1. Explain the understanding of the following terminologies!

a. Antigene

b. Antibody

c. Active immunization

d. Passive immunization

Answer :

a. An antigen is a substance/molecule that, when introduced into the body,

triggers the production of an antibody by the immune system, which will
then kill or neutralize the antigen that is recognized as a foreign and
potentially harmful invader. These invaders can be molecules such as
pollen or cells such as bacteria. The term originally came from antibody
generator and was a molecule that binds specifically to an antibody, but
the term now also refers to any molecule or molecular fragment that can
be bound by a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and presented to a
T-cell receptor. "Self" antigens are usually tolerated by the immune
system; whereas "Non-self" antigens are identified as intruders and
attacked by the immune system. Autoimmune disorders arise from the
immune system reacting to its own antigens.

b. An antibody, also known as an immunoglobulin, is a large Y-shaped protein used by

the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. The
antibody recognizes a unique part of the foreign target, termed an antigen Each tip of the "Y"
of an antibody contains a paratope (a structure analogous to a lock) that is specific for one
particular epitope (that is equivalent to a key) on an antigen, allowing these two structures to
bind together with precision. Using this binding mechanism, an antibody can tag a microbe or
an infected cell for attack by other parts of the immune system, or can neutralize its target
directly (for example, by blocking a part of a microbe that is essential for its invasion and
survival). The production of antibodies is the main function of the humoral immune system.[3]

c. Active immunization is the induction of immunity after exposure to

an antigen. Antibodies are created by the recipient and may be stored permanently.

Active immunization can occur naturally when a microbe or other antigen is received by a person who has
not yet come into contact with the microbe and has no pre-made antibodies for defense. The immune
system will eventually create antibodies for the microbe, but this is a slow process and, if the microbe is
deadly, there may not be enough time for the antibodies to begin being used.

Artificial active immunization is where the microbe is injected into the person before they are able to take
it in naturally. The microbe is treated, so that it will not harm the infected person. Depending on the type
of disease, this technique also works with dead microbes, parts of the microbe, or treated toxins from the
microbe.
2. Passive immunity is the transfer of active humoral immunity in the form of readymade
antibodies, from one individual to another. Passive immunity can occur naturally, when maternal
antibodies are transferred to the fetus through the placenta, and can also be induced artificially,
when high levels of human (or horse) antibodies specific for a pathogen or toxin are transferred to
non-immuneindividuals. Passive immunization is used when there is a high risk of infection and
insufficient time for the body to develop its own immune response, or to reduce the symptoms of
ongoing orimmunosuppressive diseases.[1]

3. Explain difference between nonspecific body immunity with specific body

immunity ! Give example !

Answer :

Nonspecific immunity is an immunity which the response appeared toward

the broken or the hurt body tissue

Specific immunity is an immunity which appeared from two different systems

which work together

4. Mention the various T-cell complete wih its own function !

Answer :

Helper T-cell : control the other specific body immunity, stimulate B-cell to
splits and production of antibody

Killer T-cell : attacks the body cells which infected and big pathogen cells
directly

Suppresor T-cell : decrease and stop the immune response

5. Mention things that can cause broken in vaccine !

Answer:
 Heat can destroy all various kind of vaccine

Sun light destroy BCG vaccine and measles

Freezing can destroy vaccine which made from toxoid like DPT and TT

Antiseptic (alcohol, soap, spiritus) can destroy vaccine

6. State the sites of origin and maturation of B lymphocytes (B cell) and T

lymphocytes (T cell)

Answer :

7. Suggest why the thymus gland becomes smaller after puberty

Answer :

After puberty, thymus gland begins to atrophy, a process directed by the high
levels of circulating hormones. Proportional to thymic size, thymic activity (T-
cell output) is most active before puberty. Upon atrophy, the size and activity
are dramatically reduced, and the organ is primarily replaced with fat (a
phenomenon known as "organ involution"). The atrophy is due to the
increased circulating level of sex hormones, and chemical or physical
castration of an adult results in the thymus increasing in size and activity

8. Explain how plasma B cell are adapted to secret large quantities of antibody
molecules

Answer :

9. Explain why B cell devide by mytosis during an immune response

Answer:
10.Explain why polyseccharides would not be suitable for making antibody
molecule

Answer :

11.Explain why only some B cell response during an immune response to making
antibody pathogen.

Answer :

12.There are many diffent strains of the rhinovirus which causes the common
cold. Explain why people can catch several different colds in the space of a
few months.

Answer :

13.Explain why people are often ill for several weeks after they catch a disease
even though they can make antibodies against the disease.

Answer :

14.Outline the function of B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes and describe how

they interact during an immune response.
 Answer :

15.Explain the difference between artificial active immunization (vaccination)

and artificial passive immunization !

Answer :

Artificial active immunization involve antigene injection into the body

Artificial passive immunization antibody is extracted from a person injected

to another person as a serum

16.Explain the advantages of natural passive immunity for newborn infants

Answer : To protect newborn infants’s body until their immunity system grow
up and they can produce an antibodies by themselves

17.Explain why malnourished children give very weak responses to vaccines

Answer :

18.Explain why human cannot produce and effective immune response to an

infection by Trypanosoma

Answer :
19.Name of pathogen that parasites

a. Macrophage and

b. T helper cells

Answer :