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Algebra Reviewer
Algebra Reviewer
Algebra Reviewer
Algebraic Expressions
x 1 3 √
Example 1.1.1. The following are algebraic expressions: π, −3x2 , , x − 2x+
y+z 2
7 √
.5 x + 1.
4
Example 1.1.3. The letters x and y are commonly used for variables. Usually, it is
represented by an English or Greek letters.
Example 1.1.4. The terms of 3x5 − 2x2 + 5 are 3x5 , −2x2 and 5.
Example 1.1.6. 2 is the numerical coefficient of 2x2 y, while x2 y is the literal coeffi-
cient.
8. Like terms or similar terms - terms having the same literal coefficient.
1
9. Unlike terms or dissimilar terms - terms having different literal coefficients.
2
Example 1.1.7. The terms 4x2 y 3 and − x2 y 3 are like terms while 3xyz and −8x2 y 3 z
5
are dissimilar terms.
10. Degree of a term - exponent or sum of the exponents of the literal coefficients in the
term.
Example 1.1.8. The degree of 4x3 is 3 since the exponent of x is 3. Moreover, the
1
degree of x5 y 4 is 9 since the sum of the exponents of x and y is 5 + 4 = 9.
2
11. Monomial - an algebraic expression with only one term. It may be a constant, a
constant multiplied to a variable, a variable raised to an exponent, or a product of
constants and variables raised to an exponent.
15. Polynomial - an algebraic expression whose terms are either a constant, a product of
constants, or a variable raised to a nonnegative integral exponent.
1 7 1 √
Example 1.1.10. Observe that 2x2 and x+ are polynomials, but x 3 , x+y 3 −z −1
3 5
1
and are not.
x+y
16. Degree of a polynomial - the highest degree among the degrees on the terms in the
polynomial.
2
1
Example 1.1.11. Given the polynomial 3x3 y 3 − 5xy 6 + x4 y, observe that since the
4
1
degree of 3x y is 3, the degree of −5xy is 7 and the degree of x4 y is 5, we find
3 3 6
4
that the degree of the polynomial is 7.
2. Subtraction of Polynomials
Change the sign of the terms of the subtrahend and perform addition.
3
2. (2x2 − 3x + 4) − (x2 − 3x + 5)
3. Multiplication of Polynomials
xn = (x)(x) · · · (x) .
| {z }
n factors
Laws of Exponents
Let x, y be real numbers and m, n be positive integers.
Example 1.2.4. Use the laws of exponents to simplify the following expressions.
4 4
1. (a4 )(a5 ) = a4+5 = a9 3. (st2 ) = (s4 )(t2 ) = (s4 )(t2·4 ) = s4 t8
2
2. (x6 ) = x6·2 = x12
4
Example 1.2.5. Perform the indicated operation and simplify if nec-
essary.
1. (4a2 b3 )(3ab5 ) = (4 · 3)(a2 · a)(b3 · b5 )
= 12a2+1 b3+5 = 12a3 b8
2. (7x2 yz 4 )(6xy 2 z 3 ) = (7 · 6)(x2 · x)(y · y 2 )(z 4 · z 3 )
= 42x2+1 y 1+2 z 4+3 = 42x3 y 3 z 7
= (2x3 )(2x) + (−x2 )(2x) + (4x)(2x) + (1)(2x) + (2x3 )(3) + (−x2 )(3)
+ (4x)(3) + (1)(3)
= 4x4 − 2x3 + 8x2 + 2x + 6x3 − 3x2 + 12x + 3
= 4x4 + (−2x3 + 6x3 ) + (8x2 − 3x2 ) + (2x + 12x) + 3
= 4x4 + 4x3 + 5x2 + 14x + 3
4. Division of Polynomials
Laws of Exponent
Let x, y be real numbers and m, n be positive integers.
5
xm−n if m>n
m
x
1 if m=n
1. n =
x 1
if m<n
x m−n
m
x xm
2. = m
y y
x5 d6 1 1
1. = x5−3 = x2 3. = 12−6 = 6
x3 d12 d d
(k)4 w 7 w 7
2. =1 4. = 7
(k)4 x x
6
2. (12a2 − 7ab + 4b2 ) ÷ ab
12a2
2
−7ab 4b
= + +
ab ab ab
12a 4b
= −7+
b a
Dividend Remainder
= Quotient +
divisor divisor
x2 − 4x
x − 2 |x3 − 6x2 + 8x + 5
x3 − 2x2
−4x2 + 8x + 5
−4x2 + 8x
+5
x3 − 6x2 + 8x + 5 5
= x2 − 4x +
x−2 x−2
7
Case 4: Dividing an n−th degree polynomial by a first-degree binomial
Definition 1.2.12. The function defined by the equation P (x) = an xn + an−1 xn−1 +
· · · + a1 x + a0 , where n is a nonnegative integer and an , an−1 , . . . , a1 , a0 are constants,
with an 6= 0 is called a polynomial in x of degree n.
(a) Arrange the coefficient of the dividend, P (x) in descending powers of x putting a
zero for any missing power of x.
(b) Replace the divisor x − r by r.
(c) Bring down the coefficient of the largest power of x and multiply it by r. Put
the product under the coefficient of the second largest power of x and add this
product to the coefficient of the second power of x. Continue this procedure until
there is a product added to the constant term.
(d) The last number in the third row is the remainder while the rest, reading from
left to right, are the coefficients of the terms of the quotient, whose degree is one
less than the dividend P (x).
(f) Write the answer in the form
Dividend Remainder
= Quotient +
divisor divisor
2 | 5 −14 3
10 −8
5 −4 −5
5x2 − 14x + 3 5
= 5x − 4 −
x−2 x−2
8
(a) Multiply the First terms in each binomial.
(b) Multiply the Outer terms in each binomial.
(c) Multiply the Inner terms in each binomial.
(d) Multiply the Last terms in each binomial.
(e) Add the results and simplify if necessary.
9
of the binomial.
Example 1.3.4. Perform the indicated operation and simplify if necessary.
1. (2x + y)3
2. (a − 3b)2 =
1.4 Factoring
1. Common Monomial Factor
• Determine the greatest common factor of all the terms in the given expression, if
there is any. This would be the common monomial factor.
• Divide each term of the expression by the common monomial facotr to determine
the other factor.
10
Example 1.4.2. Factor completely the given expression.
1. x2 − 8x + 15
The factors of 1 are ±1 and the factors of 15 are ±1, ±3, ±5, ±15. Now since
the middle term is −8x and the factors whose sum is −8 are −5 and −3, the
complete factorization of x2 − 8x + 15 is (x − 3)(x − 5).
2. 2x2 + 9x − 5 = (2x − 1)(x + 5)
This rule can be generalized to the sum (difference) of odd powers. Thus, if n is odd,
11
Example 1.4.5. Factor completely the given expression.
1. 27x3 − 8 = (3x − 2)[(3x)2 + (3x)(2) + (2)2 ] = (3x − 2)(9x2 + 6x + 4)
2. 64p3 + 125q 3 = (4p + 5q)[(4p)2 − (4p)(5q) + (5q)2 ] = (4p + 5q)(16p2 − 20pq + 25q 2 )
3. 32p5 − q 5 = ((2p)5 + (−q)5 )
= (2p + (−q)) (2p)4 − (2p)3 (−q) + (2p)2 (−q)2 − (2p)(−q)3 + (−q)4
6. Factoring by Grouping
This method is usually applied when the expression to be factored contains four or
more terms.
12
Example 1.4.7. Factor completely the given expression.
2
1. 4x4 + 4x2 y 2 + y 4 − z 2 = (4x4 + 4x2 y 2 + y 4 ) − (z 2 ) = (2x2 + y 2 ) − (z)2 =
(2x2 + y 2 + z)(2x2 + y 2 − z)
2. 9a2 − b2 + 8bc − 16c2 = (3a)2 − (b2 − 8bc + 16c2 ) = (3a)2 − (b − 4c)2 =
(3a − (b − 4c))(3a + (b − 4c)) = (3a − b + 4c)(3a − b + 4c)
3. 4w2 + 12wx + 9x2 − 25y 2 + 20yz − 4z 2 = (4w2 + 12wx + 9x2 ) − (25y 2 −
20yz + 4z 2 ) = (2w + 3x)2 − (5y − 2z)2 = ((2w + 3x) + (5y − 2z))((2w +
3x) − (5y − 2z)) = (2w + 3x + 5y − 2z)(2w + 3x − 5y + 2z)
• Common factors, if any, should be brought out first before applying any other factoring
method.
• If both the difference of two squares and the difference of two cubes are applicable, the
former is done first.
13
• If both the sum of two cubes and the sum of odd powers are applicable, the former is
used first.
14
Practice Exercises
(1) What do you call the letter used to represent an unknown number?
xy 2 2 2 √
(a) (b) xy 2 − z (c) xy (d) 7 xy
z 7
15
(9) What is the simplest form of (13m + 2n) − (15m − 2n)?
16
(19) Which of the following expressions is a perfect square trinomial?
(a) the sum of their squares (c) the difference of their squares
(b) the square of their sum (d) the square of their difference
(a) 9x2 − 16 (b) 9x2 + 16 (c) 9x2 − 12x + 16 (d) 9x2 − 24x + 4
(a) x2 + y 2 + z 2 (c) x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2x + 2y + 2z
(b) x2 + 2xy + y 2 + 2xz + z 2 + 2yz (d) x2 + y 2 − z 2 + 2xz − 2xy + 2yz
17
(28) x6 − y 6 when completely factored is equal to
(a) (2x − 1)(x + 1) (b) (2x + 1)(x − 1) (c) (2x)(x − 1) (d) (x − 2)(x − 1)
18
CHAPTER 2
Rational Expressions
Definition 2.0.10. A rational expression is an expression that can be written in the form
P
where P and Q are polynomials, Q 6= 0.
Q
Example 2.1.1. Reduce the following fractions into its simplest form.
24ab (2b)(12a) 12a x2 − y 2 (x + y)(x − y)
1. = = 2. 2 2
= =
14bc (2b)(7c) 7c x + 2xy + y (x + y)(x + y)
(x − y)
(x + y)
19
Case 2: Dissimilar Rational Expressions
Convert the given expressions into similar fractions before performing the indi-
cated operation.
Example 2.2.1. Perform the indicated operations and simplify the final answer.
m 2m − 10 m − (2m − 10) m + (−2m + 10) −m + 10 10 − m
1. − = = = =
5 5 5 5 5 5
2
5x2 (x2 − 4)(x − 2) (5x2 )(3x)
x −4
2. + = +
3x x−2 (3x)(x − 2) (3x)(x − 2)
12ck 2
2
12ck 2 (12ck 2 )(13) 156ck 2 (12ck 2 )(13)
6c k 13
3. ÷ = × = = = =
4k 13 4k 6c2 k (4k)(6c2 k) 24c2 k 2 (12ck 2 )(2c)
13
2c
20
(x + 1) 6(x + 1) (x + 1)(6)(x + 1)
4. × =
(x − 1)(x + 2) 5(x − 1) (x − 1)(x + 2)(5)(x − 1)
(6)(x2 + 2x + 1)
=
(5)(x + 2)(x2 − 2x + 1)
6x2 + 12x + 6
=
(5x + 10)(x2 − 2x + 1)
6x2 + 12x + 6
=
5x3 − 10x2 + 5x + 10x2 − 20x + 10
6x2 + 12x + 6
=
5x3 − 15x + 10
To simplify a complex fraction, perform all the indicated operations in both the numerator
and in the denominator.
k k k
= = =
k k−1 k−1
1− 1÷ 1− 1× 1−
k−1 k k
k k k 1
= = = =k÷ = k · k = k2
k − (k − 1) k−k+1 1 k
k k k
21
2.4 Integral Exponents Leading to Complex Fractions
Definition 2.4.1. For any positive integer n and for any nonzero real number x, y
1 −n
1. x0 = 1 2. x−n = n x y n
x 3. =
y x
22
Practice Exercises
12y 2 + y − 1
(5) is equal to
6y 2 − y − 1
4y − 1 2y − 1 2y + 1 4y + 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2y − 1 y−1 y+1 2y + 1
1 2 3
(7) The sum of + 2 + 3 is
x x x
3 2
x + 2x + 3x 6 6 3 + 2x + x2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
x3 x + x2 + x3 x3 x3
6xy 4y 2
(8) The LCD of 2
, 3 2
and is
9x y 18x y 3xy
23
(a) 3xy (b) 18x2 y (c) 9x2 y (d) 18x3 y 2
4x − y 2y + 2
(9) What is the LCD of and ?
3x 6xy
(a) 6xy (b) 18xy (c) 3xy (d) 6x2 y
2x 3x 12x2
(10) The expression + − 2 is equal to
3x − 1 3x + 1 9x − 1
x 3x2 − 5x x 7x2 − 3x
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3x + 1 (3x − 1)(3x + 1) 3x − 1 (3x + 1)(3x − 1)
2 3
(11) The difference when is subtracted from is
8−x x−8
5 1
(a) (c)
x−8 x+8
1 5
(b) (d)
8−x 8−x
4 3 2
a 2b
(12) The simplified form of 2
is
2b a
(a) a9 b2 (b) a6 b2 (c) 2a2 b4 (d) 2a2 b7
24
x2 y y2 x
(a) 2 (b) (c) 2 (d) −
y x x y
3x2 y −3
(17) The simplest form of the expression is
6x−4 y −2
x6 x6 2y 2y 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2y 2y 5 x6 x6
−1
(18) Which of the following is equal to (x−1 + y −1 ) ?
1 xy x+y
(a) x + y (b) (c) (d)
x+y x+y xy
25
CHAPTER 3
Radicals and Rational Exponents
1. The radicand contains no factor that is a power having an exponent greater than or
equal to the index.
If not, extract all possible roots of the factors in the radicand.
26
2. The index cannot be reduced any further.
If not, express the radical using rational exponents and reduce the rational exponent
to lowest term before expressing it back to radical form.
27
3.3 Operations on Radicals
1. Addition (Subtraction) of Radicals
Radicals like algebraic expressions can be added (subtracted) if they are similar.
Definition 3.3.1. Two radicals are similar if they have the same index and the same
radicand.
√ √
Example 3.3.2. 4 3 x and −3w 3 x are similar radicals.
To add (subtract) two radicals, add (subtract) the coefficients outside the radical and
copy the common radical. Simplify if necessary.
28
√
3
√ √
3. 27x4 + 3 −64x7 + 7 3 x
√3
√
3
√ √3
p √
27x4 + −64x7 + 7 3 x = 33 x3 x + 3 (−4)3 x6 x + 7 3 x
√3
√
3 √ p √
3 √ √
= 33 x3 3 x + 3 (−4)3 x6 3 x + 7 3 x
√ √ √
= 3x 3 x + (−4x2 ) 3 x + 7 3 x
√
= (3x + (−4x2 ) + 7) 3 x
√
= (−4x2 + 3x + 7) 3 x
2. Multiplication of Radicals
29
Example 3.3.5. Perform the indicated operations and simplify if necessary.
√ √ √
1. x · 3 x · 4 x
1 1 1 6 4 3
= x√ 2 · x 3 · x 4 = x 12 · x 12 · x 12
12
√
12
√
12
√
12
= √x6 · x√4 · x3 =√ x6√· x4 · x3
12 12 12
= √ x13 = x12 x = x12 12 x
= x 12 x
√ √ 1 1
3 2 2 3
2. 3xp
2· 2x = p (3x2 ) 3 · (2x)
p 2 = (3x ) 6 · (2x) 6
p
=p 6
(3x2 )2 · 6 (2x)3 = 6 (32 ) √ · (x2 )2 · 6 (23 ) · (x
√
3)
6 6
=√ 6
(32 ) · (x2√ )2 · (23 ) · (x3 ) = 9 · x4 · 8 · x3 = 72x7
6 6
√
= √ 72x6 x = x6 6 72x
= x 6 72x
3. Division of Radicals
Write the expression in fractional form and rationalize the denominator.
30
Practice Exercises
31
r
x
(8) What is the simplified form of ?
y
√ √ √ x
x xy xy (d)
(a) (b) √ (c) y
y y y
2
(9) When simplified, √ is equal to
√ 2+ 2 √
√ √
2− 2 (b) 2 + 2 (c) 2 − 2 2+ 2
(a) (d)
2 2
1 3
(10) All of the following are equal to x 2 y 4 EXCEPT
√ p 1 p 14
(a) x 4 y 3 (b) (y 3 x2 ) 4 (c) 4 x2 y 3
1 1
(d) x4 y 2
√
(11) The simplified form of 48a4 b3 c is
√ √ √ √
(a) 3abc (b) 16a2 b 3bc (c) 4a2 b 3bc (d) 4a 3b3 c
√ √ √
(12) The sum of 18, 50 and − 32 is
√ √ √
(a) 4 2 (b) 4 (c) 12 2 (d) 6 2
p √ p
(13) The simplified form of 20x3 y + x 45xy − 5x3 y
√ √ √ √
(a) 4x 5xy (b) 12x 5xy (c) 10x 5xy (d) x 5xy
√ √
(14) The simplest form of 2r5 t3 − r5 t6 is
√ √ √ √
(a) r2 t 2rt − r2 t3 r (c) 2r2 t rt − r2 t3 t
√ √ √
(b) (r2 t − r2 t3 ) 2rt − r (d) r4 t4 2rt
√ p√
3
√
6
(15) 8− 8− 8 is equal to
√ √
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 8
32
1 2
(16) The product of 9a 2 and (8a) 3 is equal to
1 7 7 7
(a) 72a 3 (b) 36a 6 (c) 12a 6 (d) 72a 6
p p
(17) The product of 18x2 y and 2xy 3 , in simplest form, is
√ √ √ √
(a) 36xy 2 x (b) 9xy 2 x (c) 2xy 2 5x (d) 6xy 2 x
√ √
(18) The product x−y−3 x − y + 3 is equal to
33
CHAPTER 4
Linear and Quadratic Equations and Inequalities
4.1 Equations
Definition 4.1.1. An equation is a statement that shows two quantities or expressions are
equal. An equation may be true only for some values of the variable/s.
The value of the variable that makes a statement true is called solution or root of the
equation.
34
4.2 Linear Equations in One Variable
Definition 4.2.1. A linear equation in one variable is an first-degree equation that can
be written in the form ax + b = 0 where a, b are real numbers and a 6= 0.
To solve a linear equation in one variable, apply the Addition Property of Equality (APE)
and the Multiplication Property of Equality (MPE).
1. x + 7 = 18 2. 3x − 5 = 2x − 4
3x − 5 = 2x − 4
x + 7 = 18 3x − 2x = −4 + 5
x = 18 − 7 x = 1
x = 11
Case 1: Equations of the form |u| = k where u is a linear expression in one variable and k is
a constant.
If k ≥ 0, then the equation |u| = k is equivalent to u = k and u = −k.
If k < 0,then |u| = k has no solution.
|5x − 4| = 0 ⇔ 5x − 4 = 0
⇔ 5x = 4
4
⇔ x=
5
35
2. |2x − 3| = 5
|2x − 3| = 5 ⇔ 2x − 3 = 5 or 2x − 3 = −5
⇔ 2x = 5 + 3 2x = −5 + 3
⇔ 2x = 8 2x = −2
⇔ x=4 x = −1
3. |4x + 3| = −7
Since k = −7 < 0 the equation has no solution.
Case 2: Equations of the form |u| = |v| where u and v are linear expression in one variable.
|u| = |v| is equivalent to u = v or u = −v.
|3 − x| = |x + 2| ⇔ 3 − x = (x + 2) or 3 − x = −(x + 2)
⇔ 3−x=x+2 3 − x = −x − 2
⇔ 3−2=x+x 3 + 2 = −x + x
⇔ 1 = 2x 5= 6 0
1
⇔ x= no solution
2
2. |4x − 5| = |1 − 2x|
|4x − 5| = |1 − 2x| ⇔ 4x − 5 = 1 − 2x 4x − 5 = −1 + 2x
⇔ 4x + 2x = 1 + 5 4x − 2x = −1 + 5
⇔ 6x = 6 2x = −4
⇔ x=1 and x = −2
Case 3: Equations of the form |u| = v where u and v are linear expression in one variable.
The solutions of |u| = v are solutions of either u = v or u = −v or both. To identify
which is/are the solution/s, we substitute the obtained solutions for |u| = |v| to the
equation |u| = v. The value/s which will satisfy |u| = v are the solutions to the given
equation.
36
x − 4 x
Example 4.3.4. Find the solution/s of
= .
5 4
x − 4 x x − 4 x x−4 x
=
5 4 ⇔ = or = −
5 4 5 4
x−4 x x−4 −x
⇔ = =
5 4 5 4
x−4 x x−4 −x
⇔ 20 = 20 20 = 20
5 4 5 4
⇔ 4(x − 4) = 5(x) 4(x − 4) = 5(−x)
⇔ 4x − 16 = 5x 4x − 16 = −5x
⇔ 4x − 5x = 16 4x + 5x = 16
⇔ −x = 16 9x = 16
16
⇔ x = −16 x=
9
16
if x = −16 if x=
9
16 16
− 4
−16 − 4 −16
9
⇔ = = 9
5 4 5 4
16 − 36
−20 −16
9
16 1
⇔ 5 = 4 = ·
5 9 4
−20
9 4
⇔ |−4| = −4 =
5 9
−20 1 4
⇔ 4 6= −4 9 · 5 = 9
−4 4
⇔ x = −16 is not a solution =
9 9
4 ( 4
⇔ =
9 9
4
⇔ x = is the solution
9
37
Example 4.3.5. Find the solution/s of |3x − 4| = x + 1.
|3x − 4| = x + 1 ⇔ 3x − 4 = (x + 1) or 3x − 4 = −(x + 1)
⇔ 3x − 4 = x + 1 3x − 4 = −x − 1
⇔ 3x − x = 1 + 4 3x + x = −1 + 4
⇔ 2x = 5 4x = 3
5 3
⇔ x= x=
2 4
5 3
if x= if x=
2 4
5 5 3 3
⇔ 2 − 4 = 2 + 1
3
4 − 4 = 4 + 1
3
15
− 4 = 5 + 1
9
− 4 = 3 + 1
⇔ 2 2 4 4
15 − 8 5 + 2 9 − 16 3 + 4
⇔ 2 = 2
4 = 4
7 7 −7 7
⇔ =
2 2
=
4 4
7 ( 7 7 ( 7
⇔ = =
2 2 4 4
1. Factoring
Consider a quadratic equation in standard form with the left member being factorable.
Factor the left-hand side of the equation and apply the Property of Zero Product to
find the solution of the equation.
38
(c) Write the left-side of the equation in factored form and apply the Square Root
Property.
3. Quadratic Formula
The roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a 6= 0 can be obtained
using the formula √
−b ± b2 − 4ac
x=
2a
Example 4.4.2. Given x2 + x − 20 = 0. Solve for the value/s of x using all the
methods described above. Solution:
• Using Factoring:
Observe that the left-hand side of the equation can be factored as (x+5)(x−4).
Thus we have (x + 5)(x − 4) = 0. By the Property of Zero Product, we have
x + 5 = 0 and x − 4 = 0. Hence we find that x = −5 and x = 4. Thus, the
solution set S = {−5, 4}.
Remark 4.4.3. In the quadratic formula, the radicand D = b2 − 4ac, called the discrim-
inant, describes the nature of the roots of the quadratic equation even if the roots are not
known.
If D > 0 the roots are real and unequal.
39
If D = 0 the roots are real and equal.
If D < 0 the roots are nonreal(complex) and unequal.
Example 4.4.4. Determine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equa-
tions.
1. 4x2 − 3x − 2 = 0
Observe that in the given equation a = 4, b = −3 and c = −2. Thus D =
b2 − 4ac = (−3)2 − (4)(4)(−2) = 9 + 32 = 41. Now since D = 41 > 0, the roots
of 4x2 − 3x − 2 = 0 are real and unequal.
2. 8x2 − 12x + 5 = 0
Note that a = 8, b = −12 and c = 5. Thus D = b2 − 4ac = (−12)2 − (4)(8)(5) =
144 − 160 = −16. Since D = −16 < 0, the roots of 4x2 − 3x − 2 = 0 are nonreal
(complex) and unequal.
Remark 4.4.5. If the roots r1 and r2 of a quadratic equation are given, the quadratic
equation is given by
x2 − (r1 + r2 )x + r1 r2 = 0.
Therefore, given a quadratic equation of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0 and its roots r1 and r2 ,
observe that the sum of the roots,
b
r1 + r2 = −
a
and the product of the roots,
c
r 1 r2 = .
a
40
2. 3; 5
Solution:
Let r1 = 3 and r2 = 5. Then r1 + r2 = 3 + 5 = 8. Moreover, r1 r2 = (3)(5) = 15.
Thus x2 − (3)x + 5 = 0 ⇔ x2 − 3x + 5 = 0.
3 1
3. − ; −
4 2
Solution:
3 1 3 1 (−3) + (−2)
Let r1 = − and r2 = − . Then r1 + r2 = − + − = =
4 2 4 2 4
5
− .
4
3 1 (−3)(−1) 3
Moreover, r1 r2 = − − = = .
4 2 (4)(2) 8
5 3 5 3
Thus x2 − − x+ = 0 ⇔ x2 + x + = 0.
4 8 4 8
2
We can also write 8x + 10x + 3 = 0 as the equation with these roots.
(1) Read the problem carefully and make sure that the situation is thoroughly understood.
(2) Identify the quantities, both known and unknown that are involved in the problem.
(3) Select one of the unknown quantities and represent it by a variable and then express
any other unknown in terms of this variable, if possible.
(4) Search the problem for information that tells what quantities or combination of them
are equal. Often, making a sketch helps to carry out this step.
(5) Write an equation using the expressions formed in (4). Carrying through the calcula-
tions with an initial guess sometimes helps to clarify the relationship between variables.
41
(7) Check the solution in the original problem. This step is critical since the main goal is
to find a solution of the stated problem rather than of the equation that was written.
Example 4.5.1. A 30-year old father has a 4-year old son. In how many years will
the father be thrice as old as his son?
Solution:
We want to determine the number of years the father’s age will be thrice the son’s
age. Thus we let x be the number of years the father’s age will be thrice the son’s
age. Now observe that the following information can be obtained from the problem:
Thus we have 30 + x = 3(4 + x). Hence solving for x we find that x = 9. Thus, the
father’s age will be thrice the son’s age after 9 years.
Example 4.5.2. The sum of the digits of a two-digit number is 12. The value of
the number is 6 less than 9 times the units digit. What is the number?
Solution:
Let x = units digit; 12 − x = tens digit.
10(12 − x) + x = 9x − 6
120 − 10x + x = 9x − 6
120 + 6 = 9x + 9x
126 = 18x
x = 7
12 − x = 12 − 7 = 5
42
Example 4.5.3. How many liters of a 70% alcohol solution should be added to 200
liters of a 20% alcohol solution to make it 35% pure?
Solution:
Alcohol (in %) Alcohol Solution (in Liters) Alcohol (in Liters)
70% alcohol x 0.7x
.
20% alcohol 200 (0.2)(200)
35% alcohol 200 + x (0.35)(200 + x)
85.7143 liters of 70% alcohol solution must be added to 200 liters of 20% alcohol
solution to get a 35% alcohol.
Example 4.5.4. Working together, Michael and Miguel can finish fixing a car in
two days. Working alone, Michael took three days longer than Miguel to finish the
job. How long did it take each to finish the job alone? Solution:
43
(Continuation)
Solving this equation, we have
1 1 1
(2)(x)(x + 3) + = (2)(x)(x + 3)
x+3 x 2
(2)(x) + (2)(x + 3) = (x)(x + 3)
2x + 2x + 6 = x2 + 3x
4x + 6 = x2 + 3x
2
x −x−6 = 0
(x − 3)(x + 2) = 0
Example 4.5.5. The height of a triangle is 2cm more than its base. If its area is
40cm2 , what is the height of the triangle?
Solution:
Let x be the length of the base of the triangle. Thus the height of the triangle is
1
x + 2. Now recall that the area of a triangle, A = bh. Hence we have the equation
2
1 1
40 = (x)(x + 2) ⇐⇒ 40 = (x2 + 2x) ⇐⇒ 40(2) = (x2 + 2x) ⇐⇒ 0 =
2 2
x2 + 2x − 80. Observe that the resulting equation is quadratic and is factorable, thus
we can solve it by using Factoring Method. Note that factoring the right-hand side
gives us 0 = (x + 10)(x − 8). Thus solving for x we get x = −10 and x = 8. Since
x represents the base and base is a nonnegative number, we have the base x = 8cm.
Thus the height of the triangle is x + 2 = 8 + 2 = 10cm.
4.6 Inequalities
Definition 4.6.1. An inequality is a statement that one quantity or expression is greater
than or less than another quantity or expression.
The set of values that makes an inequality true is called a solution set.
To solve an inequality is to look for the values of the variable that satisfies the given inequality.
Properties of Inequality
For any real numbers a, b, and c,
1. a − b > 0 if a > b
a − b < 0 if a < b.
44
2. Closure Property of Inequality
If a > 0 and b > 0, then a + b > 0 and ab > 0.
4. Continued Inequality
If a < b and b < c, then a < b < c.
Remark 4.6.2. Instead of using sets to display the solution to an inequality an interval is
often used. The representations are as follow:
set notation interval notation
{x < b} (−∞, b)
{x ≤ b} (−∞, b]
{x > a} (a, ∞)
{x ≥ a} [a, ∞)
{a < x < b} (a, b)
{a ≤ x < b} [a, b)
{a < x ≤ b} (a, b]
{a ≤ x ≤ b} [a, b]
Note that the symbol ”∞” means infinity and that we use parenthesis ”(”, ”)” when the
inequality is strict, that is, it is either a < or a > relationship and a square bracket ”[”, ”]”
is used if the inequality is either ≥ or ≤ .
45
Example 4.7.1. Solve the following linear inequalities.
1. 2x − 4 > 3x + 3 1 3 3 1
2. x− ≤ x+
6 4 8 2
1 3 3 1
2x − 4 > 3x + 3 24 x− ≤ 24 x+
6 4 8 2
2x − 3x > 3+4 4x − 18 ≤ 9x + 12
−x > 7 4x − 9x ≤ 12 + 18
x < −7 −5x ≤ 30
x ≥ −6
1. Put all the terms of the inequalities on one side (preferably to the left) and write the
left-hand side expression in the form ax2 + bx + c.
2. By factoring, factor the left-hand side of the inequality and determine the roots of the
left-hand side of the inequality as if it is an equation.
3. Determine the intervals before and after each of the obtained solutions and analyze the
values of the inequality in each interval. The interval/s which satisfy the inequality
will be its solution set.
3x2 − 2x − 16 < 0
(3x − 8)(x + 2) < 0
8
Roots: and −2
3
46
(Continuation)
Analysis:
Intervals (3x − 8) (x + 2) (3x − 8)(x + 2)
x < −2 − − +
8
−2 < x < − + −
3
8
x> + − +
3
Since the left-hand side of the inequality must be less than 0, the solution set is
8
−2 < x < .
3
2x2 − 7x − 4 ≥ 0
(2x + 1)(x − 4) ≥ 0
1
Roots: − and 4
2
Analysis:
Intervals (2x + 1) (x − 4) (2x + 1)(x − 4)
1
x≤− − − +
2
1
− ≤x≤4 + − −
2
x≥4 + + +
Since the left-hand side of the inequality must be greater than 0, the solution set is
1[
x≤− x ≥ 4.
2
47
Practice Exercises
4 2 x − 10
(4) The solution of the equation − = 2
x+2 x−2 x −4
(a) 2 (b) −2 (c) 1 (d) ∅
2 5
(5) The value of x in − = 0 is
6x − 7 3x − 4
8 1 31 9
(a) (b) (c) (d)
9 8 12 8
(6) A plastic folder costs P25. How much will x folders cost if the total cost is represented
by y?
(7) Angie is five years older than Greg. Three years ago, she was twice as old as Greg.
How old is Greg now?
48
(8) The solution set of |7x − 5| = 9 is
−4 4
(a) 2, (c) 2,
7 7
4 −4
(b) −2, (d) −2,
7 7
(14) Which of the following is TRUE about the nature of the roots of 2x2 − x − 3 = 0?
(a) The roots are real and unequal. (c) The roots are imaginary and unequal.
(b) The roots are real and equal. (d) The roots are imaginary and equal.
(15) What is the value of the discriminant of the quadratic equation 5x2 − 3x + 2 = 0?
49
√ √
(16) Which quadratic equation has 1 + 3 and 1 − 3 for its roots?
(a) x2 + 2x − 2 = 0 (c) x2 − 2x − 2 = 0
(b) x2 − 2x + 2 = 0 (d) x2 + 2x + 2 = 0
(17) Using the method of completing the square in solving the equation x2 − 7x + 4 = 0 the
constant term to be introduced is
49 9 (c) 4 (d) none of these
(a) (b)
4 4
(a) −1 < x < −3 (b) −1 > x > −3 (c) 1 < x < 3 (d) 1 > x > 3
(a) (−∞, 10) (b) (10, ∞) (c) (−10, ∞) (d) (−∞, 10)
3x
(23) The solution set of the inequality 1 − < 0 is
5
5 5
(a) −∞, (c) − , ∞
3 3
5 5
(b) −∞, − (d) ,∞
3 3
50
(24) The solution set of 6x2 + 7x − 20 ≥ 0 is
5 S 4 5 4
(a) −∞, − , +∞ (c) − ,
2 3 2 3
4 S 5 4 5
(b) −∞, − , +∞ (d) − ,
3 2 3 2
51
CHAPTER 5
Systems of Linear Equations
1. Substitution Method
Substitution method is executed as follows:
(a) Solve one of the unknown in one of the equation in terms of the other unknowns.
(b) Substitute this expression in the other equations.
(c) Solve the resulting equation in step (b).
(d) Substitute the value obtained in step (c) back into the equation formed in step
(a) to find the value of the other unknown.
2. Elimination Method
Elimination method is done as follows:
(a) Multiply each equation in the system by an appropriate nonzero real number so
that one of the unknown can be eliminated by the process of addition.
Note: This step may be unnecessary.
(b) Add the resulting equations from step (a) and solve for one of the unknown.
(c) Substitute the result in step (b) back in any of the original equations to find the
value of the other unknowns.
52
5.2 Systems of Two Linear Equations in Two Unknowns
Definition 5.2.1. A system of two linear equations in two unknowns is a set of two
linear equations of the form ax + by + c = 0, where a, b, c are constants with a and b not
simultaneously zero unless c is also zero. In symbols, we write the system as
a1 x + b 1 y + c 1 = 0
a2 x + b 2 y + c 2 = 0
Remark 5.2.2. Even without solving, we can identify the type of system the given is by
using the fact that:
a1 b 1 a1 c1 b1 c1
(i) If 6= ; 6= and 6= then the system is consistent or independent.
a2 b 2 a2 c2 b2 c2
a1 b 1 a1 c1 b1 c1
(ii) If = ; 6= and 6= then the system is inconsistent.
a2 b 2 a2 c2 b2 c2
a1 b1 c1
(iii) If = = then the system is dependent.
a2 b2 c2
x + y = 30
Example 5.2.3. Solve .
x − y = 20
Solution:
53
4x + 5y − 2 = 0
Example 5.2.4. Solve .
2x − 7y − 20 = 0
Solution:
a1 x + b1 y + c1 z + d1 = 0
a2 x + b2 y + c2 z + d2 = 0
a3 x + b3 y + c3 z + d3 = 0
54
3x − 5y + z − 9 = 0
Example 5.3.2. Solve 4x − y + 2z − 6 = 0 .
x − 2y + 3z − 2 = 0
Solution:
55
Practice Exercises
56
(7) Which method is best to use in the given system of equations given above?
57
CHAPTER 6
Relations and Functions
Example 6.1.2.
(1) The sets of ordered pairs {. . . , (−n, −2n), . . . , (1, 2), (2, 4), (3, 6)
, (4, 8, · · · , (n, 2n), · · · }, {(−1, 2), (−1, 4), (−1, 6), (−1, 8)} and
{(1, −5), (2, −5), (3, −5), (4, −5), (5, −5)} are relations.
(2) Similarly, the sets {(x, y) : y = 3x}, {(x, y) : x2 − y 2 = 16} and {(x, y) : y =
|x| − 4} are relations.
Notice that in the first three examples the relations are described using ordered
pairs, while the last three examples are described using mathematical sentences or
equations.
Observe that the set {(1, −5), (2, −5), (3, −5), (4, −5), (5, −5)} can be represented in
a table as follow:
x 1 2 3 4 5
.
y -5 -5 -5 -5 -5
Definition 6.1.3. The set containing all the first components of the ordered pairs describ-
ing a relation is called the domain of the relation while the set containing all the second
components is called the range of the relation.
Remark 6.1.4. When the relation is described by an equation or a rule to generate the
ordered pairs (x, y), the domain is obtained by solving for all the values of x that can be
used to generate real values for y, while the range can be determined by determining all the
possible values of y that will result from using all the x values in the domain.
58
Example 6.1.5. Determine the domain and the range of each of the following:
3. {(2, 0), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4)}
Solution:
Example 6.1.6. Determine the domain and the range of each of the relations defined
by the following equations:
1. y = 3x
2. y = 2x2
√
3. y = x − 2
x+2
4. y =
x−1
Solution:
1. Domain: The set of real numbers since there is no prohibited values for x.
Range: The set of real numbers since there is no prohibited values for y.
2. Domain: The set of real numbers since there is no restriction to the possible
values for x.
Range: The set of nonnegative even real numbers since 2x2 ≥ 0 and is always
even.
3. Domain: Observe that the index of the radical is even, thus the radicand must
be nonnegative. Hence, x − 2 ≥ 0, which implies that x ≥ 2. Therefore, the
Domain= {x ∈ R : x ≥ 2}.
For the range, note that since a square root is nonnegative, we find that y ≥ 0.
Therefore the Range= {y ∈ R : y ≥ 0}.
59
4. Domain: Since the relation is defined by a rational expression, we find that
it is not defined for the values of x where the denominator is zero.Thus, the
denominator x − 1 6= 0, which implies that x 6= 1. Hence the Domain= {x ∈ R :
x 6= 1}.
Range: To determine the range, we solve for x in terms of y, we get
x+2
y= ⇒ y(x − 1) = x + 2
x−1
⇒ yx − y = x + 2
⇒ yx − x = y + 2
⇒ x(y − 1) = y + 2
y+2
⇒ x=
y−1
Thus we find that y 6= 1 otherwise the denominator is also zero. Hence the
Range= {y ∈ R : y 6= 1}.
6.2 Functions
Definition 6.2.1. A function is a special kind of relation. It is defined as a correspondence
between two sets X and Y such that to each element x ∈ X there corresponds exactly one
element y ∈ Y. It is also defined as a set of ordered pairs (x, y) such that no two distinct
members have the same first element.
2. {. . . , (−1, 1), (0, 1), (1, 1), (2, 1), . . .} Answer: Function.
3. {(2, 0), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4)}
Answer: Relation since 2 has several values of y corresponding to it.
4. y = 5x
Answer: Function, since each value of x will yield exactly one value of y when
substituted in the equation.
60
5. y = −2x2 Answer: Function.
6. x2 + y 2 = 1
Answer: Relation since for each value of x there are two values of y that would
satisfy the equation.
Remark 6.2.3. To evaluate a function for a specific value of x, replace each appearance of
x in the function with its given value and simplify the expression.
61
6.4 Inverse Functions
Definition 6.4.1. A function f is said to be one-to-one if and only if whenever x1 and x2
are in the domain of f,
f (x1 ) = f (x2 ) =⇒ x1 = x2
or equivalently,
x1 6= x2 =⇒ f (x1 ) 6= f (x2 ).
The first implication means that for a function f each x corresponds to exactly one y,
while the second implication means that different values of x correspond to different values
of y.
Example 6.4.2. In each of the following, determine whether the given function is
one-to-one.
1. f (x) = 3x + 1
f (x1 ) = f (x2 )
3x1 + 1 = 3x2 + 1
3x1 + 1 + (−1) = 3x2 + 1 + (−1)
3x1 3x2
=
3 3
x1 = x2
2. G(x) = x3
G(x1 ) = G(x2 )
x1 3 = x2 3
p3
p
3
x1 3 = x2 3
x1 = x2
62
3. g(x) = x2 + 5
g(x1 ) = g(x2 )
x1 2 + 5 = x2 2 + 5
x1 2 + 5 + (−5) = x2 2 + 5 + (−5)
x2 = x2 2
p 1 p
x1 2 = x2 2
|x1 | = |x2 |
But |x1 | = |x2 | does not necessarily imply that x1 = x2 since |x1 | = |x2 | ⇔
±x1 = ±x2 , we conclude that g(x) = x2 + 5 is NOT a one-to-one function.
If f is the set of ordered pairs (x, y) then f −1 is the set of ordered pairs (y, x).
Remark 6.4.4. From the definition, the domain of f −1 is the range of f, while the range
of f −1 is the domain of f.
Note that only one-to-one functions have inverses. Thus otherwise stated you have to
check first whether the function is one-to-one before finding its inverse.
Procedure For Finding f −1
Given a function y = f (x).
(1) Interchange x and y in the equation y = f (x). Thus the equation becomes x = f (y).
63
Example 6.4.5. Determine the inverse of the following one-to-one functions.
1. f (x) = 3x + 1
y =
f (x)
y =
3x + 1
x =
3y + 1
x−1 =
3y
x−1 3y
=
3 3
x−1
y =
3
x − 1
f −1 (x) =
3
To check whether the inverse function obtained is correct, show that (f ◦
f −1 −1 −1 −1
)(x) = x and(f ◦f )(x) = x. Observe that (f ◦ f )(x) = f (f (x)) =
x−1 x−1
f = 3 + 1 = (x − 1) + 1 = x. Moreover, (f −1 ◦ f )(x) =
3 3
(3x + 1) − 1 3x
f −1 (f (x)) = f −1 (3x + 1) = = = x. Therefore, the inverse
3 3
x−1
function of f (x) = 3x + 1 is indeed f −1 (x) = .
3
√
2. g(x) = 3 x + 1
√
y = 3x+1
p
x = 3 y+1
p 3
(x)3 = 3
y+1
x3 = y + 1
x3 − 1 = y
g −1 (x) = x3 − 1
√
Observe that g −1 (x) = x3 −1 is the inverse of g(x) = 3 x + 1 since (g ◦g −1 )(x)
=
p √3
√
3 3 −1 −1 3
g(x − 1) = (x3 − 1) + 1 = x3 = x, and (g ◦ g)(x) = g x+1 =
√ 3
3
x + 1 − 1 = (x + 1) − 1 = x.
64
Practice Exercises
(1) What do you call a set of ordered pairs where no two elements have the same first
coordinate?
x −1 −1 0 3 5 6
y 1 2 −3 4 −2 −3
(a) not a function (b) a function (c) a domain (d) a range
4
(5) The domain of the function f (x) = is the set of
x−4
(a) all real numbers (c) all real numbers except 4
(b) all real numbers except ±4 (d) all real numbers except 0
65
(7) The following are functions EXCEPT
(a) {(1, 2), (6, 7), (3, 5), (9, 0)} (c) {(9, 2), (3, 9), (1, 9), (0, 1)}
(b) {(8, 9), (2, 3), (5, 8), (8, 8)} (d) {(0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4)}
x
(8) The range of y = is
2x − 1
(a) all real numbers except 0 1
(c) all real numbers except 0 and
1 2
(b) all real numbers except (d) none of the above
2
√
(9) The domain of the function f (x) = x − 3 is
(11) What equation represents the relation shown by the table of values below?
x 1 2 3
y 0 1 2
(a) x + y = 1 (b) x − y = 1 (c) x + y = −1 (d) x − y = −1
(12) What is the domain of the relation {(0, 0), (1, 1), (1, −1), (2, 4), (2, −4), (3, 9)}?
66
(a) does not exist (c) 7
1
(b) (d) none of these
22
67
Comprehensive Examination
Write the letter corresponding to your answer.
(a) 2b − 2a (c) 2a
(b) 2a − 2b (d) 10a
68
(8) Which of the following is the sum when the difference between 20m2 + 4t − xh2 and
−2m2 + 10xh2 − 8t is added to −6xh2 + 13t − 8m2 ?
(a) 6x2 − 7x + 20 (b) 6x2 + 7x + 20 (c) 6x2 − 23x + 20 (d) 6x2 − 23x − 20
3
(10) (−4x5 ) is equal to
(a) (a − 9) (c) (a − 4)
(b) (a − 6) (d) (a − 2)
69
2
(17) (2a3 + 3b2 − 5c) is equal to
(a) 2a2 + 5a + 9 (b) 10a2 + 13a + 4 (c) 4a2 + 11a + 6 (d) 3a2 + 7ab + 4b2
1
(20) The factors of the polynomial x2 − are
25
1 1 (c) (x − 5) and (x − 5)
(a) x − and x +
5 5 (d) (x + 5) and (x + 5)
1
(b) (x − 1) and x −
25
(a) x2 + x − 6 (c) x2 − 5x + 6
(b) x2 + 5x + 6 (d) x2 − 4
70
(24) The complete factorization of 3m3 − 9m2 + 6m is
x3 − y 3
(27) The fraction is equivalent to
x2 − y 2
(a) x + y x2 + xy + y 2 (c) x − y x2 − xy + y 2
(b) (d)
x+y x+y
14m4 n3 z
(31) The simplified form of is
−7m2 n
71
(a) 2m2 n2 z (b) 2mnz (c) −2mnz (d) −2m2 n2 z
(32) The LCD if the denominators are (x − 2)4 (x + 1)3 (x − 1)2 , (x − 2)(x + 1)3 (x − 1) and
(x − 2)2 (x − 1)2
3x + 1 2 3
(33) The sum of 2
+ + is
x −1 x+1 x−1
10x 2x + 8 8x + 2 6x
(a) 2 (b) 2 (c) (d)
x −1 x −1 x2 − 1 x2 −1
2 3
(34) The difference when is subtracted from is
8−x x−8
5 1
(a) (c)
x−8 x+8
1 5
(b) (d)
8−x 8−x
3 2 1
(35) + 2 + 3 is equal to
a a a
6 a3 + 2a2 + 3a
(a) 3 (c)
a a3
6 1 + 2a + 3a2
(b) (d)
a + a2 + a3 a3
72
r+s 1 1
(36) The simplified form of − + is
rs s r−s
2 2r − s 2r − s (d) 2
(a) (b) (c)
r r−s r(r − s)
n r
(37) ÷ is equal to
d s
ns ds nr dr
(a) (b) (c) (d)
dr nr ds ns
" #
(x − y)3
2
x−y x + xy
(38) · ÷ is equal to
x+y xy 2 y2
1 1
(a) (c)
(x − y)2 x(x − y)2
y4 x+y
(b) (d)
(x − y)4 (x − y)2
(x + a)2 − x2
(39) , where a 6= 0 is identical to
a
(a) a (b) 2x (c) 2x + a 2x + a
(d)
a
−a
(40) The multiplicative inverse of the additive inverse of is
b−c
b−c b−c −b + c a
(a) − (b) (c) (d)
a a a b−c
x4 y 9 2y 5 z 8
(41) The quotient of ÷ is
17x9 z 7 51x3
2x2 z 5 2y 4 3x2 z 15 3y 4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3y 4 2z 2 x15 2y 4 2x2 z 15
73
3 5
÷
x y
(42) The expression when simplified is
2
3y 4 16 3y + 5x
(a) (b) (c) (d)
10x x+y x+y 2xy
− 12
x−4 y 8
(43) The simplified form of is
25
x2 (b) 5x2 y 4 5x2 x2 y 4
(a) (c) (d)
5y 4 y4 5
−1
(44) Which expression is equivalent to (a−2 + b−2 ) ?
(a) a2 + b2 a2 + b 2 a2 b 2 1 1
(b) (c) (d) 2
+ 2
a2 b 2 a2 + b 2 a b
x−1 + y −1
(45) is equal to
x−2 y −2
x+y (b) x2 y + xy 2 x2 y 2 x+y
(a) (c) (d)
xy x+y x2 y 2
1 2
(46) a 3 b 3 is the same as
1
√
3 2
(a) (ab2 ) 3 (b) ab2 (c)
1
a6 b3
1
(d) all of the above
1
!
x2 − x 2
(47) The simplified form of 3 is
x2
(a) x − 1
3
x2 − 1 x−1 (d) x2 − 1
(b) (c)
x x
1 1
1 4
1 −5
−
(48) The expression x 4 x 3 x 2 is equal to
1 (b) x− 3
1
(c) x 3
1
(d) x 3
2
(a) 2
x3
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31
8u−6 v 3
(49) when simplified is equal to
27w0
2v 8 2
(a) u
3u2 (c) 3
2v
8
3u2 v
(b) (d) 3 2
2v 3u
√
6
(50) In its simplest form 25t4 s2 should be written as
√3
√
3
√ √
(a) 5t2 s (b) 5t2 (c) 5t2 s (d) 5ts
5x2
(52) All of the following expressions are equivalent to 3 EXCEPT
y
25x
5x x
(a) (c)
y y 2 5x−1 y 3
√ !2 s
x 5 125x2
(b) √ (d)
y y y6
6 √
q
(53) The simplified form of x2 is
√
12 √ √ √
6
(a) x2 (b) 6 x (c) 12
x (d) x2
p
(54) The simplest form of the radical 4 32x3 y 6 is
p p p p
(a) 2y 4 2x3 y 2 (b) 16x 4 2x3 y 6 (c) 2y 4 4 2x3 y 2 (d) y 2 4
32x3 y 2
2 3
(55) The simplified form of (3a− 3 ) is
(a) 27a2 27 a2 1
(b) (c) (d)
a2 27 27a2
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1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1
(a) x 2 y 2 = (xy) 2 (b) (x 2 ) 2 = x 4 (c) (x + y) 2 = (d) x 2 x 2 = x
1 1
x2 + y 2
√ √ √
(57) 3 − 48 + 12 in its simplest form is equal to
√ √ √
(a) 3 − 12 (c) 3
√ √ √
(b) − 3 (d) − 3 + 12
√
3
√
3
√
(58) 27 +81 − 4 3 3 is equal to
√ √ √ √
(a) 3 − 3 3 (b) 4 3 3 (c) 3
3 (d) 3 3 3
√ √
3
(59) What is the product of 2ab and 2ab?
√3
√
6
(a) 4a2 b2 (c) 4a2 b2
√6
(b) 32a5 b5 (d) 2ab
√
3+ 2
(60) To rationalize √ , the fraction should be multiplied to
√ 2 + 3 √
3− 2 2− 3
(a) √ (c) √
3− 2 2− 3
√ √
3+ 2 3− 2
(b) √ (d) √
3− 2 2− 3
(a) 7 + x = 10 1 3
(c) x=
2 2
2
(b) 3 − x = 0 (d) x = 9
(64) The difference of two numbers is 14 and twice the smaller number is 5 less than the
larger number. What are the numbers?
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(a) 19 and 5 (b) 15 and 1 (c) 20 and 6 (d) 23 and 9
(65) Kinca can encode a 100-page thesis for 24 hours while Joy can encode the same thesis
for 16 hours. How many hours will it take them to finish the job if they agreed to help
each other?
(a) {−18} (b) {12} (c) {−18, 12} (d) {−12, 18}
4 1
(70) In completing the square, we add to both sides of the equation x2 − x = the term
3 3
2x 2
2
2
4 4x
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 3 3
(a) 5 5 5 2
(b) (c) − (d) −
3 3 3
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(72) If the solution/s to ax2 + bx + c = 0 (where a, b, c are real numbers) is/are complex
(nonreal) number/s then
(a) b2 = 4ac (b) b2 > 4ac (c) b2 ≥ 4ac (d) b2 < 4ac
(73) If the discriminant b2 − 4ac of a quadratic equation is negative then the roots are
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(80) The solution set of x + 2 > 3x + 4 is
(a) {x : x < −1} (b) {x : x > −1} (c) {x : x < 1} (d) {x : x > 1}
(85) Which of the following DOES NOT BELONG to the solution set of the inequality
(x + 2)(x − 5) ≥ 0?
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(89) Given a system of linear equations in three variables, what do you call its solution set
consisting of three numbers?
(90) The sum of two numbers is 11 and their difference is 1. Find the larger number.
(a) {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4), (4, 4), (5, 4)}
(b) {(3, 4), (3, 5), (5, 6), (5, 7)}
(c) {(0, 2), (1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6)}
(d) {(2, 3), (3, 5), (4, 6), (2, 7)}
(a) I and II (b) II and III (c) II, III and IV (d) I, II and IV
(93) Which of the following sets of ordered pairs does NOT define a function from X =
{a, b, c} to Y = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}?
(a) {(a, 1), (b, 3), (c, 5)} (c) {(a, 1), (b, 2), (c, 3)}
(b) {(b, 4), (a, 2), (c, 4)} (d) {(a, 5), (c, 3), (c, 5)}
(a) x + y = 3 (c) x + y 2 = 3
(b) y = 3 − x (d) x + y 3 = 3
√
(95) The domain of f (x) = x2 − 25 is
(a) {x ∈ R : x = 5} (c) {x ∈ R : −5 ≤ x ≤ 5}
(b) {x ∈ R : x 6= 5} (d) {x ∈ R : x ≤ −5 or x ≥ 5}
80
8−x
(96) If g(x) = the values of g(t + 2) is
3
6−t 10 − t (c) 2 (d) 2 − t
(a) (b)
3 3
81
ANSWER KEY
(1) c (3) d (5) a (7) d (9) a (11) a (13) c (15) b (17) a (19) c
(2) b (4) c (6) c (8) d (10) a (12) c (14) a (16) d (18) c (20) d
(1) a (3) d (5) b (7) b (9) b (11) c (13) a (15) a (17) d (19) c
(2) a (4) d (6) d (8) c (10) d (12) a (14) a (16) b (18) d (20) d
(1) b (2) a (3) c (4) b (5) b (6) a (7) b (8) c (9) a (10) b
(1) d (3) a (5) c (7) b (9) b (11) b (13) b (15) c (17) d (19) b
(2) c (4) b (6) b (8) b (10) b (12) c (14) a (16) d (18) a (20) a
Comprehensive Examination
(1) b (3) d (5) d (7) a (9) c (11) c (13) a (15) c (17) b (19) b
(2) b (4) b (6) a (8) d (10) d (12) a (14) b (16) c (18) a (20) a
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(21) a (29) c (37) a (45) b (53) b (61) d (69) b (77) c (85) d (93) d
(22) a (30) c (38) a (46) d (54) c (62) b (70) b (78) d (86) c (94) c
(23) b (31) d (39) c (47) b (55) b (63) d (71) b (79) c (87) c (95) d
(24) b (32) a (40) b (48) b (56) c (64) d (72) d (80) a (88) a (96) a
(25) a (33) c (41) d (49) a (57) b (65) d (73) d (81) c (89) d (97) c
(26) c (34) a (42) a (50) a (58) a (66) c (74) d (82) b (90) c (98) b
(27) b (35) d (43) c (51) d (59) b (67) d (75) c (83) a (91) b (99) a
(28) b (36) c (44) c (52) d (60) c (68) c (76) b (84) b (92) c (100) b
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