What is History?

 It could be defined as a documented record of man and his society.

 As a field of study, it is a study of man and his achievements from the beginning of written records to the
present time. (Gray, 1956 in De Viana, 2015.)
 History as a record of events shows the evolution of man and his society and from the age of barbarism to what
he is today. ( De Viana, 2015).
 History is the study of the beliefs and desires, practices, and institutions of human beings.

MORE DEFINITIONS OF HISTORY

 Old/Traditional definition of history

 it is the record of past events based on written records.
 Interviews or oral history and oral traditions, and cultural artifacts are not considered.

Modern definition of history

 It is the reconstruction of the past based in written records, oral history, cultural artifacts and folk traditions.
 It is the imaginative reconstruction of the past, the study of events concerning people in the past.

Uses and Importance of History

 Bridging the gap between the present and the  Interpreting conditions of a given space and
past. time
 Explaining causes of things and events.  Promoting Nationalism and Patriotism
 Projecting the future.

Remember!!!

 History is not merely a chronology, i.e., a list of events as they happen, but this should show a pattern on how
man and his society has evolved from the primitive form to the present; showing his ability to cope with
obstacles and challenges that he himself or nature has placed throughout his existence.

The work of a HISTORIAN

 The historian has the ability to depict the unravelling of fateful events and to portray the rise and deterioration
of character of events, ranking it with novels and epic poetry.( De Viana, 2015).
 The historian, however, has to use many materials that are not in books. Where these are archaeological,
epigraphical, or numismatical materials, he has to depend largely on museums. Where there are official records,
he may have to search for them in archives, courthouses, government libraries, etc. Where there are private
papers not available in official collections, he may have to hunt among the papers of business houses, the
muniment rooms ancient castles, the prized possessions of autograph collectors, the records of
 Parish churches, etc. Having some subject in mind, with more or less definite delimitation of the persons, areas,
times, and functions (i.e., the economic, political, and intellectual, diplomatic, or other occupational aspects)
involved, he looks for materials that may have some bearing upon those persons in that area at the time they
function in that fashion. These materials are his sources. The more precise his delimitation of persons, area,
time, and function, the more relevant his sources are likely to be. ( Gottschalk, 1950).
Sources of History

 Sources are very important, in the study of history. they are the originators of information and data. About
places, sources with documents, written materials that says something about historical events. Documents can
be letters, receipts, copies of speech, eyewitnesses accounts, narrations, or books.
 There are also some sources which are not written such as relics, fossils, remains, and memorabilia. Some
sources are alive such as living eyewitnesses. When the researcher uses them in his research, they are always
known as respondents or informants.
 In the study of Philippine history, sources are called batis which also means stream or a spring. A batis therefore
is the spring of historical information. The usual batis are documents especially archival documents.

Types of Sources

1. Primary Sources
 Primary sources are considered as the life blood of history. De Viana (2015) states that the primary source
directly talks about the subject matter. Accounts of people who are direct participants or eyewitnesses to an
event are also primary sources.

Examples of primary sources are minutes of meeting, diaries and journals, autobiographies, speeches, receipts, essays
written by a person expressing his views, laws, letters of instructions, decrees, eyewitnesses accounts, official reports,
newsletter articles reporting directly about the event, editorials or books containing direct quotation of events.

Kinds of Primary Sources

 Human Fossils  Chronicles

 Artifacts  Friar accounts
 Royal Decrees & Laws  Maps
 Official Reports  Memoirs

 Personal account  Personal letters

 Newspaper  On line databases
 Magazines  Blogs
 Legislative journals  Documentary films
 Court records  Recorded interviews
 Speeches

2. Secondary Sources
 Secondary sources are documents or works made by individuals who are not directly involved to the events or
made by people who obtained the information from somebody else or from primary sources. Examples of
secondary sources are textbooks, encyclopedia entries, newspapers accounts of a meeting, magazine articles
about a subject or teachers on student behavior as reported by school counselors.

3. General Reference
 There is also a third classification of sources called general references. A general reference merely points the
reader to the primary or secondary source. Examples are the contents of a card catalogue. Even incomplete
information in the internet called stubs considered as abstracts or summaries of book is also a general
reference.
External and Internal Criticism

 Historical sources exist independent of the research study since they were not written or developed for use of
research. Thus, while they serve their purpose well for which they are created, they may not solely serve the
researcher’s purpose.
 All sources of historical data must be subjected to rigorous scientific analysis to determine both their
authenticity and their accuracy. Furthermore, historical data are subjected to rigorous scientific analysis through
external and internal criticism (Gottchalk, 1969).

1. External Criticism
 Is the establishment of authenticity. Its purpose is to ensure that the documents are not mere forgeries or
inventions.

2. Internal Criticism
 Is the establishment of accuracy. Its purpose is to evaluate the accuracy and the worth of the data.

Ways on how to determine the accuracy of the data

Four Factors

1. Author’s knowledge and competence

2. Time delay
3. Motives and biases of the author
4. Consistency of the data

Content and Contextual Analysis of Selected Primary Sources

Topics;

 First Voyage Around the World

 Customs of the Tagalogs
 Kartilla ng Katipunan
 Text of the Declaration of Philippine Independence
 Political Caricatures during the American Era
 Speech of Pres. Cory Aquino before the U.S Congress
 Works of Luna and Amorsolo
 Raiders of the Sulu Sea

First Voyage Around the World

Antonio Pigafetta

Historical Content
FACTORS THAT LED TO SPANISH COLONIZATION OF THE PHILIPPINES
 Economic
 Political
 Scientific and Secular Pursuits
 Other Factors
Historical Content

A. Economic factors

 Accumulation of capital and the development of banking in Europe

 The desire for spices
 The search of new trade routes of Spain and Portugal.

B. Political factor

1. The Crusades (1096-1272), originally were a religious adventure to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims. Later
they developed into a highly commercial enterprise.
2. The fall of Constantinople (1453)
3. The reconquista and the desire to spread Catholicism
4. The treaty of Tordesillas in 1494
5. The leadership of Prince Henry the navigator of Portugal

The Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494.

On May 3, 1493, Pope Alexander VI, attempting to settle the rivalry, issued a papal bull known as Inter Caetera. The
Pope decreed that the Spanish zone of exploration should be west of the imaginary line drawn north to south, 100
leagues west of the Azores and Cape Verde islands. All lands east of the demarcation line should belong to Portugal. The
demarcation was drawn to identify Spanish and Portuguese spheres of exploration and conquest. The following year, the
two kingdoms agreed in the treaty of Tordesillas to move the demarcation line 370 leagues (about 1, 100 miles) west of
Cape Verde Islands and still be guided by the provisions of the papal bull. The revised treaty allowed Portugal to claim
what is now Brazil while Spain was given rest of the Americas.

C. Scientific and Secular Pursuits

1. Renaissance- ‘’Revival of learning’’.

2. Humanism philosophy
3. The discovery and invention of more technologically advanced navigational instruments.

D. Other factors

1. Early travels to the East

2. Early Spanish and Portuguese voyages
3. Improvements in military and in ship building technology.

Background of the Author

Antonio Pigafetta

 Born around 1490 in the town of Vicenza, Venice, Italy. And died sometime in 1534.
 Studied astronomy, geography, and cartography and during his younger years worked in the ships owned by the
Knights of Rhodes
 Survived the challenges and catastrophes that the Magellan’s expedition encountered along the way, including
being wounded in the Battle of Mactan.
  He was among the 18 survivors who returned to Spain on Sept. 6, 1522 aboard the Victoria with Juan Sebastian
Elcano.

Historical Background of the Document

 Pigafetta kept a detailed journal of what happened to them from the time they left Seville in 1519 until they
returned to Spain three years after. When he returned to Italy, many of his associates asked him to write a
formal account of the Magellan expedition and have it published.
 Pigafetta’s account is the longest and most comprehensive. It recounted the individual fates of the five ships
( Trinidad, San Antonio, Concepcion, Santiago, and Victoria) that comprised the Magellan expedition.
 Historical Background of the Document
 It narrated lucidly how they gallantly survived the unforeseen problems and challenges. The account also
included maps, glossaries of native words, and geographic information and descriptions of the flora and fauna of
the places they visited.
 Pigafetta’s travelogue contributed immensely to the enrichment of Philippine historiography. His writing
provided us a glimpse of the political, economic, and social conditions of the islands in the Visayan region during
the 16th century.
 Pigafetta likewise gave us an eyewitness account of the death of Magellan in the battle of Mactan.

Customs of the Tagalogs

Fray Juan De Plasencia

Historical Context

 During the first century of Spanish rule, the colonial government had difficulty in running local politics because
of the limited number of Spaniards who wanted to live outside of Intramuros. This situation forced Spanish
officials to allow Filipinos to hold the position of gobernadorcillo. To ensure that the gobernadorcillo would
remain loyal to the crown, the Friars assigned in the parishes were instructed to supervise and monitor the
activities of the former. Hence, the friars ended up performing the administrative duties that colonial officials
should have been doing at the local level.
 The friars who were assigned in mission territories were required periodically to inform their superiors of what
was happening in their respective areas. They prepared reports on the number of natives they converted, the
people’s way of life, their socio-economic situation, and the problems they encountered. On top of the regular
reports they submitted, they also shared their personal observations and experiences.
 Plasencia’s Relacion de las Costumbres de Los Tagalogs ( Customs of the Tagalogs, 1589) is an example of this
kind of work. It contains numerous information that historians could use in reconstructing the political and
socio-cultural history of the Tagalog region.

Background of the Author

Fray Juan de Plasencia

 Fray Juan de Plasencia (Joan de Portocarrero) was a member of the Franciscan Order who came together with
the first batch of missionaries to the Philippines in 1578.
 Together with a fellow Franciscan Friar, Fray Diego de Oropesa, they were assigned to do mission works in the
Southern Tagalog area. He (Plasencia) also helped in the foundation and organization of numerous towns in
Quezon, Laguna, Rizal and Bulacan.
  His continuous interaction with the people he converted to Christianity enabled him to write a work titled
Relacion delas Costumbres de Los Tagalogs (1589) where he vividly described the political, social, economic, and
cultural practices of the Filipinos before they were Christianized.
 He wrote the Doctrina Christiana en Lengua Espanola y Tagala which later became the first printed book in the
Philippines in 1593.
 He died in Liliw, Laguna in 1590.

Historical Background of the Document

 Plasencia's Customs of the Tagalogs is a very popular primary source as it vividly describes the way of life of the
Filipinos before the Spanish and Christian influences. It also covers numerous topics that are relevant in many
disciplines.
 The original document of Customs of the Tagalogs is currently kept in the Archivo General de Indias (A.G.I) in
Seville, Spain. A duplicate copy of it is kept in the Archivo Franciscano Ibero-Oriental ( A.F.I.O), in Madrid, Spain.
An English translation appeared in Volume VII of the Blair and Robertson’s The Philippine Islands.

Kartilla ng Katipunan
Emilio Jacinto

Historical Content

 The first move towards independence began on July 7, 1892 when the Katipunan was established by Andres
Bonifacio. This was the result of the failure of the reform movement in Spain in which Filipinos attempted to
demand reforms for the Philippines from the Spanish government. Bonifacio saw the futility of the efforts of the
Filipino propagandists and organized an underground movement against Spain.
 The Kataastaasang Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan or KKK was a revolutionary society that
espoused independence and freedom for the Philippines through force of arms. The first move towards
independence began on July 7, 1892 when the Katipunan was established by Andres Bonifacio. This was the
result of the failure of the Reform Movement
 Its main objective was separation of the Philippines from Spain and, at the same time, the development of the
Filipinos as citizens of their own nation once independence was achieved.
 The latter was done through the written works by Bonifacio and fellow katipunero, Emilio Jacinto, who wrote a
number of poems and essays for the society members.
 The new members of the society were indoctrinated with the Katipunan rules and its teachings that emphasized
the value of the love of one’s country and fellow Filipinos.

Background of the Author

Emilio Jacinto

 Born on Dec. 15, 1875 in the district of Trozo in Tondo, Manila.

 Living a life of poverty, Jacinto still managed to get a good education
 He finished his elementary education in a private school then took up his secondary education at the Colegio de
San Juan de Letran.
 He later studied law at the University of Santo Tomas where he developed a love of reading and improved his
skills in Spanish.
 Jacinto joined the Katipunan in 1894 at the age of 18 and took the symbolic name Pingkian. It was during this
time that he devloped his nationalistic ideals.
 He wrote the Kartilya as well as the oath of the Katipuneros. He also edited the Katipunan newspaper, Kalayaan,
and was the author of several literary using the pen-name “ Dimas Ilaw.”
 He died on April 6, 1899 because he contracted malaria in the town of Majayjay, Laguna.
Historical Background of the Document
 In his study of the Katipunan history and its documents, Jim Richardson said that “ the Kartilya is the best known
of all Katipunan texts”. And that is “ the only document of any length set in print by the Katipunan prior to
August 1896 that is known to be still exant.”
 Its term was derived from the Spanish cartilla which was the primer used for grade school during the Spanish
period. This document served as the primary lessons for the members of the Katipunan.
 The Kartilya presentsnot only the teachingsfor the neophyte Katipunero but also the guiding principles of the
society. These teachings are expected from the members even after the attainment of freedom from the
colonizers.
 The Kartilya was not just a document for the Katipunan. Its importance today is predicated on the teachings that
embodied the moral and nationalistic principles of a nation that fought for independence.

The Act of Proclamation of Independence of the Filipino People

Historical Context

 The first phase of the Philippine Revolution ended in a stalemate between the Spaniards and the Filipino rebels.
In December 1897, a truce was declared between the two forces with the Filipino leaders, led by Gen. Emilio
Aguinaldo, agreeing to be exiled to Hong Kong while the Spaniards paid an indemnity for the damages caused as
a result of the conflict. The truce, however, lasted for only a few months before it collapsed. The renewed
conflict would have been disastrous for the Filipino if not for the deteriorating diplomatic relations between
Spain and the United States over the another revolution in Cuba.
 This eventually led to the Spanish-American War in 1898 and the arrival of a new colonizer to the Philippines-
the Americans.
 On May 19, 1898, Aguinaldo finally returned to the Philippines on board the U.S. cruiser McCulloch.From his
headquarters in Cavite, Aguinaldo announced the resumption of the revolution against the Spaniards, thus
beginning the second phase of the revolution. The Filipinos immediately flocked to the province to join the
army.
 By the end of May, Aguinaldo was in command of an army of 12,000 troops.
 Earlier, On May 24, Aguinaldo announced the creation of the dictatorial government. The formation of this type
of rule was a necessity when the growing nation needed a strong leader.
 On June 12, 1898, Aguinaldo declared Philippine Independence from Spanish rule at a ceremony in his house in
Kawit, Cavite. Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista read the declaration that was later signed by 177 persons, including
an American military officer. The Philippine National Anthem, then known as ‘’ Marcha Nacional Filipina,”
composed by Julian Felipe, was played by the Banda de San Francisco de Malabon and the Philippine Flag was
again unfurled.

Historical Background of the Document

On June 10, 1896, Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo issued a one-sentence decree appointing his Auditor General of War, Ambrosio
Rianzares Bautista, as a ‘’ special commissioner’’ to write the Act of the Declaration of the Independence. The result was
a sixteen-page document that contained the aspirations of freedom from Spanish rule, the sacrifices made, and the
revolution that resulted from it. It was the text of this declaration that was read in Kawit in the afternoon of the
celebration of the declaration of independence.