BAGIAN KEDUA1

STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSIONS

PART A: STRUCTURE
Berikut ini adalah strategi umum untuk menjawab pertanyaan di Part A:
1. Kenalilah struktur kalimatnya: simple sentence, compound sentence atau complex sentence.
2. Periksalah kelengkapan subject dan verb.
3. Pastikan bahwa verb sesuai dengan subject.

A. SIMPLE SENTENCE (S + V)
Simple sentence memiliki 1 subject2 dan 1 verb3 yang saling sesuai, baik dari segi number
(singular/ plural) ataupun tenses.
Contoh:
Hasan wants his own car. (singular)
Hasan and Aziz want their own car. (plural)
Ali was not at home yesterday. (singular)
Ali and Aziz were not at home yesterday (plural)

Soal TOEFL:
The North Plate River _______ from Wyoming and Nebraska.
A. it flowed C. flowing
B. flows D. with flowing water

_______ range in color from pale yellow to bright orange.

A. Canaries which C. That canaries
B. Canaries D. Canaries that are

Saat memeriksa subject atau verb, waspadailah:

1. Prepositional phrase
Prepositional phrase adalah preposisi (kata depan, seperti in, at, from, of, with, dan
sebagainya) yang diikuti oleh nouns (kata benda) atau pronouns (kata ganti). Ia
bukanlah subject kalimat.
Contoh:
The books in our library are given credit for the valuable collections.

Soal TOEFL:
_______ tea plant are small and white.
A. The C. Having flowers the
B. On the D. The flowers of the

A pride of lions _______ up to forty lions, including one to three males, several
females, and cubs.

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Dikompilalsi oleh Muhammad Jauhari Sofi, M.A.
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Subject dapat berasal dari noun (Ali, chair, cat, book, dan sejenisnya.) atau pronoun (I, you, we, they, she, he, dan it).
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Ada dua tampilan verb: (1) action verbs, seperti walk, read, write, speak, dan sejenisnya., (2) be verbs, seperti is,
am, are (present), was, were (past), been, (perfect) dan be (modal).
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 A. can contain C. contain
B. it contains D. containing

2. Present participle
Dalam sebuah struktur kalimat, present participle (v + ing) bisa berperan sebagai:
 Verb jika ia didahului oleh be verb (is, am, are, was, were, be, atau been).
The boy is standing in the corner.
 Adjective jika ia tidak didahului oleh be verb (is, am, are, was, were, be, atau been).
The boy standing in the corner is naughty.

Soal TOEFL:
Experiments _______ represent a giant step into the medicine of the future.
A. using gene therapy C. they use
B. use gene therapy D. gene therapy uses

Numerous archeologists _______ artifacts from the early Chinese dynasties have
explored the southern Silk Road.
A. they were searching for C. search for
B. it was a search for D. searching for

3. Past participle
Dalam sebuah struktur kalimat, past participle (V3) bisa berperan sebagai:
 Verb jika ia didahului oleh be verb atau have (have, has, atau had).
The poem was written by John.
The family has purchased a television.
 Adjective jika ia tidak didahului oleh be verb atau have (have, has, atau had).
The poem written by John appears in the magazine.
The television purchased yesterday is nice.

Soal TOEFL:
The packages _______ mailed at the post office will arrive on Monday.
A. have C. them
B. were D. just

Rubber _______ from vulcanized silicones is difficult to distinguish from natural

rubber.
A. is produced C. that produces
B. producing D. produced

B. COMPOUND SENTENCE (S + V, connector + S + V)

Compound sentence tersusun dari sedikitnya dua simple sentence (kalimat sederhana) yang
digabungkan oleh koma dan konjungsi koordinat (kata hubung atau connector).
Contoh:
Laila is often sad, and sometimes she does not eat her food.
I changed the cartridge last night, so the print was good.
Connectors: and, but, or (nor), so, dan yet.

Soal TOEFL:
A power failure occurred last night, _______ the lamps went out.
A. then C. so
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 B. next D. later

Most species of heliotropes are weeds, _______ of them are cultivated.

A. some C. for some species
B. but some D. some species

The president of the USA appoints the cabinet members, _______ appointment is subject
to Senate approval.
A. their C. because their
B. although D. but their

C. COMPLEX SENTENCE
Complex sentence tersusun setidaknya dari satu simple sentence (sebagai induk kalimat atau
klausa independen) dan satu klausa dependen (sebagai anak kalimat) yang
digabungkan oleh konjungsi subordinat (connector). Klausa dependen adalah klausa4
yang tidak dapat memberikan gagasan secara utuh dan, oleh karena itu, harus
dihubungkan dengan klausa independen agar dapat memberikan gagasan yang utuh.
Ada tiga jenis klausa dependen, yaitu:
1. Noun Clause
Noun clause adalah klausa dependen yang berfungsi sebagaimana noun (kata benda)
karena dapat digunakan sebagai subject, object atau object berpreposisi.
Contoh:
When he will arrive is not important. (sebagai subject)
I do not know when he will arrive. (sebagai object)
I care of when he will arrive. (sebagai object berpreposisi atau prepositional clause)
Connectors: all question words, if (whether), dan that.

Soal TOEFL:
_______ is in the newspaper today makes me curious about the future of the nation.
A. It C. What
B. The story D. When

Seismic reflection has _______ ocean floor is underlain by a thin layer of nearly
transparent sediments.
A. reveal that C. the revelation of
B. revealed that D. revealed about

2. Adjective Clause
Adjective clause adalah klausa dependen yang berfungsi sebagaimana adjective (sifat),
yaitu menjelaskan noun.
Contoh:
The woman who helped you is my friend. (Subject/ orang)
The woman whom you helped is my friend. (Object/ orang)
The book which is on the table is interesting. (Subject/ benda)
The book which you showed me is interesting. (Object/ benda)
Connectors: who, whom, which, that, dan whose

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Klausa adalah sekelompok kata yang terdiri dari subject and verb. Dalam hal ini, klausa memiliki kesamaan
dengan kalimat (sentence), meski tidak semua klausa adalah kalimat.
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 Soal TOEFL:
The gift _______ selected for the bride was rather expensive.
A. because C. which
B. was D. which was

Nimbostratus clouds are dark grey clouds _______ forebode rain.

A. what C. what they
B. which D. which they

3. Adverb Clause
Adverb clause adalah klausa dependen yang berfungsi sebagaimana adverb
(keterangan), yaitu memberikan tambahan informasi tentang klausa utamanya
(independent clause). Ia bisa menerangkan tentang sebab kejadian (cause), waktu
(time), tempat (place), fakta berkebalikan (contrast), syarat kejadian (condition),
and perilaku (manner).
Contoh:
I missed the appointment because I waited for you.
Because I waited for you, I missed the appointment.
I will sign the cheque before you leave.
Before you leave, I will sign the cheque.
Connectors:
Menjelaskan sebab: because, since, as, inasmuch as, now that
Menjelaskan waktu: when, since, while, as soon as, as long as, after, before, until, by the time
Menjelaskan tempat: where, wherever
Menjelaskan fakta berkebalikan: although, though, even though, whereas
Menjelaskan syarat kejadian: if, unless
Menjelaskan perilaku: as

Soal TOEFL:
Thunder occurs as _______ through air.
A. an electrical charge C. the passing of an electrical charge
B. passes an electrical charge D. an electrical charge passes

If ultraviolet radiation enters the Earth’s atmosphere, _______ generally blocked by

the ozone concentrated in the atmosphere.
A. it C. so it is
B. it is D. then it

PART B: WRITTEN EXPRESSIONS

Berikut ini adalah strategi umum untuk menjawab pertanyaan Part B:
1. Perhatikanlah kata yang digarisbawahi. Periksa apakah Anda dapat menemukan mana
dari empat pilihan jawaban itu yang terindikasi tidak benar.
2. Jika Anda tidak dapat menemukan kesalahan dengan hanya melihat empat pilihan yang
digarisbawahi, maka bacalah kalimat secara lengkap. Seringkali pilihan yang
digarisbawahi salah karena sesuatu di bagian lain kalimat.
3. Jangan biarkan jawaban kosong. Pastikan untuk menjawab semua pertanyaan, bahkan
jika Anda tidak yakin sekalipun.

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A. PERSOALAN TERKAIT KESESUAIAN SUBJECT-VERB
 Kesesuaian subject dan verb saat ada prepositional phrases
Ketika prepositional phrase muncul di sela-sela subject dan verb, pastikan Anda dapat
menemukan subject kalimat dengan benar.
Contoh:
The key to the doors are in the drawer. (incorrect)
The key to the doors is in the drawer. (correct)
 Kesesuaian subject dan verb saat ada expressions of quantity
Ketika expression of quantity (all of, most of, some of, dan half of) menjadi subject kalimat,
maka verb harus sesuai dengan kata yang muncul setelah of (bukan dengan expressions
of quantity).
Contoh:
Some of the book are interesting. (incorrect)
Some of the book is interesting. (correct)
 Kesesuain subject dan verb setelah kata-kata (subject) tertentu
Beberapa kata tertentu dianggap singular (tunggal) secara grammatical, meskipun
mengandung logika makna yang plural (jamak), seperti anybody, everybody, nobody,
somebody, among, each + noun, every + noun, dan sebagainya.
Contoh:
Everybody are going to the theatre. (incorrect)
Everybody is going to the theatre. (correct)

Soal TOEFL:
1. Each number in a binary system are formed from only two symbols
A B C D
2. The company reiterated to reporters that nobody have been dismissed because of
A B C D
the incident.

B. PERSOALAN TERKAIT PARALLEL STRUCTURE

Bahasa Inggris yang baik menekankan adanya parallel structure, yaitu keseimbangan dan
kesetaraan hubungan antar kata, frase atau klausa.
 Sebelum dan sesudah konjungsi koordinat (and, but, dan or)
Contoh:
My boss is nice and sincerely. (incorrect)
My boss is nice and sincere. (correct)
 Sebelum dan sesudah konjungsi berpasangan (both … and … ; either … or … ; neither … nor … ;
not only … but also …)
Contoh:
He wants either to go by bus or by train. (incorrect)
He wants either to go by bus or to go by train. (correct)

Soal TOEFL:
1. Fire extinguisher can contain liquefied gas, dry chemicals, or watery.
A B C D
2. A bankruptcy may be either voluntary nor involuntary.
A B C D

C. PERSOALAN TERKAIT COMPARATIVES DAN SUPERLATIVES

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 Bentuk comparatives dan superlatives yang salah tulis dapat muncul dalam tes TOEFL.
Oleh karena itu, penting untuk mengetahui cara penulisan keduanya secara benar.
 Bentuk comparative and superlative yang tidak beraturan
Contoh:
My bag is gooder than yours. (incorrect)
My bag is better than yours. (correct)
 Bentuk comparative and superlative yang beraturan
- Comparative: adjective + -er + than atau more + adjective + than
- Superlative: the +adjective + -est atau the + most + adjective
Contoh:
The spider over there is the most large one I have ever seen. (incorrect)
The spider over there is the largest one I have ever seen. (correct)

Soal TOEFL:
1. Peter Abelard, a logician and theologian, was the controversialest teacher of his age.
A B C D
2. The coyote is somewhat smaller in size then a timber wolf.
A B C D

D. PERSOALAN TERKAIT PENGGUNAAN VERB

Berikut ini adalah berbagai bentuk kata kerja yang harus Anda ketahui:
Bentuk Present Present Past Past
Dasar (V1) Participle (Ving) (V2) Participle (V3)
Walk Walk (s) Walking Walked Walked
Speak Speak (s) Speaking Spoke Spoken
Want Want (s) Wanting Wanted Wanted
Eat Eat (s) Eating Ate Eaten

Bagian penting yang perlu diingat dalam test TOEFL adalah:

 Membedakan antara simple past, present perfect, dan past perfect
Contoh:
She knows that I have submitted the paper yesterday. (incorrect)
She knows that I submitted the paper yesterday. (correct)
 Membedakan antara will dan would; can dan could; may dan might
Contoh:
If you told me his address yesterday, I will definitely visit him. (incorrect)
If you told me his address yesterday, I would definitely visit him. (correct)

Soal TOEFL:
1. Florida has become the twenty-seventh state in the United States
A B C D
on March 3, 1845.

2. Institute researchers assume that the least costly form of energy would be used to
A B C D
help the project.

E. PERSOALAN TERKAIT KALIMAT PASIF

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  Struktur kalimat pasif adalah: S + be + V3 (by/ in/ of)
Contoh:
The letter was writing by Maria last week. (incorrect)
The letter was written by Maria last week. (correct)

Soal TOEFL:
1. Particular issues that concern teenagers were covering in the half-hour program.
A B C D
2. Electrical impulses may also picked up by the optic nerve.
A B C D

F. PERSOALAN TERKAIT NOUNS

Berikut ini adalah isu-isu terkait nouns dalam TOEFL:
 Untuk countable nouns, gunakan: many, number few and fewer.
Untuk uncountable nouns, gunakan: much, amount, little and less.
 Penanda tunggal: each, every, single, one, a. Penanda jamak: both, two, many, several, various.
 Beberapa nouns memiliki bentuk jamak yang tidak beraturan.
1. Perubahan pada huruf vokal: men, feet, teeth, geese, mice
2. Penambahan akhiran –en: children, oxen
3. Sama seperti bentuk tunggalnya: deer, fish, sheep, trout
4. Penggantian –is menjadi –es: analyses, crises, hypotheses, diagnoses
5. Perubahan pada akhiran menjadi –a: curricula, bacteria, data, criteria, phenomena
6. Penggantian –us menjadi –i: alumni, cacti, fungi, syllabi, stimuli, nuclei
Contoh:
I have seen much foreign films. (incorrect)
I have seen many foreign films. (correct)

The fungi has spread throughout the garden. (incorrect)

The fungi have spread throughout the garden. (correct)

Soal TOEFL:
1. Uranus is the seventh planets from the Sun.
A B C D
2. The mystery of bookstore was largely a phenomena of the last decade.
A B C D

G. PERSOALAN TERKAIT PRONOUNS

 Ingatlah beberapa perubahan bentuk pronouns:
I – me – my (book) – mine
You – you – your (book) – yours
We – us – our (book) – ours
They – them – their (book) – theirs
She – her – her (book) – hers
He – him – his (book) – his
It – it – its (book) – its
Contoh:
Every morning I prepare theirs breakfast. (incorrect)
Every morning I prepare their breakfast. (correct)

Soal TOEFL:
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 1. Superman made their comic debut in 1938 in Action Comics.
A B C C
2. When children experience too much frustration, its behavior ceases to be
A B C D
integrated.

H. PERSOALAN TERKAIT ADJECTIVES DAN ADVERBS

 Ingatlah cara menempatkan adjective dan adverb dalam kalimat secara benar.
Contoh:
They eat slowly the noodle. (incorrect)
They eat the noodle slowly. (correct)
 Ingatlah posisi dari masing-masing jenis predicative adjectives berikut:
- Like vs Alike
- Lone vs Alone
- Live (living) vs Alive
Contoh:
The alive snake is lying on the rock. (incorrect)
The live snake is lying on the rock. (correct)

Soal TOEFL:
1. Heart attacks are fatally in 75 percent of the occurrences.
A B C D
2. Telegraph service across the Atlantic was successful established in 1866.
A B C D

I. PERSOALAN TERKAIT ARTICLES (A, AN, THE)

 Ingatlah penggunaan a dan an secara tepat.
Contoh:
He opened a account at a local department store. (incorrect)
He opened an account at a local department store. (correct)
 Bedakanlah antara noun yang general (umum) dan specific (khusus).
Contoh:
She is a most beautiful student in the classroom. (incorrect)
She is the most beautiful student in the classroom. (correct)

Soal TOEFL:
1. A radar images of Venus add details about a planet dominated by volcanoes.
A B C D
2. An human ear responds to a wide range of frequencies.
A B C D

J. PERSOALAN TERKAIT PREPOSITIONS (COLLOCATION)

Beberapa contoh paket gabungan (collocation) preposition adalah seperti:
 Adjectives + preposition: afraid of, addicted to, bored with dan sebagainya.
 Verbs + preposition: argue with, depend on, consist of dan sebagainya.
Contoh:
You should focus your own business. (incorrect)
You should focus on your own business. (correct)

Soal TOEFL:

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 1. According legend, Betsy Ross designed and sewed the first American flag.
A B C D
2. The occurrence edema indicates the presence of a serious illness.
A B C D

K. PERSOALAN TERKAIT PILIHAN KATA

Pilihlah penggunaan make, made, making dan do, did, done, doing secara tepat.
 Make berarti creating atau constructing, sedangkan do berarti completing atau performing.
Contoh:
The students did several mistakes in the lab report. (incorrect)
The students made several mistakes in the lab report. (correct)

Soal TOEFL:
1. One another surprising method of forest conservation is controlled cutting of trees.
A B C D
2. About 3 percent of oil wells actually do a profit.
A B C D