Architectural movements

PPT-01
Eclecticism
1. Eclecticism is an architectural style that flourished in the 19th and 20th-centuries.

2. It refers to any design that incorporates elements of traditional motifs and styles,
decorative aesthetics and ornaments, structural features, and so on, that originated from
other cultures or architectural periods.

3. The main driving force behind eclecticism was the harnessing of historic styles to create
something original and new, rather than simply to revive older styles.

4. Eclecticism first emerged in Europe, particularly coming out of France’s Beaux Arts
style and Britain’s Victorian architecture, when architects were encouraged to explore their
expressive and creative freedom, rather than simply following the requests of their clients.
Eclecticism
• During the 1930s, Modernism and Art Deco became more prevalent as a result of the wide
availability of new technology and materials and access to new design schools.
• Cast iron, wrought iron, steel, and plate glass all emerged as practical building materials in this
time.
• Consequently, eclecticism declined in favour.

Main Eclectic Architects:

•Daniel Burnham
•Alexander Jackson Davis
•Antoni Gaudì
•Josef Hlavka
•Richard Morris Hunt
•Charles Follen McKim
•William Mead
•Richard Norman Shaw
•Stanford White
Art and craft movement
• The core characteristics of the Arts and Crafts movement are a belief
in craftsmanship which stresses the inherent beauty of the material,
the importance of nature as inspiration, and the value of simplicity,
utility, and beauty.
• The ideas of English art critic John Ruskin and English designer
William Morris were given expression not only in designs for houses,
but also in fabrics, furniture, handmade books and other decorative
arts.
• British Arts and Crafts also featured references to medieval and
Gothic styles, which were seen as England’s design heritage.
Art and craft movement
• Arts and Crafts ideals became popular in the United States at the end
of the 19th century, starting in Boston and eventually spreading
across the country.

• Most Arts and Crafts buildings in the U.S. were houses, although
some churches and chapels were also built in this style.
Art Nouveau
• Art Nouveau, ornamental style of art that flourished between about
1890 and 1910 throughout Europe and the United States.

• Art Nouveau is characterized by its use of a long, sinuous, organic line

and was employed most often in architecture, interior
design, jewelry and glass design, posters, and illustration.

• It was a deliberate attempt to create a new style, free of the imitative

historicism that dominated much of 19th-century art and design.
• The distinguishing ornamental characteristic of Art Nouveau is its
undulating asymmetrical line, often taking the form of flower stalks and
buds, vine tendrils, insect wings, and other delicate and sinuous natural
objects; the line may be elegant and graceful or infused with a powerfully
rhythmic.

• Architecture particularly shows this synthesis of ornament and structure;

a liberal combination of materials—ironwork, glass, ceramic, and
brickwork—was employed,

• For example, in the creation of unified interiors in which columns and

beams became thick vines with spreading tendrils and windows became
both openings for light and air and membranous outgrowths of the
organic whole.
Art Nouveau
• This approach was directly opposed to the traditional architectural
values of reason and clarity of structure.

• There were a great number of artists and designers who worked in

the Art Nouveau style like : Victor Horta, Louis Henry
Sullivan, Antonio Gaudí

• After 1910 Art Nouveau appeared old-fashioned and limited and was
generally abandoned as a distinct decorative style.
Hotel
Tassel
Casa Mila
 Art deco
• The main characteristics of Art Deco architecture are its sleek, linear, often
rectangular geometric forms, arranged and broken up by curved ornamental
elements.

• Art Deco, also called style moderne, movement in the decorative arts
and architecture that originated in the 1920s and developed into a major style in
western Europe and the United States during the 1930s.

• Its name was derived from the Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et
Industriels Modernes, held in Paris in 1925, where the style was first exhibited. Art
Deco design represented modernism turned into fashion.
• The distinguishing features of the style are simple, clean shapes, often
with a “streamlined” look; ornament that is geometric or stylized from
representational forms; and unusually varied, often expensive
materials, which frequently include man-made substances (plastics,
especially Bakelite; vita-glass; and ferroconcrete) in addition to natural
ones (jade, silver, ivory, obsidian, chrome, and rock crystal).

• Among the formative influences on Art Deco were Art Nouveau,

the Bauhaus, Cubism.
•
• Decorative ideas came from American Indian, Egyptian, and early
classical sources as well as from nature.
Art deco
• Although the style went out of fashion in most places during World
War II, beginning in the late 1960s there was a renewed interest in Art
Deco design.

• Into the 21st century Art Deco continued to be a source of inspiration

in such areas as decorative art, fashion, and jewelry design.

• Architects : Eliel Saarinen

Art deco
Common Building Types
• theaters
• commercial buildings
• offices
• government headquarters
• apartments
• industrial complexes
Art deco
• Art Deco buildings have a sleek, linear appearance with stylized, often
geometric ornamentation.

• The primary façade of Art Deco buildings often feature a series of set backs
that create a stepped outline.

• Low-relief decorative panels can be found at entrances, around windows, along

roof edges or as string courses.

• Art Deco buildings feature distinctive smooth finish building materials such as
stucco, concrete block, glazed brick or mosaic tile.
Art deco
• Art Deco buildings utilize materials like stucco, terracotta,
decorative glass, chrome, steel, and aluminum.

• They feature ornate, geometric detailing such as chevrons,

pyramids, stylized sunbursts or florals, zig-zags, and other
geometric shapes.

• Many Art Deco buildings feature bright, opulent colors

accented with contrasting black, white, gold or silver.

• And they often feature fragmented triangular shapes;

decorative, geometric windows; parapets and spires.
Art deco
Identifiable Features
• Smooth wall surface
• Sharp edged, linear appearance
• Stylized decorative elements using geometrical forms, zigzags,
chevrons
• Low relief decorative panels
• Stepped or set back front facade
• Strips of windows with decorative spandrels
• Reeding and fluting around doors and windows
Helsinki Railway Station
Brutalist Architecture
• Brutalist architecture (1950s-1970s) is characterized by simple,
block-like, hulking concrete structures (the term is a play on the
French phrase for raw concrete, béton brut).

• With simple, graphic lines, a heavy appearance, a monochromatic

palette, and a lack of ornamentation, Brutalism is a bold, in-your-
face and eternally polarizing style.

• Brutalist architecture became a popular for institutional buildings

around the world before fading out in the 1980s, giving way to the
postmodernism and today’s contemporary styles.

• But the style's influence can be seen in contemporary product and

interior design, furniture, objects, and web design.
Brutalist Architecture
• An architectural style that was quite popular in mid 20th century from the 1950s up until
the 1980s, especially in civic projects and institutional buildings and in the form of
sculpture-, brutalist architecture establishes the right of building materials and structural
features to be seen, admired and even celebrated.

• Featuring visually heavy edifices with geometric lines, solid concrete frames, exaggerated
slabs, double height ceilings, massive forbidding walls, exposed concrete and a
predominantly monochrome palette, brutalist buildings prioritized function over form, and
stripped-back minimalism over flashy design.

• The genesis of the brutalist design movement can be credited to French-Swiss Modernist
architect Le Corbusier, who over a career spanning 50 years, designed several buildings
across the world and is known for pioneering reinforced concrete columns that could
support the weight of the building.

• Bare concrete columns, for instance, were a signature aesthetic of his buildings.
Brutalist Architecture
Buildings :
• Trellick Tower,
• Brunswick Centre,
• Royal National Theatre,
• Centre Point and
• The Barbican Estate
• Geisel Library, La Jolla, California
Bauhaus Architecture
• Bauhaus architecture came out of the influential German school
founded by Walter Gropius (1883-1969) in the early 20th century

• The Bauhaus was founded by the architect Walter Gropius, who

combined two schools, the Weimar Academy of Arts and the
Weimar School of Arts and Crafts, into what he called the
Bauhaus, or “house of building”.

• Gropius’s “house of building” included the teaching of various

crafts, which he saw as allied to architecture, the matrix of the arts.
By training students equally in art and in technically expert
craftsmanship, the Bauhaus sought to end the schism between the
two.

• Had a utopian aim to create a radically new form of architecture and

design to help rebuild society after World War I.
Bauhaus Architecture
• Realizing that machine production had to be the precondition of design if that effort was
to have any impact in the 20th century, Gropius directed the school’s design efforts
toward mass manufacture.

• On the example of Gropius’s ideal, modern designers have since thought in terms of
producing functional and aesthetically pleasing objects for mass society rather than
individual items for a wealthy elite.

• Featuring open plans and lots of glass, it is inspired by the simple yet polished look of the
American Arts and Crafts movement
Bauhaus Architecture
• By synthesizing fine arts, crafts, design, architecture, and technology, the
Bauhaus promoted rational, functional design that embraced a form follows
function, less is more ethos.

• Not all Bauhaus buildings look alike, but in general they eschew
ornamentation to focus on simple, rational, functional design; use simple
geometric forms such as the triangle, square, and circle; asymmetry; use of
modern materials such as steel, glass, concrete; flat roofs; glass curtain walls;
smooth façades.

• Bauhaus developed into the International Style when Gropius and other
prominent members of the Bauhaus emigrated to the U.S. in the 1930s and
later influenced the development of modernism in the 1950s and '60s.

• Bauhaus architecture and design principles still influence the shape and look
of everyday objects.

• Today, nearly every art curriculum includes foundation courses in which, on

the Bauhaus model, students learn about the fundamental elements of
design.
Bauhaus Architecture
Buildings:
• Bauhaus Studio Building in Dessau, Germany
• Gropius House in Massachusetts
• Farnsworth House in Chicago
• Villa Tugendhat in Brno, Czech Republic
• Seagram Building in New York
Modern Architecture
• Modern architecture refers to the style of architecture that
flourished in the early to mid 20th century.

• Rejecting the ornamental styles of the recent past, modern

architecture favors clean lines; functional design; open
floor plans; built-in storage; a focus on materials such as
steel, concrete, iron, glass, wood, brick, and stone; and a
focus on integrating architecture into the natural landscape
while bringing the outdoors inside with the use of large
windows to let in natural light and air.

• Modern architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright redefined a

new world of architecture with form follows function
design, and a host of mid-century designers transformed
the built landscape and the world of interior design with
mid-century modern furniture that continues to be wildly
popular today.
Modern Architecture
Features :
• Clean and abstract shapes and lines.
• Open floorplans.
• Large all-glass windows.
• Connection with the environmental context.
Modern Architecture
• Modern Architecture depended on utilizing novel
construction techniques and materials like reinforced
concrete, steel, and glass.

• This architectural style was very “in”, especially for

government buildings and universities, until the 1980s where
it started to face strong competition from other
contemporary movements like post -modernism and neo-
modernism.
Modernism- 1917 to 1965
• It brought a dramatic change both for art and architecture.

• Modernism encompasses various different styles that emphasize functionalism, purified

architectural form, clean structure, lack of ornamentation, and use of new-age materials steel,
glass, and concrete.

• Modernism is viewed as an important shift in terms of architectural design and expression.

• The term ‘Form follows Function’ redefined a new world of architecture that signifies and
sustains to motivate architects today.

• The great architects that flourished during this era include Frank Lloyd Wright, Louis Sullivan,
Mies Van De Rohe, and Le Corbusier with their iconic structures like Falling Water, Villa Savoye,
Crown Hall, Chicago, etc
Modern Architecture
Some of the main characteristics of modernist buildings are as
follows:

• Components positioned at 90-degrees to each other and an emphasis on

horizontal and vertical lines.

• The use of reinforced concrete and steel.

• Visual expression of the structure rather than hiding structural elements.

History of Modern Architecture
Key historical movements that shaped modern architecture:
1. 1893 Chicago World's Fair:
• At the 1893 Chicago World's Fair, American architect Louis Sullivan unveiled
the first skyscrapers.
• The buildings were constructed with a steel frame that supported many
large glass windows.
• They paved the way for modern office buildings and high-rises. Sullivan
described his design philosophy as "form follows function," a phrase that
would become the unofficial motto of the modern movement.
• A young Frank Lloyd Wright attended the fair and discovered many styles
that would inspire his own career, including Japanese architecture.
2. Founding of the Bauhaus School:
• In 1919, Walter Gropius founded the Bauhaus School in Weimar, Germany,
which was the first of its kind to teach modern design principles.

• Gropius, who studied under the leading German architect at the time,
Peter Behrens, designed the entire campus in the modernist style.

• The school's leaders included architects Marcel Breuer and Ludwig Mies
van der Rohe, who were also proponents of the modernist style.

• In 1926, the school moved from Weimar to Dessau and brought together
modernists from multiple disciplines, including modern art.
3. Streamline Moderne:
• During the Great Depression in the 1930s, a new modern style was born called
Streamline Moderne.

• With buildings modeled after the shape of ocean liners and inspired by
aerodynamic principles, this style featured curved corners, steel railings, and
nautical elements.

4. A modern exhibition:
• Modern Architecture: International Exhibition took place in 1932 at the Museum
of Modern Art in New York.

• Curated by Philip Johnson and Henry-Russell Hitchcock, the exhibition solidified

modernist architecture as a distinct movement and reinforced International
Modernism and the International Style as direct complements.
5. Lasting legacy:
• By the end of World War II, young architects had begun to criticize the
stark nature of minimalism, and by the 1960s, minimalist sensibilities
began to give way to a rebirth of ornamentation.

• Still, modernism’s legacy continues to live on in iconic buildings and as

an inspiration for contemporary architecture.
Characteristics of Modern Architecture
Key features of modern design:
1. Clean lines: Modern design is characterized by clean lines with minimal orientation and sleek, consistent surfaces.

2. Use of glass: Walls of glass and large windows, Floor-to-ceiling windows are designed to flood modernist buildings with
natural light. So-called "curtain walls" are a common feature of modernist buildings as well. These non-structural, exterior walls
allow the entire facade of a building to be made of glass.

3. Flat roofs: Low, horizontal roofs and broad overhangs are a prominent feature of many mid-century modern homes.

4. Open floor plans: Modernist buildings rarely include structures that aren't deemed essential to the functionality of the building.
The results are large, open living spaces.

5. Well defined floor plans : Since modern architecture focuses on form over function, architects sought to
include large, spacious floorplans with dining and living spaces that flowed into one another

6. Modern materials: Modern building materials such as steel, iron, concrete block, and glass make modernist designs possible.
Characteristics of Modern Architecture
7. Traditional building materials. More conventional building materials
like wood, brick, and stone were used in more straightforward ways to
show off their natural beauty.

8. Broad roof overhangs. Several modern homes emphasize low,

horizontal structures with large roof overhangs.

9. A relationship to the outside environment. A lot of thought when

into building sites and how buildings would relate to the natural
landscape surrounding it.

10. Asymmetrical designs. Modern architects played around with large,

smooth shapes and asymmetrical compositions that were cleanly
planed and lacked any additional decoration.
Famous Examples of Modern Architecture
1. Fallingwater: Designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in 1939, this vacation home in Pennsylvania is made from concrete
slabs hovering above a natural waterfall.

2. Crystal Cathedral: Built by architect Philip Johnson in Garden Grove, California, this skyscraper was considered the
largest glass building in the world when construction was completed in 1981.

3. Seagram Building: Ludwig Mies van der Rohe completed the Seagram Building, a 38-story skyscraper, in 1958. It
remains a famous fixture of the New York City skyline.

4. Gateway Arch: Finnish architect Eero Saarinen immigrated to the United States in 1923 and built one of the most
iconic modernist structures on American soil—the Gateway Arch in Saint Louis, Missouri. The 630-foot stainless
steel monument was completed in 1965 and remains the world’s tallest arch to this day.

5. Villa Savoye: Designed by Swiss-French architect Le Corbusier, this villa built on the outskirts of Paris, France,
features reinforced concrete and an entirely white exterior. Built between 1928 and 1931, it remains a modernist
icon.

6. Sydney Opera House: Built by Danish architect Jørn Utzon, the Sydney Opera House is one of the most distinctive
buildings of the modernist movement. Completed in 1973, the opera house features a modern expressionist
design and sail-shaped roof.
Modern Architecture

The Farnsworth House (Mies Van De Rohe)

Seagram Building (Mies Van De Rohe)
The Glass House(Philip Johnson’s)
The Farnsworth House (Mies Van De Rohe)
The Glass
House

(Philip
Johnson’s)
Seagram
Building

(Mies Van De
Rohe)
Master architects

1. Alvar Aalto

2. Frank Lloyd Wright

3. Le Corbusier

4. Louis Kahn

5. Mies Van Der Rohe

1. Alvar Aalto
2. Frank Lloyd Wright
Le Corbusier
Louis Kahn
Mies Van Der Rohe
Philip Johnson