LEIDIA, Rhane Marielle S.

HUMSS11- Aristotle

SEATWORK: INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

Research the following terms and give their definition. Use pictures for illustrations for better
understanding. (at least 5 sentences each) We will use this in our recitation.

1. Intramolecular Forces
Intramolecular Force or also called the
primary force binds together atoms that
ables them to make up a molecule. In the
illustration on the right side,
intramolecular forces are illustrated as a
straight line. It indicates that
intramolecular forces are happening
inside the molecule. Examples of this
force are chemical bonding such as covalent bonding, metallic bonding, and ionic
bonding. We are already familiar with these examples because we already
encountered them during our previous discussions.

2. Intermolecular Forces
Intermolecular Force or also called the
secondary force steps in between the
interaction of molecules. This force
includes the electromagnetic forces of
attraction and repulsion which are in
between atoms and other neighboring particles such as ions and atoms. Under the
category of Intermolecular force is Van der Waals force that includes London
dispersion and dipole-dipole interactions. We will encounter those terms as we discuss
them further.

3. Dipole Moment
When there is a separation of charge,
dipole moments occur. Dipole moments
can occur between two ions inside an
ionic bond or between atoms inside a
covalent bond. They can be determined
by comparing the electronegativity of bonded atoms, the larger the difference in
electronegativity, the larger the dipole moment. Since dipole moment is a calculation
of molecular polarity, it tells us the division of charges in a molecule. Lastly, arrows
are used in order to illustrate the dipole moment.
 4. Van Der Waals
Van Der Waals are weak electric forces
that attract neutral molecules to one
another. This occurs when adjacent atoms
come close together that their electrons
are almost touching each other. Van Der
Waals is classified into three types:
electrostatic, induction, and dispersion.
And examples include hydrogen bonding,
dispersion forces, and dipole-dipole interaction. Textbooks usually mention
dipole-dipole, London dispersion, and dipole induce dipole, as they are all significant
in this force.

5. Dipole-Dipole Interaction
The dipole-dipole moment occurs
between polar molecules where there is
a permanent dipole moment. These
molecules have two ends with partially
negative and partially positive. The
positive end of the molecule attracts the
negative end of another molecule,
making up an alignment of molecules. We mentioned dipole-dipole interaction in
intermolecular forces because this interaction is an example of it. An example of this
interaction is Hydrogen Chloride (HCl), the partially positive end of this molecule
will attract the partially negative end of another HCl molecule.

6. Dipole Induced Dipole Interaction

The dipole-induced dipole interaction is a
weak attraction that happens when a polar
molecule induced a dipole in an atom. This
interaction is far weaker than the
dipole-dipole interaction. When a molecule
with the dipole is approaching, electrons in
the atom respond, and then it will release another dipole. One of the best examples of
this force is hydrogen bonding within water molecules. In addition, dipole-induced
dipole interaction involves a short period of time attraction of two opposite charged
dipoles.

7. London Dispersion Forces

London dispersion forces are always
present between all molecules. It is a
result of the movement of electrons
within the molecule. It produces a
temporary induced dipole with
 neighboring molecules. In other words, when electrons are moving within the
molecules, there are partial charges that are produced. And London Dispersion occurs
between these partial charges.

8. Ion-Dipole Interaction
An ion-dipole interaction happens because of
electrostatic attraction between a charged ion
and a molecule that has a dipole. This force
is commonly found inside a solution such as
ionic compounds that dissolved in polar
liquids. As the charge on the ion increases,
the attraction of ion-dipole interaction
becomes stronger. Aside from the increased
charge of ions, the increase of the magnitude
of a dipole in a polar molecule also has an
effect on the weakness and strongness of this
force. This interaction is happening between chemical situations and it is very
important for us to learn about it.

9. H-Bonding
It is an interaction that involves a
hydrogen atom between a pair of atoms
that have a high affinity for electrons.
This bonding is a type of dipole-dipole
interaction between molecules.
Hydrogen bonding is a result of
attraction between hydrogen atoms
covalently bonded to electronegative
atoms. Atoms that have a high
electronegativity are Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Flouride atoms. Lastly, hydrogen
bonding is the second to the strongest in the intermolecular forces.

10. Effects of the Intermolecular Forces to the properties of the

substance.
The strength of intermolecular force affects the physical properties of a
substance. Factors that affect those are:

a. Boiling Point
The boiling point is where the liquid substance reaches a
specific temperature where its substances are transitioning
from liquid to gas. At the boiling point, the vapor pressure
of the liquid substance is already the same as the applied
pressure on the liquid. The pressure of one atmosphere is
called a normal boiling point. When there is a higher
 boiling point, there are also greater intermolecular forces within the substance.
In addition, among the elements of the periodic table, helium has the lowest
boiling point while Tungsten has the highest.

b. Melting Point
The melting point is where a solid substance reaches
a specific temperature where its substance is
transitioning from solid to liquid. For pure
substances, the melting point occurs at a single
temperature only. An example of the transition from
solid to liquid or melting is ice. The melting point of ice is about zero degrees
Celcius or thirty degrees Fahrenheit. Lastly, the higher the required energy is,
the higher the melting point is.

c. Surface Tension
Surface tension is a property of the liquid’s surface
that allows it to withstand external force. It is
because of the cohesive nature of water molecules.
This factor is connected to intermolecular force
because the stronger the force there is in a liquid,
the higher surface tension is present. An example
of surface tension is when you pour drops of water on a flat surface, it will
collected together in one large drop. Other phenomena like droplets of rain
sticking on the window and even water-striding insects in the ponds are also
an example of surface tension.

d. Viscosity
Viscosity is the resistance of a liquid and gas
substance. Viscosity is usually caused by friction. It
is also a result of intermolecular forces between its
particles. This force plays a significant role in
viscosity, because the stronger the intermolecular force, the stronger they resist
the flow. The size of the molecule also plays a significant role in viscosity
because the intermolecular forces are stronger which causes more friction to
the substance.