METRO MANILA COLLEGE

U-Site, Brgy. Kaligayahan, Novaliches, Quezon City

BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

FIRST SEMESTER

Oral Communication in Context

Grade 11 Learning Module

Prepared by:

Mr. Valenzuela, Daryl Eldrin L., LPT

 LESSON #3: THE MODELS OF COMMUNICATION

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CONTENT STANDARD:

The learner…
[CS.ORC.1] understands the nature and elements of oral communication in context.

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PERFORMANCE STANDARD:

The learner…
[PS.ORC.1] designs and performs effective controlled and uncontrolled oral
communication activities based on context.

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OBJECTIVE:

At the end of the module, you should be able to…

[EN11/12OC-Ia-3] differentiate the various models of communication.
 LESSON 3.1. MODELS OF COMMUNICATION (Part 1)
(Adapted from Hermosa, Hernandez, and Vergara, 2019, & Businesstopia, 2018)

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In this section, four models of communication are presented: the basic model,
the linear model, the transactional model, and the interactional model. These
models are the easiest to understand. They can provide one with a background or a
framework to better understand the more complicated models presented in the later parts
of this lesson.

The Basic Model of Communication

The Basic Model of Communication is a model of communication which is easily

created through the interactions of the six elements of communication discussed in the
last lesson. This is one of the most generic representations of communication as a two
way-process.

The elements of communication in this model are as follows:

1. SENDER – the one who creates and encodes the message to be sent to the
receiver
 2. MESSAGE – anything sent by the sender to the receiver that has an associated
meaning
3. CHANNEL – the means the sender uses to send the message to the receiver.
4. NOISE/BARRIERS – the element that may interfere with the transmission of the
message (or the feedback)
5. RECEIVER – the one who decodes the message and provides feedback to the
sender
6. FEEDBACK – the reply of the receiver to the sender based on how the message
is understood. This is noted as a key element of communication because it provides
continuity

IMPORTANT NOTE!
In the basic model of communication, there is one element that can be removed
– NOISE / BARRIERS. This is because not all messages are made unclear by
noise or barriers. The basic model of communication without noise / barriers would
look like this:

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The Linear Model of Communication

In contrast, the linear model of communication presents a one-way conversation.

This is common in public or mass communication (e.g. the news anchor on TV
delivering the evening news, a master of ceremonies leading a formal program) where
the sender delivers a message and the receivers just receive the message. This also
represents conversations where the receiver chooses (consciously or unconsciously) to
not respond or ignore the sender (e.g. “seen-zoning” or “inbox-zoning” someone on social
media).

Because of the absence of the receiver’s response, there is no feedback in this model of
communication.
=====================================================

The Transactional Model of Communication

The transactional model of communication presents a type of two-way conversation

– a conversation in person. It encourages the use of nonverbal actions (e.g. posture,
touch, facial expression, physical distance, and the like).

One can assume the following things under the transactional model of communication:
1. Both the sender and the receiver are (most likely) in the same place.
2. The roles of senders and receivers easily interchange because the
processes they do take a small amount of time.
3. There is immediate interaction between the sender and the receiver.
4. There is little to no time delay between messages / feedbacks.

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The Interactional Model of Communication

The interactional model of communication presents a type of two-way

conversation in direct contrast to the transactional model – a remote
conversation. This is more common in newer media forms such as social media (e.g.
Facebook, Twitter, Instagram), telecommunication (e.g. voice calls, video calls), and the
like.
One can assume the following things under the interactional model of communication:
1. Both the sender and the receiver are (most likely) in different places.
2. The processes that senders and receivers do take a little more time.
3. There may be a delayed interaction between the sender and the receiver.
4. There can be a significant time delay between messages / feedbacks.

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[ACTIVITY 3.1] LET’S FAMILIARIZE OURSELVES!

DIRECTIONS: Write the model of communication described by the statements
below on the space provided. Use CAPITAL letters only. (1 pt. each.)

CHOICES (may be used more than once):

BASIC LINEAR TRANSACTIONAL INTERACTIONAL

___________ 1. There may be a significant delay between messages / feedback.

___________ 2. The sender and the receiver are assumed to be in the same place.
___________ 3. This is one of the most generic representations of communication as a
two-way process.
___________ 4. This normally happens in public or mass communication.
___________ 5. This makes uses of new technologies and innovations like social media.
___________ 6. This model can refer to instances when the receiver does not respond
to the sender.
___________ 7. There is immediate interaction between the sender and the receiver.
___________ 8. This presents how the 6 elements of communication generally interact.
___________ 9. This model takes into consideration the use of nonverbal actions.
___________ 10. This model does not have the element of feedback.
 [ACTIVITY 3.2.] LET’S DEEPEN OUR UNDERSTANDING! (Part 1)
DIRECTIONS: Answer the following questions. Write your answers on the space
provided. Please answer in no less than THREE sentences. (3 pts. each)

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1. Explain the basic model of communication. How do the elements of communication

interact?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. Which of the six elements can be removed from the basic model of communication?
Why is this the case?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

3. The linear model of communication does not have the element of feedback. What
does this imply?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

4. How are the transactional and the interactional models of communication different
from each other? Describe their qualities.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

5. How can one’s knowledge of these models of communication change the way we
approach conversing with people in general?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
 LESSON 3.2. MODELS OF COMMUNICATION (Part 2)
(Adapted from Hermosa, Hernandez, and Vergara, 2019, Sipacio, P.J., & Balgos, A.R., 2016, &
Businesstopia, 2018)

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In this section, two models of communication are presented: David Berlo’s

S-M-C-R Model and Frank E.X. Dance’s Helical Model. These models are a little
more complicated in the sense that they take various factors affecting the elements of
communication and the communication process itself into consideration.

Please be sure to finish Lesson 3.1. before reading this part.

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David Berlo’s S-M-C-R Model of Communication

David Berlo’s S-M-C-R Model highlights four of the elements of communication (S –

Sender / Source, M – Message, C – Channel, R – Receiver), explores the factors that
affect each of them, and presents the processes related to the sender and the receiver.

Hermosa, Hernandez, and Vergara (2019) also described it as “the simplest and
most popular message-centered model of communication”. It dives into the factors that
affect the message and the phases in the communication process.
KEY FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE SENDER AND THE RECEIVER:
1. Communication Skills – These refer to a collection of abilities that a
communicator must have to be effective (e.g. voice control, eye contact, and the
like)
2. Attitude – This is one’s view or outlook towards the self, the other person, the
various elements in the environment, and the environment itself.
3. Knowledge – This refers to the person’s familiarity with the subject of the
conversation. If one is familiar with the subject, the communication process will
be more effective.
4. Social Systems – These are the principles, values, beliefs, religious affiliation(s),
rules, and the like that a person observes.
5. Culture – This refers to the customs, traditions, and the way of life a person
practices in everyday life.

KEY FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE MESSAGE:

1. Content – This is the meaning of the message (from start to finish).
2. Elements – These are the nonverbal media connected to the content (e.g.
pointing to the right with your index finger as you say “Go right!”, and breathing
sounds as you say “I’m tired!”)
3. Treatment – This is how one presents the message to achieve one’s intended
effect (e.g. If you want to express that you love a person very much in a romantic
way, you say “I love you” in a sweet tone of voice, but if you want to be sarcastic,
you say “I love you” in an angry tone of voice).
4. Structure – This is how one places and arranges the elements of the message.
(e.g. “I was only doing homework.” and “Only I was doing homework” mean
different things. The placement of the word “only impacted the meaning of the
message.)
5. Code – This is the form that the message takes (e.g. video, graffiti, cursive writing,
etc.)

THE FIVE SENSES THAT AID PEOPLE IN PICKING UP THE MESSAGE:

1. Visual (sense of sight/seeing) – This is used to perceive the person we talk
to, written media, and the nonverbal actions that person makes.
2. Auditory (sense of hearing) – This is used to listen to spoken or verbal media.
3. Olfactory (sense of smell) – This is used to trace scents and aromas, whether
pleasing or displeasing.
4. Gustatory (sense of taste) – This is used to savor different flavors and related
information perceived by taste buds.
5. Tactile (sense of touch) – This is used to present and/or do certain nonverbal
actions such as holding hands and hand gestures. It may also be used to touch
and feel surfaces.
THE FIVE PHASES OF THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS

1. IDEATING / CREATING – This is when the sender thinks of WHAT to say.

2. ENCODING – This is when the sender thinks of HOW to say his/her/their thoughts
or ideas.
3. TRANSMITTING / TRANSLATING – This is when the sender conveys the
message through a channel.
4. DECODING – This is when the receiver tries to understand what the message
means.
5. PROVIDING FEEDBACK – This is when the receiver responds to the message
of the sender according to how he/she/they understood it.

IMPORTANT NOTE:
Steps 1, 2, and 3 are done by the sender while Steps 4 and 5 are done by the receiver.

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Frank E.X. Dance’s Helical Model of Communication

Frank E.X. Dance (or simply F.E.X. Dance) presents a model of communication in
the shape of a helix. Hermosa, Hernandez, and Vergara (2019) duly note that this is
because such a shape “shows interconnectedness and relatedness of each dialogue or
conversation”.

The way people communicate and interact with others starts in a simple way. As
time passes, people learn more and more about themselves and the people they interact
with. This is reflected by the helix becoming wider and wider when it goes upward. When
people grow older, they can still trace back to their past experiences or conversations; in
the same way, you can trace the previous points of a helix.
 In an article written by Bajracharya (2019), the helical model is noted as an
ABSTRACT model. One can say that it is not testable in the sense that one cannot
establish a defined metric to measure how it EXACTLY applies to each and every
individual. Different people interact and grow in different ways. People may have similar
experiences, but they do not have the same experiences that shape them as the same
person. Everyone is unique.

Assumptions One Can Make About the Helical Model of Communication:

1. Communication is a “dynamic” process and it continues to be improved as people
learn more about themselves and others through our acquisition of knowledge and
our interaction with others.
2. One of the key elements of the communication process is time because time is a
resource that we use to learn more about ourselves and other people and explore
more ways to communicate with others.
3. There is an origin point in the communication process (in the same way that one
knows nothing about oneself and/or other persons in the beginning).
4. As a person continues to grow or interact with others, he/she/they continue(s) to
expand the boundaries of what he/she/they know(s).
5. There are limits in the communication process (which depends on a number of
factors such as the person’s level of communication development and
understanding).
6. A person can “trace” the communication process.
7. The way one currently communicates is a culmination of what one has learned and
adopted throughout the years of knowledge-learning and interacting with others.
 [ACTIVITY 3.3.] LET’S SEQUENCE AND EXPLAIN!
DIRECTIONS: Write the processes of communication in order in the model
and on the spaces provided. Provide a one-sentence explanation for each
process.

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1. ______________ – _____________________________________________________
2. ______________ – _____________________________________________________
3. ______________ – _____________________________________________________
4. ______________ – _____________________________________________________
5. ______________ – _____________________________________________________

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[ACTIVITY 3.4.] LET’S SENSE WITH OUR SENSES!

DIRECTIONS: Write the letter of the correct answer on the space
provided before the number. Use CAPITAL letters only.

Q: Which of the five senses does one PRIMARILY use to perceive or experience the
media / objects presented below?

CHOICES:
A – Visual C – Auditory E – Tactile
B – Olfactory D – Gustatory F – None of these

______ 1. a song by Willie Revillame ______ 6. a person waving at you

______ 2. a painting in a museum ______ 7. the sweetness of candy
______ 3. the rough surface of sandpaper ______ 8. a two-hour history podcast
______ 4. the savory taste of sinigang ______ 9. holding someone’s hand
______ 5. a writing on the wall ______ 10. the stench of bad cheese
[ACTIVITY 3.5.] LET’S DEEPEN OUR UNDERSTANDING! (Part 2)
DIRECTIONS: Answer the following questions. Write your answers on the space
provided. Please answer in no less than THREE sentences.

====================================================

1. What are the key factors that are closely associated with the sender and the
receiver? How do they affect both of them?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. What key factors influence the message as it is delivered to another person? How
does one’s understanding of these make one a better communicator?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

3. Why is time considered as an essential element in the helical model of

communication?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

4. The Helical Model of Communication highlights the fact that one’s way of sending
and/or receiving a message is influenced by how one has learned and developed
throughout the years. Who and/or what influenced you to be the person you are today?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

5. What kind of model is the Helical Model of Communication classified as? What could
be the reason(s) behind this?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
 LESSON 3.3. MODELS OF COMMUNICATION (Part 3)
(Adapted from Hermosa, Hernandez, and Vergara, 2019, Sipacio, P.J., & Balgos, A.R., 2016, &
Businesstopia, 2018)

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In this section, the last two models of communication are discussed: Shannon-
Weaver’s Model and Wilbur Lang Schramm’s Model.

Please be sure to finish Lesson 3.2. before reading this part.

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The Shannon-Weaver Model

The Shannon-Weaver Model is known as the “mother of all communication models”

(Sipacio and Balgos, 2016). It was proposed in 1949 as a one-way model with (primarily)
five elements, and they are as follows:

1. SOURCE – the creator of a message

2. TRANSMITTER – the encoder who transforms the message into “signals”
3. CHANNEL – the device or system where the message passes through to be
transmitted to the receiver
4. RECEIVER – the decoder of the message
5. DESTINATION – the receiver of the message after he/she/they successfully
decode(s) the message
 Similar to the basic model of communication, the element of noise / barriers may
or may not interfere with the transmission of the message, so it may be removed.

The early model was criticized for two things: [1] not having the element of feedback
(which is a key element of the communication, as we learned), and [2] being one-way.
As a reaction to the criticisms, Sir Norbert Weiner incorporated the element of feedback
to the early existing model (Drew, 2020). The updated model now looks like this:

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Wilbur Lang Schramm’s Model

Wilbur Lang Schramm (or simply W.L. Schramm) created his model of
communication which is a modified version of the Shannon-Weaver Model (Sipacio and
Balgos, 2016).

The most notable thing that Schramm took into consideration as he made his
own model is a person’s field of experience. This can be defined as a collection of a
number of factors (such as knowledge, life experiences, lessons, and cultures) that
shapes or influences the way a person creates or perceives a message. Even though
people can have similar experiences, such things shape them in different ways and
contribute to their individuality.
To demonstrate this, let’s take this example:

A person wants to offer a glass of water to another person.

There are numerous ways to say this.

If the person is an English speaker:

“Would you like some water?” “Here’s some water.”
“Would you like a glass of water?” “Here you go.”

If the person is a Filipino:

“Gusto mo ng tubig?” “Eto tubig, oh!” “Tubig, you want?”
“Tubig, gusto mo?” “Eto tubig, gusto mo?” “Bigyan kita ng tubig.”

The person may even say something not written above to offer water. This is because
the person’s choices of words, nonverbal actions, and other related media to deliver the
intended message are influenced by his/her/their field of experience.

Both the sender and the receiver have different fields of experience. This fact
should prompt us to be active in communication and to take the person(s) we talk to into
consideration as we construct our message / feedback.

Also, as established, the process of communication may be affected by noise or

barriers. One can assume that the effects of noise / barriers may be amplified or
diminished by one’s field of experience.
 If the person you’re talking to is used to loud background noise (because
he/she/they grew up in a rowdy environment, that physical barrier won’t bother him.
Alternatively, if the person is not used to loud noise, the conversation won’t be effective
and clear.

[ACTIVITY 3.6.] LET’S DEEPEN OUR UNDERSTANDING! (Part 3)

DIRECTIONS: Answer the following questions. Write your answers on the space
provided. Please answer in no less than THREE sentences. (3 pts. each)

====================================================

1. Why is the Shannon-Weaver Model noted as the “mother of all communication

models”?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

2. What was the Shannon-Weaver Model criticized for? How was it changed to address
those criticisms?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

3. What was Wilbur Lang Schramm’s most notable incorporation to his model of
communication? Why is this the case?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

4. What things or experiences shaped you to who you are today? How do those affect
the way you create or perceive a message?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

5. What things must we take into consideration when we talk to people of different
backgrounds, principles, or experiences?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

[ACTIVITY 3.7.] LET’S CREATE!

DIRECTIONS: Create your own model of communication. Label the
parts appropriately and provide a short explanation (of at least 5
sentences, 50 words) on how your model works.

The criteria for this task are as follows:

DRAW YOUR MODEL HERE:

WRITE YOUR EXPLANATION HERE:

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
 BIBLIOGRAPHY (LESSON 3)

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Content References:

Main Reference (Book):

Hermosa, A.L., Hernandez, M.R., & Vergara, S. (2019) Oral communication: for
senior high school (V. M. Victorio, Consultant). Educational Resources Corporation.

Supporting References (Book):

Anonat, R. (2016). Oral communication in context: Grade eleven – senior

high school. Books Atpb. Publishing Corp.

Apolonio, J., & Basilan, M.L.J. (2017). Oral communication in context (R. Aceron,
Ed.). Unlimited Books Library Services & Publishing, Inc. (Original work published
2017)

Fernandez, E., Masong, A. & Samillano, R. (2016). Oral communication in

context: For senior high school. C & E Publishing, Inc.

Sipacio, P.J., & Balgos, A.R. (2016). Oral communication in context: For senior
high school. C & E Publishing, Inc.

Supporting References (Websites):

Bajracharya, S. (2018). Helical model of communication [Web Article]. Retrieved

10 Jul 2020 from https://www.businesstopia.net/communication/helical-model-
communication.

Businesstopia (2018). Models of communication [Web Article]. Retrieved 10 Jul

2020 from https://www.businesstopia.net/communication.

Businesstopia (2018). Shannon and weaver model of communication [Web

Article]. Retrieved 10 Jul 2020 from
https://www.businesstopia.net/communication/shannon-and-weaver-model-
communication
 Drew, C. (2020). Shannon-weaver model of communication | 7 key concepts [Web
Article]. Retrieved 14 Jul 2020 from https://helpfulprofessor.com/shannon-
weaver-
model/#:~:text=The%20Shannon%20and%20Weaver%20Model,noise%2C%20
decoder%2C%20and%20receiver.

Helical model of communication (n.d.) Retrieved 10 Jul 2020 from

https://www.communicationtheory.org/helical-model-of-communication/

Book Cover:

StudioGStock (2019). Group of people with speech bubbles [Digital Image].

Retrieved 4 Jul 2020 from https://www.freepik.com/free-vector/group-people-
with-speech-
bubbles_5825572.htm#page=1&query=people%20talking&position=1

Pictures for Lesson 3:

Valenzuela, D.E. (2020). Fashion runway background [Modified Digital Image].

Retrieved 14 Jul 2020 from https://www.freepik.com/free-vector/fashion-runway-
background_3924909.htm#page=1&query=runway&position=0

Logos for Lesson 3:

YAWD (n.d.). Note with thumbtacks. [Digital Image]. Retrieved 15 Jul 2020 from
https://ya-webdesign.com/explore/note/

YAWD (n.d.). Painter with a picture. [Digital Image]. Retrieved 15 Jul 2020 from
https://ya-webdesign.com/explore/draw/

YAWD (n.d.). Pencil and note pad. [Digital Image]. Retrieved 15 Jul 2020 from
https://ya-webdesign.com/explore/writing/

YAWD (n.d.). Perplexed female #1. [Digital Image]. Retrieved 15 Jul 2020 from
https://ya-webdesign.com/explore/thinking/