1.

COLD AND SUNNY

2.COLD AND CLOUDY
3.MODERATE
4.COMPOSITE
5.WARM AND HUMID
6.HOT AND DRY
https://www.slideshare.net/bellamkondavishwaja/hot-and-dry-climate-case-study

HOT AND DRY CLIMATE :IS LIES IN THE WESTERN AND THE SOME PART OF CENTRAL INDIA
JAISALMER ,JODHPUR ,RAJASTHAN ,GUJARATH ETC.MADHYAPRADES H.ARE SOME OF THE
TOWNS ARE EXPERIENCED THIS TYPE OF CLIMATE .THERE ARE FEW SOURCES OF WATER
AND UNDERGROUND WATER LEVEL IS ALSO VERY LOW .
TEMPERATURE
IS USUALLY VARY HOT . in summer maximum temperature as high as 40-45degree Celsius
during the day .and 20 to 30degree celcius at night .
IN WINTER THE VALUES ARE BETWEEN 5 AND 25 DEGREE DURING THE DAY 0 TO 10 DEGREE
AT NIGHT .
HUMIDITY
HUMIDITY IS VERY LOW.
DUE TO VERY HOT AND HARSH SUN RAYS
THE CLIMATE IS DESCRIBED AS DRY BEACAUSE THE RELATIVE HUMIDITY IS GENERALLY VERY
LOW RANGIN FROM 25 TO 40% DUE TO LAW VEGETATION AND SUFACE WATER BODIES.
PRECIPITATION
THE HOT AND DRY REGIONS RECEIVE LESS RAINFALL –THE ANNUAL PRECIPITATION BEING
LESS THAN 500MM.IT MAY VARY B/W 50 TO 150 MM PER YEAR .
SKY CONDITIONS
GENERALLY CLEAR SKY IS OBSERVED HERE WITH HIGH SOLAR RADIATION CAUSING
DISCOMFORT .THE SKY IS CLEAR AT NIGHT ,THE HEAT IS ABSORBED BY THE GROUND
DURING THE DAY IS QUICKLY DISSIPATED TO THE ATMOSPHERE .HERE THE AIR IS MUCH
COOLER AT NIGHT THAN THE DAY.
SOLAR RADIATIONS
THE INTENSITY OF SOLAR RADIATION IS VERY HIGH.
WIND
HOT WIND BLOWS DURING THE DAY IN SUMMERS AND SAND STORMS EXPERIENCED .THE
NIGHT IS USUALLY COOL AND PLEASANT . IN SUCH A CLIMATE IT IS IMPORTANT TO
CONTROLL SOLAR RADIATION GAIN AND HOT WINDS .THE DESIGN CRITERIA SHOULD AIM
TO RESIST HEAT GAIN BY PROVIDING …
WIND SPEED MAY VARY BETWEEN 20 TO 30 KM PER HOUR
SOIL AND VEGETATION
SOIL IS VERY LOOSE AND SANDY .
LOW HUMIDITY AND LESS RAIN FALL RESULTS IN POOR VEGETATION .
ARCHITECTS MAIN AIM
TO AVOID HOT SUN AS FAR AS POSSIBLE .
TO CAPTURE AS MUCH COOL AIR AS POSSIBLE
TO PROVIDE PROTECTION FROM DUST STORMS .
OBJECTIVES
1.RESIST HEAT GAIN
 DECREASE THE EXPOSED SUFACE AREA :ORIENTATION AND SHAPE OF BUILDING
 INCREASE THERMAL RESISTANCE :INSULATION OF BUILDING ENVELOPE
 INCREASE BUFFER SPACES :AIR LOCKS ,LOBBIES ,VERANDHAS
 INCREASE SHADING :EXTERNAL SURFACES PROTECTED BY
OVEHANGS FINS AND TREES
 INCREASE SUFACE REFLECTIVITY :PALE COLOUR ,GLAZED CHINA MOSAIC
TILE ….
2.PROMOTE HEAT LOSS
 VENTILATION OF APPALIANACES :PROVIDE WINDOWS AND EXHAUSTS …
 INCREASE AIR EXCHANGE RATE (VENTILATION DURING NIGHT TIME ):COURTYARDS
,WIND TOWERS ,ARRANGEMENT OF OPENINGS …
 INCREASE HIMIDITY LEVELS :TREES ,WATER PONDS ,EVAPORATIVE
COOLING
…
THE PRESENCE OF WATER BODIES IS ESSENTIAL TO INCREASE THE HUMIDITY .THERE BY
LEADING TO LOWER AIR TEMPERATURE.

THICKER MUD WALLS ACT AS GOOD INSULATING MATERIAL

SMALLER SIZE OF WINDOWS LIMITS GLARE OF SOLAR RADIATIONS
STREETS ARE NARROW
UNITS ARE VERY CLOSELY PLACED .
ORIENTATION
NORTH SOUTH ORIENTATION BEST SUITS FOR THIS TYPE OF CLIMATE AS IT PROTECT FROM
MORNING AND EVENING SOLAR RADIATIONS
BEDROOM SHOULD BE ORIENTED TO GET COOL AIR AT NIGHT .
HOUSE PLANS
COMPACT PLANS ARE PREFERED AS THIS WILL EXPOSE MINIMUM SURFACE TO HARSH
SOLAR RADIATIONS .
DEEPER ROOMS ARE BETTER .

INWARD LOOKING PLANS ARE BETTER .

COURTYARD PLANNING ALONG WITH SOME TREES AND SMALL WATER BODY CREATES VERY
GOOD COOL .EVAPORATIVE COOLING OCCURS IN THESE TYPE OF COURTYARDS .
THICKER EXTERNAL WALLS WITH MINIMUM WINDOWS SHOULD BE USED TO AVOID HEAT
AND SOLAR RADIATIONS .
BEDROOMS ON THE EAST SIDE
LIVINGS ON THE NORTH OR SOUTH SIDE .
MOST OPENINGS TO THE INTERANL COURTYARD RATHER THAN OUT SIDE .
HEAT PRODUCING AREAS SHOULD BE SEPERATED FROM OTHER AREA OF HOUSE .

ROOFS
ROOFS SHOULD BE INSULATED FROM HOT SOLAR RADIATIONS
THICKER INSULATING MATERIAL SHOULD BE USED
A LIGHT COLOURED OR TOTALLY WHITE TERRACE SURFACE WILL REDUCE EFFECT OF HOT
SOLAR
RADIATIONS .
ROOFS SHOULD BE MADE HIGHER SO THAT RADIATIONS FROM CEILING IS LESS HARSH AND
THERE IS ENOGH SPACE FOR HOT DISCIPATED AIR .
HIGH SOLID PARAPET WALLS PROVIDE DAY TIME SHADE AND PRIVACY

WALLS
THE WALL ACT AS HEAT STORING MATERIAL SO THE THICKNESS OF THE WALL SHOULD KEEP
EASTER AND WESTER WALLS SHOULD BE SHADED WITH TREES OR SOME OTHER SCREENS .
DOUBLE WALL CONSTRCUTION WITH PROPER VENTILATION MAY ALSO BE CONSTRUCTED
ON WESTER SIDE

.
OPENINGS
EXTER NAL OPENINGS SHOULD BE SMALL
EASTER AND WESTER WINDOWS SHOULD BE PROTECTED BT TREES .
LARGE GLASS AREA SHOULD BE AVOIDED
DEEP SUNSHADES ARE REQUIRED TO SHADE WINDOWS EFFECTIVELY .
WINDOW SILL SHOULD BE KEEP HIGHER TO PROVIDE DUST PROTECTIONS .
MORE WINDOWS SHOULD BE PLACED AT THE NORTH FAÇADE OF THE BUILDING IT
RECEIVES LESSER RADIATIONS .
INTERIORS
LIGHT COOL COLOURS SHOULD BE USED FOR INTERIORS
SURFACE THAT MAY REFLECT RADIATIONS SHOULD BE PAINTED DARK TO REDUCE GLARING
EFFECT .
EXTERIORS
DARK SURFACE SHOULD BE AVOIDED THAT ABSORB HEAT
LIGHT COLOURED REFLECTIVE SURFACES SHOULD BE USED TO REFLECT SOLAR HEAT .
PROVIDE AS MUCH GREEN SURFACES
AVOID HARD PAVED SURFACES AS THESE MAY CREATE GLARE AND RADIATE HEAT INSIDE
THE BUILDING .

CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
SUN DRIED EARTH BRICKS WITH THICK WALLS
Solid wall ,cavity wall ,mud wall ,lime plastered wall
CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCK CONSTRUCTION ALSO HELP IN THERMAL INSULATION IN
BUILDINGS .
DOUBLE ROOF PROTECTION PROTECT MAIN BUILDING FROM SOLAR HEAT .
HOT SOLAR RADIATIONS CAN BE CONVERTED IN USEFULL ELECTRICITY BY USING PHOTO
VOLTIC CELLS .
PERGOLAS MAY BE USED TO PROTECT FRONT FACADES .
ORIAL WINDOWS ARE USED .
USE OF DEEPER ENTRANCE DOOR AND BROAD EAVES .
WARM AND HUMID
A CLIMATE WITH AN EXCESS MOISTURE ,IN WHICH SOLR HEAT IS RECEIVED IS SUFFICIENT
TO EVAPORATE ALL MOISTURE OCCURING IN THE FORM OF PRECEPITATION .THERE IS VERY
LESS SEASONAL VARIATION THROUGH OUT THE YEAR.
COASTAL AREAS IN SOUTH INDIA AND HILLY AREAS IN IN NORTH EAST COMES UNDER THIS
REGION.
WARM AND HUMID CLIMATE COVERS THE COASTAL PART OF THE COUNTRY SUCH AS
KERALA,TAMILNADU ,GOA …
THE MAIN DESIGN CRITERIA IN THE WARM AND HUMID REGION ARE TO REDUCE HEAT
GAIN BY PROVIDING SHADING AND PROMOTE HEAT LOSS BY MAXMISING CROSS
VENTILATION .
MAJOR CITIES HAVING THIS CLIMATE AREA GOA,MUMBAI ,CHENNAI,VISHAKAPATTANAM
ETC..
HIGH HUMIDITY ,STRONG SUN GLARE FROM THE SKY CHARACTERISE THIS CLIMATE .
THERE ARE LONG MOSOON PERIODS WITH HEAVY RAIN.
CHARACTERISTIC OF WARM HUMID TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE
IN SUMMER 30-35 DURING DAY &25 -30 DEGRE CENCIUS AT NIGHT .
IN WINTER 25-30 DEGREE CELCIUS DURING DAY & 20-25 DESGREE AT NIGHT .
HUMIDITY
HUMIDITY IS VERY HIGH RANGING FROM 70-90%
PRECIPITATION
PRECIPITATION IS VERY HIGH ABOUT 1200 MM/YR
SKY CONDITIONS
SKY IS FAIRLY CLOUDY
CLOUD COVER 60-90%
SOLAR RADIATION
THE INTENSITY OF SOLAR RADIATION IS HIGH DURING SUMMER AND MODERATE DURING
WINTER .USUALLY DIFUSED RADIATION DUE TO CLOUD COVER .
WIND
WIND VELOCITY IS LOW,CALM,AND PERIODIC .BUT MAY STRONG DURING RAINING .
VEGETATION
GROWS QUICKLY DUE TO FREQUENT RAINS
DIFFICULT TO CONTROLL
THE MAIN DESIGN OBJECTIVE S ARE
RESISTING HEAT GAIN ARE
DECREASING SURFACE AREA EXPOSING TO OUTSIDE
PROVIDING BUFFER SPACE BETWEEN THE OUT SIDE AND THE INSIDE
INCREASE THE SHADE IN GENERAL
USING MATERIAL THAT REFLECT HEAT
PROMOTING HEAT LOSS
BUILDING IS WELL VENTILATED
HUMIDITY LEVELS REDUCED AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE
BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS
BUIDINGS ARE PLACED IN A PLOT WITH LARGE SPACE FOR FREE AIRMOVEMENT
CROSS VENTILATION IS VERY IMPORTANT .
THE OPENINGS SHOULD BE SHADED BY EXTERNAL OVER HANGS
OUTLET AT HIGHER LEVEL TO VENT HOT AIR .
PROPER WATER PROOFING AND QUICK DRAINGE OF WATER IS ESSENTIAL
ALL DOORS AND WINDOWS SHOUL PREFERABLE KEPT OPEN FOR MAXIMUM VENTILATION.
THESE MUST BE PROVIDED WITH VENETIAN BLINDS TO SHELTER THE ROOMS FROM THE
SUN AND RAIN,AS WELL AS CONTROL OF MOVEMENT .
OUT LET AT HIGHER LEVEL TO VENT OUT HOT AIR .

SITE
THE BUILDING SHOULD BE LOCATED ON THE WIND WARD SIDE TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF
COOL BREEZES.
WATER BODY
WATER BODIES ARE NOT ESSENTIAL BECAUSE IT INCREASES HUMIDITY
HEAT AND MOISTURE PRODUCING AREA LIKE TOILET AND KITCHEN MUST BE VENTILATED
AND SEPERATED FROM THE REST OF THE STRUCTURE .
FIG AIR MOVING WITH CROSS VENTILATION
IN BUILDINGS WITH COURTYARD CAN BE PROVIDED WITH HIGH VENT TO DRAW AWAY THE
RISING HOT AIR.
ROOF:
THE FORM OF ROOF PLANNED TO PROPOMTE TO VENT HOT AIR .
INSULATION DOESNOT PROVIDE ANY ADDITIONAL BENEFIT
A DOUBLE ROOF WITH A VENTILATED SPACE IN BETWEEN CAN ALSO BE USED TO PROMOTE
AIRFLOW.
WALL
BUFFLE WALL BOTH INSIDE AND OUTSIDE THE BUILDING CAN HELP TO DIVERT THE FLOW
OF WIND INSIDE .
THEY SHOULD BE PROTECTED FROM THE HEAVY RAIN FALL AREAS .

LANDSCAPE AND VEGETATION

GENERALLY LAW ALTITUDE AND LATITUDE
RELATIVELY FLAT REGION AND ABUNDANT VEGETATION

`
COLD AND CLOUDY CLIMATE https://www.slideshare.net/RajniSharma95/cold-and-cloudy-
climatic-region
REGIONS THAT LIE IN THE COLD CLIMATE ZONE ARE SITUATED IN THE HIGH ALTITUDE
THE TEMPERATURE RANG BETWEEN 20DEGREE TO 30 DEGREE IN SUMMERS WHILE WINTER
,IT CAN RANGE FROM 3 DEGREE TO 8 DEGREE OR LESS
THE COLD REGIONS ARE FURTHER DIVIDED IN TO
COLD AND CLOUDY :GENERALLY THE NORTHERN PART OF INDIA EXPERIENCES THIS TYPE
OF CLIMATE .MOST COLD AND CLOUDY REGIONS ARE SITUATED AT HIGH ALTITUDES
.SHIMLA ,SHILLONG ,SRINAGAR ARE EXAMPLES OF PLACES BELONGING T OTHIS CLIMATE
ZONE .THESE ARE GENERALLY HIGH LAND REGIONS HAVING ABUNDANT VEGETATION IN
SUMMER .
HEAT GAIN IS LAW IN WINTER WITH A HIGH PERCENTAGE OF DIFFUSE RADIATION ,HENCE
WINTERS ARE EXTREMELY COLD .
THE RELATIVE HUMIDITY IS GENERALLY HIGH AND RANGES FROM 70 -80%
ANNUAL TOTAL PRECIPITATION IS ABOUT 1000 MM AND IS DISTURBED EVENLY
THROUGHOUT THE YEAR .
THIS REGION EXPERIENCED AS COLD WINDS IN WINTER SEASON .HENCE PROTECTION FROM
WINDS IS ESSENTIAL IN THIS TYPE OF CLIMATE
THE SKY IS OVERCAST (GREY CLOUDS )FOR MOST PART OF THE YEAR EXCEPT DURING THE
BRIEF SUMMER .
THE WINTER ,THE VALUES RANGES BETWEEN 4 AND 8 DURING THE DAY 3 TO 4 DEGREE AT
NIGHT
THUS TRAPPING THE SUN’S HEAT WHENEVER POSSIBLE IS A MAJOR CONCERN.ALL THE
SAME TIME ,THE BUILDINGS IN SUCH REGIONS NEED TO BE PROPERLY INSULATED SO THAT
THE INTERNAL HEAT IS RETAINED WITH MINIMUM LOSS TO THE ENVIRONMENT .EXPOSURE
TO COLD WINDS SHOULD ALSO BE MINIMISED .
THE MAIN OBJECTIVES OF BUILDING DESIGN IN THESE ZONES ARE
RESISTING HEAT LOSS
DECREASE THE EXPOSED SURFACE AREA OF THE BUILDING .
USING MATERIAL THAT HEAT UP FAST BUT RELEASE HEAT SLOWLY .
PROVIDING BUFFER SPACES BETWEEN THE LIVING AREA AND THE OUTSIDE .
DECREASING THE RATE OF VENTILATION OUTSIDE OF THE BUILDING .
HEAT GAIN CAN BE PROMOTED BY
AVOIDING EXCESSIVE SHADING
UTILISING HEAT FROM APPLIANCES
TRAPPING THE HEAT OF THE SUN.
LANDFORM
IN COLD CLIMATES HEAT GAIN IS DESIRABLE ,HENCE BUILDING SHOUL BE LOCATED ON THE
SOUTH slope of a hill OR MOUNTAIN FOR BETTER ACCESS TO SOLAR RADIATIONS .
OPEN SPACES AND BUILT FORM
BUILDINGS IN COLD CLIMATE SHOULD BE CLUSTERED TOGETHER TO MINIMISE EXPOSURE
TO COLD WINDS .OPEN SPACES MUST BE SUCH THAT THEY ALLOW MAXIMUM SOUTH SUN .
THEY SHOULD BE TEATED WITH HARD AND REFLECTIVE SURFACES SO THAT THEY REFLECT
SOLAR RADIATION ON TO EACH OTHER .
STREET WIDTH AND ORIENTATION
THE STREET ORIENTATION SHOULD BE EAST –WEST TO ALLOW FOR MAXIMUM SOUTH SUN
TO ENTER THE BUILDING .THE STREET SHOULD BE WIDE ENOUGH TO ENSURE THAT THE
BUILDINGS ON ONE SIDE DO NOT SHADE THOSE ON THE OTHER SIDE .

ORIENTATION
 IN THE COLD ZONE THE BUILDINGS SHOULD BE COMPACT WITH SMALL S/V
RATIOS(SURFACE TO VOLUME RATIO). THIS IS BEACAUSE THE LESSER THE SURFACE
AREA, THE LOWER IS THE HEAT LOSS FROM THE BUILDING.
 WINDOW SHOULD PREFERABLY FACE SOUTH TO ENCOURAGE DIRECT GAIN.
 THE NORTH SIDE OF THE BUILDING SHOULD BE WELL INSULATED .LIVING AREAS CAN
BE LOCATED ON THE SOUTHERN SIDE WHILE UTILITY AREAS SUCH AS STORES CAN BE
ON THE NORTHERN SIDE
 AIR LOCK LOBBIES AT THE ENTRANCE AND EXIT POINTS ON THE BUILDINGS REDUCE
HEAT LOSS.
 THE HEAT GENERATED BY APPLIANCES IN ROOMS SUCH AS KITCHENS MAY BE
RECYCLED TO HEAT THE OTHER PARTS OF THE BUILDING .
BUILDING ENVELOPE
FOUNDATION :STONE PLINTH
ROOF
 FALSE CEILINGS ARE A REGULAR FEATURE OF HOUSES IN COLD CLIMATES .ONE CAN
ALSO USE INTERNAL INSULATION SUCH AS POLY URETHANE FORM(PUF)
,THERMOCOL ,WOOD WOOL ,ETC..A SLOPIN ROOF ENABLES QUICK DRAINAGE OF
RAIN WATER AND SNOW.
 THE MAIN USED MATERIAL IS TIMBER .AS IT IS LOCALLY AVAILABLE FROM TREES
.MAINLY USED TREES ARE CEDAR.
WALLS
WALLS SHOULD BE OF LOW U VALUE TO RESIST HEAT LOSS .THE SOUTH FACING WALLS
COULD BE OF HIGH THERMAL CAPAPCITY TO STORE DAY TIME HEAT FOR LATER USE
REST OF THE WALLS SHOULD ALSO BE INSULATED .HOLLOW AND LIGHT WEIGHT
CONCRETE BLOCKS ARE ALSO SUITABLE .ON THE WIND WARD OR NORTH SIDE ,A CAVITY
WALL CAN BE ADOPTED .LOW FLOOR HEIGHT .
MADE ALTERNATE COURSES OF DRY STONE MASONRY AND WOOD WITHOUT
CEMENTING MORTAR .
LAYERIN INTERLOCKING TIMBER AND STONES PROVIDE STRNGTH ,STABILITY AND
FLEXIBILITY…
INTERIOR WALLS ARE FINISHED WITH MUD PLASTER ANF WOOD LININGS .
FENESTRATION
IT IS ADVISABLE TO HAVE THE MAXIMUM WINDOW AREA ON THE SOUTHERN SIDE OF
THE BUILDING TO FACILIATE DIRECT HEAT GAIN .THEY SHOULD BE SEALED AND DOUBLE
GLAZED .DOUBLE GLAZING HELPS TO AVOID HEAT LOSSES DURING WINTER NIGHTS .
COLOUR AND TEXTURE
 THE EXTERNAL SURFACES OF THE WALLS SHOULD BE DARK IN COLOUR FOR HIGH
ABSORPTIVITY TO FACILIATE HEAT GAINS .

TROMBE WALL

 WINDOWS WILL HAVE WOODEN PANELS

 BEDROOM WILL ON SOUTH WEST OF THE HOUSE .
 KITCHEN IN THE SOUTH EAST OF THE HOUSE
 DINING WILL BE ON TH SOUTH
 BATHROOM WILL BE ON THE NORTH WEST OF THE HOUSE .
 NATURAL LOIGHT IS IMPRTANT IN THE HOUSE
 FLOORING MIGHT BE TIMBER

COMPOSITE CLIMATE .. https://www.slideshare.net/anjaliposy/composite-climate-of-india

COMPOSITE CLIMATE The composite climate zone covers the central part of
India. A composite climate is one that has weather conditions outside of normal
conditions for at least half a year Composite climate displays the characteristics of
hot and dry, warm and humid as well as cold climates.
The composite zone covers the central part of india .some cities like new delhi
,Kanpur ,and Allahabad .
Summer temperature : 32-45 degree Celsius
27-32 degree Celsius (night time )
Winter temperature : 10-25 degree (day time )
4-10 degree (night time )
Precipitation :varies b/w 500-133 mm/years
Relative humidity : 20-25% in dry periods
55-95 % in wet periods
Average wind speed – 3-5 kmhs
This region receieves strong winds during monsoon from the south east and dry cold
winds from the north east .
In summer the winds are hot and dusty
The sky is over cast and dull in monsoon ,clear in winter and frequently hazy in
summer
The presence of high humidity during monsoon months is one of the reason why
places like newdelhi and Nagpur are grouped under the composite and not hot and
dry climate .

JALIS
JALIS ON THE OUTER FAÇADE OF THE BUILDING HELPS IN COOLING SHADING AND
VENTILATION .
WALL THICKNESS
WALLS WORKS AS AN INSULATOR OF HEAT SO THAT THEY DONOT ALLOW HEAT TO ATTACK
INSIDE THE BUILDING IN SUMMER AND TO SPREAD OUTSIDE FROM THE INSIDE IN WINTERS
.THAT IS WHY THICKNESS OF WALLS ARE PROVIDED MORE THAN USUAL AT SOME PLACES .
PLINTH
HIGH PLINTH IS PROVIDED PREVENT THE RAIN WATER FOR COMING INSIDE THE BUILDING
OPENINGS
TO REDUCE THE HUMIDITY AND FOR VENTILATION OPENINGS (DOORS,WINDOWS
,VENTILATORS ,CORRIDORS )ARE PROVIDED IN LARGE NUMBERS