhu Errampalli et at (2015) in this research the author was calculate the effect of
congestion on fuel cost and travel time cost. The vehicles normally move at their free
speeds when it is least impeded due to traffic flow under lean traffic (free flow)
conditions. As traffic flow increases, the vehicles cannot sustain their free speeds due
to interactions from other vehicles in the traffic stream. In addition to that the vehicles
that are operating in the congested traffic conditions will consume more fuel than
those operating in steady state traffic conditions for the same average speed.

6
 CHAPTER - 3

METHODS OF TRAFFIC ANALYSIS

One of the fundamental measures of traffic on road system is the volume of traffic using the
road in a given interval of time when the traffic is composed of a number of types of vehicles;
it is the normal practice to convert the flow into equivalent P.C.U by using certain
equivalency factor. The flow is expressed as PCU per hour.

METHODS FOR TRAFFIC COUNTS

 Manual methods

 Combination of manual & mechanical method

 Automatic Method

 Moving observer method

 Photographic method

3.1 MANUAL COUNT METHOD

Most applications of manual counts require small samples of data at any given location.
Manual counts are rarely used when the effort and expense of automated equipment are
not justified. Manual counts are necessary when automated equipment is not available.
Manual counts are typically used for period of less than a day. Normal intervals for a
manual count are 5, 10, or 15 minutes. Traffic counts during a rush hour of Monday
morning and Friday evening rush hours shows exceptionally high volumes and is not
normally used in analysis; therefore, counts are usually conducted on Tuesday,
Wednesday, or Thursday.

3.2 AUTOMATIC COUNT METHOD

7
The automatic count method provides a means for gathering large amounts of traffic data.
Automatic counts are usually taken in 1-hour interval for each 24-hour period. The counts
extend for a week, month, or year. When the counts are recorded for each 24-hour time
period, the peak flow period can be identified. Automatic counts are recorded using one
of three methods: portable counters, permanent counters, and videotape.

3.2.1 Pneumatic Tube Detector

Pneumatic road tube sensors send a burst of air pressure along a rubber tube when a
vehicles tire passes over the tube. The pulse of air pressure closes an air switch,
producing an electrical signal that is transmitted to a counter or analysis software. The
pneumatic road tube sensor is portable, using lead-acid, gel, or other rechargeable
batteries as a power source. The road tube is installed perpendicular to the traffic flow
direction and is commonly used for short-term traffic counting, vehicle classification by
axle count and spacing. Some data to calculate vehicle gaps, intersection stop delay, stop
sign delay, and saturation flow rate, spot speed as a function of vehicle class, and travel
time when the counter is utilized in conjunction with a vehicle transmission sensor.

3.2.2 Video Image Detection (VID)

 The traffic parameters are collected by frame-by-frame analysis of video images

captured by roadside cameras. The following parameters are collected: Depending on the
processing methodology almost all traffic parameters are captured from video analysis.
Simple video systems often collect flow volume and occupancy. More complex systems
allow the extraction of further parameters.

3.2.3 Infrared Sensors

 The sensors are mounted overhead to view approaching or departing traffic or traffic
from a side-looking configuration. Infrared sensors are used for signal control; volume,
speed, and class measurement, as well as detecting pedestrians in crosswalks. With
infrared sensors, the word detector takes on another meaning, namely the light-sensitive
element that converts the reflected or emitted energy into electrical signals. Real-time
signal processing is used to analyze the received signals for the presence of a vehicle.

8
 CHAPTER - 4

4.1 METHODOLOGY:

SURVEY

DATA COLLECTION

ANALYSIS OF DATA

EVALUATION OF
DATA

STUDY AREA:

4.2 NANAL NAGAR X ROAD

Nanalnagar x road is under the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation in the city of
Hyderabad, Telangana in India, it is bounded by Banjara Hills and Ahmed Nagar areas to the
north, Shaikpet and Tolichowki to the east, Langar Houz and Gudimalkapur to the south and
Mehdipatnam and Vijaynagar Colony to the west. The Road towards Langar House,
Golconda, Narsingi is one of the most busiest road with Traffic Jams and Congestions lot of
time, there is a dire need of regulation of Traffic there.

4.3 TSPA JUNCTION

TSPA Juction (Telangana State Police Academy) is located on Nehru Outer Ring Road
Situated in the southwest region of Hyderabad, Proximity to the IT hubs of Hitech City,

9
Gachibowli lots of vehicles cross this juction. It is strategically located between the Budwel
area and HITECH City (IT Hub) and the Financial District. TSPA Junction is also called
APPA Junction. Lot of Engineering,Medical and Pharma Colleges are Located in and around
Moinabad. Lot of Vehicular Traffic crosses this Junction Daily. There is a Heavy requirement
to do Traffic Analysis there.

1.1 Google earth Image Showing 1.2 Google earth Image Showing

Nanal Nagar X Road TSPA Junction

10
SURVEY AND DATA COLLECTION :

Group Members Mohammed Muqeetuddin and Mohammed Mujeeb Collecting

Data at Nanal Nagar X Road.

11
Group Members Mohammed Noumaan and Syed Ziauddin Collecting Data at TSPA
(Telangana State Police Academy) Junction

12
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

13
DATE:15-11-2021

TABLE 8.1 (TSPA Junction)

Time Motor Autos Cars Buses Heavy

Cycles & Vehicles
Bicycles PCU=0.8 PCU=1 PCU=3 PCU=3.5
PCU = 0.5
09:00-10:00 768 54 1998 114 28

10:00-11:00 785 51 1384 100 33

11:00-12:00 744 37 1365 83 48

3500

3000 2866

2500
2233 2157
2000
PCU

1500

1000

500

0
9am-10am 10am-11am 5PM-6PM
TIME

Graph 8.1.1

PCU VALUES

14
 CARS 1

TRUCKS 3

SMALL TRUCKS 2

BUSES 3

as per IRC 73-1980 (p. g. no:13)

PCU = (1xno. of cars) + (3xno. of trucks) + (2xno. of small trucks) + (3xno. of buses)

PCU VALUES per hour

On 15/11/2021

At 9am-10am = 2866

At 10am-11am = 2233

At 11am-12pm = 2157

15
 DATE:16-11-2021

Table 8.2 Nanal Nagar X Road

Time Motor Autos Cars Buses Heavy

Cycles & Vehicles
Bicycles PCU=0.8 PCU=1 PCU=3 PCU=3.5
PCU = 0.5
3:00-4:00PM 1100 523 792 40 8

4:00-5:00PM 1430 440 849 66 10

5:00-6:00PM 1667 378 987 72 6

3500

3000

2500 2360
2149
2000 1908.4
PCU

1500

1000

500

0
3PM-4PM 4PM-5PM 5PM-6PM
TIME

Graph 8.2.2

16
PCU VALUES per hour

At 3pm-4pm = 1908.4

At 4pm-5pm = 2149

At 5pm-6pm = 2360

DATE:18-11-2021

Table 8.3 TSPA Junction

Time Motor Autos Cars Buses Heavy

Cycles & Vehicles
Bicycles PCU=0.8 PCU=1 PCU=3 PCU=3.5
PCU = 0.5
09:00-10:00 820 69 1814 105 32

10:00-11:00 750 48 1323 96 28

11:00-12:00 738 42 1354 78 43

3500

3000
2706.2

2500
2122.4 2141.1
2000
PCU

1500

1000

500

0
9am-10am 10am-11am 11am-12am
TIME

Graph 8.3.3

17
 PCU VALUES per hour

At 9am-10am = 2706.2

At 10am-11am = 2122.4

At 11am-12pm = 2141.1

DATE:19-11-2021

Table 8.4 Nanal Nagar X Road

Time Motor Autos Cars Buses Heavy

Cycles & Vehicles
Bicycles PCU=0.8 PCU=1 PCU=3 PCU=3.5
PCU = 0.5
3:00-4:00PM 1119 450 883 38 5

4:00-5:00PM 1507 403 852 59 8

5:00-6:00PM 1721 410 930 65 4

18
 3500

3000

2500 2327.54
2132.9
2000 1934
PCU

1500

1000

500

0
3PM-4PM 4PM-5PM 5PM-6PM
TIME

Graph 8.4.4

PCU VALUES per hour

At 3pm-4pm = 1934

At 4pm-5pm = 2132.9

At 5pm-6pm = 2327.54

19
 CHAPTER - 5

CONCLUSION

After the analysing and evaluation of all data we are able to calculate the total traffic volume
as well as total PCU/hour (Passenger Car Unit).We have Observed Maximum Traffic
Volume between 9:00 am – 10:00 am at TSPA Junction. We have Observed Maximum
Traffic Volume between 6:00 pm – 7:00 pm at Nanal Nagar X Road.

5.1 RECOMMENDATIONS:

 Public Transport Should be Increased and Improved

 A Dedicated Lane Should be Provided to Facilitate Non-Motorized Vehicle
 In order to Pick Up and Drop off Passengers, Bus Lay Byes Should be provided at
Nanal Nagar X Road.
 Introducing Parking Permits and Restricting Parking Spaces.
 Side Slopes and Side Drains should be Provided
 Road Signs, Pavement,Pedestrain Markings other Traffic Control Devices should be
Provided

20
 REFERENCES:

[1] Khanna S.K., Justo C.E.G. "Highway Engineering", (1994), Nem Chand & Bros,
Roorkee, 7th Edition.

Kadiyali, L. R., 2008. Traffic engineering and transport planning. 7th Edition, Khanna
Publishers, New Delhi.

[2] IRC-9-1972 Traffic census of non-urban roads

[3] IRC-108-1996 Guidelines for traffic prediction on rural highways.

21