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CE 305: Building Materials & Construction: DR Vishisht Bhaiya Department of Civil Engineering SVNIT, Surat
CE 305: Building Materials & Construction: DR Vishisht Bhaiya Department of Civil Engineering SVNIT, Surat
Dr Vishisht Bhaiya
Department of Civil Engineering
SVNIT, Surat
Concrete
Concrete
• Concrete
– Cement + FA (Sand) + Coarse Aggregate + Water
– Can be moulded in desired shape and size
• Before loosing plasticity and hardens
– Used for all construction work
• Plain or
• Reinforced Cement Concrete
• Precast concrete
• Prestressed concrete, etc
– Cement: Properties and types
• Discussed already
Concrete
• Aggregates
– 60 to 80% of volume of concrete is occupied by aggregates
– Significance
• Cost
• Dimensional stability
• Strength and stiffness
• Abrasion resistance
Concrete
• Aggregates (Fine and Coarse )
– Inert and chemically inactive
• Forms bulk of cement concrete
– Aggregates are bounded by cement
– Two categories
• Fine
• Coarse
– Fine aggregates FA
• Pass through 4.75mm sieve
– e.g., natural river sand
– Coarse aggregates CA
• Materials retained on 4.75mm sieve
– e.g., broken stone
Concrete
• Water
– Clean and free from harmful impurities such as oil, alkali,
acid etc.
– Water fit for drinking should be used
Concrete
• Admixtures
– To improve the properties of plain concrete
• Air entraining agents
• Water proofing agents
• Workability agents
Concrete
• Proportioning
– Proportion of ingredients changes the strength of
concrete
• Mix design helps to attain desired strength through
proper proportioning of materials
Concrete
• Grades of Concrete
– In absence of mix design
• Use nominal mix proportions (volume ratio) to
different grades
– M5 = 1:5:10 (Cement: FA: CA)
– M7.5 = 1:4:8
– M10 = 1:3:6
– M15 = 1:2:4
– M20 = 1:1.5:3
– M25 = 1:1:2
– M refers to mix and the number indicates the specified
compressive strength of mix at 28 days,
expressed in MPa or N/mm2
Concrete
• Grades of Concrete
– Applications of nominal mix concrete
Rotary
Concrete
• Process involved
– Mixing of Concrete
• Machine Mixing 10/7 Concrete Mixer
Hand Feed
Concrete Mixer
Non Tilting
Concrete
Mixer
Concrete
• Process involved
– Transportation of concrete
• Initial setting time of concrete is 30 minutes
– Mixing, transportation, placing and compaction should be
completed within this time
– Time should not exceed one hour after initial setting time
Ready mix concrete –Transit mixer Helical Blades inside transit mixer
Concrete
• Process involved
– Placing of concrete
• Concrete should be placed in single thickness
• Deep sections
– Concrete should be placed in successive horizontal layers
– Proper care should be taken to ensure enough bond between
successive layers
Concrete
• Process involved
– Placing of concrete
Concrete
• Process involved
– Placing of concrete
Concrete
• Process involved
– Compaction
• Process which expels entrapped air from freshly
placed concrete
– Packs the aggregates
together to increase the
density of concrete
– Increases ultimate strength
and enhances bond with
reinforcement
Immersion vibrator
Concrete
• Process involved
– Compaction or Consolidation
• Manual and Machine compaction
Plain
Concrete
Strain
Concrete
• Types of Concrete
– High Strength / High Performance Concrete
• Applications
– >110 m height
– Designed to resist iceberg
impact
– Vertical parts were slip
formed; placing rate was
1 m/day
– Concrete had unit weight of Hibernia Offshore Platform, 1997
2200 – 2250 kg/m3,
Elastic modulus >32GPa
– Characteristic compressive strength = 69 MPa
Concrete
• Types of Concrete
– Self Compacting Concrete
• Concrete is capable of flowing
within mould or formwork, filling
it completely, passing through
reinforcement and consolidating
under its own weight
• Important characteristics
– Flowing or filling ability
– Passing ability
– Stability or resistance against
segregation
Concrete
• Types of Concrete
– Self Compacting Concrete
• Governing mechanism
– Fluidity and internal cohesion of
fresh concrete
• General Characteristics
– Max. aggregate size: 25 mm
– Paste content: 400 litres/m3
– Water/fines ratio: 0.31 to 0.36
– Fines content: 500 to 600 kg/m3
» Cement, mineral, admixtures,
fillers
– Superplasticizer for fluidity
– Viscosity modifier for stability and
robustness
Concrete
• Types of Concrete
– Shotcrete / Sprayed Concrete
• Concrete or mortar is placed by projecting it
pneumatically at high velocity onto a surface
• Wet-mix shotcrete
– Ingredients are mixed before introducing in the hose
– Compressed air is introduced to the material at nozzle
– Accelerator is used
» Added at the nozzle
• Used in tunnel lining,
slope stabilization and repair
• Used in sloped and shell roof
construction
Concrete
• Types of Concrete
– Shotcrete / Sprayed Concrete
• Mixing process
Concrete
• Types of Concrete
– Fibre Reinforced Concrete (FRC)
• It contains homogeneous distribution of randomly-
oriented short fibres
• Fibres
– Steel
» Improves properties of hardened concrete (Increases the
post-cracking strength)
– Polypropylene
– Asbestos
– Glass
– Nylon
– Coconut, etc.
Concrete
• Types of Concrete
– Fibre Reinforced Concrete (FRC)
• Fibres are
– Much shorter than dimensions of concrete element
– Stronger and can elongate more than the matrix under
tension
– Introduced in matrix during mixing of concrete
• Advantages
– More durable
– Increases toughness of concrete
– Decreases plastic shrinkage cracking
Concrete
• Types of Concrete
– Light Weight Concrete (LWC)
• Maximum density 1900 kg/m3
– Uses low density aggregates
• Intermediate density concretes
– Normal density aggregates are replaced with structural grade
low density aggregates
– Densities vary from 1900 to 2200 kg/m3
– Low density aggregates may be
» Natural
e.g., Shale, clay or slate
» Processed
e.g., Sintered or cold bonded
fly ash
Concrete
• Types of Concrete
– High Density Concrete (HDC)
• Density >2800 kg/m3
– Typical range 3200 to 4200 kg/m3
• Made of high density aggregates
– Iron ores or pieces of steel
• Natural aggregates
– Density may range from 3600 to 4000 kg/m3
» Haematite, magnetite, limonite and ilmenite
– For high densities
» May use steel pieces
• Mixes
– Have tendency to segregate
– Normal concrete mix proportioning is adopted
Concrete
• Types of Concrete
– High Density Concrete (HDC)
• Application
– Nuclear power plants and proton beam therapy clinics
» For radiation shielding
» High density facilitates attenuation of gamma and fast
neutron radiation
» For attenuation of moderate and slow neutrons,
aggregates containing hydrogen are desirable
– In India, HDC used in nuclear
power plants in Rawatbhata
and Kalpakkam for radiation
shielding
– Counterweights and
underwater pipeline
coverings
Concrete
• Types of Concrete
– High Resistant/ Refractory Concrete
• High resistant concrete exposed to temperature up to
10000C and refractory concrete up to 19000C
• Concrete made up of high-alumina cement
– 40% alumina and 40% lime
– Cementitious compounds
» CA, C12A7 whose hydration results in C-A-H
• Aggregates can resist high temperatures
– Slag may be used
Concrete
• Types of Concrete
– Underwater Concrete
• Concrete must be
– Cohesive
» To minimize cement washout
– Flowing
» To fill spaces and bond well
– Self-compacting
» Vibration is not possible
• Uses high fines content and viscosity modifying
admixtures
– Use of tremies and pumps
to avoid fines from washing
away
Concrete
• Types of Concrete
– Recycled Aggregate Concrete
• Aggregates made from construction and demolition
waste
• Used in
– Road sub-base construction
– Engineering fill or Landfill
– Buildings blocks and paver blocks/slabs
Concrete
• Types of Concrete
– Recycled Aggregate Concrete
• Recycled aggregates from industrial wastes
– Waste glass
» Used as fine aggregates
» Used as glittery surface in precast concrete
» Susceptible to alkali-silica reactivity
– Granulated or crumb rubber
» Used in low-strength flowable concretes
» Improves flexibility and thermal insulating property
– Incinerator bottom ash
» Waste from burning municipal waste used in low
strength non-structural concrete
Concrete
• Types of Concrete
– Geopolymer Concrete
• Binder is made up of fine aluminosilicates activated by
alkalis to give poly (sialates)
– Sialate means silicon-oxo-aluminate
– Poly (sialates)
» Inorganic polymers with chain and ring structures of Si4+
and Al3+ in coordination with oxygen
• Production of geopolymers
– Natural materials
» Zeolite, lateritic rock and soils, clay, mica and feldspar
– Waste products
» Fly ash and slag
Concrete
• Types of Concrete
– Geopolymer Concrete
• Applications
– Building and paver blocks
– Heat- and chemical-resistant composites
– Hazardous waste encapsulation
Concrete
• Types of Concrete
– Pre-stressed Concrete
• High tensile steel wires are used as reinforcement
– Instead of mild steel bars
• Two types of prestressing
– Pre-tensioning
– Post-tensioning
• Pre-tensioning
– Wires are initially stressed and concrete is cast in moulds built
around wires
– Wires are released after attaining strength of concrete
– Tendency of concrete to return to their original length sets
compression in concrete
» Increases concrete resistance to tensile stresses
Concrete
• Types of Concrete
– Pre-stressed Concrete
Concrete
• Types of Concrete
– Pre-stressed Concrete
• Post-tensioning
– Wires are placed inside concrete and then stressed
• Prestressed concrete
– Saves concrete and steel around 50% and 80% compared to
RCC
Concrete
• Types of Concrete
– No-fines / Pervious / Permeable Concrete
• Consists of cement, coarse aggregate and water
– Fine aggregate or sand is eliminated
• Used for
– Parking areas, path to swimming pool, etc.
• Advantages
– Possesses better insulating properties
– Unit weight of no-fines concrete = 2/3rd of unit weight of
conventional concrete
– Saving in materials as sand is not included
– Drying shrinkage is low
Concrete
• Types of Concrete
– Pre-cast Concrete
• Manufactured in factory and transported to site
• Advantages
– To obtain desired shape and accuracy
– Easy training can be given to labours in manufacturing process
– To obtain concrete of superior quality
– Precast structures can be dismantled easily and used
elsewhere
– Work can be completed in short time
Concrete
• Types of Concrete
– Pre-cast Concrete
Concrete
• Types of Concrete
– Pre-cast Concrete
• Pre-cast panels