GIS MAP USING BUFFER ANALYSIS GIS

GIS MAP USING BUFFER ANALYSIS GIS

GIS MAP USING SPATIAL DATA & NON SPATIAL DATA GIS
GIS MAP USING SPATIAL DATA & NON SPATIAL DATA
GIS MAP USING OVERLAY ANALYSIS GIS
GIS MAP USING Digital Elevation Model GIS
GIS
SAGA – System for automated Geoscientific Analyses
ESRI – Environmental Systems Research Institute
SIG –Spatial Informatics Group

Time Line of GIS GIS

Roger F. Tomlinson, OC
(17 November 1933 – 9
February 2014) was an
English geographer and
the primary originator of
modern computerized
geographic information
systems (GIS), and has
been acknowledged as
the "father of GIS.“ symap used a vector model, a
collection of objects—points,
lines, and areas—in planar
coordinate space with thematic
values attached to them. Maps
of various sizes could be
produced with different
symbolism, legends, titles and so
forth: basic functions that any
subsequent cartographic display
program has had to provide.

Time line GIS

Augmented reality (AR) is an interactive experience of a real-world environment where the
objects that reside in the real world are enhanced by computer-generated perceptual
information, sometimes across multiple sensory modalities,
including visual, auditory, haptic, somatosensory and olfactory. AR can be defined as a
system that fulfills three basic features: a combination of real and virtual worlds, real-time
interaction, and accurate 3D registration of virtual and real objects

Time line GIS

 Geographic Information System (GIS) - An organized collection of
computer hardware, software, geographic data, and personnel
designed to efficiently capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze,
and display all forms of geographically referenced information.

Definition ` GIS
 Why use GIS?
• A GIS computer software package is as important to
a cartographer as a Word Processor is to a writer.
• A Geographical Information System is a method of:
– Spatially storing,
– Analysing
– Manipulating
– Managing and
– Displaying geographical data

Concepts GIS
 What people use GIS?
• These people would include Archaeologists,
Architects, Commercial Companies, Doctors,
Engineers, Historians, Law Enforcement Agencies,
Meteorologists, Military, Planners, Property
Developers, Politicians, and Statisticians to name
but a few.

Concepts GIS
 Objectives of GIS
• Maximizing the efficiency of planning and decision making
• Integrating information from multiple sources
• Facilitating complex querying and analysis
• Eliminating redundant data and minimizing duplication

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 What can maps display?

• Roads
• Rivers
• Urban areas
• Place names
• Railway
• Places of
interest
• Town names

Concepts GIS
GIS requirements & Components GIS
GIS requirements & Components GIS
Software GIS
GIS
•Software, hardware, and data
•Relative locations of features in x, y, and z
coordinates (longitude, latitude, and elevation)
•Relationships between features

Elements of GIS GIS

GIS
Cartography is the process of making maps by displaying a specific
geographic area on a surface, usually a flat surface such as paper or a
computer screen. . Some common types of maps are general
reference maps, nautical and aeronautical charts, and thematic maps

Cartography GIS
GIS
GIS
Sample of Cartography GIS
WHAT IS A MAP?
Definition
According to the International Cartographic Association,
a map is:
a representation, normally to scale and on a flat
medium, of a selection of material or abstract features
on, or in relation to, the surface of the Earth.

Maps show more than the Earth's surface

the term "map" is often used in mathematics to convey
the notion of transferring information from one form to
another, just as cartographers transfer information from
the surface of the Earth to a sheet of paper
the term "map" is used loosely to refer to any visual display
of information, particularly if it is abstract, generalized or
schematic
GIS
Types of maps
Topographic map - a reference tool, showing the outlines
of selected natural and man-made features of the Earth
often acts as a frame for other information

•Topography" refers to the shape of the surface,

represented by contours and/or shading, but
topographic maps also show roads and other prominent
features

•thematic map - a tool to communicate geographical

concepts such as the distribution of population densities,
climate, movement of goods, land use etc.

GIS
Topographic Map GIS
Thematic Map GIS
Category maps
Category maps are one of the
easiest ways to indicate which
segments control a portion of a
map.
A great example is when news
outlets display which states were
won by a candidate in a U.S.
election. With GIS software you
can classify a category and input
the related data, such as the
number of votes within each state.
Then the user chooses a color to
represent each category and the
data show up on the map.

Category map GIS

Heat maps
Heat maps (also known
as quantity maps)
incorporate color-coded
systems to display
numerical density in a
given area. Heat maps
are an effective way to
easily relate numerical
data when dealing with
a large amount of data

GIS
Cluster maps

Cluster maps are another way to indicate the

density of a particular category in a particular
area

GIS
Traditionally, maps are used as aids to navigation,
as reference documents, and as wall decorations
Data display

Maps provide useful ways

of displaying information
in a meaningful way in
practice, the cost of
making and printing a
map is high, so its
contents are often a
compromise between
different needs.

Map and Map analysis GIS

Data stores
As a means of storing data, maps
can be very efficient, high density
stores a typical 1:50,000 map might
have 1,000 place names on it the
distances between all possible
pairs of these 1,000 places.

Spatial indexes
A map can show the boundaries
of areas (e.g. land use zones, soil or
rock types) and identify each area
with a label a separate manual
with corresponding entries may
provide greater detail about each
area.

Map and Map analysis GIS

Data analysis tool
Maps are used in analysis to:
make or test hypotheses, such as
the identification of clusters
examine the relationship between
two distributions using simple
transparent overlays.
Over Lay Analysis
One basic way to create or identify
spatial relationships is through the
process of spatial overlay; Spatial
overlay is accomplished by joining
and viewing together separate
data sets that share all or part of
the same area.

Map and Map analysis GIS

 Measuring land use change

Remote sensing is widely

applied for
monitoring changes and
dynamics in land
use and land cover (LULC)
observation and its impact to
the environment. To offer
more efficiency in
identifying land cover
changes, remote sensing is
often combined with
Geographic Information
System (GIS) technique.

Map and Map analysis GIS

 Buffer Analysis

Buffer analysis is used for identifying areas surrounding geographic

features. The process involves generating a buffer around existing
geographic features and then identifying or selecting features based
on whether they fall inside or outside the boundary of the buffer.

GIS
 Neighborhood Operations

Neighborhood operations can

evaluate the characteristics of the
area surrounding a specific location:
Identify all cells with value 5 (say
people under 5 years old).
Neighborhood operations include
the following: Search (Average,
Diversity, Majority,
Maximum/Minimum, and total),
Topographic, Interpolation
(interpolation involves using known
cell values to predict predicting the
values of intermediate cells), and
Contour Generation.

GIS
Map and Map analysis GIS
 Map Scale
• The size of earth is too big to be represented as it is on a map. To represent the
whole earth or part thereof on a small map, the concept of scale is used. The
proportion chosen for a map is its scale. It is the relationship between distance on
map and distance on ground that tells what distance on map corresponds to what
distance on ground.

Representation of scale
• There are three ways in which a scale can be depicted on a map:
Expressed in words such as ‘2 centimeters to the kilometer’ which means two
centimeters on the map represents one kilometer on the ground. Though it is the
simplest way of expressing a scale but it has the following drawbacks
associated with it:
(a) Statement
(b) Representative fraction
(c) Graphic

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1. Statement
The fractional distances involve mathematical calculations. Different countries
have different units of length, expressing a statement scale on a map may not
be understood by the foreigners.

1 cm = 160 km

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2. Representative fraction
• It is expressed in fraction. If the scale is 1:50000, it means that 1 unit of
measurement on map represents 50,000 units on ground. It is also known as
numerical scale.

• The distance on map and the distance on the ground must be in the same units of
length. The advantage of this scale is that- it can be read into different units of
length. For example the map with a scale 1:50,000 would mean that a distance of 1
cm on ground represents 50,000 cm on the ground.

1 : 16,000,000

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3. Graphic
• The scale is shown in form of a strip, where the strip is divided into a number
of equal parts and is marked to show what these divisions represent on actual
ground. It is also known as plain scale or linear scale.
• For example, the below scale represents that 1 division of a strip on map
represents 10 km on ground. The advantage of a graphic scale is that it is
reduced or enlarged in the same proportion in which the map is reduced or
enlarged.

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 Types of Maps
Based on Type Description Scale Examples
• Area covered is small Cadastral maps,
1:4,000
Large scale • Details are more, Topographical
1:2,000
maps objects are seen as maps
Scale 1:500
large
• Area covered is large 1 : 2,50,000 Wall maps, Atlas
Small scale
• Less details, objects are 1 : 50,000 maps
maps
seen as small 1 : 25,000

Maps showing natural

features such as relief, 1 : 2,50,000 Relief maps,
Physical geology, soils, drainage, 1 : 50,000 Geological maps,
maps elements of weather, 1 : 25,000 Climate maps,
Function climate and vegetation, Soil maps
etc.

Maps showing man-made 1 : 2,50,000

Political maps,
Cultural features such as 1 : 50,000
Population maps,
maps population distribution and 1 : 25,000
Economic maps
growth, sex and age 43
1:25,000 [Large scale] 1:50,000 [Small scale]

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 Uses of maps
• It aids to navigation, used as reference documents and as wall
decorations
• Data display – helps to display the spatial and non-spatial data
• Data storage – stores the data in the database
• Spatial indexes – shows boundaries and identifies each area
with label (eg. Landuse zones, soil/rock types)
• Data analysis tool – testing of hypothesis, examines the
relationship between two distributions

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Coordinate Systems
Coordinate systems enable geographic
datasets to use common locations for
integration. A coordinate system is a
reference system used to represent the
locations of geographic features, imagery, and
observations, such as Global
Positioning System (GPS) locations, within a
common geographic framework.

GIS
GIS
 Terms and definitions
• Pole: The geographic pole of earth is defined as either of the two points
where the axis of rotation of the earth meets its surface. The North Pole
lies 90º north of the equator and the South Pole lies 90º south of the
equator
• Latitude : Imaginary lines that run horizontally around the globe and
are measured from 90º north to 90º south. Also known as parallels,
latitudes are equidistant from each other.
• Equator : An imaginary line on the earth with zero degree latitude,
divides the earth into two halves–Northern and Southern Hemisphere.
This parallel has the widest circumference.

GIS 48
 Terms and definitions
• Longitude : Imaginary lines that run vertically around the globe. Also known as
meridians, longitudes are measured from 180º east to 180º west. Longitudes meet at
the poles and are widest apart at the equator. Longitude is measured east or west of
prime meridian.
• Prime meridian : Zero degree longitude which divides the earth into two halves–
Eastern and Western hemisphere. As it runs through the Royal Greenwich
Observatory in Greenwich, England it is also known as Greenwich meridian
• Equator (0º) is the reference for the measurement of latitude. Latitude is measured
north or south of the equator. For measurement of longitude, prime meridian (0º) is
used as a reference. The grid of latitude and longitude over the globe is known as
graticule. The intersection point of the equator and the prime meridian is the origin
(0, 0) of the graticule.

GIS 49
GIS
GIS
GIS
 Types of map projections
1) Equidistant projection (Azimuthal projection)
In standard presentation, azimuthal projections map meridians as
straight lines and parallels as complete, concentric circles. In any
presentation, they preserve directions from the center point. This
means the great circle through the central point are represented by
straight lines on the map. All distances from one (or two) points
are correct.

GIS 53
 Contd.,
2) Equal area projection (Conical Projection)
• In standard presentation, conic (or conical) projections map
meridians as straight lines, and parallels as arcs of circles. Area
measure is conserved everywhere.

GIS 54
 Contd.,
3) Conformal projection (Cylindrical projection)
• In standard presentation, these map regularly-spaced meridians
to equally spaced vertical lines, and parallels to horizontal
lines. Preserves angles locally, implying that local shapes are
not distorted and that local scale is constant in all directions
from any chosen point.

GIS 55
GIS