Unit 1: Cross-cultural terms and principles

I. Introductions
1. Terms
- CULTURE
- COMMUNICATION
- CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION
2. Principles
 May not apply to all every …………members of one
culture……………………………………………
 Cultural generalizations # …stereotypes…………………………………………
 No …………………………absolute……“rights” and “wrongs”
 May not apply to all every members of one culture
 Cultural generalizations #stereotypes
 No absolute “rights” and “wrongs”
 All cultures have values and ideals that their members say are true and
people’s behavior may not always reflect those values
 Culture does not explain all behavior
 May not overemphasize either cultural differences or cultural similarities
 The more we learn about others, the more we understand how cultures
influences individuals and their communication with others.
3. Definitions
- Culture: A shared background resulting from a common language and
communication style, customs, beliefs, attitudes and values
- Communication: The process of sharing meaning through verbal and non-
verbal behavior
- Cross-cultural communication: communication (verbal and nonverbal)
between people from different cultures which is influenced by cultural
values, attitudes, behavior and the influence on people’s reactions and
responses to each other
4. Introductions
- FORMAL INTRODUCTIONS
- SEMI-FORMAL INTRODUCTIONS
- INFORMAL INTRODUCTIONS
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 5. Varieties of Introductions

a. Formal
Professor: I would like to introduce you to Dr. Johns, director of the
language Institute. Dr. Johns, this is Mr. Andrew, the academic adviser from
Bamum College.
Mr. Andrew: How do you do, Dr. Johns?
Dr. Johns: It’s pleasure to meet you, Mr. Andrew. I’m glad that we
finally have the occasion to meet.
b. Semi Formal
Friend: I’d like you to meet my friend, Nancy Pipkin. Nancy, this is my
brother, Michael.
Nancy: Hi Michael. Nice to meet you.
Michael: Hi, Nancy.
c. Informal
Friend: Hi, George, have you met Bill?
George: No, I haven’t. Hi, Bill.
Bill: Hi! How ya doing?

II-Greeting
1. Greeting in Vietnamese
1.1. ………………. greetings: might be identified through the use of Austin's
terms, especially some……………………………………: “chào”, “kính chào”, “chào
mừng”, “xin chào."
Some common forms could be used for ………………………………………..:
"Xin chào + listener!“ ( " Xin chào anh!“)
"Chào + listener!“ (" Chào Lan!“)
“Chào + listener + ạ!” (“Chào chị ạ !“)
“Speaker + chào + listener!” ("Cháu chào bác!“)
“Speaker + chào + listener + ạ!” (" Con chào mẹ ạ!“)

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1.2........................................: is used in the forms of other speech acts such as
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
1.2.1. For greetings by ……………………………………………: Vietnamese often use any
question to greet everybody.
- Asking about ………………………..: “Thế nào, công việc vẫn bình thường chứ
hả?” or “ mọi việc tốt cả chứ anh bạn”
- "Asking about ............................: " dạo này khỏe không bạn?"...
- Asking about …………………………………………………(private actions): " Bác đi chợ
ạ?" , Cháu học bài à?"......
- Asking about...................................: " gia đình bạn dạo này thế nào rồi?"..
1.2.2. Greeting by……………………………………………:
Vietnamese often greet with ………………… or …………………….. as well as
……………………and ……………………….when the speaker sees the listener after a quite
long time.
For example:
- Ôi! Có phải thầy không?”
- “Kìa! Em Hương”
- “Ah! Bố về!
1.2.3. Greeting by ………………………………..
This polite greeting is used to
……………………………………………………………………………...............
For example:
- “Ê! Giày mới à?”
- “Đi đâu mà đẹp thế?”
- " Dạo này xinh thế?"
1.2.4. greeting by …………………………………………..

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it is used when the speaker has known about
…………………………………………………………………
For example:
- "Chúc mừng cháu đã thi đỗ dại học!“
- "Chúc sinh nhật vui vẻ!"...
1.2.5. greeting by …………………………………………………
the ……………………………………………………………is often used in this way.
For example: "Cháu mời bác ăn cơm với gia đình cháu!"...
1.2.6. Greeting to ………………………………………-> the first situation
It is used for a person who is ………………………………………………………….has to greet
first to show the respect to the person in higher position; intensifier
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
For example: " dạ, em chào xếp!" " Cháu chào bà ạ!"...
1.2.7. Greeting to ……………………………….-> the second situation
A junior greets first then a senior can response by
………………………………………………………..
For example: Cháu: Cháu chào bác ạ! Bác: ( gật đầu)
1.2.8. Greeting to ……………………………………………………-> the last situation
……………………………………………………………………………………………can be used in this
situation.
For example: Lan: chào Tùng, đi đâu đó Tùng: ừ, cậu đi làm à .
1.3. Greeting by ………………………………………………………………………………………………
- For the gestures, Vietnamese use some simple gesture in greetings: ….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……..

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- for Slang phrase: Some slang phrases also use in Vietnamese greetings,
Especially for young people.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

2.Greeting in English
2.1. Greeting phrase on the time of day
In this way, people greet each other by ……………………………………………………………
such as:
- Good morning/ Morning +………………………………………………….,
- Good afternoon + …………………………………………………,
- Good evening/ Evening + ………………………………………………..,
- Hello", "Hi", "How are you?", Merry Christmas, Happy New Year; Happy
birthday...
- How do you do? / Hello/ nice to meet you!...
For example: (Mary and her boyfriend go to Nancy' birthday in the evening. Let's
see their conservation)
Marry: Happy your birthday, Nancy. This is my boyfriend,
Tom. Nancy: Thank so much. Nice to meet you, Tom
Tom: Nice to meet you! Nancy
Considering to the above example, we see that Marry use the phrase "Happy
your birthday" to congratulate and greet in Nancy ' birthday. And Nancy uses
phrase "Nice to meet you" to greet Tom for the first meeting.
2.2. Greeting phrases on ………………………………………………………………………
- Formal situation is used when the speakers and listeners meet each other
for the first time,
they………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
“How do you do?” Or “Good morning/ Good afternoon/ Good evening, nice
to meet you, glad to meet you, ...

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 - Informal situation is used when the speakers and the listeners have known
each other before, they can use
……………………………………………………………………………..
such as: “Hello”, “Hi”, “How have you been?”, “How’s thing? ...
For example: (Jim meet his classmate in class, he greets. Let's listen his phrase)
- Jim: Hi, Tom
- Tom: Hey!
=> Looking at this conservation, we see that in the informal situation (class).
Jim and Tom use the phrase "hi", "hey" to greet each other.
2.3. The slangy phrase
This way is often used in informal situation of British people, especially the British
teenage often use ……………………………………………………………such as: "Hey" and
"What's Up?" "Hey, there," "What's up? "Howdy”, “hiya”, “yo”, “g'day” and
"How's it goin‘
For example: (Sandy and her friend meet together on the run, they greet ...)
Sandy: Hey! Jin
Jin: What's up?
2.4. gestures in greeting
Such as: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Each gesture has different usages in each relationship.
For example: For the people who have close relationship, British often greet by
kissing on the cheek, or in business meeting, British often greet by shaking
hands...

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III- Use of Titles in Introductions
1. examples
• ………………………….
Susan (student): Hello, Dr. McGiver. My name is Susan Hall
and I would like to ask you about your course.
Dr. McCulkin: Sure. Don’t hesitate to ask anything about it.
• ………………………..
Accountant (age 50): Hello, my name is Bob Thomas
Student (age 20): It’s nice to meet you, Mr. Thomas.
• ………………………..
title
last name
• …………………………………….
first name
2.List of Titles
Dr. (Doctor)
Prof. (Professor), Teacher
Mrs.

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 Miss
Ms.
Mr.
3. Titles in English and Vietnamese
a. Titles in English

Here are the formal titles English speakers use (listen to the pronunciation):

1. Sir (adult male of………………… )

2. Ma'am (adult ……………… - North American)
3. Madam (……………………….)
4. Mr + last name (…………………..)
5. Mrs + last name (married woman who uses her…………………………)
6. Ms + last name (………………………………………common in business)
7. Miss + last name (……………………………)
8. Dr + last name (………………………………go by Dr + first name)
9. Professor + last name (……………………………………………)

b. Titles in Vietnamese
Normally, a title is used for the speaker as the 1 st person only in the
introduction of a formal meeting. It is followed by the last name or full name
of mainly for the addressee as the 2 nd person and someone else as the 3 rd
person. In Vietnam, a title may sometimes be used on it own.
For example, people may use a title to invite someone to take a seat – “Xin
moi giao su ngoi” or “please sit down, professor”.

c. Eye Contact and Hand Shaking

………………………………………………
………………………………………………
d. Small talk
Polite: How do you do?
Do you live in this area?
How do you like living here?
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 Impolite: How much does your house cost?
Are you married?
How old are you?
• May I introduce you to (name)
(name), do you know (name)?
(name), I'd like you to meet (name)
• When you meet someone the first time, it is common to greet the person
with "How do you do?" the correct response is "How do you do." Here is a
short introductory conversation:
Ken: Peter, I'd like you to meet Mary.
Peter: How do you do?
Mary: How do you do.
Ken: Mary works for ...
• A variation is also "It's a pleasure to meet you." or "Pleased to meet you."
Ken: Peter, I'd like you to meet Mary.
Peter: It's a pleasure to meet you.
Mary: How do you do.
Ken: Mary works for ...
Ken: Peter, I'd like you to meet Mary.
Peter: How do you do?

IV. Addressing people

a. Addressing people in English
Eight main ways in American: the first name (FN), …………………………… (LN), title
plus ………………..(TLN), …………………., ……………………, ……………………………….,
……………………., and the use of the………………………………….
b. addressing people in Vietnamese
Six main types of addressing forms in Vietnamese: ………………..,
……………….., ……………………, ……………………., ‘provisional’ forms of
address and ……………………..