PRACTICUM REPORT

FLUID MECHANICS II – TL 2201

MODULE 01
UNIFORM FLOW AND CHANNEL SLOPE

Practican Name : Andrew Hamonangan Nadapdap

NIM : 15320016
Group/Shift : International B
Practicum Date : 26 January 2022
Collecting Date : 2 February 2022
Module PIC : Jonathan Damara Simorangkir (15318011)
Khaila Nursafa (15319040)
Assistant : Vito Sami Fauzan (15319119)
Sharnella Janet Yapfrine (15318086)

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG
2021
I. OBJECTIVES
1. To prove the uniform flow phenomena
2. To determine The Chezy Coefficient
3. To determine The Manning Coefficient
4. To determine Reynold’s Number
5. To determine relation between Chezy Coefficient and Manning Coefficient.

II. INITIAL DATA

Table II.1 Initial Data of Practicum
Initial Data
Loading Mass (kg) 7,5
Initial water temperatue 21,75
Final water temperature 22,5
Channel Width (m) 0,07475

Table II.2 Initial Data of Upstream and Downstream

Points Upstream Distance (m) DownstreamDistance (m)

X1 0,42 4,17
X2 0,43 4,84
X3 0,44 5,26

Table II.3 Initial Data for Slope Calculation

Water Depth (m) Distance to point (m)
Ys1 0,044 Xs1 4,17
Ys2 0,0337 Xs2 0,42

Table II.4 Observation Data of Upstream and Downstream Depth Measurement

Loading Time (s) Upstream Depth (cm) Downstream Depth (cm)
Variation t1 t2 t3 tavg Y1 Y2 Y3 Yavg Y1 Y2 Y3 Yavg
 1 3,78 4,15 4,07 4 4,22 4,31 4,04 4,19 5,34 5,35 5,25 5,313
2 4,06 3,56 3,85 3,82 4,95 4,67 4,43 4,683 6,04 5,71 5,56 5,77
3 3,75 3,22 3,68 3,55 5,29 4,92 6,25 5,4867 6,10 5,94 4,73 5,59

Table II.5Data Table of Viscosity According to Temperature

Temperature Dynamic Viscosity (Ns/m2) Kinematic Viscosity (m2/s)
0 0.001787 0.000001787
5 0.001519 0.000001519
10 0.001307 0.000001307
20 0.001002 0.000001004
30 0.000798 0.000000801
40 0.000653 0.000000658
50 0.000547 0.000000553
60 0.000467 0.000000475
70 0.000404 0.000000413
80 0.000355 0.000000365
90 0.000315 0.000000326
100 0.000282 0.000000294

(Source : Engineer’s Edge, 2022)

Table II.6 Data Table of Density According to Temperature

Temperature Density (gr/cm^3)
0 0,99987
4 1
4,4 0,999
10 0,99975
15,6 0,99907
21 0,99802
26,7 0,99669
32,2 0,9951
37,8 0,99318
48,9 0,9887
 60 0,98338
71,1 0,97729
82,2 0,97056
93,3 0,96333
100 0,95865

(Source : U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclaimation, 1977,)

III. DATA PROCESSING

3.1 Water Temperature

Using the initial water temperature at the beginning of the experiment to get the
average temperature between the two. This step is necessary to obtain density and
viscosity of the measured water.

𝑇𝑖 + 𝑇𝑓
𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 =
2
21,75 + 22,5
𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 =
2
𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 22,125 ℃
Remarks :
T = Temperature (℃)

3.2 Water Viscosity

From the data table II.5 of water viscosity is divided into two type kinetic and
dynamic graphs can be created as below
 Dynamic Viscosity according its temperature
0.002
0.0018
0.0016 y = 2E-07x2 - 3E-05x + 0.0017
Dynamic Viscosity
0.0014 R² = 0.9838
0.0012
0.001
0.0008
0.0006
0.0004
0.0002
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Temperature

Figure 3.1 Water Dynamic Viscosity According Temperature

Kinetic Viscosity according Temperature Graph

0.000002
0.0000018
y = 2E-10x2 - 3E-08x + 2E-06
Kinetic Viscosity (m^2/s)

0.0000016
0.0000014 R² = 0.9834
0.0000012
0.000001
0.0000008
0.0000006
0.0000004
0.0000002
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Temperature

Figure 3.2 Water Kinematic Viscosity According Temperature

From this two graphs and their own regression formula the water density can be
obtained by changing the X with the average temperature
 Kinematic viscosity = 1.134 × 10−3 Ns/m2
Dynamic viscosity = 1.134 × 10−3 m2/s

3.3 Water Density

From table II.6 the graphs can be created as below

Density According Temperature

1.01
Density (gr/cm^3)

1
0.99
y = -4E-06x2 - 5E-05x + 1.0002
0.98 R² = 0.9989
0.97
0.96
0.95
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Temperature

Figure 3.3 Water Density according its temperature

By changing the x within the polynomial equation the density is
𝜌 = 997.1356875 𝑘𝑔/𝑚^3

Remarks :

𝜌 = density (kg/m3)

3.4 Water Volume

By using the density from the previous section and the initial load mass (7.5 kg) the
volume can be calculated using formula below
𝑚
𝑉=
𝜌
 V = 7.521*10-3 m3
Remarks :
m = mass (kg)
V = Volume (m3)

3.5 Average Time

Because the data counted by using triple methods meaning in the same variety there
are three data taken for time.
𝑡1 + 𝑡2 + 𝑡3
𝑡𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 =
3
And with three variations the data acquired as below
𝑡𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒1 = 4s
𝑡𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒2 = 3,82s
𝑡𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒3 = 3,55s
Remarks :
t = Time (s)

3.6 Average Water Depth

The average water depth can be obtained by dividing all of the 6 measuring points
data with the number of points of the data taken.
∑6𝑛=1 𝑦𝑛
𝑦𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
6
From the formula the data there are three variations for each depth’s average
(upstream and downstream)
Upstream variations
𝑦𝑎𝑣𝑔1 = 0.0475 m
𝑦𝑎𝑣𝑔2 = 0.051 𝑚
𝑦𝑎𝑣𝑔3 = 0.0554𝑚
3.7 Actual Flow Rate
To measure the actual flow rate can be using the following formula
 𝑉
𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 =
𝑡𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒

−3
𝑚3
𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙1 = 1.88 × 10
𝑠

−3
𝑚3
𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙2 = 1.96 × 10
𝑠

𝑚3
𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙3 = 2.12 × 10−3
𝑠

Remarks :
Q = flow rate (m^3/s)

3.8 Slope
To measure slope can be measured using table II.3. With equation used as below
the slope can be measured
𝑌1−𝑌2
S = 𝑋1−𝑋2

𝑆 = 0,0027

3.9 Cross Sectional Area

The cross sectional area can be measured with the b as the width and the yaverage
as height to obtained the cross sectional area
𝐴 = 𝑦𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 × 𝑏
A1 = 0.003551 m2
A2 = 0.0039094 cm2
A3 = 0.0041411 cm2
Remarks
b = width (cm)
A = Area (cm2)
 3.10 Wet Perimeter
Because the shape of the channel is rectangular. Wet perimeter is area that touched
by water ang to measure it can be used equation below
P = b + 2 × 𝑦average
P1 = 0.16975 m
P2 = 0.17935 m
P3 = 0.18555 m

Remarks
P = wet perimeter (m)

3.11 Hydraulic Radius

Hydraulic radius can be measured using the formula below
𝐴
R=𝑝

R1 = 0.0209 m
R2 = 0.0218 m
R3 = 0.02232 m

Remarks = Hydraulic Radius (m)

3.12 Flow Velocity

The velocity can be measured by dividing the flow rate with area as the equation
below.
𝑄
𝑉=
𝐴
V1 = 0.529 m/s
V2 = 0.501 m/s
V3 =0.512 m/s
Remarks :
V = velocity (m/s)
3.13 Reynold’s Number
Using the following equation Reynold’s Number can be determined
𝑣×𝐷
NRE = 𝜇

NRE1 = 19.5
NRE2 = 19.26
NRE3 = 20.15

Remarks:
NRE = Reynold’s Number
𝜇 = Dynamic Viscosity (Ns/m2)
D = 2R = Hydraulic diameter (m)

3.14 Manning Coefficient

Using the following formula the Manning Coefficient can be determined
2 1
1
V = × 𝑅3 × 𝑆 2
𝑛

And rearrange the calculation to find the n (Manning roughness coefficient)

2 1
1
n = 𝑉 × 𝑅3 × 𝑆 2

n1 = 0.00745
n2 = 0.00809
n3 = 0.00804
Remarks :
n = Manning roughness coefficient

3.15 Chezy’s Coefficient

Using the following equation the Chezy’s equation can be determined.
V =𝐶√𝑅𝑆
Rearrange the calculation to find the C (Chezy’s Coefficient)
𝑣
C=
√𝑅𝑆
 C1 = 70.42
C2 = 65.302
C3 = 65.954

Remarks:
Chezy’s Coefficient

IV. FINAL DATA

Table IV.1. Calculations of V, Q, 𝑦𝑎𝑣𝑔 , R, 𝑅 2/3

Q
Variation P (m) R (m)
(m3/s) (m)
V (𝒎𝟑 )
1 0,00188 0,0475 0,16975 0,0209 0,075874794
2 0,007521 0,00196 0,051 0,17935 0,0218 0,078037676
3 0,00212 0,0554 0,18555 0,0223 0,079226398

Table IV.2. Calculations of S, 𝑁𝑅𝑒 , 𝐴, v, n, C

A
Variation (m2) v (m/s) n C
S
1 0,0027 19,5 0,003551 0,529 0,00745 70,42
2 0,0027 19,26 0,0039094 0,501 0,00809 65,302
3 0,0027 20,15 0,0041411 0,512 0,00804 65,954

V. ANALYSIS A
5.1 Workflow Analysis

At the beginning of the experiment, the water weight in a hydraulic bench

is measured using a thermometer the stop is necessary for calculating the viscosity
 and density of the water. this happens because the water density and viscosity are
affected by its temperature. After measuring the temperature turn on the hydraulic
bench and open the gate valve at the other side of the hydraulic bench this valve
controls the water flow rate for the experiment. in the first variation of flow rate
measure the flow rate by using the hydraulic bench principle. using the weights
and the arm of the hydraulic bench and measuring the time of the load lifted by the
hand. Next measure the depth of the water this Can be done by measuring 6 points
between upstream and downstream. first set the distance of 3 points Upstream and
3 points Downstream measure it from the water entry point. after the distance is
set measure within each point to obtain water depth data. The reason for making 3
points upstream and 3 points Downstream is to measure the slope of the experiment.
change the flow rate by turning the valve at the end of the hydraulic bench and
repeating the same thing. to finish off the experiment measures the final water
temperature before turning off the hydraulic bench.

5.2 Graph Analysis

5.2.1 Flow Profile

Water Depth (m) vs Distance (m)

0.07

0.06

0.05
Water depth (m)

0.04 VARIATION 1
0.03 VARIATION 2
VARIATION 3
0.02

0.01

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Distance (m)

Figure V.1 Flow profile graph

From the graph, we can see that the water depth is
increasing within the distance. Uniform flow stated that
across all points within the water flow having the same
velocity. But, with this increasing of depth the velocity
 increased because there is slope across Channel.
Therefore this flow is considered as a non-uniform flow.

5.2.2 Average Water Depth vs Flow Rate

Chart Title
0.00215
y = 0.0205x0.7855
0.0021 R² = 0.9829
y average (m)

0.00205

0.002

0.00195

0.0019

0.00185
0.047 0.048 0.049 0.05 0.051 0.052 0.053 0.054 0.05
Q actual (m^3/s)

Figure V.2 Average Water Depth vs Flow Rate graph

By using the power regression the graph of average

water depth Against flow rate can be determined. As the
figure states there is an R2 variable this variable states
how much the x-axis and affected y-axis, the value of
this is 0.9834 this means X is affecting Y strongly
because the value of R2 it is much closer to 1.
Meanwhile, the R value the correlation coefficient stated
the relationship between the two variables. And the R-
value is 0.992, meaning the variables of x and y are
closely related because the value is close to 1.
 Using the formula of actual flow rate and substitute
the A creating the equation as follows
𝑄 = 𝐴 × 𝑦𝑎𝑣𝑔 × 𝑉
𝑄
𝑦𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
𝐴×𝑉
In figure V.2 the y is 0.205x0.7855 the power value stated
the actual flow rate of this experiment so the error can be
calculated as
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 − 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 1 − 0.7855
𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = | | × 100% = | | × 100% = 21.45%
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 1

The error is relatively small with value of 21.45%

5.2.3 Flow Velocity vs R2/3

R^2/3 vs Velocity graph

0.54
0.53 y = 6.6113x
Velocity (m/s)

0.52
0.51 R² = 0.9986
0.5
0.49
0.0755 0.076 0.0765 0.077 0.0775 0.078 0.0785 0.079 0.0795
R^2/3

Figure V.3 Flow Velocity vs R2/3graph

By using the linear regression the graph of flow

velocity against R2/3 (hydraulic radius) can be
determined. Not to confused with R variable this R is a
hydraulic radius. As the figure states there is an R2
variable this variable states how much the x-axis affected
y-axis, the value of this is 0.9984 this means X is
affecting Y very strongly because the value of R2 it is
much closer to 1. Meanwhile, the R value the correlation
coefficient stated the relationship between the two
 variables. And the R-value is 0.9993, meaning the
variables of x and y are closely related because the value
is close to 1.
From this equation the manning coefficient can be
determined using the y=6.6113x formula. Substitute the
y= v = mx and the x = R2/3
𝑠1/2 × 𝑅 2/3
𝑉=
𝑛
𝑠1/2 × 𝑥
𝑚𝑥 =
𝑛
𝑠1/2
𝑚=
𝑛
𝑠1/2
𝑛=
𝑚
𝑛 = 0.00786
The manning coefficient of fibreglass is 0.008 (ACO
Polymer Inc, n.d). so the error can bea measured as
below
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 − 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 0.008 − 0.00786
𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = | | × 100% = | | × 100% = 1.75%
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 0.008
The error is very small within this equation making
this method of approach within experiment already heading
to the right direction.

5.2.4 Flow Velocity vs R1/2

R^1/2 vs Flow Velocity graph

0.535
0.53 y = 3.4909x
0.525
0.52 R² = 0.9989
0.515
0.51
0.505
0.5
0.495
0.144 0.145 0.146 0.147 0.148 0.149 0.15
 Figure V.4 Flow Velocity vs R1/2 graph

By using the linear regression the graph of flow

velocity against R1/2 (hydraulic radius) can be
determined. Not to confused with R variable this R is a
hydraulic radius. As the figure states there is an R2
variable this variable states how much the x-axis affected
y-axis, the value of this is 0.9989 this means X is
affecting Y very strongly because the value of R2 it is
much closer to 1. Meanwhile, the R value the correlation
coefficient stated the relationship between the two
variables. And the R-value is 0.9994, meaning the
variables of x and y are closely related because the value
is close to 1.
From this equation the Chezy’s Roughness can be
determined using the y=3.4909x formula. Substitute the
y= v = mx and the x = R1/2. First the Chezy’s roughness
can be calculated using equation below
𝑣 = 𝐶√𝑅𝑆
𝑚𝑥 = 𝐶√𝑅𝑆
𝑚 = 𝐶√𝑆
𝑚
𝐶=
√𝑆
𝐶 = 67.1824

Next find the Chezy’s Roughness using the

theoretical Chezy’s Roughness
𝑅1/6
𝐶=
√𝑆
𝑅1/6
𝐶=
√𝑆
 𝐶 = 12.85043
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 − 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 12.85043 − 67.1824
𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = | | × 100% = | | × 100% = 422.802%
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 12.85043
The error value is too big meaning there is something
wrong within the experiment.

5.3 Relation Between Manning Coefficient and Chezy Coefficient

The relation between two formula can be found using this equation
𝑣 = 𝐶√𝑅𝑆
1 2/3 1/2
𝑣= 𝑅 𝑆
𝑛
1
𝐶√𝑅𝑆 = 𝑅 2/3 𝑆 1/2
𝑛
1
𝐶= 𝑅 2/3 𝑆 1/2
𝑛√𝑅𝑆
1
𝐶 = 𝑅1/6
𝑛
Thus the relation between manning and chezy coefficient is
1 1/6
𝐶= 𝑅
𝑛

5.4 Error Analysis

Error analysis can be occur because inaccuracy in stopping time
when the hydraulic bench lift the loads up. This creating a slight error within
the flow rate calculation thus creating errors within the experiment. Another
error can be caused by the lab conditions, the fibre glass, air pressure
fluctuates constantly this affected the water flow, coefficients, etc. making
the experiment experienced errors within the calculations. Another reason
is human inability eye for reading the vernier callipers making the depth
reading inaccurate. Last is the spins of the flow rate valve, in our experiment
I did turn the valve experiment to an extreme positions that’s why the graph
decreasing rapidly and increased just a little. This creating extreme change
in the calculation which leads to calculation error.
 VI. ANALYSIS B
This experiment for field of Environmental Engineering
1. For creating sewage system
Sewage system for civil usage use open channel concepts, such as drainage in side
walk, rain fall rainfall drainage, etc. this flow interacts with atmosphere and acts
differently from closed channel flow. Learning this will helps understands the
basics for open drainage system.

Figure VI.1 Open Channel Sewage System

(source : https://www.google.com/search?q=rain+fall+drainage&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwid-
dnCmeD1AhVQRmwGHTPoDt4Q2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=rain+fall+drainage&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzoHCCMQ7wMQJzoFCAAQgA
Q6BAgAEB46BggAEAUQHjoGCAAQCBAeUNYOWOQxYIYzaAlwAHgAgAGBAYgB3Aa
SAQM4LjKYAQCgAQGqAQtnd3Mtd2l6LWltZ8ABAQ&sclient=img&ei=3gr6YZ2SEtCMse
MPs9C78A0&bih=764&biw=1440&rlz=1C5CHFA_enUS854US854&hl=en#imgrc=WwULbH
G5g9ijCM)
2. Determine The Suitable Drainage
Drainage has many shapes and different usage of each basin’s shape. Learning the
open channel how it interacts with surface, atmospheric pressure, roughness of the
materials, etc. students can determine the suitable design for each conditions.
 Figure VI.2 Shape of Side Drains
(Source
:
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Ffigure%2F
The-common-shapes-of-side-
drains_fig1_267630089&psig=AOvVaw1ISnJ52mpYN8WwhqrO6ILA&ust=164386348996600
0&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAsQjRxqFwoTCJis4OOb4PUCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD
)

VII. CONCLUSION
1. The non-uniform flow phenomena is proven with figure V.1
2. The Chezy Coefficient Determined in table IV.2
3. The Manning Coefficient Determined in table IV.2
4. The Reynold’s Number Determined in table IV.2
5. The corelation is determined in part 5.3

VIII. REFERENCES

1. ACO-based load balancing scheme for MANETs. (2015). Tehnicki Vjesnik -

Technical Gazette, 22(5). https://doi.org/10.17559/tv-20140715145318
 2. Edge, E. (n.d.). Water - Density Viscosity Specific Weight. Engineering Reference
and Online Tools. Retrieved February 2, 2022, from
https://www.engineersedge.com/physics/water__density_viscosity_specific_weig
ht_13146.htm
3. Kubicki, Grzegorz, Kiełbasa, Tomasz, & Wiche, Jarosław. (2017).
http://bitp.cnbop.pl/wp-
content/uploads/2017/05/BITP_Vol_45_Issue_1_2017_pp.142-153.pdf.
Bezpieczeństwo i Technika Pożarnicza, 45, 142–153.
https://doi.org/10.12845/bitp.45.1.2017.11
4. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclaimation, 1977, Ground Water
Manual, from The Water Encyclopedia, Third Edition, Hydrologic Data
and Internet Resources, Edited by Pedro Fierro, Jr. and Evan K. Nyler, 2007

IX. APPENDIX
Image IX.1 Density according to temperature table

Image IX.2 Density according to temperature table